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| {{Short description|World regions where people are claimed to have unusual longevity}} | {{Short description|World regions where people are claimed to have unusual longevity}} | ||
| {{About||the band|Blue Zone (band)|the parking zone regulations|Disc parking|parts of the United States which vote majority Democratic|Red states and blue states}} | {{About||the band|Blue Zone (band)|the parking zone regulations|Disc parking|parts of the United States which vote majority Democratic|Red states and blue states}} | ||
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| A '''blue zone''' is a region in the world where people are claimed to have exceptionally ] beyond the age of 80 due to a lifestyle combining physical activity, low stress, rich social interactions, a local whole-foods diet, and low disease incidence.<ref name="Poulain">{{cite journal|vauthors=Poulain M, Herm A, Pes G |url=http://austriaca.at/0xc1aa500e_0x00307bb6.pdf|title=The Blue Zones: areas of exceptional longevity around the world|journal=Vienna Yearbook of Population Research|volume=11|year=2013|pages=87–108|doi=10.1553/populationyearbook2013s87|archive-date=2 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302043123/http://austriaca.at/0xc1aa500e_0x00307bb6.pdf| quote=These populations succeeded in maintaining a traditional lifestyle implying an intense physical activity that extends beyond the age of 80, a reduced level of stress and intensive family and community support for their oldest olds as well as the consumption of locally produced food.}}</ref> Examples of blue zones include ], Japan; ], Sardinia, Italy; the ], Costa Rica; and ], Greece.<ref name="Poulain" /> The name "blue zones" derived simply during the original survey by scientists, who "used a blue pen on a map to mark the villages with long-lived population."<ref name=poulain04/> | A '''blue zone''' is a region in the world where people are claimed to have exceptionally ] beyond the age of 80 due to a lifestyle combining physical activity, low stress, rich social interactions, a local whole-foods diet, and low disease incidence.<ref name="Poulain">{{cite journal|vauthors=Poulain M, Herm A, Pes G |url=http://austriaca.at/0xc1aa500e_0x00307bb6.pdf|title=The Blue Zones: areas of exceptional longevity around the world|journal=Vienna Yearbook of Population Research|volume=11|year=2013|pages=87–108|doi=10.1553/populationyearbook2013s87|archive-date=2 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302043123/http://austriaca.at/0xc1aa500e_0x00307bb6.pdf| quote=These populations succeeded in maintaining a traditional lifestyle implying an intense physical activity that extends beyond the age of 80, a reduced level of stress and intensive family and community support for their oldest olds as well as the consumption of locally produced food.}}</ref> Examples of blue zones include ], Japan; ], Sardinia, Italy; the ], Costa Rica; and ], Greece.<ref name="Poulain" /> The name "blue zones" derived simply during the original survey by scientists, who "used a blue pen on a map to mark the villages with long-lived population."<ref name=poulain04/> | ||
| The concept of blue zones with longevity has been challenged by the absence of scientific evidence,<ref name=hall/> and by the substantial decline of life expectancy during the 21st century in one of the first proposed blue zones, Okinawa.<ref name=hokama/> | |||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| ] man]] | |||
| A 1999 study of elderly people living on Sardinia found a prevalence of 13 ]s per 100,000 population, indicating unusual longevity.<ref name="deiana">{{cite journal|display-authors=3 |vauthors=Deiana L, Ferrucci L, Pes GM, Carru C, Delitala G, Ganau A, Mariotti S, Nieddu A, Pettinato S, Putzu P, Franceschi C, Baggio G |title=AKEntAnnos. The Sardinia Study of Extreme Longevity |journal=Aging |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=142–9 |date=June 1999 |pmid=10476308}}</ref> A 2004 followup report showed that longevity was concentrated in the Nuoro province of Sardinia, specifically in its mountain regions where locally-born men lived longer than those in the rest of Sardinia, although reasons for the longevity were unknown.<ref name="poulain04">{{cite journal|display-authors=3|vauthors=Poulain M, Pes GM, Grasland C, Carru C, Ferrucci L, Baggio G, Franceschi C, Deiana L |title=Identification of a geographic area characterized by extreme longevity in the Sardinia island: the AKEA study |journal=Experimental Gerontology |volume=39 |issue=9 |pages=1423–9 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15489066 |doi=10.1016/j.exger.2004.06.016|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00175541/file/2004%20POULAIN%20BZ%20EXP%20GERONT.pdf }}</ref> | A 1999 study of elderly people living on Sardinia found a prevalence of 13 ]s per 100,000 population, indicating unusual longevity.<ref name="deiana">{{cite journal|display-authors=3 |vauthors=Deiana L, Ferrucci L, Pes GM, Carru C, Delitala G, Ganau A, Mariotti S, Nieddu A, Pettinato S, Putzu P, Franceschi C, Baggio G |title=AKEntAnnos. The Sardinia Study of Extreme Longevity |journal=Aging |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=142–9 |date=June 1999 |pmid=10476308}}</ref> A 2004 followup report showed that longevity was concentrated in the Nuoro province of Sardinia, specifically in its mountain regions where locally-born men lived longer than those in the rest of Sardinia, although reasons for the longevity were unknown.<ref name="poulain04">{{cite journal|display-authors=3|vauthors=Poulain M, Pes GM, Grasland C, Carru C, Ferrucci L, Baggio G, Franceschi C, Deiana L |title=Identification of a geographic area characterized by extreme longevity in the Sardinia island: the AKEA study |journal=Experimental Gerontology |volume=39 |issue=9 |pages=1423–9 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15489066 |doi=10.1016/j.exger.2004.06.016|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00175541/file/2004%20POULAIN%20BZ%20EXP%20GERONT.pdf }}</ref> | ||
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| ===Estimating population longevity=== | ===Estimating population longevity=== | ||
| In the original study of centenarians living in 14 mountain villages of Sardinia (the first proposed blue zone), the research team developed an ''Extreme Longevity Index'' (ELI) representing the ratio between the number of eventual centenarians born between 1880 and 1900, and the total number of births recorded during the same time interval for the region.<ref name=poulain04/> The ELI was defined as the number of centenarians per 10,000 newborns, and was |
In the original study of centenarians living in 14 mountain villages of Sardinia (the first proposed blue zone), the research team developed an ''Extreme Longevity Index'' (ELI) representing the ratio between the number of eventual centenarians born between 1880 and 1900, and the total number of births recorded during the same time interval for the region.<ref name=poulain04/> The ELI was defined as the number of centenarians per 10,000 newborns, and was used to determine the probability that any person born in that municipality would reach 100 years old while remaining mentally and physically functional.<ref name=poulain04/> | ||
| Another longevity index applied was the ''Centenarian rate'' (CR) for the 1900 birth group (number of persons surviving to 100 years old per 10,000 people alive at age 60) in December 2000.<ref name=poulain04/> The Sardinia and Okinawa blue zones had CR values for men substantially higher compared to several other countries, whereas values for women were mostly above those in other countries, while comparable to others.<ref name=poulain04/> | Another longevity index applied was the ''Centenarian rate'' (CR) for the 1900 birth group (number of persons surviving to 100 years old per 10,000 people alive at age 60) in December 2000.<ref name=poulain04/> The Sardinia and Okinawa blue zones had CR values for men substantially higher compared to several other countries, whereas values for women were mostly above those in other countries, while comparable to others.<ref name=poulain04/> | ||
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| Several possible errors or limitations exist for these estimates, such as failure to validate accuracy of ages, unreliable interviews or missing birth records.<ref name=poulain04/><ref name="poulain11">{{Cite journal |last=Poulain |first=Michel |date=21 July 2011 |title=Exceptional Longevity in Okinawa:: A Plea for In-depth Validation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227409038 |journal=] |volume=25 |issue=7 |pages=245–284 |doi=10.4054/DemRes.2011.25.7 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | Several possible errors or limitations exist for these estimates, such as failure to validate accuracy of ages, unreliable interviews or missing birth records.<ref name=poulain04/><ref name="poulain11">{{Cite journal |last=Poulain |first=Michel |date=21 July 2011 |title=Exceptional Longevity in Okinawa:: A Plea for In-depth Validation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227409038 |journal=] |volume=25 |issue=7 |pages=245–284 |doi=10.4054/DemRes.2011.25.7 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | ||
| ===Business ventures=== | |||
| In 2008, Dan Buettner established the marketing company, Blue Zones LLC, adding ], California, to the list of blue zones.<ref name="mikhail">{{cite web |author1=Alexa Mikhail |title=A look inside America's only blue zone city—home to some of the world's longest-living people |url=https://fortune.com/well/2023/04/02/longevity-tips-loma-linda-california-blue-zone-city/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2 January 2024 |date=2 April 2023}}</ref> Buettner described the ] community there as having unusual longevity due putatively to a healthy lifestyle and ].<ref name=mikhail/><ref name="ie">{{cite web |author1=Marcia Wendorf |title=People routinely live over 100 years in global "blue zones". Should you move? |url=https://interestingengineering.com/health/people-routinely-live-beyond-the-age-of-100-in-these-rare-blue-zones |publisher=Interesting Engineering |access-date=4 January 2024 |date=10 February 2022}}</ref> In 2020, the Blue Zones company was acquired by the Seventh-Day Adventist health care system, ].<ref>{{cite web |date=8 April 2020 |title=Adventist Health acquires Blue Zones as part of transformation into catalyst for overall community health and wellbeing |url=https://www.adventisthealth.org/blog/2020/april/adventist-health-acquires-blue-zones-as-part-of-/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307081809/https://www.adventisthealth.org/blog/2020/april/adventist-health-acquires-blue-zones-as-part-of-/ |archive-date=7 March 2023 |accessdate=2 January 2024 |publisher=Adventist Health}}</ref> | |||
| Recent years have seen the blue zone concept featured in initiatives in industries such as insurance, technology and tourism. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Fonstein |first1=Claire A. |title=The business of longevity What does it mean to 'Go Blue'? |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2024/07/25/blue-zones-san-jose.html |website=Silicon Valley Business Journal |publisher=The Business Journals |access-date=25 October 2024}}</ref> | |||
| ===Marketing=== | |||
| In 2008, Dan Buettner established the marketing company, Blue Zones LLC, adding ], California, to the list of blue zones.<ref name=mikhail/> Buettner described the ] community there as having unusual longevity due putatively to a healthy lifestyle and ].<ref name=mikhail/><ref name=ie/> In 2020, the Blue Zones company was acquired by the Seventh-Day Adventist health care system, ].<ref>{{cite web |date=8 April 2020 |title=Adventist Health acquires Blue Zones as part of transformation into catalyst for overall community health and wellbeing |url=https://www.adventisthealth.org/blog/2020/april/adventist-health-acquires-blue-zones-as-part-of-/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307081809/https://www.adventisthealth.org/blog/2020/april/adventist-health-acquires-blue-zones-as-part-of-/ |archive-date=7 March 2023 |accessdate=2 January 2024 |publisher=Adventist Health}}</ref> | |||
| == Critiques == | == Critiques == | ||
| The concept of blue zone communities having exceptional longevity has been challenged by the absence of evidence-based information.<ref name="hall">{{cite web| |
The concept of blue zone communities having exceptional longevity has been challenged by the absence of evidence-based information.<ref name="hall">{{cite web |last=Hall |first=Harriet |authorlink=Harriet Hall |date=October 12, 2021|url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/blue-zones-diet-speculation-based-on-misinformation/ |title=Blue Zones Diet: Speculation Based on Misinformation|publisher=] |accessdate=15 October 2021}}</ref> | ||
| It has also been questioned by the substantial decline of life expectancy during the 21st century in Okinawa, with the analysis concluding that "male longevity is now ranked 26th among the 47 ] of Japan".<ref name="hokama">{{Cite journal |last1=Hokama |first1=Tomiko |last2=Binns |first2=Colin |author-link2=Colin Binns |date=October 2008 |title=Declining longevity advantage and low birthweight in Okinawa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26299015 |journal=] |volume=20 Suppl |pages=95–101 |pmid=19533867}}</ref> Michel Poulain, one of the authors of the original paper about blue zones, conducted a study in 2011 to validate the claims of longevity in Okinawa, and was unable to verify whether residents were as old as they reported due to many records not surviving ].<ref name=poulain11/> | |||
| Costa Rica’s “Blue Zone” is now being re-examined and shown to be a result of cohort effects.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rosero-Bixby |first=Luis |title=The vanishing advantage of longevity in Nicoya, Costa Rica: A cohort shift |date=2023-10-18 |journal=Demographic Research |issn=1435-9871 |pages=723–736 |doi=10.4054/DemRes.2023.49.27 |volume=49 |issue=27 |url=https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol49/27/ |access-date=2024-10-17|doi-access=free }}</ref> | |||
| ], writing for '']'', stated that there are no controlled studies of elderly people in the blue zones, and that blue zone diets are based on speculation, not evidence through a rigorous scientific method.<ref name="hall" /> | ], writing for '']'', stated that there are no controlled studies of elderly people in the blue zones, and that blue zone diets are based on speculation, not evidence through a rigorous scientific method.<ref name="hall" /> | ||
Latest revision as of 05:23, 2 January 2025
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A blue zone is a region in the world where people are claimed to have exceptionally long lives beyond the age of 80 due to a lifestyle combining physical activity, low stress, rich social interactions, a local whole-foods diet, and low disease incidence. Examples of blue zones include Okinawa Prefecture, Japan; Nuoro Province, Sardinia, Italy; the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica; and Icaria, Greece. The name "blue zones" derived simply during the original survey by scientists, who "used a blue pen on a map to mark the villages with long-lived population."
The concept of blue zones with longevity has been challenged by the absence of scientific evidence, and by the substantial decline of life expectancy during the 21st century in one of the first proposed blue zones, Okinawa.
History
A 1999 study of elderly people living on Sardinia found a prevalence of 13 centenarians per 100,000 population, indicating unusual longevity. A 2004 followup report showed that longevity was concentrated in the Nuoro province of Sardinia, specifically in its mountain regions where locally-born men lived longer than those in the rest of Sardinia, although reasons for the longevity were unknown.
Beginning in 2005 in collaboration with author Dan Buettner, the list of blue zone regions was extended from Sardinia to include Okinawa, Nicoya in Costa Rica, and Icaria in Greece.
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SardiniaNicoyaIcariaLoma LindaOkinawaclass=notpageimage| Proposed blue zones
Estimating population longevity
In the original study of centenarians living in 14 mountain villages of Sardinia (the first proposed blue zone), the research team developed an Extreme Longevity Index (ELI) representing the ratio between the number of eventual centenarians born between 1880 and 1900, and the total number of births recorded during the same time interval for the region. The ELI was defined as the number of centenarians per 10,000 newborns, and was used to determine the probability that any person born in that municipality would reach 100 years old while remaining mentally and physically functional.
Another longevity index applied was the Centenarian rate (CR) for the 1900 birth group (number of persons surviving to 100 years old per 10,000 people alive at age 60) in December 2000. The Sardinia and Okinawa blue zones had CR values for men substantially higher compared to several other countries, whereas values for women were mostly above those in other countries, while comparable to others.
Several possible errors or limitations exist for these estimates, such as failure to validate accuracy of ages, unreliable interviews or missing birth records.
Business ventures
In 2008, Dan Buettner established the marketing company, Blue Zones LLC, adding Loma Linda, California, to the list of blue zones. Buettner described the Seventh-Day Adventist community there as having unusual longevity due putatively to a healthy lifestyle and plant-based diet. In 2020, the Blue Zones company was acquired by the Seventh-Day Adventist health care system, Adventist Health.
Recent years have seen the blue zone concept featured in initiatives in industries such as insurance, technology and tourism.
Critiques
The concept of blue zone communities having exceptional longevity has been challenged by the absence of evidence-based information.
It has also been questioned by the substantial decline of life expectancy during the 21st century in Okinawa, with the analysis concluding that "male longevity is now ranked 26th among the 47 prefectures of Japan". Michel Poulain, one of the authors of the original paper about blue zones, conducted a study in 2011 to validate the claims of longevity in Okinawa, and was unable to verify whether residents were as old as they reported due to many records not surviving World War II.
Costa Rica’s “Blue Zone” is now being re-examined and shown to be a result of cohort effects.
Harriet Hall, writing for Science-Based Medicine, stated that there are no controlled studies of elderly people in the blue zones, and that blue zone diets are based on speculation, not evidence through a rigorous scientific method.
See also
- AARP/Blue Zones Vitality Project
- Alameda County Study
- Centenarian
- Gerontology Research Group
- Longevity
- Research into centenarians
- Supercentenarian
References
- ^ Poulain M, Herm A, Pes G (2013). "The Blue Zones: areas of exceptional longevity around the world" (PDF). Vienna Yearbook of Population Research. 11: 87–108. doi:10.1553/populationyearbook2013s87. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2020.
These populations succeeded in maintaining a traditional lifestyle implying an intense physical activity that extends beyond the age of 80, a reduced level of stress and intensive family and community support for their oldest olds as well as the consumption of locally produced food.
- ^ Poulain M, Pes GM, Grasland C, et al. (September 2004). "Identification of a geographic area characterized by extreme longevity in the Sardinia island: the AKEA study" (PDF). Experimental Gerontology. 39 (9): 1423–9. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2004.06.016. PMID 15489066.
- ^ Hall, Harriet (October 12, 2021). "Blue Zones Diet: Speculation Based on Misinformation". Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- ^ Hokama, Tomiko; Binns, Colin (October 2008). "Declining longevity advantage and low birthweight in Okinawa". Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. 20 Suppl: 95–101. PMID 19533867.
- Deiana L, Ferrucci L, Pes GM, et al. (June 1999). "AKEntAnnos. The Sardinia Study of Extreme Longevity". Aging. 11 (3): 142–9. PMID 10476308.
- ^ Poulain, Michel (21 July 2011). "Exceptional Longevity in Okinawa:: A Plea for In-depth Validation". Demographic Research. 25 (7): 245–284. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2011.25.7.
- ^ Alexa Mikhail (2 April 2023). "A look inside America's only blue zone city—home to some of the world's longest-living people". Fortune. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
- Marcia Wendorf (10 February 2022). "People routinely live over 100 years in global "blue zones". Should you move?". Interesting Engineering. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
- "Adventist Health acquires Blue Zones as part of transformation into catalyst for overall community health and wellbeing". Adventist Health. 8 April 2020. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
- Fonstein, Claire A. "The business of longevity What does it mean to 'Go Blue'?". Silicon Valley Business Journal. The Business Journals. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
- Rosero-Bixby, Luis (2023-10-18). "The vanishing advantage of longevity in Nicoya, Costa Rica: A cohort shift". Demographic Research. 49 (27): 723–736. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2023.49.27. ISSN 1435-9871. Retrieved 2024-10-17.
Further reading
- Barclay, Eliza (11 April 2015). "Eating to Break 100: Longevity Diet Tips from the Blue Zones". The Salt. NPR. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
- Publications on longevity blue zones, Michel Poulain
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