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| {{Short description|Region of China}} | |||
| '''North China''' (北方 ]: Běifāng) is an approximate region in ]. The exact boundary between North China and ] has never been precisely defined. Nevertheless, the self-perception of ], especially regional ]s, has often been dominated by these two concepts. | |||
| {{Other uses}} | |||
| {{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=February 2013}} | |||
| {{Original research|date=August 2019}} | |||
| {{expand Chinese|topic=geo|date=October 2021}}|collapsed=yes}} | |||
| {{Infobox settlement | |||
| | name = North China | |||
| | native_name = | |||
| | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | |||
| | settlement_type = | |||
| | image_skyline = | |||
| | image_alt = | |||
| | image_caption = | |||
| | image_flag = | |||
| | flag_alt = | |||
| | image_seal = | |||
| | seal_alt = | |||
| | image_shield = | |||
| | shield_alt = | |||
| | etymology = | |||
| | nickname = | |||
| | motto = | |||
| | image_map = File:North China.svg | |||
| | map_alt = | |||
| | map_caption = North People's Republic of ] region | |||
| | pushpin_map = | |||
| | pushpin_label_position = | |||
| | pushpin_map_alt = | |||
| | pushpin_map_caption = | |||
| | coordinates = | |||
| | coor_pinpoint = | |||
| | coordinates_footnotes = | |||
| | subdivision_type = Country | |||
| | subdivision_name = {{PRC}} | |||
| | subdivision_type1 = | |||
| | subdivision_name1 = | |||
| | subdivision_type2 = | |||
| | subdivision_name2 = | |||
| | subdivision_type3 = | |||
| | subdivision_name3 = | |||
| | established_title = | |||
| | established_date = | |||
| | founder = | |||
| | seat_type = | |||
| | seat = | |||
| | government_footnotes = | |||
| | leader_party = | |||
| | leader_title = | |||
| | leader_name = | |||
| | unit_pref = Metric | |||
| | area_footnotes = | |||
| | area_urban_footnotes = | |||
| | area_rural_footnotes = | |||
| | area_metro_footnotes = | |||
| | area_magnitude = | |||
| | area_note = | |||
| | area_water_percent = | |||
| | area_rank = | |||
| | area_blank1_title = | |||
| | area_blank2_title = | |||
| | area_total_km2 = 2,185,105 | |||
| | area_land_km2 = | |||
| | area_water_km2 = | |||
| | area_urban_km2 = | |||
| | area_rural_km2 = | |||
| | area_metro_km2 = | |||
| | area_blank1_km2 = | |||
| | area_blank2_km2 = <!-- hectares --> | |||
| | area_total_ha = | |||
| | area_land_ha = | |||
| | area_water_ha = | |||
| | area_urban_ha = | |||
| | area_rural_ha = | |||
| | area_metro_ha = | |||
| | area_blank1_ha = | |||
| | area_blank2_ha = | |||
| | length_km = | |||
| | width_km = | |||
| | dimensions_footnotes = | |||
| | elevation_footnotes = | |||
| | elevation_m = | |||
| | population_as_of = | |||
| | population_footnotes = <ref name="census2020"> | |||
| {{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817185.html | |||
| |title=Main Data of the Seventh National Population Census | |||
| |publisher=] | |||
| |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511031334/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817185.html | |||
| |archivedate=May 11, 2021 | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| | population_total = 164,823,136 | |||
| | population_density_km2 = auto | |||
| | population_note = | |||
| | population_demonym = | |||
| | blank_name = GDP | |||
| | blank_info = 2022<ref name="data2022">GDP-2022 is a preliminary data {{cite press release | url= https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0102| title=Home - Regional - Quarterly by Province| publisher=China NBS}}</ref> | |||
| | blank1_name = - Total | |||
| | blank1_info = ¥14.909 trillion<br/>($2.217 trillion) | |||
| | blank2_name = - Per Capita | |||
| | blank2_info = ¥90,457<br/>($13,449) | |||
| | timezone1 = | |||
| | utc_offset1 = | |||
| | postal_code_type = | |||
| | postal_code = | |||
| | area_code_type = | |||
| | area_code = | |||
| | iso_code = | |||
| | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | |||
| | footnotes = | |||
| }} | |||
| ] | |||
| '''North China''' ({{zh|s=华北}}) is a ] of the ]. It consists of five provincial administrative regions, namely ], ], ], ], and ]. | |||
| Part of the larger region of ] (''Beifang''), it lies north of the ],<ref name="progressingeography_36314">{{cite journal |first1=Shuangshuang |last1=Li |first2=Saini |last2=Yang |first3=Xianfeng |last3=LIU |title=Spatiotemporal variability of extreme precipitation in north and south of the Qinling-Huaihe region and influencing factors during 1960-2013 |journal=The Chinese Journal of Geography |date=10 September 2015 |volume=34|issue=3|pages=354–363 |url = http://www.progressingeography.com/article/2015/1007-6301/36314 |access-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> with its heartland in the ]. Most inhabitants here speak variants of Northern Chinese languages such as ], which includes ] and its cousin variants. The Beijing dialect is largely the basis of ] (or Standard Mandarin), the official language of the People's Republic of China. ] and ] are also widely spoken due to the political and cultural history of the area. | |||
| The boundary between North China and South China is generally defined to be the ] and ] (Huai He). In the eastern provinces like ] and ], however, the ] is usually perceived as the north-south boundary instead of the Huai River. There is an ambiguous area, the region around ], ], that lies in the gap where the Qinling has ended and the Huai River has not yet begun; in addition, central Anhui and Jiangsu lie south of the Huai River but north of the Yangtze, making their classification somewhat ambiguous as well. As such, the boundary between North and South China does not follow provincial boundaries; it cuts through ], ], ], and ], and creates areas such as ] (]), ] (]), and ] (]) that lie on an opposite half of China from the rest of their respective provinces. This may have been deliberate; the ] ] and ] ] established many of these boundaries intentionally to discourage regionalist ]. | |||
| ==History== | |||
| Areas often thought as being outside "]", such as ] and | |||
| {{expand section|date=December 2016}} | |||
| ], are also conceived as belonging North China according to the framework above. ] is, however, not usually conceived of being part of the north. | |||
| In prehistory, the region was home to the ] and ]s. ] was found near modern-day Beijing. | |||
| ]]] | |||
| The main agricultural lands of China lay in the area known as the ], an area located bordered by the ] River to its south and the ] to its north. Further north of the Yellow River lies the ] and steppe lands that extend west across ]. This region has long, harsh winters. It has relatively little in the way of water resources.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Hu |first=Richard |title=Reinventing the Chinese City |date=2023 |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-231-21101-7 |location=New York}}</ref>{{Rp|page=132}} | |||
| Despite these challenges, some forms of agriculture have been successful in this region, especially ], certainly of horse and camel, and possibly other types of animals. The crops '']'' and '']'', both types of ] grain, are believed to be indigenous to northern China. ''Panicum miliaceum'' is known from the ] in ], recovered as ] from pits in ] sections. ] from the pits have radiocarbon dates from 8500 to 7500 BCE. Archaeological evidence of charred grains found in early ] layers in Hebei province at ] and Cishan has led scholars to revise the earliest dates associated with millet by about two millennia. Millet sites are concentrated along the boundaries of the ] and ], separated by a mountain chain from the ] and the ], North China's main ], located to the west. Millet cultivation was similarly situated relative to the ] at Dadiwan, and the ] at ]. Macrofossil evidence (charred grains of foxtail and broomcorn millet) has been recovered from ] in ], ] in ], Cishan in Hebei, and ] in ], among other sites in Eastern and Central China.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge World History Volume II A World With Agriculture 12,000 BCE-500CE |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2015 |pages=316–320}}</ref> | |||
| The concepts of North China and South China originate from differences in ], ], ], and physical traits; as well as several periods of actual political division in history. North China is too cold and dry for ] cultivation (though it does happen today with modern technology) and consists largely of flat plains, grasslands, and desert; while South China is warm and rainy enough for rice and consists of lush mountains cut by river valleys. In addition, North Chinese trace some of their ancestry to ] peoples such as the ]s and ]s; South Chinese trace some of their ancestry to ] and ] peoples related to modern ]s and ]s; this results in obvious differences in physical trait. (Internal migration within China, however, has greatly blurred such differences.) There are also major differences in ], ], and ]. | |||
| == Administrative divisions in the PRC == | |||
| ].]] | |||
| {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%;" | |||
| |- style="background: #efefef;" | |||
| !align="center"|]<ref></ref> | |||
| !align="center"|]<ref>] (] ] codes for the provinces of China)</ref> | |||
| !align="left"|Province | |||
| !align="left"|Chinese Name | |||
| !align="left"|Capital | |||
| !align="right"|Population¹ | |||
| !align="right"|Density² | |||
| !align="right"|Area³ | |||
| !align="center" class="alphabetical"| Abbreviation/Symbol | |||
| |- | |||
| {{tent division chn 1|] |北京市|北京市|Běijīng Shì |{{lang|zh|京}} |11|ff8585| |''Beijing''| 19,612,368| 1,167.40|16,800|BJ|Jīng}} | |||
| {{tent division chn 1|] |天津市|天津市|Tiānjīn Shì |{{lang|zh|津}} |12|ff8585| |''Tianjin''| 12,938,224| 1,144.46|11,305|TJ|Jīn}} | |||
| {{tent division chn 1|] |河北省|河北省|Héběi Shěng |{{lang|zh|冀}}|13|9696ff| |]| 71,854,202| 382.81|187,700|HE|Jì}} | |||
| {{tent division chn 1|] |山西省|山西省|Shānxī Shěng |{{lang|zh|晋}} |14|9696ff| |] | 35,712,111| 228.48|156,300|SX|Jìn}} | |||
| {{tent division chn 1|] |內蒙古自治区|内蒙古自治區|Nèi Měnggǔ Zìzhìqū|{{lang|zh|蒙(內蒙古)}} |15|fffb91||]| 24,706,321| 20.88|1,183,000|NM|Měng (Nèi Měnggǔ)}} | |||
| |} | |||
| == Cities with urban area over one million in population == | |||
| Episodes of division into North and South include: | |||
| : Provincial capitals in '''bold'''. | |||
| {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;" | |||
| !#!!City!!style ="background-color: #aaaaff;"|Urban area<ref name ="2010PRCcensus"/>!!style ="background-color: #aaffaa;"|District area<ref name ="2010PRCcensus"/>!!style ="background-color: #ffaaaa;"|City proper<ref name ="2010PRCcensus">{{cite book |editor1 = 国务院人口普查办公室 |editor2 = 国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司 |year=2012 |script-title=zh:中国2010年人口普查分县资料 |location=Beijing |publisher=China Statistics Press |isbn=978-7-5037-6659-6 }}</ref>!!Prov.!!Census date | |||
| |- | |||
| |1||''']'''||16,446,857||18,827,262||19,612,368||BJ||2010-11-01 | |||
| |- | |||
| |2||''']'''||9,562,255||11,090,783||12,938,693||TJ||2010-11-01 | |||
| |- | |||
| |3||''']'''||3,154,157||3,426,519||4,201,592||SX||2010-11-01 | |||
| |- | |||
| |4||''']'''||2,770,344||2,834,942||10,163,788||HE||2010-11-01 | |||
| |- | |||
| |5||]||2,128,191||3,187,171||7,577,289||HE||2010-11-01 | |||
| |- | |||
| |6||]||1,900,373||2,096,851||2,650,364||NM||2010-11-01 | |||
| |- | |||
| |7||''']'''||1,497,110||1,980,774||2,866,615||NM||2010-11-01 | |||
| |- | |||
| |8||]||1,362,314||1,737,514||3,318,054||SX||2010-11-01 | |||
| |- | |||
| |9||]||1,316,674||1,445,338||9,174,683||HE||2010-11-01 | |||
| |- | |||
| |10||]||1,038,195||1,138,521||11,194,382||HE||2010-11-01 | |||
| |} | |||
| == See also == | |||
| *] (]-]) | |||
| {{Portal|China}} | |||
| *] (]-]) and ] (]-]) | |||
| * ] | |||
| *] (]-]) | |||
| ** ] | |||
| *] (]-]) and ] (]-]) | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| == References == | |||
| The Southern and Northern Dynasties showed such a high level of polarization between North and South that northerners and southerners referred to each other as barbarians; the ] ] also made use of the concept by dividing ] into two ]s: a higher caste of northerners and a lower caste of southerners. (These were the second-lowest and lowest castes of the ].) | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| {{Clear}} | |||
| In modern times, North and South is merely one of the ways that Chinese people identify themselves, and the divide between North and South China has been overridden by a unified ]. Few ] (with the notable exception of ]ese politician ]) would consider the difference between North and South sufficient reason for political division. During the ] reforms of the ], South China initially developed much more quickly than North China leading some scholars to wonder whether the economic fault line would create political tension between north and south. Some of this was based on the idea that there would be conflict between the bureaucratic north and the commercial south. This has not occurred in part because the economic faultlines eventually created a division between coastal China and the interior which runs in a different direction than the north-south division, and in part because neither north or south has any type of obvious advantage within the Chinese central government. | |||
| {{China topics}} | |||
| {{Authority control}} | |||
| ] | |||
| Nevertheless, the concepts of North and South continue to play an important role in regional ]s. | |||
| ] | |||
| The stereotypical northerner: | |||
| *Is taller, plumper, has fairer skin | |||
| *Speaks a northern ], which is ] | |||
| *Eats ]-based food rather than ]-based food | |||
| *Is loud, boisterous, open, and prone to "thunderbolt" displays of emotion, such as anger | |||
| *Might make a good emperor | |||
| Note that these are very rough stereotypes, and are greatly complicated both by further stereotypes by province (or even ]) and by real life. | |||
| ] | |||
| == Related Articles == | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 12:34, 22 December 2024
Region of China For other uses, see North China (disambiguation). | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
|
| North China | |
|---|---|
 North People's Republic of China region | |
| Country |  People's Republic of China |
| Area | |
| • Total | 2,185,105 km (843,674 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 164,823,136 |
| • Density | 75/km (200/sq mi) |
| GDP | 2022 |
| - Total | ¥14.909 trillion ($2.217 trillion) |
| - Per Capita | ¥90,457 ($13,449) |
North China (Chinese: 华北) is a region of the People's Republic of China. It consists of five provincial administrative regions, namely Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, and Inner Mongolia.
Part of the larger region of Northern China (Beifang), it lies north of the Qinling–Huaihe Line, with its heartland in the North China Plain. Most inhabitants here speak variants of Northern Chinese languages such as Mandarin, which includes Beijing dialect and its cousin variants. The Beijing dialect is largely the basis of Standard Chinese (or Standard Mandarin), the official language of the People's Republic of China. Jin Chinese and Mongolian are also widely spoken due to the political and cultural history of the area.
History
 | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2016) |
In prehistory, the region was home to the Yangshao and Longshan cultures. Peking Man was found near modern-day Beijing.
The main agricultural lands of China lay in the area known as the Central Plain, an area located bordered by the Yangtze River to its south and the Yellow River to its north. Further north of the Yellow River lies the Gobi Desert and steppe lands that extend west across Eurasia. This region has long, harsh winters. It has relatively little in the way of water resources.
Despite these challenges, some forms of agriculture have been successful in this region, especially animal husbandry, certainly of horse and camel, and possibly other types of animals. The crops Panicum miliaceum and Setaria italica, both types of millet grain, are believed to be indigenous to northern China. Panicum miliaceum is known from the Cishan culture in Hebei province, recovered as phytoliths from pits in stratigraphic sections. Sediments from the pits have radiocarbon dates from 8500 to 7500 BCE. Archaeological evidence of charred grains found in early Holocene layers in Hebei province at Nanzhuangtou and Cishan has led scholars to revise the earliest dates associated with millet by about two millennia. Millet sites are concentrated along the boundaries of the Loess and Mongolian Plateau, separated by a mountain chain from the Huabei plain and the Dongbei plain, North China's main alluvial plains, located to the west. Millet cultivation was similarly situated relative to the Qinling mountains at Dadiwan, and the Yitai mountains at Yuezhuang. Macrofossil evidence (charred grains of foxtail and broomcorn millet) has been recovered from Xinglonggou in Inner Mongolia, Xinle in Liaoning, Cishan in Hebei, and Dadiwan in Gansu, among other sites in Eastern and Central China.
Administrative divisions in the PRC
| GB | ISO № | Province | Chinese Name | Capital | Population¹ | Density² | Area³ | Abbreviation/Symbol | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jīng | 11 | Beijing Municipality | 北京市 Běijīng Shì |
Beijing | 19,612,368 | 1,167.40 | 16,800 | BJ | 京 |
| Jīn | 12 | Tianjin Municipality | 天津市 Tiānjīn Shì |
Tianjin | 12,938,224 | 1,144.46 | 11,305 | TJ | 津 |
| Jì | 13 | Hebei Province | 河北省 Héběi Shěng |
Shijiazhuang | 71,854,202 | 382.81 | 187,700 | HE | 冀 |
| Jìn | 14 | Shanxi Province | 山西省 Shānxī Shěng |
Taiyuan | 35,712,111 | 228.48 | 156,300 | SX | 晋 |
| Měng (Nèi Měnggǔ) | 15 | Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Nei Mongol Autonomous Region |
內蒙古自治区 Nèi Měnggǔ Zìzhìqū |
Hohhot | 24,706,321 | 20.88 | 1,183,000 | NM | 蒙(內蒙古) |
Cities with urban area over one million in population
- Provincial capitals in bold.
| # | City | Urban area | District area | City proper | Prov. | Census date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Beijing | 16,446,857 | 18,827,262 | 19,612,368 | BJ | 2010-11-01 |
| 2 | Tianjin | 9,562,255 | 11,090,783 | 12,938,693 | TJ | 2010-11-01 |
| 3 | Taiyuan | 3,154,157 | 3,426,519 | 4,201,592 | SX | 2010-11-01 |
| 4 | Shijiazhuang | 2,770,344 | 2,834,942 | 10,163,788 | HE | 2010-11-01 |
| 5 | Tangshan | 2,128,191 | 3,187,171 | 7,577,289 | HE | 2010-11-01 |
| 6 | Baotou | 1,900,373 | 2,096,851 | 2,650,364 | NM | 2010-11-01 |
| 7 | Hohhot | 1,497,110 | 1,980,774 | 2,866,615 | NM | 2010-11-01 |
| 8 | Datong | 1,362,314 | 1,737,514 | 3,318,054 | SX | 2010-11-01 |
| 9 | Handan | 1,316,674 | 1,445,338 | 9,174,683 | HE | 2010-11-01 |
| 10 | Baoding | 1,038,195 | 1,138,521 | 11,194,382 | HE | 2010-11-01 |
See also
References
- "Main Data of the Seventh National Population Census". National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021.
- GDP-2022 is a preliminary data "Home - Regional - Quarterly by Province" (Press release). China NBS.
- Li, Shuangshuang; Yang, Saini; LIU, Xianfeng (10 September 2015). "Spatiotemporal variability of extreme precipitation in north and south of the Qinling-Huaihe region and influencing factors during 1960-2013". The Chinese Journal of Geography. 34 (3): 354–363. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
- Hu, Richard (2023). Reinventing the Chinese City. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-21101-7.
- The Cambridge World History Volume II A World With Agriculture 12,000 BCE-500CE. Cambridge University Press. 2015. pp. 316–320.
- GB/T 2260 codes for the provinces of China
- ISO 3166-2:CN (ISO 3166-2 codes for the provinces of China)
- ^ 国务院人口普查办公室; 国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司, eds. (2012). 中国2010年人口普查分县资料. Beijing: China Statistics Press. ISBN 978-7-5037-6659-6.