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| '''Global warming conspiracy'''<ref name="Equinox">{{cite web | title = Equinox:Global Warming Conspiracy| url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/444184}}</ref> and '''global warming conspiracy theory'''<ref name = "Houghton">{{cite web |title =The Great Global Warming Swindle| publisher = The John Ray Initiative |url=http://www.jri.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=137&Itemid=83}}</ref> are terms used to refer the claim that the theory that ] is caused by humans is a conscious fraud, perpetuated for financial or ideological reasons.<ref>More examples of this claim, and of the use of the terms "conspiracy" and "conspiracy theory to describe it, are given in the body of the article</ref> The term ] is commonly, though not always, used in a ] way,{{Fact|date=March 2007}} and proponents of the claim often refer to a "global warming ]"<ref name="hoax">{{cite web | title =Revisiting the global warming hoax| url =http://www.enterstageright.com/archive/articles/0603/0603warming.htm}}</ref> or ]<ref name = "MP">{{cite web |title ="The global warming fraud"| publisher = Daily Mail |url=http://www.melaniephillips.com/articles/archives/000255.html}}</ref> instead. | |||
| ==Claims== | |||
| * The suggestion of a conspiracy to promote the theory of global warming was put forward in a 1990 documentary ] broadcast by ] in the ] on ] ], as part of the ] series,<ref name="Equinox"/> which asserted that scientists critical of global warming theory were denied funding.<ref>{{cite web | title = Global Conspiracy | url=http://members.iimetro.com.au/~hubbca/greenhouse_conspiracy.htm }}</ref> Although the program title referred to a conspiracy, ] downplayed the idea, saying<ref name ="Transcript of The Greenhouse Conspiracy">{{cite web | title = Greenhouse Conspiracy|url = http://fufor.twoday.net/stories/3428768/}}</ref> "It may not quite add up to a conspiracy, but certainly a coalition of interests has promoted the greenhouse theory : scientists have needed funds, the media a story, and governments a worthy cause". | |||
| * Writing in the ] in ], Ron Bailey said "Militia members are famously worried that ] are practicing maneuvers with blue-helmeted ] troops in a plot to take over America. But the actual peril is more subtle. A small cadre of obscure international bureaucrats are hard at work devising a system of "global governance" that is slowly gaining control over ordinary Americans' lives. ], a 68-year-old Canadian, is the "indispensable man" at the center of this creeping UN power grab."<ref name ="Bailey">{{cite web | title = Who is Maurice Strong|url =http://www.biblebelievers.org.au/strong.htm|publisher=National Review}}</ref>. Strong's list of contacts is said by Bailey to include | |||
| **Vice President ]; | |||
| **] President ]; | |||
| **], head of the ]. | |||
| **], formerly Secretary General of the (British) ], | |||
| **], President of the World Resources Institute; | |||
| **], former Swedish prime minister | |||
| **]; and | |||
| **President ]. | |||
| ***Bailey remarks "It's not a conspiracy, of course: just a group of like-minded people fighting to save the world from less prescient and more selfish forces -- namely, market forces. " | |||
| * In a speech given to the US Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works on July 28, 2003 entitled "The Science of Climate Change",<ref>http://inhofe.senate.gov/pressreleases/climate.htm</ref> Senator ] (R-Okla) concluded by asking the following question: "With all of the hysteria, all of the fear, all of the phony science, could it be that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people?" Inhofe has suggested that supporters of Kyoto such as ] are aiming at global governance.<ref>{{cite web | title = Senate Environment And Public Works Committee|url=http://epw.senate.gov/speechitem.cfm?party=rep&id=263759}}</ref>. | |||
| **Quoting Inhofe, the ] stated "It was an unguarded moment for Chirac. World government is the main goal of the secret ], of which he is a luminary."<ref>{{cite web | title =Kyoto| url = http://www.americanfreepress.net/html/kyoto.html}}</ref> | |||
| * A ] article describing the views of ] quotes climatologist ] as having "his own conspiracy theory'. saying "He has made a list of 15 reasons for the global warming hysteria. The list includes the need to come up with an enemy after the end of the Cold War, and the desire among scientists, government leaders and environmentalists to find a political cause that would enable them to "organize, propagandize, force conformity and exercise political influence. Big ] could best lead (and control) us to a better world!"" In this article, Gray also cites the ascendancy of ] to the vice presidency as the start of his problems with federal funding. According to him, the ] stopped giving him research grants, and so did ].<ref>{{cite web |title = The Tempest| url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/23/AR2006052301305_pf.html}}</ref> | |||
| ** In this same article, ], former director of the ], also gave the view that global warming is a hoax. Both Gray and Neil complained in this article that they were not approached by the IPCC despite their long scientific record in climate-related fields. | |||
| * The March 1, 2007 issue of ] magazine, a publication of ], is entitled ""HYSTERIA: Exposing the secret agenda behind today's obsession with global warming" and asserts that "all the main players – from politicians and scientists to big corporations and the United Nations – benefit from instilling fear into billions of human beings over the unproven theory of man-made global warming". | |||
| * Commenting on criticism of the ] by ], the ] notes that "Hamilton accuses the Lavoisier Group of painting the UN's global warming negotiations as "an elaborate conspiracy in which hundreds of climate scientists have twisted their results to support the 'climate change theory' in order to protect their research funding" and comments "Sounds plausible to us."<ref>{{cite web | title = Antarctic Cooling Down; The Antarctic Ice Sheet is Growing; Hansen Downgrades Warming Threat|publisher = Cooler Heads Coalition | url=http://www.globalwarming.org/article.php?uid=192 }}</ref> | |||
| * Skeptic ] wrote in a February 2007 interview, "You’ve got this incestuous little group that is controlling the whole process both through their publications and the IPCC. I’m not a conspiracy theorist and I hate being even pushed toward that, but I think there is a consensus conspiracy that’s going on." | |||
| The general claim that the theory of global warming is a lie promoted by members of one or more interest groups acting in concert for dishonest purposes has been made on a number of occasions, using descriptions such as ], ], ] and ]. Prominent examples include: | |||
| * The ] website states that "over 17,000 scientists declare that global warming is a lie with no scientific basis whatsoever."<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.oism.org/oism/s32p31.htm| title= Global Warming Petition Project}}</ref> | |||
| * Writing in the ] on ] ], ] stated "Far from being proved, the claim of man-made global warming is a global fraud."<ref name = "MP"/> | |||
| * The film ] is based on the claim that "a multibillion-dollar worldwide industry: created by fanatically anti-industrial environmentalists; supported by scientists peddling scare stories to chase funding; and propped up by complicit politicians and the media".<ref name = "Swindle">{{cite web |title ="Global warming labeled a 'scam'"| publisher = Washington Times |url=http://www.washtimes.com/world/20070306-122226-6282r.htm}}</ref> | |||
| * ], professor of atmospheric science, director of the Earth System Center at the ] and former ] lead author, notably said that "The global warming hoax is not about the Earth's climate. It is about an attack on the economies of those nations that produce much of the world's wealth" and that "The industrialized nations of the world are the target of the environmentalists, as is the entire population of the world. By every means possible, they have sought to undermine economic growth and to enhance the reduction of human life on this planet. Those of us who defend growth, who oppose their efforts to keep vast portions of the Earth's population in poverty and subject to lethal diseases, are assailed as "tools of multinational corporations" and advocates for "pollution."<ref name="hoax"/> | |||
| ===Fictional representations=== | |||
| * The novel ] by ] describes a conspiracy by scientists and others to create public panic about global warming. The novel includes 20 pages of footnotes, described by Crichton as providing a factual basis for the story.<ref name = "Footnotes">{{cite web |title ="Checking Crichton's Footnotes| publisher = Boston Globe |url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2005/02/06/checking_crichtons_footnotes/}}</ref><ref name = "Heartland">{{cite web |title = Crichton Strikes Devastating Blow to Alarmist|url=http://www.heartland.org/article.cfm?artId=16378| publisher = Heartland Institute | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| ==Participants== | |||
| Many of those claimed to be participants in a conspiracy to promote global warming theory appear prominently in other conspiracy theories{{fact}}. These include organisations such as | |||
| *The ] | |||
| *The ] | |||
| *The ] | |||
| *The ] | |||
| and individuals such as | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] and | |||
| *] | |||
| The main participants specific to alleged conspiracies to promote the theory of global warming are climate scientists and the ]. Individual climate scientists commonly named as participants include ] and ]{{fact}}. | |||
| ==Motives== | |||
| A number of different motives have been claimed for a ] to promote the idea of global warming | |||
| * A desire on the part of the ] and its supporters to promote a system of world government or ]. Proponents of this theory frequently stress the role of ]. | |||
| * A desire on the part of environmentalists to prevent carbon-based industrial development in Africa<ref name = "Swindle"/> | |||
| * A desire on the part of environmentalists to promote pollution-intensive industrial development in Africa, while reducing industrial output in the United States | |||
| * A desire on the part of ] researchers to attract financial support<ref name = "Swindle"/> | |||
| * A desire on the part of ] political activists to promote an agenda described by Melanie Phillips<ref name = "MP"/> as a "left-wing, anti-American, anti-west ideology which goes hand in hand with anti-globalisation and the belief that everything done by the industrialised world is wicked. The agenda to cripple this world is revealed by highly questionable assumptions made by climate modellers about likely developments in economics, technology or population movements, which affect emissions and consequent temperature predictions." | |||
| * A desire on the part of ] political leaders including ],<ref name = "Swindle"/> and ] to promote ] while attracting the political support of Green groups | |||
| === Ideological motives === | |||
| Statements made or allegedly made by various supporters of climate change policies have been quoted as giving support to the idea that ] global warming may be used primarily for political purposes. | |||
| * According to a critical editorial written by Peter Menzies in the ], Christine Stewart, former Canadian Environment Minister for the ], said in ] that "No matter if the science is all phoney, there are collateral environmental benefits.<ref>http://www.sepp.org/Archive/controv/controversies/concerned.html</ref> | |||
| * According to a 1993 book by ], ], former US Senator (D-Colo) said that "We've got to ride the global warming issue. Even if the theory of global warming is wrong, we will be doing the right thing – in terms of economic policy and environmental policy.."<ref>http://www.nationalcenter.org/dos7130.htm</ref> | |||
| * Stewart Elge, environment law professor at the ] and Dan Gagnier, senior vice-president of ], co-authored an article titled ''"Emissions trading: Like foreign aid, but better<ref>http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070320.wcomment0321/BNStory/ClimateChange</ref>"'' in which they claimed that "So we know emissions trading can work. In fact, on a global scale, it works a lot like international development aid — only better. Each year, Canada spends billions helping poor countries improve their environmental, health, and socioeconomic conditions. Global emissions trading is simply another form of development aid. In fact, it is some of the most effective aid we can give, because it helps poor countries develop in climate-friendly ways." | |||
| ==Criticism== | |||
| Critics of claims that scientists and others concerned with global warming are promoting a deliberate fraud have commonly used the term "conspiracy theory" to describe this view. | |||
| * In a piece headed ''Crichton's conspiracy theory'', Harold Evans described Crichton's theory as being "in the paranoid political style identified by the renowned historian ]" and went on to suggest that "if you happen to be in the market for a conspiracy theory today, there's a rather more credible one documented by the pressure group Greenpeace", namely the funding by ] of groups opposed to the theory of global warming | |||
| * Responding to the film ],. UK Secretary of State for Environment, Farming and Rural Affairs, ] presented a rebuttal of the main points of the film on his blog and stated "There will always be people with conspiracy theories trying to do down the scientific consensus, and that is part of scientific and democratic debate, but the science of climate change looks like fact to me."<ref>{{cite web|title = The Great Climate Change Swindle? |url =http://www.davidmiliband.defra.gov.uk/blogs/ministerial_blog/archive/2007/03/14/5960.aspx}}</ref> | |||
| * Responding to advance publicity for the same film ], ] described it as "the same old conspiracy theory that we’ve been hearing from the denial industry for the past ten years". | |||
| *Also, responding to The Great Global Warming Swindle, ] said, "The most prominent person in the programme was ], former Chancellor of the Exchequer who is not a scientist and who shows little knowledge of the science but who is party to the creation of a conspiracy theory that questions the motives and integrity of the world scientific community, especially as represented by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)."<ref name = "Houghton"/> | |||
| ==Overheated rhetoric== | |||
| It has been widely observed that the debate over climate change has given rise to "overheated rhetoric" on both sides . Statements that global warming is a "hoax" or "fraud" may, in some cases, be instances of such rhetoric, intended to emphasize a claim that advocates of anthropogenic global warming theory are egregiously wrong, rather than seriously-intended claims of deliberate dishonesty by a large group of scientists and others. | |||
| ==Claims of conspiracy made by supporters of global warming theory== | |||
| Supporters of global warming theory have similarly accused their opponents of being motivated by financial or ideological interests, and in some cases have used the term "conspiracy" to describe this. According to an article in ], US Interior Secretary ] stated in 1998 that, "Oil and coal companies in the United States have joined in a conspiracy to hire pseudoscientists to deny the facts, and then begin raising political arguments that are essentially fraudulent" | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| <references/> | |||
| ] | |||
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