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| {{also|Monarchy in ancient India|List of Indian monarchs|List of Hindu empires and dynasties}} | {{also|Monarchy in ancient India|List of Indian monarchs|List of Hindu empires and dynasties}} | ||
| {{Hinduism}} | |||
| In ], '''kingship''' was a ] institution guided by the religious laws of Hinduism, with corresponding complex and hierarchical structure. '''Hindu monarchies''' headed by '''Hindu kings''' were widespread in ] since about ].{{sfn|Chaulagain|2019|pp=1–2}} Hindu monarchies went into slow decline in |
In ], '''kingship''' was a ] institution guided by the religious laws of Hinduism, with corresponding complex and hierarchical structure. '''Hindu monarchies''' headed by '''Hindu kings''' were widespread in ] since about ] and later in ].{{sfn|Chaulagain|2019|pp=1–2}} Hindu monarchies went into slow decline in medieval times, with most gone by the end of the 17th century, although the last one, the ], dissolved only in 2008.{{sfn|Chaulagain|2019|p=6}}, Today Hindu countries like ], ] and ] adopted ] despite being hindu majority. | ||
| The notable Hindu empires in ] included the ] ({{circa|320–550 ]}}), the ] in ] ({{circa|848–1279 AD}}), and the ]({{circa|1336–1646 AD}}).{{sfn|Chaulagain|2019|p=6}} At different points in time, Hindu kingdoms had |
The notable Hindu empires in ] included the ] ({{circa|320–550 ]}}), The ], the ] in ] ({{circa|848–1279 AD}}), and the ] ({{circa|1336–1646 AD}}).{{sfn|Chaulagain|2019|p=6}} At different points in time, Hindu kingdoms and empires had dominated in ] on the territories of the modern ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].{{sfn|Sahai|2010|p=64}}, Most notable of them is the ] which spanned across ] and ]. | ||
| == Seven limbs == | == Seven limbs == | ||
| A Hindu kingdom was described as formed from seven "limbs":{{sfn|Chaulagain|2019|p=1}} | A Hindu kingdom was described as formed from seven "limbs":{{sfn|Chaulagain|2019|p=1}} | ||
| # the king himself (''svāmī''). The king typically represented the ], a class of warrior aristocracy in the ] ].{{sfn|Chaulagain|2019|p=1}} Hindu kingships usually did not have a priest-king, as the priestly duties were mostly performed by ] |
# the king himself (''svāmī''). The king typically represented the ], a class of warrior aristocracy in the ] ].{{sfn|Chaulagain|2019|p=1}} Hindu kingships usually did not have a priest-king, as the priestly duties were mostly performed by ];{{sfn|Chaulagain|2019|p=2}} | ||
| # king's {{ill|अमात्य|hi|lt=ministers}} (''amātyas''); | # king's {{ill|अमात्य|hi|lt=ministers}} (''amātyas''); | ||
| # ] ('']'' or ''rāṣṭra'', included both the land and population); | # ] ('']'' or ''rāṣṭra'', included both the land and population); | ||
| Line 16: | Line 16: | ||
| == King's divinity == | == King's divinity == | ||
| The later ] ({{circa|1000-600 BC}}) saw introduction of religious ceremonies intended to affirm the Hindu king's supernatural powers: ], ], {{ill|Ваджапея|ru|lt=vajapeya}}, ''aindrī-mahābhiṣeka'', and ''punarābhiṣeka''. |
The later ] ({{circa|1000-600 BC}}) saw the introduction of religious ceremonies intended to affirm the Hindu king's supernatural powers: ], ], {{ill|Ваджапея|ru|lt=vajapeya}}, ''aindrī-mahābhiṣeka'', and ''punarābhiṣeka''. The introduction of these expansive and expensive rituals was a probable cause of persistent tensions between the Hindu kings and Brahmins; as a result, the Hinduism views on the divinity of kings varied with time. The end of the Vedic era with its proliferation of alternative religions ('']'') was characterized by rapidly diminishing attention to the deification of the kings. The ] (1st to 3rd century AD) marked a revival of the kings' divinity; simultaneously, the ] was worshipping also the deceased rulers. This upswing culminated in the ] (3rd to 6th century AD).{{sfn|Chaulagain|2019|p=3}} | ||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
| Line 25: | Line 25: | ||
| ==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
| * {{cite book | last=Chaulagain | first=Nawaraj | title=Hinduism and Tribal Religions | chapter=Kingship (Hinduism) | publisher=Springer Netherlands | publication-place=Dordrecht | date=2019 | isbn=978-94-024-1036-5 | doi=10.1007/978-94-024-1036-5_83-1 | chapter-url = https://www.academia.edu/84823249 |
* {{cite book | last=Chaulagain | first=Nawaraj | title=Hinduism and Tribal Religions | chapter=Kingship (Hinduism) | publisher=Springer Netherlands | publication-place=Dordrecht | date=2019 | isbn=978-94-024-1036-5 | doi=10.1007/978-94-024-1036-5_83-1 | chapter-url = https://www.academia.edu/84823249 | series=Encyclopedia of Indian Religions| pages=1–7 }} | ||
| * {{cite book | last=Sahai | first=S.B. | title=The Hindu Civilisation: A Miracle of History | publisher=Gyan Publishing House | year=2010 | isbn=978-81-212-1041-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-LE5FIUgdYC&pg=PA64 | access-date=2024-09-22}} | * {{cite book | last=Sahai | first=S.B. | title=The Hindu Civilisation: A Miracle of History | publisher=Gyan Publishing House | year=2010 | isbn=978-81-212-1041-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-LE5FIUgdYC&pg=PA64 | access-date=2024-09-22}} | ||
| * {{cite conference |last1=Basham |first1=Arthur Llewellyn |conference=Kingship In Asia and early America: 30. International Congress of Human Sciences In Asia and North Africa |date=1981 |pages= |
* {{cite conference |last1=Basham |first1=Arthur Llewellyn |conference=Kingship In Asia and early America: 30. International Congress of Human Sciences In Asia and North Africa |date=1981 |pages=115–132 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/67428 |title=Ideas of Kingship in Hinduism and Buddhism}} | ||
| * {{cite book | last=Scharfe | first=Hartmut | title=The State in Indian Tradition | publisher= |
* {{cite book | last=Scharfe | first=Hartmut | title=The State in Indian Tradition | publisher=Brill | date=1989-01-01 | isbn=978-90-04-49144-1 | doi=10.1163/9789004491441_004 | chapter= The King and his Court | pages=26–126 }} | ||
Latest revision as of 18:42, 26 December 2024
See also: Monarchy in ancient India, List of Indian monarchs, and List of Hindu empires and dynasties
In Hinduism, kingship was a monarchy institution guided by the religious laws of Hinduism, with corresponding complex and hierarchical structure. Hindu monarchies headed by Hindu kings were widespread in South Asia since about 1500 BC and later in South East Asia. Hindu monarchies went into slow decline in medieval times, with most gone by the end of the 17th century, although the last one, the Kingdom of Nepal, dissolved only in 2008., Today Hindu countries like India, Nepal and Mauritius adopted State secularism despite being hindu majority.
The notable Hindu empires in India included the Guptas (c. 320–550 AD), The Kushan empire, the Chola Empire in Tamil Nadu (c. 848–1279 AD), and the Vijayanagara Empire (c. 1336–1646 AD). At different points in time, Hindu kingdoms and empires had dominated in Southeast Asia on the territories of the modern Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Singapore, Timor Leste, Brunei and Thailand., Most notable of them is the Majapahit empire which spanned across Oceania and Asia.
Seven limbs
A Hindu kingdom was described as formed from seven "limbs":
- the king himself (svāmī). The king typically represented the kshatria, a class of warrior aristocracy in the four varnas caste system. Hindu kingships usually did not have a priest-king, as the priestly duties were mostly performed by brahmins;
- king's ministers [hi] (amātyas);
- nation (janapada or rāṣṭra, included both the land and population);
- army ("force", symbolically represented by daṇḍa, a sceptre);
- forts (durga);
- treasure (koṣa);
- allies (mitra).
King's divinity
The later Vedic era (c. 1000-600 BC) saw the introduction of religious ceremonies intended to affirm the Hindu king's supernatural powers: rajasuya, ashvamedha, vajapeya [ru], aindrī-mahābhiṣeka, and punarābhiṣeka. The introduction of these expansive and expensive rituals was a probable cause of persistent tensions between the Hindu kings and Brahmins; as a result, the Hinduism views on the divinity of kings varied with time. The end of the Vedic era with its proliferation of alternative religions (śramaṇa) was characterized by rapidly diminishing attention to the deification of the kings. The Laws of Manu (1st to 3rd century AD) marked a revival of the kings' divinity; simultaneously, the Kushan Empire was worshipping also the deceased rulers. This upswing culminated in the Gupta Empire (3rd to 6th century AD).
See also
- Mahajanapadas, 16 great ancient states in India
References
- Chaulagain 2019, pp. 1–2.
- ^ Chaulagain 2019, p. 6.
- Sahai 2010, p. 64.
- ^ Chaulagain 2019, p. 1.
- ^ Chaulagain 2019, p. 2.
- Chaulagain 2019, p. 3.
Sources
- Chaulagain, Nawaraj (2019). "Kingship (Hinduism)". Hinduism and Tribal Religions. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 1–7. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1036-5_83-1. ISBN 978-94-024-1036-5.
- Sahai, S.B. (2010). The Hindu Civilisation: A Miracle of History. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-212-1041-6. Retrieved 2024-09-22.
- Basham, Arthur Llewellyn (1981). Ideas of Kingship in Hinduism and Buddhism. Kingship In Asia and early America: 30. International Congress of Human Sciences In Asia and North Africa. pp. 115–132.
- Scharfe, Hartmut (1989-01-01). "The King and his Court". The State in Indian Tradition. Brill. pp. 26–126. doi:10.1163/9789004491441_004. ISBN 978-90-04-49144-1.
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