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{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}} {{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}

{{Infobox bilateral relations|Canada–India|India|Canada|filetype=svg {{Infobox bilateral relations|Canada–India|India|Canada|filetype=svg
|mission1= High Commission of India, Ottawa |mission1= High Commission of India, Ottawa
|mission2= High Commission of Canada, New Delhi |mission2= High Commission of Canada, New Delhi
|envoytitle1= ] |envoytitle1= ]
|envoy1= Sanjay Kumar Verma<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/sanjay-kumar-verma-appointed-high-commissioner-to-canada-429281|title=Sanjay Kumar Verma appointed India's High Commissioner to Canada|newspaper=]|date=7 September 2022|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> |envoy1= Vacant<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-recalls-its-envoy-other-diplomats-as-canada-links-them-to-nijjar-murder/articleshow/114230723.cms|title=India recalls its Envoy and diplomats}}</ref>
|envoytitle2= ] |envoytitle2= ]<br/>
|envoy2= Cameron MacKay<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/watch-canadian-high-commissioner-cameron-mackay-slams-door-on-reporter-2437597-2023-09-19|title=Canadian High Commissioner, summoned by India, slams door on reporter|work=]|date=19 September 2023|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> |envoy2= Vacant <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/38420/India_expels_Canadian_diplomats|title=India expels Canadian Diplomats}}</ref>
|flagvariant1=red |flagvariant1=red
|flagvariant2=pink |flagvariant2=pink
}} }}


Canada and India have had ] since the 19th century. Both are member nations of the ] and are part of ], a group of world's largest economies. In 2023, bilateral trade between the countries was valued at $9.36 billion with the Indian exports to Canada worth $5.56 billion and Canadian exports to India valued at $3.80 billion.
Canada and India have had longstanding ]. India has become one of the top source countries for immigration to Canada with Indian diaspora increasing to over one million as of 2022. According to Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) data, of the more than 800,000 international students in Canada in 2022, 40 percent were from India, constituting the largest international student group in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |title=India-Canada row: How Indian students contribute crores every year to Canada's economy |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/how-indian-students-contribute-crores-every-year-to-canadas-economy-13168702.html |website=Firstpost |access-date=6 November 2023 |language=en |date=25 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India can hit Canada where it hurts the most |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/canada-india-news-international-students-canadian-colleges-permanent-residency-indian-government-economy-2438562-2023-09-21 |website=India Today |access-date=6 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Bilateral trade between India and Canada has seen significant growth in recent years, reaching $8.16 billion in 2023. Both Canada and India are member nations of the ] association,<ref name="CommonW">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-08 |title=What is the Commonwealth? |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2022/09/08/what-is-commonwealth-countries-members/8027122001/
|access-date=2023-10-31 |website=UsaToday|language=en |quote="The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of countries around the world that were once part of the British Empire..The countries include Canada, the Bahamas, Jamaica, Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, India, Australia and New Zealand." }}</ref> and also part of ], a group of world's largest economies.


] to Canada started in the late 19th century. The ] established quotas initially but the immigration to Canada increased multi-fold in the 1970s and 1980s. Indian have become one of the largest immigrant populations in Canada. According to ], of the more than 800,000 international students in Canada in 2022, 40 percent were from India, constituting the largest international student group in Canada.
While Canada and India have a broad-based relationship, their ties have often been strained by Sikh separatists that are affiliated with the ], calling for an independent ] ] nation-state in India.<ref name="ALJ0927"/><ref name="ReutersKhalistan">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=What is the Khalistan movement and why is it fuelling India-Canada rift? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/what-is-khalistan-movement-why-is-it-fuelling-india-canada-rift-2023-09-19/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=reuters |language=en |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922202630/https://www.reuters.com/world/what-is-khalistan-movement-why-is-it-fuelling-india-canada-rift-2023-09-19/ |url-status=live|quote="It wants an independent Sikh state carved out of India" }}</ref> In 1985, ], a ] militant separatist group was implicated<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roach|first=Kent|title=The Air India Report and the Regulation of Charities and Terrorism Financing|date=2011|journal=The University of Toronto Law Journal| volume=61|issue=1|pages=46| doi=10.3138/utlj.61.1.045| jstor =23018688|issn=0042-0220}}</ref> in the bombing of ], that departed from ].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Global Intelligence Oversight: Governing Security in the Twenty-First Century|last1=Goldman|first1=Zachary K.|last2=Rascoff|first2=Samuel J.|date=26 April 2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190458089|pages=177}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://time.com/4672937/inderjit-singh-reyat-air-india-bombing-canada-freed/|title=Man Convicted for 1985 Air India Bombing Now Free|magazine=Time|access-date=2018-12-21}}</ref> More recently, ] tensions were triggered in September 2023,<ref name="CBC1023"/> following Canadian PM, ]'s allegations that Indian agents were involved in the ] of alleged pro Khalistani-separatist terrorist leader ] in ].<ref name= "CNN0920">{{cite news |last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |title=Canada and India are enmeshed in an unprecedented diplomatic row. Here's how it happened |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/20/india/india-canada-hardeep-singh-nijjar-explained-intl-hnk/index.html |work=CNN |date=20 September 2023 |language=en| quote="allegation from Canada that the Indian government may have been behind the assassination of a Sikh separatist activist on Canadian soil has triggered a huge diplomatic row"}}</ref><ref name="CBC1023"/>


After the ] in 1947, the relation between the countries were furthered with Canada keen to act as a bridge between India and the ]. The Canadian foreign aid to India started in 1951 and grew substantially under the ]. Though there was a convergence of interest of both the countries in the 1950s, the views of the countries began to deviate in the 1960s. Canada reacted negatively after the Canadian-supplied ] was used for India's ] in May 1974. The bombing of ] in June 1985 and the events surrounding it, further led to misunderstandings between the two countries.
In June 2024, Indian PM Modi and Canadian PM Trudeau met briefly at the ], signaling a resumption of dialogue and a reduction in diplomatic tensions.<ref name=DH2024>{{Cite news |date=15 June 2024 |title=G7 Summit: Modi seizes center stage to ambush Biden, Trudeau|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/g7-summit-modi-seizes-center-stage-to-ambush-biden-trudeau-3068143 |access-date=15 June 2024 |work=DH }}</ref><ref name=IT2024Jun>{{Cite news |date=15 June 2024 |title=Committed to working together on key issues: Trudeau after meeting with PM Modi|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pm-modi-justin-trudeau-meeting-g7-summit-committed-working-together-khalistan-nijjar-dimplomatic-row-2553789-2024-06-16 |access-date=15 June 2024 |work=India Today }}</ref> According to international relations experts, Canada and India will have to find a way forward in their relations due to their engagement in a broad range of geopolitical issues and India's importance for the ] and Canada in their ] strategy.<ref name="Wilson2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-27 |title=Canada Institute Experts React to the India-Canada Dispute|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/canada-institute-experts-react-india-canada-dispute
|access-date=2023-10-31 |website=wilsoncenter.org|language=en }}</ref>


After the ] policies of India in the 1990s, it attracted the Canadian government and the business community back to India. Bilateral visits by leaders of both countries furthered business deals and interests in other areas. However, the relationship was short lived, with Canada imposing further sanctions on India following India's ] in May 1998. The relations briefly recovered after the sanctions were lifted in 2001. The late 2000s and early 2010s saw a leap in the relationship between the countries, with the signing of Nuclear Cooperation Agreement in 2010 and other agreements.
In October 2024, however, India expelled six Canadian diplomats after the ] (RCMP) concluded in an investigation related to the killing of ] that Indian officials were part of a "violence campaign" against Canadians on Canadian soil by the Indian government. The RCMP also named Sanjay Kumar Verma, High Commissioner of India to Canada, and other Indian officials ] in the investigation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-10-14 |title=Canada expels 6 Indian diplomats, government source says |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-expels-6-indian-diplomats-government-source-says-1.7351837 |access-date=2024-10-14 |work=CBC}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2024-10-14 |title=Canada expels Indian high commissioner, five other diplomats |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/canada-expels-indian-high-commissioner-five-other-diplomats |access-date=2024-10-14 |work=National Post}}</ref>


While Canada and India have a broad-based relationship, their ties have often been strained by Sikh separatists that are affiliated with the ], calling for an independent ] ] nation-state in India. Diplomatic tensions were triggered after ] and Canadian allegations that Indian agents were involved in the assassination of Sikh separatist ] in September 2023. Both the sides expelled diplomats and warned against traveling to the other country. The Indian government claimed that Canada has not provided any evidence while Canada has contended that it was provided intelligence on the same by US intelligence agencies. After a brief thaw in the relationship, both the countries expelled six diplomats each in another stand-off in October 2024.
India recalled its diplomats after the announcement of the conclusions by the RCMP, and summoned Canadian charge d'affaires in India to protest the measure. It also said it "reserves" the right to respond to Canadian government's "support for extremism, violence and separatism against India."<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />


== History == == History ==
=== British empire (19th century) === === British empire (19th century) ===
{{Further|British North America|British Raj}}
In the early 19th century, ] and ] were part of the ].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Canada/The-union-of-Canada|title=The Union of Canada|encyclopedia=]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj|title=British Raj|encyclopedia=]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The ] community was formed in the late 19th century due to the Indian emigration to Canada, majority of whom were ]s, which included ]s of the ].<ref>{{cite web|author=Buchignani, Norman|date=12 May 2010|access-date=1 June 2020|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/south-asians|title=South Asian Canadians|work=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref> When the ] ] India, ] proclaimed that Indians would enjoy equal privileges across the British Empire without discrimination.<ref name="Singh">{{cite journal|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|date=Feb 26 – Mar 12, 1961|title=The Ghadr Rebellion|url=http://www.sikhpioneers.org/rebellion.html|url-status=dead|journal=Illustrated Weekly of India|pages=Feb 26 – Mar 12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324035007/http://www.sikhpioneers.org/rebellion.html|archive-date=March 24, 2014|access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> The Indian emigrants settled mostly in the sparsely populated Western Canada and took up jobs such as law enforcement officers and lumberjacks. However, the ] with white Canadians were strained as the socioeconomic systems ensured racial discrimination and minimal direct contact by setting up various barriers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Unoki |first=Ko |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GxbEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT62 |title=Racism, Diplomacy, and International Relations |date=2022 |publisher=] |isbn=978-1-000-54154-0 |page=60}}</ref> Though initially reluctant to go to these countries due to the racial discrimination, many young men chose to go upon the assurance that they would not meet the same fate in the early 20th century.<ref name="Singh" /> ] quotas were established to cap the number of Indians allowed to immigrate to Canada in the early 20th century and only allowed fewer than 100 people from India a year until 1957, when it was marginally increased to 300 people a year.<ref name="Quota">{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060702205329/http://www.explorasian.org/history_sikhcdn.html|title=Sikh Candian History| work=ExplorAsian|access-date=10 November 2014}}</ref>
In the early 19th century, ] and ] were part of the ].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Canada/The-union-of-Canada|title=The Union of Canada|encyclopedia=]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=19 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119214029/https://www.britannica.com/place/Canada/The-union-of-Canada|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj|title=British Raj|encyclopedia=]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124141348/https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj|url-status=live}}</ref> The ] community was formed in the late 19th century due to the Indian emigration to Canada, majority of whom were ]s, which included ]s of the ].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Buchignani, Norman|date=12 May 2010|access-date=1 June 2020|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/south-asians|title=South Asian Canadians|encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia|archive-date=4 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104094553/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/south-asians|url-status=live}}</ref> When the ] ] India, ] proclaimed that Indians would enjoy equal privileges across the British Empire without discrimination.<ref name="Singh">{{cite journal|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|date=Feb 26 – Mar 12, 1961|title=The Ghadr Rebellion|url=http://www.sikhpioneers.org/rebellion.html|url-status=usurped|journal=Illustrated Weekly of India|pages=Feb 26 – Mar 12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324035007/http://www.sikhpioneers.org/rebellion.html|archive-date=March 24, 2014|access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> The Indian emigrants settled mostly in the sparsely populated Western Canada and took up jobs such as law enforcement officers and lumberjacks. However, the ] with white Canadians were strained as the legal and socioeconomic systems ensured racial discrimination and minimal direct contact by setting up various barriers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Unoki |first=Ko |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GxbEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT62 |title=Racism, Diplomacy, and International Relations |date=2022 |publisher=] |isbn=978-1-000-54154-0 |page=60}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raska |first=Jan |date=2020-11-04 |title=Early Political and Public Responses to Canada’s Official Multiculturalism Policy, 1971-1972 |url=https://pier21.ca/research/immigration-history/canadas-official-multiculturalism-policy |website=Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21}}</ref> Though initially reluctant to go to these countries due to the racial discrimination, many young men chose to go upon the assurance that they would not meet the same fate in the early 20th century.<ref name="Singh" /> ] quotas were established to cap the number of Indians allowed to immigrate to Canada in the early 20th century and only allowed fewer than 100 people from India a year until 1957, when it was marginally increased to 300 people a year.<ref name="Quota">{{cite web|url=http://www.explorasian.org/history_sikhcdn.html|title=Sikh Candian History| work=ExplorAsian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060702205329/http://www.explorasian.org/history_sikhcdn.html |access-date=10 November 2014|archive-date=2 July 2006 }}</ref>


=== Independent nations (1950s) === === Independent nations (1947–1950s) ===
] ] at the ] after a joint-address to the ], 1949]] ] ] at the ] after a joint-address to the ], 1949]]


After ], the relation between the countries were furthered.<ref name="Indocan">{{cite journal|url=https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/15592823.pdf|title=Canada's re-engagement with India|author=Arthur G. Rubinoff|page=837-849|publisher=]|journal=Asian Survey|date=December 2002|doi=10.1525/as.2002.42.6.838}}</ref><ref name="Reid">{{cite journal|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/50/article/573270/pdf|title=Hungary and Suez 1956: A View from New Delhi by Escott Reid|author=Willis C. Armstrong|journal=The Canadian Historical Review|publisher=]|volume=69|date=September 1988|page=405-406}}</ref> Canada worked on creating an intercontinental group within the the ] and was keen to act as a bridge between the newly independent Afro-Asian states and the ]. India being the world's largest democracy became a key partner for Canada. The bilateral relationship was furthered by the personal relationship between ] ] and ]s ] and ].<ref name="Indocan"/> Nehru addressed a ] of the ] on 24 October 1949.<ref name="PM">{{cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/compilations/parliament/HeadsOfStatesAddress.aspx|title=Heads of States and Governments who have addressed joint sessions of the senate and house of Commons of Canada|access-date=23 July 2011|archive-date=11 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151111030359/http://www.parl.gc.ca/ParlInfo/compilations/parliament/HeadsOfStatesAddress.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Canadian foreign aid to India started in 1951 and Canada started to provide aid for smaller projects in 1955-56, which grew substantially under the ]. Canada supported the ] project and aero-surveys in ] and ].<ref name="IE">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/columns/ravi-shankar/2024/Jul/13/the-canada-catastrophe-with-india|title=Canada catastrophe with India|date=13 July 2024|access-date=1 August 2024|work=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.international.gc.ca/department/history-histoire/dcer/details-en.asp?intRefid=3411|title=Documents on Canadian External Relations|work=Foreign affairs and International Trade, Canada|access-date=28 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425143322/http://www.international.gc.ca/department/history-histoire/dcer/details-en.asp?intRefId=3411|archive-date=25 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the ], though Canada was favorable towards the ], it pursued independent relation with India while the US aided Pakistan. As per ], who was the High Commissioner for Canada to India from 1953 to 1957, the countries had "a special relationship" during the 1950s.<ref name="Indocan"/> After ], the relation between the countries were furthered.<ref name="Indocan">{{cite journal|url=https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/15592823.pdf|title=Canada's re-engagement with India|author=Arthur G. Rubinoff|pages=837–849|publisher=]|journal=Asian Survey|date=December 2002|volume=42|issue=6|doi=10.1525/as.2002.42.6.838|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211044317/https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/15592823.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Reid">{{cite journal|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/50/article/573270/pdf|title=Hungary and Suez 1956: A View from New Delhi by Escott Reid|author=Willis C. Armstrong|journal=The Canadian Historical Review|publisher=]|volume=69|date=September 1988|pages=405–406}}</ref> Canada worked on creating an intercontinental group within the ] and was keen to act as a bridge between the newly independent ] and the ]. India being the world's largest democracy became a key partner for Canada. The bilateral relationship was furthered by the personal relationship between ] ] and ]s ] and ].<ref name="Indocan"/> Nehru addressed a ] of the ] on 24 October 1949.<ref name="PM">{{cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/compilations/parliament/HeadsOfStatesAddress.aspx|title=Heads of States and Governments who have addressed joint sessions of the senate and house of Commons of Canada|access-date=23 July 2011|archive-date=11 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151111030359/http://www.parl.gc.ca/ParlInfo/compilations/parliament/HeadsOfStatesAddress.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Canadian foreign aid to India started in 1951 and Canada started to provide aid for smaller projects in 1955-56, which grew substantially under the ]. Canada supported the ] project and aero-surveys in ] and ].<ref name="IE">{{cite web |last=Shankar |first=Ravi |date=13 July 2024 |title=Canada catastrophe with India |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/columns/ravi-shankar/2024/Jul/13/the-canada-catastrophe-with-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715024945/https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/columns/ravi-shankar/2024/Jul/13/the-canada-catastrophe-with-india |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=1 August 2024 |work=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.international.gc.ca/department/history-histoire/dcer/details-en.asp?intRefid=3411|title=Documents on Canadian External Relations|work=Foreign affairs and International Trade, Canada|access-date=28 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425143322/http://www.international.gc.ca/department/history-histoire/dcer/details-en.asp?intRefId=3411|archive-date=25 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the ], though Canada was favorable towards the ], it pursued independent relation with India while the US aided Pakistan. As per ], who was the High Commissioner for Canada to India from 1953 to 1957, the countries had "a special relationship" during the 1950s.<ref name="Indocan"/>


=== Growing differences (1960s-1980s) === === Growing differences (1960s–1980s) ===
Though there was a convergence of interest of both the countries, the views of the countries on major events such as the ], ] and ] and Canada's position on the ].<ref name="Indocan"/><ref name="Reid"/> Though both the countries pursued increased cooperation with the establishment of the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute to promote academic relations in 1968 and the Canadian visit of Indian prime minister ] in June 1973, the relations soured further in the late 1970s.<ref name="IE"/><ref name="PM"/> For India's ] in May 1974, the ] for the ] was synthesized with the Canadian-supplied ] nuclear research reactor.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sublette|first=Carey|title=Origins of Indian nuclear program|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaOrigin.html|publisher=Nuclear weapon Archive|access-date=13 November 2011}}</ref> Canada reacted negatively towards the same, especially in light of then ongoing negotiations on the ] (NPT) and the economic aid it had provided to India. Canada concluded that the test violated a 1971 understanding between the two states, and froze nuclear energy assistance for the two heavy water reactors then under construction. It resolved to engage in nuclear cooperation only with countries which signed the Treaty on the NPT and the ] (CTBT), and which instituted full-scope safeguards on their nuclear energy programmes under the supervision of the ] (IAEA).<ref>{{cite news|title=Ripples in the nuclear pond|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=x6ZSAAAAIBAJ&pg=7191%2C5606996|access-date=5 September 2011|newspaper=The Deseret News|date=22 May 1974|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308235856/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=x6ZSAAAAIBAJ&pg=7191%2C5606996|url-status=live}}</ref> India had refused to sign the NPT, and voted against the UN General Assembly Resolutions which they assert violates its sovereign right to choose whether or not to sign such treaties.<ref>{{UN document |docid=A-RES-52-38 |type=Resolution |body=General Assembly |session=52 |highlight=rect_85,384_928,444 |page=16 |access-date = 2007-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{UN document |docid=A-52-PV.67 |body=General Assembly |type=Verbatim| session=52 |meeting=67 |anchor=pg015-bk01 |date=9 December 1997 |access-date =22 August 2007}}</ref> In the late 1970s, Canada focused on improving relations within the Western World while India pursued its own regional alliances.<ref name="Indocan"/> Though there was a convergence of interest of both the countries, the views of the countries on major events such as the ], ] and ] and Canada's position on the ].<ref name="Indocan" /><ref name="Reid" /> Though both the countries pursued increased cooperation with the establishment of the ] to promote academic relations in 1968 and the Canadian visit of Indian prime minister ] in June 1973, the relations soured further in the late 1970s.<ref name="IE" /><ref name="PM" /> For India's ] in May 1974, the ] for the ] was synthesized with the Canadian-supplied ] nuclear research reactor.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sublette|first=Carey|title=Origins of Indian nuclear program|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaOrigin.html|publisher=Nuclear weapon Archive|access-date=13 November 2011}}</ref> Canada reacted negatively towards the same, especially in light of then ongoing negotiations on the ] (NPT) and the economic aid it had provided to India. Canada concluded that the test violated a 1971 understanding between the two states, and froze nuclear energy assistance for the two heavy water reactors then under construction. It resolved to engage in nuclear cooperation only with countries which signed the Treaty on the NPT and the ] (CTBT), and which instituted full-scope safeguards on their nuclear energy programmes under the supervision of the ] (IAEA).<ref>{{cite news|title=Ripples in the nuclear pond|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=x6ZSAAAAIBAJ&pg=7191%2C5606996|access-date=5 September 2011|newspaper=The Deseret News|date=22 May 1974|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308235856/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=x6ZSAAAAIBAJ&pg=7191%2C5606996|url-status=live}}</ref> India had refused to sign the NPT, and voted against the UN General Assembly Resolutions which they assert violates its sovereign right to choose whether or not to sign such treaties.<ref>{{UN document |docid=A-RES-52-38 |type=Resolution |body=General Assembly |session=52 |highlight=rect_85,384_928,444 |page=16 |access-date=2007-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{UN document |docid=A-52-PV.67 |body=General Assembly |type=Verbatim| session=52 |meeting=67 |anchor=pg015-bk01 |date=9 December 1997 |access-date=22 August 2007}}</ref> In the late 1970s, Canada focused on improving relations within the Western World while India pursued its own regional alliances.<ref name="Indocan" />


] ] and ] ] at a memorial for the ] in ], 2015]] ] ] and ] ] at a memorial for the ] in ], 2015]]


On 23 June 1985, ] from ] to ], disintegrated over the Atlantic Ocean as a result of an explosion from a bomb planted by Canada based Sikh terrorists and resulted in the deaths of 329 people.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bell |first=Stewart |chapter=Leadership and the Toronto 18 |editor=Bruce Hoffman |editor2=Fernando Reinares |title=The Evolution of the Global Terrorist Threat: From 9/11 to Osama bin Laden's Death |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4cLQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA144 |year=2014 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-16898-4 |page=144}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Weston |first=Keith |chapter=Counter-Terrorism Policing and the Rule of Law: The Best of Friends |editor1=Ana Salinas de Frías |editor2=Katja Samuel |editor3=Nigel White |title=Counter-Terrorism: International Law and Practice |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2012 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mhC7TNrTGmcC&pg=PA335 |page=335 |isbn=978-0-19960-892-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Air India Flight 182: A Canadian Tragedy |last1=Flight 182 (Canada) |first1=Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India |last2=Major |first2=John Charles |date=2010 |publisher=Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182 |isbn=978-0-66019-926-9 |page=21 }}</ref> The Canadian government had been warned by the Indian ] about the possibility of terrorist attacks, and the ](CSIS) was accused of not acting on it. In his verdict, Justice ] cited "unacceptable negligence" by CSIS when evidence on the suspects and other informants were destroyed. On 23 June 1985, ] from ] to ], disintegrated over the Atlantic Ocean as a result of an explosion from a bomb planted by Canada based Sikh terrorists and resulted in the deaths of 329 people.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bell |first=Stewart |chapter=Leadership and the Toronto 18 |editor=Bruce Hoffman |editor2=Fernando Reinares |title=The Evolution of the Global Terrorist Threat: From 9/11 to Osama bin Laden's Death |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4cLQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA144 |year=2014 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-16898-4 |page=144}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Weston |first=Keith |chapter=Counter-Terrorism Policing and the Rule of Law: The Best of Friends |editor1=Ana Salinas de Frías |editor2=Katja Samuel |editor3=Nigel White |title=Counter-Terrorism: International Law and Practice |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2012 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mhC7TNrTGmcC&pg=PA335 |page=335 |isbn=978-0-19-960892-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Air India Flight 182: A Canadian Tragedy |author=(( Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182 (Canada) )) |last2=Major |first2=John Charles |date=2010 |publisher=Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182 |isbn=978-0-660-19926-9 |page=21}}</ref> The Canadian government had been warned by the Indian ] about the possibility of terrorist attacks, and the ](CSIS) was accused of not acting on it. In his verdict, Justice ] cited "unacceptable negligence" by CSIS when evidence on the suspects and other informants were destroyed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law.utoronto.ca/documents/Roach/_50CLQ213.pdf |publisher=] |title=The Air India Trial |date=June 2005 |access-date=24 June 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100628093500/http://www.law.utoronto.ca/documents/Roach/_50CLQ213.pdf| archive-date= 28 June 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitrovica |first1=Andrew |last2=Sallot |first2=Jeff |title=CSIS agent destroyed Air-India evidence |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/csis-agent-destroyed-air-india-evidence/article4159517/ |work=The Globe and Mail |date=26 January 2000 |access-date=1 June 2010 |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508212948/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/csis-agent-destroyed-air-india-evidence/article4159517/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012145021_airindia18.html |title=Canadian officials dropped ball before Air India bombing, inquiry finds |work=]|first=Charmaine |last=Noronha |date=17 June 2010 |access-date=24 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627065127/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012145021_airindia18.html |archive-date=27 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Canadian Prime Minister ] turned down Indian requests for extradition of the Canadian nationals suspected to be involved in the bombing.<ref name="IE" />
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law.utoronto.ca/documents/Roach/_50CLQ213.pdf |publisher=] |title=The Air India Trial |date=June 2005 |access-date=24 June 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100628093500/http://www.law.utoronto.ca/documents/Roach/_50CLQ213.pdf| archive-date= 28 June 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitrovica |first1=Andrew |last2=Sallot |first2=Jeff |title=CSIS agent destroyed Air-India evidence |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/csis-agent-destroyed-air-india-evidence/article4159517/|work=The Globe and Mail|date=26 January 2000|access-date=1 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012145021_airindia18.html |title=Canadian officials dropped ball before Air India bombing, inquiry finds |work=]|first=Charmaine |last=Noronha |date=17 June 2010 |access-date=24 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627065127/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012145021_airindia18.html |archive-date=27 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Canadian Prime Minister ] turned down Indian requests for extradition of the Canadian nationals suspected to be involved in the bombing.<ref name="IE"/>


Despite the differences between the countries, the Indian immigration continued in the 1970s and 1980s. South Asian population in Canada grew from 7,000 in 1961 to 67,900 in 1971 and more than 200,000 South Asians came to Despite the differences between the countries, the Indian immigration continued in the 1970s and 1980s. South Asian population in Canada grew from 7,000 in 1961 to 67,900 in 1971 and more than 200,000 South Asians came to Canada between 1971 and 1982, majority of them being of Indian origin.<ref name="Indocan" />
Canada between 1971 and 1982, majority of them being of Indian origin.<ref name="Indocan"/>


=== Brief recovery and further disagreements (1990s) === === Brief recovery and further disagreements (1990s) ===
After the ] policies of India in the 1990s, it attracted the Canadian government and the business community.<ref name="IE"/> After ] became the Prime Minister of Canada in 1993, it pursued renewed relations with India. In October 1994, Canadian minister ] visited India with a large trade delegation and proclaimed India to be "one of the most promising markets in the Asia-Pacific region for Canadian business."<ref name="Indocan"/> Bilateral visits by Chrétien along with a trade delegation in January 1996, a first by a Canadian Prime Minster in more than 25 years, and further visits by ministers of both the countries led to signing of business deals more than $3.4 billion and furthered the business interests.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/chretien-visits-india|title=Chrétien Visits India|work=Canadian Encyclopedia|date=17 March 2003|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The two countries signed a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty in 1994, which was operationalised in 1998 and the ] and ] signed two agreements in the field of exploration of outer space in October 1996.<ref name="Report"/> Canada and India agreed to a bilateral dialogue on ], including the annual Canada-India Strategic Dialogue and the Canada-India working group on counter terrorism was established subsequently in 1997.<ref name="Report">{{cite report|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India-Canada_bilateral_brief__June__2024_.pdf|title=Indian Canada bilateral brief|work=]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Canada–India Relations">{{cite web |url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/india-inde/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_india-inde.aspx?lang=eng |title=Canada–India Relations |work=] |access-date=11 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221202708/http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/india-inde/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_india-inde.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/9351/Joint+Statement+IndiaCanada+Joint+Working+Group+on+counterterrorism|title=Joint Statement India-Canada Joint Working Group on counter-terrorism|date=11 December 2002|access-date=1 June 2024|work=]}}</ref> After the ] policies of India in the 1990s, it attracted the Canadian government and the business community.<ref name="IE"/> After ] became the Prime Minister of Canada in 1993, it pursued renewed relations with India. In October 1994, Canadian minister ] visited India with a large trade delegation and proclaimed India to be "one of the most promising markets in the Asia-Pacific region for Canadian business."<ref name="Indocan"/> Bilateral visits by Chrétien along with a trade delegation in January 1996, a first by a Canadian Prime Minister in more than 25 years, and further visits by ministers of both the countries led to signing of business deals more than $3.4 billion and furthered the business interests.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/chretien-visits-india|title=Chrétien Visits India|work=Canadian Encyclopedia|date=17 March 2003|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=8 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808124856/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/chretien-visits-india|url-status=live}}</ref> The two countries signed a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty in 1994, which was operationalised in 1998 and the ] and ] signed two agreements in the field of exploration of outer space in October 1996.<ref name="Report"/> Canada and India agreed to a bilateral dialogue on ], including the annual Canada-India Strategic Dialogue and the Canada-India working group on counter terrorism was established subsequently in 1997.<ref name="Report">{{cite report |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India-Canada_bilateral_brief__June__2024_.pdf |title=Brief on India-Canada Bilateral Relations |date=June 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=High Commission of India, Ottawa, ]}}</ref><ref name="Canada–India Relations">{{cite web |url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/india-inde/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_india-inde.aspx?lang=eng |title=Canada–India Relations |work=] |access-date=11 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221202708/http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/india-inde/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_india-inde.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/9351/Joint+Statement+IndiaCanada+Joint+Working+Group+on+counterterrorism|title=Joint Statement India-Canada Joint Working Group on counter-terrorism|date=11 December 2002|access-date=1 June 2024|work=]}}</ref>


After India's ] in May 1998, Canada reacted negatively similar to its reaction to the earlier nuclear test. Canada suspended trade talks, recalled its envoy to India, paused weapon exports to India and opposed any non-humanitarian aid by the ]. Canadian foreign minister ] sought further sanctions on India and termed it as the "use the tools of soft power to demon- After India's ] in May 1998, Canada reacted negatively similar to its reaction to the earlier nuclear test. Canada suspended trade talks, recalled its envoy to India, paused weapon exports to India and opposed any non-humanitarian aid by the ]. Canadian foreign minister ] sought further sanctions on India and termed it as the "use the tools of soft power to demonstrate that security is better achieved through multilateral ventures than the attainment of nuclear capabilities". Canada refused to engage with India and discuss on the nuclear policies, while India remained committed to its nuclear policy. In 1998, India contributed to just 0.1% of Canada’s exports and 0.3% of its imports. India’s exports to Canada were only 1.6% of its total exports, and its imports from Canada were only 0.8% of its total imports. More than $3 billion worth of economic projects stagnated, and Canada ranked low amongst the foreign investors in India, with only a 1.4% share.<ref name="Indocan"/>
strate that security is better achieved through multilateral ventures than the attainment of nuclear capabilities". Canada refused to engage with India and discuss on the nuclear policies, while India remained committed to its nuclear policy. In 1998, India contributed to just 0.1% of Canada’s exports and 0.3% of its imports. India’s exports to Canada were only 1.6% of its total exports, and its imports from Canada were
only 0.8% of its total imports. More than $3 billion worth of economic projects stagnated and Canada ranked low amongst the foreign inves-
tors in India, with only a 1.4% share.<ref name="Indocan"/>


=== New beginning (Early 21st century) === === New beginning (early 21st century) ===
Axworthy's succesor ], who had personal connections with India, viewed India as a major partner and removed most of the Candian sanctions in 2001. With further visits by ministers of both countries, it was agreed between the leaders of both the countries to triple the existing trade. But the rise of terrorist attacks which occupied Canada's attention, the view of Manley's successor ], who viewed trade with Africa and Latin America as priority, meant that the relationship did not progress much further.<ref name="Indocan"/> Axworthy's successor ], who had personal connections with India, viewed India as a major partner and removed most of the Canadian sanctions in 2001. With further visits by ministers of both countries, it was agreed between the leaders of both the countries to triple the existing trade. But the rise of terrorist attacks which occupied Canada's attention, the view of Manley's successor ], who viewed trade with Africa and Latin America as priority, meant that the relationship did not progress much further.<ref name="Indocan"/>


] ] with ] ] during Harper's visit to India in 2012.]]
After ] became the Prime Minister of Canada, Canada sought to increase its ties with India. Twenty Canadian ministers visited India in the late 2000s including an official visit by Prime Minister Harper in November 2009. Indian Prime Minister ] visited Canada in June 2010, the first visit by an Indian Prime Minister to Canada since 1973. Both the countries sought to expand the bilateral relations across various sectors including education, energy, science and technology, culture, agriculture and the environment and multiple agreement on social security, foreign investment and economic partnership were agreed. The year 2011 was designated as the "Year of India in Canada" by both the governments.<ref name="IE"/><ref name="Canada–India Relations"/><ref name="IC">{{cite news|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2011/03/year-india-canada-2011.html|title=The Year of India in Canada 2011|work=Canada.ca|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>


After ] became the Prime Minister of Canada, Canada sought to increase its ties with India. Twenty Canadian ministers visited India in the late 2000s including an official visit by Prime Minister Harper in November 2009. Indian Prime Minister ] visited Canada in June 2010, the first visit by an Indian Prime Minister to Canada since 1973. Both the countries sought to expand the bilateral relations across various sectors including education, energy, science and technology, culture, agriculture and the environment and multiple agreement on social security, foreign investment and economic partnership were agreed. The year 2011 was designated as the "Year of India in Canada" by both the governments.<ref name="IE"/><ref name="Canada–India Relations"/><ref name="IC">{{cite news|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2011/03/year-india-canada-2011.html|title=The Year of India in Canada 2011|work=Canada.ca|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=8 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808123517/https://www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2011/03/year-india-canada-2011.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2010, the Nuclear Cooperation Agreement was signed between the two countries, which was followed by a renewed agreement in 2015 to supply 3000 metric tons of ] concentrate to India under a five-year contract.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/first-tranche-of-canadian-uranium-for-indias-nuclear-reactors-arrives-after-four-decades/articleshow/50240479.cms?from=mdr|title=First tranche of Canadian uranium for India's nuclear reactors arrives after four decades|date=14 July 2018|newspaper=]|access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref> The bilateral trade increased to $4.2 billion in 2010, a 46% increase from 2005. The foreign direct investment between Canada and India reached $3.6 billion of which nearly $3.0 billion were Canadian investments in India. More than 100 bilateral agreements were signed between Canadian and Indian institutes and nearly 12,000 students traveled to Canada for higher education in 2011.<ref name="Canada–India Relations"/><ref name="IC"/>


]
=== Trudeau premiership and diplomatic issues (2015-present) ===
] ] with ] ] during Trudeau's ] to India in 2018.]]


In 2010, the Nuclear Cooperation Agreement was signed between the two countries, which was followed by a renewed agreement in 2015 to supply 3000 metric tons of ] concentrate to India under a five-year contract.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/first-tranche-of-canadian-uranium-for-indias-nuclear-reactors-arrives-after-four-decades/articleshow/50240479.cms?from=mdr|title=First tranche of Canadian uranium for India's nuclear reactors arrives after four decades|date=14 July 2018|newspaper=]|access-date=2 March 2020|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128133831/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/first-tranche-of-canadian-uranium-for-indias-nuclear-reactors-arrives-after-four-decades/articleshow/50240479.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> The bilateral trade increased to $4.2 billion in 2010, a 46% increase from 2005. The foreign direct investment between Canada and India reached $3.6 billion of which nearly $3.0 billion were Canadian investments in India. More than 100 bilateral agreements were signed between Canadian and Indian institutes and nearly 12,000 students traveled to Canada for higher education in 2011.<ref name="Canada–India Relations"/><ref name="IC"/>
] became the Canadian Prime Minister in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 November 2015|title=Justin Trudeau signals new style on 1st day as Canada's 23rd prime minister|work=] |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-trudeau-liberal-cabinet-ministers-1.3302743 |url-status=live |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104221759/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-trudeau-liberal-cabinet-ministers-1.3302743 |archive-date=4 November 2015}}</ref> He spent a week in India on a state visit in February 2018. A new agreement on education was signed and the India-Canada Consular Dialogue was established to sort diplomatic issues between the nations. Further agreements were signed in areas such as sport, information and communication technology, science and innovation and civil nuclear
cooperation.<ref name="Report"/> During Trudeau's visit, he participated in a function in which ], a convict in the attempted murder of then ] minister ] in 1986, also took part and drew criticism in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=What we know about Jaspal Atwal|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/what-we-know-about-jaspal-atwal|work=National Post|access-date=3 October 2023}}</ref>


===Trudeau premiership (2015-present)===
In 2019, Canada's Public Safety Department identified Sikh extremism as one the country's top terror threats, which was however omitted from further reports following protests from some of the Sikh community. Omer Aziz, a former foreign policy advisor in the Trudeau government, claimed that the Sikh voting bloc influenced the government's policy making decisions and cited it as a reason why Canada ignored India's demands to crack down on financing from ] supporters. The Indian government criticized the move and ] ] claimed that Trudeau "succumbed to domestic political pressure" and that the move was a threat to global security.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 June 2024|title=A year after Hardeep Singh Nijjar’s death, mysteries remain about how he really lived|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-a-year-after-hardeep-singh-nijjars-death-mysteries-remain-about-how-he/|access-date=24 June 2024|work=The Globe and Mail}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=14 April 2019|title=Canada drops reference to ‘Sikh extremism’ from terrorism threat report, Punjab CM protests |url=https://scroll.in/latest/920019/canada-drops-reference-to-sikh-extremism-from-terrorism-threat-report |access-date=24 June 2024 |work=Scroll.in}}</ref>
] ] with ] ] during Trudeau's ] to India in 2018.]]


] became the Canadian Prime Minister in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 November 2015|title=Justin Trudeau signals new style on 1st day as Canada's 23rd prime minister|work=]|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-trudeau-liberal-cabinet-ministers-1.3302743|url-status=live|access-date=5 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104221759/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-trudeau-liberal-cabinet-ministers-1.3302743|archive-date=4 November 2015}}</ref> He spent a week in India on a state visit in February 2018. A new agreement on education was signed and the India-Canada Consular Dialogue was established to sort diplomatic issues between the nations. Further agreements were signed in areas such as sport, information and communication technology, science and innovation and civil nuclear cooperation.<ref name="Report"/> During Trudeau's visit, he participated in a function in which ], a convict in the attempted murder of then ] minister ] in 1986, also took part and drew criticism in India.<ref>{{cite news |last=Forrest |first=Maura |date=22 February 2018 |title=What we know about Jaspal Atwal |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/what-we-know-about-jaspal-atwal |access-date=3 October 2023 |work=National Post}}</ref>
In December 2020, Trudeau expressed concerns about the handling of ] by the Indian government.<ref>{{cite news|title='We are very worried': Canada PM Trudeau backs farmer protests in India|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/12/01/-we-are-very-worried---canada-pm-trudeau-backs-farmer-protests-i.amp.html|access-date=1 June 2024|date=1 December 2020|work=]}}</ref> He stated that "Canada will always be there to defend the rights of peaceful protestors" and expressed support for "the process of dialogue."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/situation-is-concerning-canadas-justin-trudeau-backs-farmers-protests-7075085/|title=Canada's Justin Trudeau backs farmers' protests; India says remarks 'ill-informed'|first=Shubhajit|last=Roy|newspaper=]|date=1 December 2020|access-date=1 December 2020}}</ref> India protested against the remarks and the ] stated that Trudeau's comments were "an unacceptable interference in our internal affairs".<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Kallol|title=Farmers' protest {{!}} India summons Canadian High Commissioner; issues demarche over Trudeau's remarks|newspaper=]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/farmers-protest-india-summons-canadian-high-commissioner-issues-demarche-over-trudeaus-remarks/article33248578.ece|date=4 December 2020|access-date=1 June 2024|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>


In 2019, Canada's Public Safety Department identified Sikh extremism as one the country's top terror threats, which was however omitted from further reports following protests from some of the Sikh community. Canada has the largest ] and Sikhs account for nearly 2 percent of Canada’s population.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pietsch |first1=Bryan |date=20 September 2023 |title=How Canada got caught up in the Sikh struggle in India |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/20/canada-india-tensions-sikh-population/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130074519/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/20/canada-india-tensions-sikh-population/ |archive-date=30 November 2023 |access-date=1 June 2024 |newspaper=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mashal |first1=Mujib |last2=Kumar |first2=Hari |last3=Raj |first3=Suhasini |date=19 September 2023 |title=Canada's Startling Claim Punctuates Tension With India Over Separatists |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/19/world/asia/trudeau-canada-india-separatists.html |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504102516/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/19/world/asia/trudeau-canada-india-separatists.html |archive-date=4 May 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=]}}</ref> Omer Aziz, a former foreign policy advisor in the Trudeau government, claimed that the Sikh voting bloc influenced the government's policy making decisions and cited it as a reason why Canada ignored India's demands to crack down on financing from ] supporters. The Indian government criticized the move and ] ] claimed that Trudeau "succumbed to domestic political pressure" and that the move was a threat to global security.<ref>{{cite news |last=Macdonald |first=Nancy |last2=Mercer |first2=Greg |date=22 June 2024 |title=A year after Hardeep Singh Nijjar's death, mysteries remain about how he really lived |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-a-year-after-hardeep-singh-nijjars-death-mysteries-remain-about-how-he/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=24 June 2024 |work=The Globe and Mail}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=14 April 2019|title=Canada drops reference to 'Sikh extremism' from terrorism threat report, Punjab CM protests|url=https://scroll.in/latest/920019/canada-drops-reference-to-sikh-extremism-from-terrorism-threat-report|access-date=24 June 2024|work=Scroll.in|archive-date=24 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624013846/https://scroll.in/latest/920019/canada-drops-reference-to-sikh-extremism-from-terrorism-threat-report|url-status=live}}</ref>
==== 2023 diplomatic row ====
{{further|2023 Sikh protests}}


In December 2020, Trudeau expressed concerns about the handling of ] by the Indian government.<ref>{{cite news|title='We are very worried': Canada PM Trudeau backs farmer protests in India|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/12/01/-we-are-very-worried---canada-pm-trudeau-backs-farmer-protests-i.amp.html|access-date=1 June 2024|date=1 December 2020|work=]|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201075828/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/12/01/-we-are-very-worried---canada-pm-trudeau-backs-farmer-protests-i.amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He stated that "Canada will always be there to defend the rights of peaceful protestors" and expressed support for "the process of dialogue."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/situation-is-concerning-canadas-justin-trudeau-backs-farmers-protests-7075085/|title=Canada's Justin Trudeau backs farmers' protests; India says remarks 'ill-informed'|first=Shubhajit|last=Roy|newspaper=]|date=1 December 2020|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201070409/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/situation-is-concerning-canadas-justin-trudeau-backs-farmers-protests-7075085/|url-status=live}}</ref> India protested against the remarks and the ] stated that Trudeau's comments were "an unacceptable interference in our internal affairs".<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Kallol|title=Farmers' protest {{!}} India summons Canadian High Commissioner; issues demarche over Trudeau's remarks|newspaper=]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/farmers-protest-india-summons-canadian-high-commissioner-issues-demarche-over-trudeaus-remarks/article33248578.ece|date=4 December 2020|access-date=1 June 2024|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204094933/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/farmers-protest-india-summons-canadian-high-commissioner-issues-demarche-over-trudeaus-remarks/article33248578.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
The '''Canada–India diplomatic row'''<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |title=Hardeep Singh Nijjar: Why Western nations fear India-Canada row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-66856568 |work=BBC News |date=19 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="Timeline">{{cite news |title=Nijjar’s killing to Trudeau’s allegations: A timeline of how the India-Canada diplomatic row escalated |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/nijjars-killing-to-trudeaus-allegations-a-timeline-of-how-the-india-canada-diplomatic-row-escalated/3250567/ |work=Financial Express |date=21 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Livemint">{{cite news |title=India-Canada row: Diplomatic standoff continues over Nijjar killing {{!}} 10 points |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indiacanada-row-diplomatic-standoff-continues-experts-say-relationship-in-deep-crisis-10-points/amp-11699255375049.html |work=Livemint |date=6 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> refers to the ] dispute in the Canada–India relations caused in September 2023. India's alleged role in the ] of ] in June 2023 created a ] between Canada and India.<ref name="CBC1023">{{Cite news |date=23 October 2023 |title=Tensions are high between Canada and India. Here’s why |url=https://www.cbc.ca/kidsnews/post/tensions-are-high-between-canada-and-india-heres-why |work=CBC |language=en |quote="Trudeau accused India’s government of potentially being involved in the killing of Hardeep Singh Nijjar..The tensions are also fuelled by a larger disagreement over how Canada deals with supporters of the Khalistan movement. Indian officials have been concerned for a very long time that there are active advocates of an independent Khalistan homeland who reside in Canada" }}</ref><ref name="CNN0920" /> While the Canadian Prime Minister ]'s allegations that the ] was involved in the assassination
of Nijjar triggered this diplomatic row, the tensions between India and Canada have been largely fuelled by disagreements over the anti india separatist ] and its active supporters.<ref name="CBC1023"/><ref name="ALJ0927">{{Cite news |date=27 September 2023 |title=What is the Khalistan movement? How is it linked to India-Canada tensions?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/27/what-is-the-khalistan-movement-how-is-it-linked-to-india-canada-tensions |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |quote="A row between India and Canada surrounding Sikh independence, commonly referred to as the Khalistan movement, continues to cause tensions.. Last week, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau accused India of playing a role in the killing of Sikh separatist leader Hardeep Singh Nijjar, who was shot dead in June in British Columbia state." }}</ref>


According to Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) data, of the more than 800,000 international students in Canada in 2022, 40 percent were from India, constituting the largest international student group in Canada.<ref>{{cite news |title=India-Canada row: How Indian students contribute crores every year to Canada's economy |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/how-indian-students-contribute-crores-every-year-to-canadas-economy-13168702.html |work=] |access-date=6 November 2023 |date=25 September 2023 |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106065150/https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/how-indian-students-contribute-crores-every-year-to-canadas-economy-13168702.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Das |first=Yudhajit Shankar |date=21 September 2023 |title=India can hit Canada where it hurts the most |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/canada-india-news-international-students-canadian-colleges-permanent-residency-indian-government-economy-2438562-2023-09-21 |access-date=6 November 2023 |work=]}}</ref>
Canada has the largest ].<ref name="19 Sep NYT">{{cite news |last1=Mashal |first1=Mujib |last2=Kumar |first2=Hari |last3=Raj |first3=Suhasini |title=Canada’s Startling Claim Punctuates Tension With India Over Separatists |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/19/world/asia/trudeau-canada-india-separatists.html |work=The New York Times |date=19 September 2023}}</ref> ]s who number 770,000, account for nearly 2 percent of Canada’s population.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pietsch |first1=Bryan |title=How Canada got caught up in the Sikh struggle in India |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/20/canada-india-tensions-sikh-population/ |work=Washington Post |date=20 September 2023}}</ref>


India has, in recent times, accused Canada of sponsoring gang warfare, drugs trafficking, and extortion in India, which they believe sustains the Khalistan militant movement.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Anupreeta |date=3 November 2024 |title=Sikh Activists See It as Freedom. India Calls It Terrorism. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/03/world/asia/india-sikh-separatism.html |url-access=registration |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Ex Canadian PM Stephen Harper said that Canada should stop cultivating divisive groups like pro Khalistani elements.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Anirudh |date=16 November 2024 |title="Canada should stop cultivating divisive groups like pro-Khalistani Elements: Former PM" |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/canada-should-stop-cultivating-divisive-groups-like-pro-khalistan-elements-former-pm-101731751933359-amp.html |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
In March 2023, Canada's ] was summoned by India to "convey strong concern" over ] in Canada and the security breach of India's diplomatic mission and consulates.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 March 2023 |title=India summons Canada High Commissioner, concerned over anti india protesters |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-summons-canada-high-commissioner-concerned-over-sikh-protesters-2023-03-26/}}</ref>


==== Diplomatic row (2023–2024) ====
In September 2023, on the sidelines of the ] in ], the Indian Prime Minister ] conveyed concerns about the protests in Canada to Canadian Prime Minister ].<ref>{{cite news |title=Modi scolds Trudeau over Sikh protests in Canada against India |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/aircraft-glitch-delays-canada-pm-trudeaus-departure-india-2023-09-10/ |work=Reuters |date=11 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Excerpt|Canada–India diplomatic row}}


== Cultural relations ==
In 2023, Canada paused talks on a ] with India.<ref>{{cite news |title=In surprise move, Canada pauses talks on trade treaty with India |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/canada-says-it-has-paused-talks-trade-treaty-with-india-2023-09-01/ |work=Reuters |date=1 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In September 2023, Canada announced it has postponed an October trade mission to India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Canada hits pause on trade mission to India after tensions at G20 summit |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/15/canada-hits-pause-on-trade-mission-to-india-after-tensions-at-g20-summit |work=Al Jazeera |date=15 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>


=== Sports ===
In September 2023, during the ], Canada and India did not have a one-on-one meeting but instead met on the sidelines.<ref name="cnnsept2023">{{cite web |last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |last2=Newton |first2=Paula |title=India expels Canadian diplomat in tit-for-tat move as row over assassinated Sikh activist deepens |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/18/americas/canada-hardeep-singh-nijjar-india-intl/index.html |website=CNN |access-date=19 September 2023 |language=en |date=18 September 2023}}</ref> Prime Minister ] raised concerns with Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau about ] protests in Canada, while Trudeau brought up the accusations of Indian government involvement in the killing of ].<ref name="cbcsept2023">{{cite web |last1=Tasker |first1=John Paul |title=Trudeau accuses India's government of involvement in killing of Canadian Sikh leader |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-indian-government-nijjar-1.6970498 |website=CBC News |access-date=19 September 2023}}</ref> The talks between the two leaders were tense, affecting ongoing trade discussions.
{{See also|Commonwealth diaspora#Sports|Kabaddi in Canada}}

] and ], which are popular in India, have grown in Canada partially due to migration,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kshatri |first=Shaurya |title=Hopes that Canada's cricket World Cup campaign will boost game |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/canada-cricket-world-cup-t20-bc-1.7209200 |work=CBC}}</ref> with the Canadian Minister of State for Sport, ], saying in 2012 that the two countries would collaborate on further growing ties in sports.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-11-11 |title=Kabbadi getting more popular in Canada, says Bal Gosal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/kabbadi-getting-more-popular-in-canada-says-bal-gosal/articleshow/17177524.cms |access-date=2024-12-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
On 18 September 2023, Prime Minister Trudeau addressing the ] said that "Over the past number of weeks, Canadian security agencies have been actively pursuing credible allegations of a potential link between agents of the ] and the killing of a Canadian citizen, ]".<ref name="FP">{{cite news |last1=Ling |first1=Justin |title=Trudeau Says India Likely Behind Murder of Canadian Sikh Leader |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/09/19/canada-india-trudeau-modi-hardeep-singh-nijjar-assassination-sikh-leader/ |work=Foreign Policy |date=19 September 2023}}</ref> Trudeau stated that he had presented the accusations directly to Prime Minister Modi "in no uncertain terms" during the ] summit in New Delhi.<ref name="FP"/> Trudeau further added that "Any involvement of a foreign government in the killing of a Canadian citizen on Canadian soil is an unacceptable violation of our sovereignty" while urging the Indian government to cooperate in the ongoing investigation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trudeau accuses India's government of involvement in killing of Canadian Sikh leader |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-indian-government-nijjar-1.6970498 |work=CBC News |date=18 September 2023}}</ref>

] rejected Trudeau's allegations in a statement saying that claims of India's "involvement in any act of violence in Canada are absurd and motivated". It added that similar accusations made earlier by Trudeau to Prime Minister Modi had been "completely rejected". The statement further said that "Such unsubstantiated allegations seek to shift the focus from Khalistani terrorists and extremists, who have been provided shelter in Canada and continue to threaten India's sovereignty and territorial integrity". India urged Canada "to take prompt and effective legal action against all anti-India elements operating from their soil". It said that Canada's inaction has been "a long-standing and continuing concern".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajesh |first1=Y. P. |last2=Dayal |first2=Sakshi |title=India rejects Canada's suspicions on role in Sikh leader's murder |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-dismisses-absurd-canadas-accusation-sikh-leaders-murder-2023-09-19/ |work=Reuters |date=19 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Coletta |first1=Amanda |last2=Shih |first2=Gerry |last3=Mehrotra |first3=Karishma |title=India expels Canadian diplomat as dispute over alleged assassination escalates |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/19/india-expels-canada-diplomat-sikh-assassination/ |work=Washington Post |date=20 September 2023}}</ref>

On 18 September 2023, Canadian foreign affairs minister ] announced that Canada had expelled ']' — a "senior Indian diplomat". According to Joly, Pavan Kumar Rai was the ] of the Canada station of India's foreign intelligence agency — the ] (RAW). The High Commission of India in Ottawa lists Rai as the minister responsible for "eco, coordination, community affairs".<ref name="Rai">{{cite news |title=Canada has expelled a ‘top’ Indian diplomat. Who is Pavan Kumar Rai? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9971043/canada-has-expelled-a-top-indian-diplomat-who-is-pavan-kumar-rai/ |work=Global News |date=19 September 2023}}</ref>

In her statement, Joly said that Canada "will not tolerate any form of foreign interference". She added that such action "is not only troubling but it is completely unacceptable". She further said that India's involvement if proven true would be "a great violation of our sovereignty and of the most basic rule of how countries deal with each other".<ref name="Rai"/>

On 19 September 2023, India expelled a top diplomat of Canada with five days' notice to leave the country amid "growing concern at the interference of Canadian diplomats" in India's "internal matters and their involvement in anti-India activities", according to a statement from Indian Ministry of External Affairs.<ref name="AP">{{cite news |title=India expels Canadian diplomat, escalating tensions after Trudeau accuses India in Sikh's killing |url=https://apnews.com/article/canada-india-sikh-diplomat-trudeau-modi-3c5572d9027769ea6adbd047ec6f462a |work=AP News |date=19 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In tit-for-tat move, India asks Canada diplomat to leave country in 5 days |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/19/india-expels-canada-diplomat-after-india-envoy-expelled-in-sikh-killing-row |work=Al Jazeera |date=19 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

On 20 September 2023, India warned its citizens due to "growing anti-India activities and politically-condoned hate crimes and criminal violence" to "exercise utmost caution" in Canada.<ref name="CNBC">{{cite news |last1=Tan |first1=Clement |title=India urges 'utmost caution' in Canada travel advisory as bilateral crisis escalates |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/09/20/india-travel-advisory-canada.html |work=CNBC |date=20 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="CBC">{{cite news |title=India warns travellers to Canada of 'politically-condoned' violence as diplomatic row worsens |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/india-canada-travel-warning-1.6972377 |work=CBC News |date=20 September 2023}}</ref> ], Canadian public safety minister, responded to the travel alert saying "Canada is a safe country".<ref>{{cite news |title=Canada rejects Indian travel advisory amid probe of Sikh leader killing |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2023/9/20/canada-rejects-indian-travel-advisory-amid-probe-of-sikh-leader-killing |work=Al Jazeera |date=20 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

On 21 September 2023, Indian external affairs ministry spokesperson ] announced that India has suspended "temporarily the issuance of visas or providing visa services" for all Canadian nationals in all categories, including ]s and for Canadian citizens applying from third countries, due to "security threats" against its diplomats.<ref>{{cite news |title=India suspends visas for Canadian nationals as diplomatic spat deepens |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/21/india/india-canada-travel-advisory-assassination-row-intl-hnk/index.html |work=CNN |date=21 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India suspends ‘all categories’ of visas for Canada citizens amid diplomatic row |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/india-suspends-visa-canada-citizens-relations-b2415652.html |work=The Independent |date=21 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

On 24 September 2023, Canada updated its ] for India, advising its citizens there to "remain vigilant and exercise caution" due to "calls for protests and some negative sentiment towards Canada on social media".<ref>{{cite news |title=Canada warns its citizens to ‘remain vigilant’ in India travel advisory |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/canada-india-travel-advisory-nijjar-b2418527.html |work=The Independent |date=26 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> It urges travellers to "exercise a high degree of caution in India due to the threat of terrorist attacks throughout the country".<ref>{{cite news |title=Canada travel advisory to India updated to include protests, 'negative sentiments' |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/canada-travel-advisory-to-india-updated-to-include-protests-negative-sentiments-1.6576352 |work=CTVNews |date=25 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

In early October, India asked Canada to withdraw 41 of its 62 diplomats from the country and threatened to revoke the ] of diplomats who would remain after a certain date.<ref name="FT">{{cite news |last1=Sevastopulo |first1=Demetri |title=India tells Canada to withdraw dozens of diplomatic staff |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9663a97e-9ee3-4b70-a804-38ccbe432203 |work=Financial Times |date=3 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India tells Canada to remove 41 of its 62 diplomats in the country, an official says |url=https://apnews.com/article/canada-india-diplomats-090f136eebed1dd50c9a199e40360826 |work=AP News |date=3 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> On 18 October 2023, 41 Canadian diplomats along with 42 of their family members left India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Coletta |first1=Amanda |title=Canada withdraws diplomats after India threatens to revoke immunity |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/19/canada-india-diplomats-nijjar/ |work=Washington Post |date=20 October 2023}}</ref> ], the Canadian foreign minister, said that Canada will temporarily close three consulates in India and concentrate services at its high commission in ], with 21 diplomats remaining in India.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |last1=Austen |first1=Ian |title=Canada Pulls 41 Diplomats as India Threatens to Revoke Their Immunity |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/19/world/canada/canada-india-diplomats-withdraw.html |work=The New York Times |date=19 October 2023}}</ref> Canada's immigration minister, ] said that the situation would cause delays in the immigration applications and processing of visas for people in India.<ref name="NYT"/>

On 20 October 2023, India's Ministry of External Affairs issued a statement stating that "Their continued interference in our internal affairs warrant a parity in mutual diplomatic presence in New Delhi and Ottawa".<ref>{{cite news |title=India rejects Canada's accusation that it violated international norms in their diplomatic spat |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-canada-sikh-separatist-diplomatic-spat-72a00d3fbb315f2d424a48cfb422d6dd |work=AP News |date=20 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2023, at the ] in ], India availed the ] of the human rights records of Canada to request Canada to “prevent misuse of freedom of expression for inciting violence and disallow activities of groups which are promoting extremism”.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhaumik |first1=Anirban |title=India calls upon Canada to stop attacks on places of worships of minorities, stop 'misuse of freedom of expression' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/india-calls-upon-canada-to-stop-attacks-on-places-of-worships-of-minorities-stop-misuse-of-freedom-of-expression-2768843 |work=Deccan Herald |date=13 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2024, the Canadian deputy high commissioner was summoned by India after separatist slogans supporting a Sikh homeland were allegedly raised at a ] event addressed by Prime Minister Trudeau.<ref>{{cite news |title=India protests alleged Sikh separatist slogans at event attended by Trudeau |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/30/india-protests-alleged-sikh-separatist-slogans-at-event-attended-by-trudeau |work=Al Jazeera |date=30 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Later that month, Trudeau spoke in the House of Commons on what he stated were "credible allegations of the potential link" of ] involvement in the killing of Nijjar.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Austen |first1=Ian |last2=Isai |first2=Vjosa |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/18/world/canada/canada-india-sikh-killing.html |title=Justin Trudeau Accuses India of a Killing on Canadian Soil |work=] |date=18 September 2023|access-date=19 September 2023}}</ref> Subsequently, diplomatic relations between the two nations further deteriorated, and each side announced the expulsion of a top diplomat.<ref name="cbcsept2023"/><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/6315731/canada-india-relationship-trudeau-modi/|title=How Canada-India Relations Crumbled|date=19 September 2023|magazine=Time}}</ref> India rejected the charges as "absurd" and motivated.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-09-21 |title=Canada rejects India's travel advisory amid escalating diplomatic row; calls for calm |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/canada-rejects-indias-travel-advisory-amid-escalating-diplomatic-row-calls-for-calm/article67330315.ece |access-date=2023-09-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Absurd, Motivated": India Rejects Canada PM's Charge - Full Statement |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-rejects-canadas-charge-on-khalistani-terrorist-killing-full-statement-4402734 |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> On 20 September, India issued warnings to its citizens in Canada that they should exercise utmost caution due to growing ] activities.<ref name=bloomberg>{{cite news |last1=Thanthong-Knight |first1=Randy |title=India Strikes at Canada With Warning to Students, Immigrants |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-09-20/india-strikes-at-canada-with-warning-to-students-immigrants?srnd=premium&sref=CIpmV6x8 |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=Bloomberg.com |date=20 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> ], Canada's ], rejected India's characterization of Canada as unsafe in a statement.<ref name=bloomberg/> On 21 September, India suspended visa applications from Canadians until further notice.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raj |first1=Suhasini |last2=Zhuang |first2=Yan |title=India Suspends Visas for Canadians, Escalating Clash Over Sikh's Killing |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/21/world/asia/india-canada-visas.html |access-date=21 September 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=21 September 2023}}</ref> Following the visa suspension, India's foreign ministry spokesperson, ] accused Canada of being a safe haven for terrorists, extremists, and organised crime.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian official calls Canada 'a safe haven for terrorists' |url=https://www.9news.com.au/world/war-of-words-escalates-as-india-calls-canada-a-safe-haven-for-terrorists/5a308d52-ff3f-423f-ad9d-ddeb4acea777#:~:text=India%20has%20called%20Canada%20a,separatist%20activist%20on%20its%20soil |website=www.9news.com.au |access-date=25 September 2023 |date=23 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Suri |first1=Rhea Mogul, Manveena |title=India calls Canada a 'safe haven for terrorists' after suspending visas for Canadian nationals |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/22/india/india-canada-sikh-activist-row-friday-intl-hnk/index.html#:~:text=India%20has%20called%20Canada%20a,separatist%20activist%20on%20its%20soil |website=CNN |access-date=25 September 2023 |language=en |date=22 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India vs Canada face-off: Government says Canada giving safe haven to terrorists |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/programme/5ive-live/video/india-vs-canada-face-off-government-says-canada-giving-safe-haven-to-terrorists-2438720-2023-09-21 |website=India Today |access-date=25 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> On 25 September, Canada updated its ] and issued a warning to its citizens for potential anti-Canada protests and anti-Canadian sentiments. The advisory also warned the citizens of potential intimidation or harassment of Canadians in the country. Furthermore, Canada put India in the high-risk country category. Citing not just the potential protests that could be caused by this situation but also the high levels of ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-25 |title=Canada travel advisory to India updated to include protests, 'negative sentiments' |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/canada-travel-advisory-to-india-updated-to-include-protests-negative-sentiments-1.6576352 |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=CTVNews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Global Affairs |date=2012-11-16 |title=Travel advice and advisories for India |url=https://travel.gc.ca/destinations/india |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=Travel.gc.ca}}</ref> In September 2023, ], one of the main leaders of the Khalistan movement and spokesperson of ], advised ] ] to leave Canada.<ref name="The Statesman 2023 r153">{{cite web | title=Khalistani leader Pannun threatens Indo-Canadian Hindus, asks them to leave | website=The Statesman | date=2023-09-20 |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/world/khalistani-leader-pannun-threatens-indo-canadian-hindus-asks-them-to-leave-1503223821.html | access-date=2023-09-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-20 |title=Nijjar killing: Sikhs for Justice asks Hindus of Indian origin to leave Canada |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nijjar-killing-sikhs-for-justice-asks-hindus-of-indian-origin-to-leave-canada-101695183977090.html |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |quote=Sikhs for Justice (SFJ), a pro-Khalistan organisation banned in India in 2019, has threatened Hindus of Indian origin and asked them to leave Canada for supporting the country of their origin and “promoting violence” by celebrating Khalistani leader Hardeep Singh Nijjar’s killing.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India warns students as Nijjar's lawyer asks Indo-Hindu to leave Canada |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/india-claims-students-at-risk-after-envoy-insists-safety |website=National Post |quote=Gurpatwant Singh Pannu, Nijjar’s lawyer, questioned Indian Canadians’ loyalty to Canada in a video that has gone viral on social media. “Indo-Hindu leave Canada; go to India. You not only support India, but you are also supporting the suppression of speech and expression of pro-Khalistan Sikhs,” he says in the video.}}</ref><ref name="Bhaumik 2023 x924">{{cite web | last=Bhaumik | first=Anirban | title=Khalistanis threaten Indo-Canadian Hindus, plan huge protest to shut down India's missions in Canada | website=Deccan Herald | date=2023-09-20 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/world/khalistanis-threaten-indo-canadian-hindus-plan-huge-protest-to-shut-down-indias-missions-in-canada-2694543 | access-date=2023-09-21}}</ref><ref name="India Today 2023 a171">{{cite web | title='Go to India': Khalistani terrorist threatens Indo-Canadian Hindus in new video | website=India Today | date=2023-09-20 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/khalistanis-gurpatwant-singh-pannun-threaten-canadian-hindus-2438147-2023-09-20 | access-date=2023-09-21}}</ref> The video, which was later deleted, was condemned by Canadian officials.<ref name=DenounceHateful>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/politicians-government-react-hateful-video-1.6976302|title=Officials, politicians denounce 'hateful' video telling Indian Hindus to leave Canada|date=September 22, 2023|publisher=CBC News|access-date=23 September 2023|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923012516/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/politicians-government-react-hateful-video-1.6976302|url-status=live}}</ref> Canadian agencies also took down posters and billboards advocating the killing of three Indian diplomats in a Surrey ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Canada Gurdwara Ordered to Remove Posters Calling for Killing of Indian Diplomats {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.news18.com/india/canada-gurdwara-ordered-to-remove-posters-calling-for-killing-of-indian-diplomats-exclusive-8589223.html |website=News18 |access-date=25 September 2023 |language=en |date=24 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Canada gurudwara asked to take down posters calling for the killing of three Indian envoys |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/canada-gurudwara-asked-to-take-down-posters-calling-for-the-killing-of-three-indian-envoys-13162772.html |website=Firstpost |access-date=25 September 2023 |language=en |date=24 September 2023}}</ref>

As of September 2023, Canada has not provided any evidence linking the Indian government to Nijjar's death.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Canada is getting muted support from allies on allegation against India |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/21/why-canada-lacks-allies-support-on-claim-india-killed-hardeep-singh-nijjar |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=] |language=en |quote=Canada has yet to provide any evidence of India’s involvement in the killing. |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921230438/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/21/why-canada-lacks-allies-support-on-claim-india-killed-hardeep-singh-nijjar |url-status=live}}</ref> However, there is reporting that some of the intelligence provided to Canada linking India to Nijjar's death came from US intelligence agencies.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Barnes |first1=Julian E. |last2=Austen |first2=Ian |date=2023-09-23 |title=U.S. Provided Canada With Intelligence on Killing of Sikh Leader |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/23/us/politics/canada-sikh-leader-killing-intelligence.html |access-date=2023-10-05 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On Friday, 22 September, two days after the Canadian government accused Indian agencies of killing Hardeep Singh Nijjar, the Premier of British Columbia ] informed the media that the "intelligence briefing" received by him from the director of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) was based on open-source, Internet material while also claiming that he "strongly" suspects that the federal government is holding back information.<ref>{{cite web |title=B.C. Premier calls for federal transparency regarding Indian foreign interference {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9980237/eby-federal-indian-foreign-interference/#:~:text=British%20Columbia%20Premier%20David%20Eby,to%20India%20from%20foreign%20interference |website=Global News |access-date=24 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=VIDEO: British Columbia Premier Calls Out Canada PM Trudeau For 'Holding Back' Info On Nijjar |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/world/british-columbia-premier-david-eby-calls-out-canada-pm-justin-trudeau-for-holding-back-info-on-hardeep-singh-nijjar-article-103898309 |website=TimesNow |access-date=24 September 2023 |language=en |date=24 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India-Canada tension: Info I got on Nijjar killing available on internet, frustrating, claims Canada leader |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/world/story/india-canada-tension-info-i-got-on-nijjar-killing-available-on-internet-frustrating-claims-canada-leader-399447-2023-09-23 |website=Business Today |access-date=24 September 2023 |language=en |date=23 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Trudeau 's Canada government holding back Khalistani terrorist Hardeep Singh Nijjar' info: Province head |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/trudeau-s-canada-government-holding-back-khalistani-terrorist-hardeep-singh-nijjar-info-province-head/articleshow/103895985.cms?from=mdr |website=The Times of India |access-date=24 September 2023 |date=24 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Info I got on Nijjar killing available on internet, frustrating: Canada lawmaker |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/india-canada-diplomatic-row-british-columbia-premier-david-eby-justin-trudeau-terrorist-nijjar-killing-2439462-2023-09-23 |website=India Today |access-date=24 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=B.C. premier suspects Ottawa holding on to information about foreign interference |url=https://bc.ctvnews.ca/b-c-premier-suspects-ottawa-holding-on-to-information-about-foreign-interference-1.6574040 |website=British Columbia |access-date=24 September 2023 |language=en |date=22 September 2023}}</ref> On Sunday, 24 September, the Indian government instructed its investigative agencies to identify all ] in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia and cancel their ] card to prevent them from entering India, in addition to confiscating their assets in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=India proposes to cancel OCI cards of Khalistani terrorists in Canada, US, UK |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/latest-updates/india-proposes-to-cancel-oci-cards-of-khalistani-terrorists-in-canada-us-uk/articleshow/103904938.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |access-date=24 September 2023 |date=24 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mega Crackdown By India: OCI Cards Of Khalistani Terrorists In US, UK, Canada & Australia To Be Cancelled, Properties To Be Confiscated |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/breaking-oci-cards-of-khalistanis-in-us-uk-canada-australia-to-be-cancelled |website=Free Press Journal |access-date=24 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=In India's Big Crackdown On Khalistan Radicals, Sympathisers To Lose OCI Cards |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/indias-big-move-against-khalistan-radicals-abroad-includes-suspension-of-oci-cards-article-103905626 |website=TimesNow |access-date=24 September 2023 |language=en |date=24 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pandey |first1=Devesh K. |title=NIA confiscates properties of SFJ's Gurpatwant Singh Pannun |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nia-confiscates-properties-of-sfjs-gurpatwant-singh-pannun/article67337643.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=24 September 2023 |language=en-IN |date=23 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Big Crackdown On Khalistani Terrorist Who Threatened Hindus In Canada |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/canada-based-khalistani-terrorist-gurpatwant-singh-pannus-punjab-property-seized-by-anti-terror-agency-nia-4416527 |website=NDTV.com |access-date=24 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NIA seizes assets of Khalistani extremist Gurpatwant Singh Pannun in Punjab |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nia-seizes-chandigarh-property-of-khalistani-extremist-gurpatwant-singh-pannun-101695455689590.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=24 September 2023 |language=en |date=23 September 2023}}</ref> On September 26, former Indian diplomat ] alleged that Trudeau's plane was full of cocaine when he came to India for the G20.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ellis-Petersen |first=Hannah |date=2023-09-27 |title=Canada assassination claim sparks rare consensus in India's polarised politics and media |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/28/canada-assassination-claim-sparks-rare-consensus-in-indias-polarised-politics-and-media |access-date=2023-09-29 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> He further alleged that Trudeau missed the G20 dinner because he was high on drugs and did not come out of his room for two days.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title='Trudeau Was High, Plane Was Full Of Cocaine,' Ex-Diplomat Makes Stunning Claims {{!}} Details |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/news/trudeau-was-high-plane-was-full-of-cocaine-ex-diplomat-makes-stunning-claims-details-101695749352363.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=27 September 2023 |language=en |date=26 September 2023}}</ref> This claim was rejected by Canada's ]. The statement read, “This is absolutely false and a troubling example of how disinformation can make its way into media reporting.”<ref>{{cite web |title='Absolutely false': Canada PMO dismisses former Indian diplomat's allegations that Justin Trudeau's plane to India was 'full of cocaine' |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/world/story/absolutely-false-canada-pmo-dismisses-indian-diplomats-allegations-that-justin-trudeaus-plane-to-india-was-full-of-cocaine-399829-2023-09-27 |website=Business Today |access-date=27 September 2023 |language=en |date=27 September 2023}}</ref>

'']'' believes that the footage from the gurudwara's security cameras, which it had reviewed, and witness accounts suggest a larger and more organized operation than previously been reported. At least six men and two vehicles were involved in the killing. The report, which also contained accounts of Sikh community members present in the vicinity of the attack, said the attackers, two of them in hooded sweatshirts, fired roughly 50 bullets, of which 34 hit Nijjar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Javaid |first1=Maham |last2=Hill |first2=Evan |title=Video of Sikh leader's killing shows coordinated attack |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/25/hardeep-singh-nijjar-killing-video/ |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=27 September 2023 |date=26 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nijjar's killing: Video footage reveals six men, two getaway cars may have been involved, says Washington Post report |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/world/hardeep-singh-nijjars-killing-video-footage-reveals-six-men-two-getaway-cars-may-have-been-involved-says-washington-post-report/cid/1969077 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |access-date=27 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hardeep Nijjar killing: 50 bullets fired; coordinated attack, report claims citing video |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nijjar-killing-50-bullets-fired-coordinated-attack-report-claims-citing-video-101695706305727.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=27 September 2023 |language=en |date=26 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A video of terrorist Nijjar's killing, coordinated op, bickering cops: Report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/khalistani-terrorist-nijjar-killing-captured-video-gurdwara-canada-india-diplomatic-row-2440530-2023-09-26 |website=India Today |access-date=27 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Pranay Dutta |title=Video of 'Coordinated' Attack Against Nijjar Shows 2 'Hooded' Gunmen: Report |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/world/hardeep-singh-nijjar-killing-wasington |website=TheQuint |access-date=27 September 2023 |language=en |date=26 September 2023}}</ref> Speaking at the discussion at the ], India's ] ] raised concern over the incidents of threats to Indian diplomats and attacks on Indian consulates, stating that these are very permissive because of political reasons. He further stated that Indian Government has provided Canadian government a lot of information about organised crime leadership, which operates out of Canada in addition to a large number of extradition requests. Regarding Trudeau's allegations, Jaishankar assured during the discussion that the Indian side will take action if the Canadian side provides specific information in connection with Nijjar's killing.<ref>{{cite web |title="Organised Crime, Extremism...": S Jaishankar's Sharp Attack On Canada |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/s-jaishankar-hits-back-at-canada-over-allegation-against-india-4427099 |website=NDTV.com |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lakshman |first1=Sriram |title=Told Canada it is not government policy: Jaishankar on Nijjar killing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/told-canada-it-is-not-government-policy-jaishankar-on-nijjar-killing/article67350744.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=27 September 2023 |language=en-IN |date=26 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Canada Was Told it's Not India's 'Policy': S. Jaishankar on Hardeep Singh Nijjar Killing |url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/canada-was-told-its-not-indias-policy-s-jaishankar-on-hardeep-singh-nijjar-killing |website=The Wire |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jaishankar's reply on Nijjar killing: 'Not part of Five Eyes...asking wrong person' {{!}} Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jaishankars-reply-on-nijjar-killing-not-part-of-five-eyes-asking-wrong-person-watch-101695774125000.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=27 September 2023 |language=en |date=27 September 2023}}</ref>

On 28 September 2023, a handful of Canadian websites including those of the ] were defaced. A reportedly pro India group which went by the name "Indian Cyber Force" took responsibility for the hack.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Abhinav |title=Hackers claiming to have Indian allegiance target Canadian military website |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/hackers-claiming-to-have-indian-allegiances-target-canadian-military-website-640549 |access-date=28 September 2023 |work=WION |date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928221528/https://www.wionews.com/world/hackers-claiming-to-have-indian-allegiances-target-canadian-military-website-640549 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |language=en-us}}</ref> Despite the Nijjar killing row, speaking at a press conference in Montreal on Thursday, September 28, Trudeau said that he thinks it is extremely important that Canada and its allies continue to engage constructively and seriously with India, given its growing importance on the world stage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Canada is serious about ties with India despite row - Trudeau |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66956827 |website=BBC News |access-date=1 October 2023 |date=29 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Committed To "Closer Ties" With India, Says Justin Trudeau Amid Row |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-canada-news-khalistani-terrorist-hardeep-singh-nijjar-were-very-serious-aboutjustin-trudeau-on-ties-with-india-amid-row-4433840 |website=NDTV.com |access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India-Canada Relations {{!}} Amid Tensions, Trudeau Said This About India Ties {{!}} Hardeep Singh Nijjar |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/mirror-now/society/india-canada-relations-amid-tensions-trudeau-said-this-about-india-ties-hardeep-singh-nijjar-video-104039436 |website=TimesNow |access-date=1 October 2023 |language=en |date=29 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Canada committed to closer ties with India, says PM Trudeau |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/canada-committed-to-closer-ties-with-india-says-pm-trudeau/article67360571.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=1 October 2023 |language=en-IN |date=29 September 2023}}</ref> On the same day, Balraj Singh Nijjar, son of Hardeep Singh Nijjar, said his father had been meeting with Canadian Security Intelligence Service officers "once or twice a week", including one or two days before the June 18 murder, with another meeting scheduled for two days after his death. According to a report by '']'', Nijjar is now assumed to have been an asset for Canadian security services given the frequency of the meetings.<ref>{{cite web |title=India-Canada row: Hardeep Singh Nijjar met Canadian intelligence officers every week before death, says son |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/india-canada-row-hardeep-singh-nijjar-met-canadian-intelligence-officers-every-week-before-death-says-son/articleshow/104025615.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |access-date=3 October 2023 |date=28 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Khalistani extremist Nijjar was an 'asset of Canada's Intelligence Services'? |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/world/india-canada-row-khalistani-extremist-hardeep-singh-nijjar-was-an-asset-of-canada-s-intelligence-services-11695978172987.html |website=mint |access-date=3 October 2023 |language=en |date=29 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nijjar regularly met Canadian intel officers: Son tells media |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hardeep-nijjar-regularly-met-canadian-intel-officers-son-tells-media-101695926558021.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=3 October 2023 |language=en |date=29 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Pranay Dutta |title=Hardeep Singh Nijjar Held Meetings With Canadian Intelligence Before Murder: Son |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/world/hardeep-singh-nijjar-son-claims-meeting-canadian-intelligence-csis-before-murder-trudeau-allegations |website=TheQuint |access-date=3 October 2023 |language=en |date=28 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nijjar met senior Canada intel officials 6 days before death, claims son; India hints at ISI role |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/nijjar-canada-intel-before-death-claims-son-india-hints-isi-role-exclusive-17899231.htm |website=cnbctv18.com |access-date=3 October 2023 |language=en |date=28 September 2023}}</ref>

On 3 October 2023, India asked Canada to withdraw approximately 40 of its diplomats by October 10.<ref>{{cite web |title=India asks Canada to withdraw dozens of diplomatic staff - reports |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66991662 |website=BBC News |access-date=3 October 2023 |date=3 October 2023}}</ref> On 19 October 2023, Canadian officials confirmed that 41 diplomats and their dependents have left India, and 21 remained. Canadian Foreign Affairs minister ] further confirmed that India's revocation of diplomatic privileges was unilateral, and that Canada would not be issuing a similar mandate for Indian diplomats.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Coletta |first=Amanda |date=2023-10-20 |title=Canada withdraws diplomats after India threatens to revoke immunity |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/19/canada-india-diplomats-nijjar/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

On 4 November 2023, a new video of ], the spokesperson of ], surfaced in which he is seen issuing a threat to people planning to travel via ] on November 19, the day on which the final of the ongoing cricket World Cup will be played in Ahmedabad, saying that their "lives would be in danger".<ref>{{cite web |title=Don't travel by Air India on Nov 19 or...: Khalistani terrorist in threat video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/khalistan-terrorist-gurpatwant-singh-pannun-video-air-india-flight-threat-2458111-2023-11-04 |website=India Today |access-date=6 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aakash Chopra reacts as Gurpatwant Pannun warns Air India passengers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aakash-chopra-reacts-as-khalistani-terrorist-gurpatwant-pannun-threatens-to-blow-up-air-india-flight-101699155577104.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=6 November 2023 |language=en |date=5 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Canada asked to boost security as Khalistani leader threatens Air India flight |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/khalistani-terrorist-gurpatwant-pannun-threatens-to-blow-up-air-india-flight-india-asks-canada-to-enhance-security-11699175959575.html |website=mint |access-date=6 November 2023 |language=en |date=5 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Don't fly Air India after November 19, life at risk: SFJ chief Gurpatwant Singh Pannun to Sikhs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dont-fly-air-india-after-november-19-life-at-risk-pannun-to-sikhs/articleshow/104975029.cms?from=mdr |website=The Times of India |access-date=6 November 2023 |date=5 November 2023}}</ref> India's high commissioner to Canada Sanjay Kumar Verma said that Canadian authorities have not yet provided India with evidence of Indian involvement in Hardeep Singh Nijjar's death.<ref>{{cite web |title=India's High Commissioner to Canada Says 'No Relevant Info' Provided Yet on Nijjar Investigation |url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/no-specific-or-relevant-info-provided-says-indian-high-commissioner-to-canada-on-nijjar-probe |website=The Wire |access-date=6 November 2023}}</ref>

A spokesperson for Australia's Foreign Minister, ], stated that “Australia is deeply concerned by these allegations and notes ongoing investigations into this matter. Australia believes all countries should respect sovereignty and the rule of law”.<ref>{{cite news |title='Deeply Concerned': US, UK & Australia React After Canada Accuses India Of Killing Khalistani Leader Nijjar |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/world/deeply-concerned-us-uk-australia-react-after-canada-accuses-india-of-killing-khalistani-leader-nijjar |work=Free Press Journal |date=19 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

A spokesperson for the United Kingdom's ] said that they "do not agree with the decisions taken by the Indian government that have resulted in a number of Canadian diplomats departing India". The statement added that they "continue to encourage India to engage with Canada on its independent investigation into the death of ]".<ref>{{cite news |title=After U.K., U.S. expresses concern over departure of Canadian diplomats from India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uk-us-express-concern-over-canadian-diplomats-departure-from-india/article67447385.ece |work=The Hindu |date=21 October 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

The ] spokesperson ] said that they "urged the Indian government not to insist upon a reduction in Canada's diplomatic presence and to cooperate in the ongoing Canadian investigation".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Kanishka |last2=Pitas |first2=Costas |title=US and UK back Canada in dispute with India over diplomats |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-backs-canada-dispute-with-india-over-diplomats-2023-10-20/ |work=Reuters |date=21 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

The ] expressed concern in a statement saying “Now seems the time for more diplomacy, not less,” adding that it expects "all states to uphold their obligations under the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, including in relation to the privileges and immunities of accredited staff”.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Haidar |first1=Suhasini |title=After U.S., U.K., Australia, Five eyes member New Zealand too criticises India on order expelling Canadian diplomats |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/after-us-uk-australia-five-eyes-member-new-zealand-too-criticises-india-on-order-expelling-canadian-diplomats/article67459393.ece |work=The Hindu |date=26 October 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=New Zealand joins Five Eyes partners in criticising India over threat to revoke diplomatic privileges |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/indonz/501108/new-zealand-joins-five-eyes-partners-in-criticising-india-over-threat-to-revoke-diplomatic-privileges |work=RNZ |date=27 October 2023 |language=en-nz}}</ref>

According to ], director of the South Asia Institute at the ] think-tank, "this may be the lowest level to which this relationship has sunk. It won't be easy to return to the old normal anytime soon".<ref>{{cite news |title=How Canada-India Relations Crumbled |url=https://time.com/6315731/canada-india-relationship-trudeau-modi/ |work=TIME |date=19 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==== October 2024 escalation ====
On 12 October 2024, Canadian officials informed ], India's National Security Advisor, in a meeting in Singapore that the Indian High Commissioner, Sanjay Kumar Verma, and five other diplomats were persons of interest in various investigations.<ref name="WaPoPNG">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/10/14/canada-modi-sikhs-violence-india/ |title=Canada alleges much wider campaign by Modi government against Sikhs |date=14 October 2024 |publisher=]}}</ref> On 14 October 2024, Canada expelled the six diplomats.<ref name="WaPoPNG" /><ref name="TheStarPNG">{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/canada-expels-indian-high-commissioner-five-other-diplomats-india-says-it-rejects-preposterous-imputations/article_d17db700-8a4b-11ef-bc06-3b4aeb86095c.html |date=14 October 2024 |title=Canada coercively said it expels Indian high commissioner, five other diplomats |publisher=]}} </ref> Although the Indian ] announced much priorly that it was recalling the diplomats,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/38418/Canadian_Charge_dAffaires_summoned_by_MEA|title=Canadian Charge d’Affaires summoned by MEA |date=14 October 2024 |publisher=]}}</ref> and also expelled 6 Canadian diplomats from India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/38420/India_expels_Canadian_diplomats |title= India expels Canadian diplomats |date=14 October 2024 |publisher=]}}</ref>

Canadian officials said they had evidence of Indian government involvement in home invasions, drive-by shootings, arson and two homicides, those of ] and of Sukhdool Singh, shot in ] on 20 September 2023. Investigations had revealed that Indian diplomats intimidated and coerced Canadians,<ref name="RCMP14Oct24">{{cite news|url=https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/news/2024/rcmp-statement-violent-criminal-activity-occurring-canada-connections-agents-the |title=RCMP statement on violent criminal activity occurring in Canada with connections to agents of the Government of India |date=14 October 2024 |publisher=]}}</ref> who were seeking immigration documents and/or had family ties in India, to gather intelligence for the ] to pick targets who were then attacked by a gang led by ].<ref name="WaPoPNG" /><ref name="GAndM">{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-canada-india-diplomats-expelled-rcmp/ |title=Indian government officials allegedly linked to homicides, extortions and coercion in Canada, pose threat to public safety, says RCMP |date=14 October 2024 |publisher=]}}</ref> The ] had arrested several people in connection to homicides and extortion, some of whom were linked to the government of India, and had alerted twelve Canadian residents of Indian descent based on credible evidence that they could be targeted by Indian agents.<ref name="TheStarPNG" /><ref name="GAndM" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-expels-6-indian-diplomats-rcmp-alleges-serious-criminal-activity-1.7351837 |title=Canada expels 6 Indian diplomats, RCMP alleges 'serious criminal activity' |date=14 October 2024 |publisher=]}}</ref>


== Diplomatic missions == == Diplomatic missions ==
{{multiple image {{multiple image
|name = High Commission of Canada |name = High Commission of Canada
|total_width = 300px |total_width = 375px
|image1 = Canadian High commission Delhi 1061.JPG |image1 = Canadian High commission Delhi 1061.JPG
|image2 = India, Ottawa.jpg |image2 = India, Ottawa.jpg
|footer = High Commissions in New Delhi (left) and Ottawa |footer = Canadian High Commission in New Delhi (left) and Indian High Commission in Ottawa
}} }}


As both countries are members of the ], Canada and India exchange ].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Webster, C.|year=2001|title=Commonwealth Diplomatic Missions a Comparative Empirical Investigation of the Foreign Policy of Five Commonwealth Members|journal=The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs|volume=90|page=529–539|doi=10.1080/00358530120082814}}</ref> As both countries are members of the ], Canada and India exchange ].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Webster, C.|year=2001|title=Commonwealth Diplomatic Missions a Comparative Empirical Investigation of the Foreign Policy of Five Commonwealth Members|journal=The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs|volume=90|issue=361 |pages=529–539|doi=10.1080/00358530120082814}}</ref>


* ]:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://travel.gc.ca/assistance/embassies-consulates/india|title=Embassies and consulates of Canada in India|access-date=18 May 2021|work=]}}</ref> * ]:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://travel.gc.ca/assistance/embassies-consulates/india|title=Embassies and consulates of Canada in India|access-date=18 May 2021|work=]|date=16 November 2012|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516185039/https://travel.gc.ca/assistance/embassies-consulates/india|url-status=live}}</ref>
** High commission in New Delhi ** High commission in New Delhi
** Consulates-general in Bangalore, Chandigarh and Mumbai ** Consulates-general in Bangalore, Chandigarh and Mumbai
* ]:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hciottawa.gov.in/pages?id=2&subid=6|title=Indian diplomatic representation in Canada|work=Indian High Commission|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> * ]:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hciottawa.gov.in/pages?id=2&subid=6|title=Indian diplomatic representation in Canada|work=Indian High Commission|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518090211/https://hciottawa.gov.in/pages?id=2&subid=6|url-status=live}}</ref>
** High commission in Ottawa ** High commission in Ottawa
** Consulates-general in Toronto and Vancouver ** Consulates-general in Toronto and Vancouver
Line 158: Line 100:
] (right), the Indian Minister of State for External Affairs signs a ] with ] (left), the Canadian Minister of International Trade in the presence of the Prime Ministers of both the countries in 2012.]] ] (right), the Indian Minister of State for External Affairs signs a ] with ] (left), the Canadian Minister of International Trade in the presence of the Prime Ministers of both the countries in 2012.]]


In 2023, bilateral trade between India and Canada was valued at $9.36 billion with the Indian exports to Canada worth $5.56 billion and Canadian exports to India valued at $3.80 billion.<ref name="Report"/> In July 2024, India accounted for 0.74% ($0.74 billion) of Canada's total trade of $99.04 billion and Canada accounted for 0.82% of India's total trade of $90.14 billion.<ref name="Trade">{{cite web|url=https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/can/partner/ind|title=Canada trade with India|work=]|access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/can|title=Canadian Trade|work=]|access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/ind|title=Indian Trade|work=]|access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref> The major Indian exports included ], ], ], ], ], and ], while Canada's main exports included ]s, ], ], ], and ].<ref name="Trade"/><ref name="BToday">{{cite news|date=19 September 2023|title=India-Canada row: Will multi-billion trade ties between two countries take a hit?|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/india-canada-row-will-multi-billion-trade-ties-between-two-countries-take-a-hit-398954-2023-09-19|access-date=31 October 2023|work=]}}</ref> The countries held discussions on a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement in the 2010s and the volume of trade between the two countries has grew steadily over the last decade.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/india-inde/index.aspx?lang=eng |title=Canada-India Free Trade Agreement Negotiations|access-date=26 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201040942/http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/india-inde/index.aspx?lang=eng|archive-date=1 February 2017|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Despite Diplomatic Strains, Canada and India Conduct Business as Usual|url=https://www.asiapacific.ca/publication/despite-diplomatic-strains-canada-and-india-conduct-business|date=17 June 2024|access-date=10 October 2024|work=Asia Pacific Foundation}}</ref> In 2023, bilateral trade between India and Canada was valued at $9.36 billion with the Indian exports to Canada worth $5.56 billion and Canadian exports to India valued at $3.80 billion.<ref name="Report"/> In July 2024, India accounted for 0.74% ($0.74 billion) of Canada's total trade of $99.04 billion and Canada accounted for 0.82% of India's total trade of $90.14 billion.<ref name="Trade">{{cite web|url=https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/can/partner/ind|title=Canada trade with India|work=]|access-date=1 October 2024|archive-date=23 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223055209/https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/can/partner/ind|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/can|title=Canadian Trade|work=]|access-date=1 October 2024|archive-date=4 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904100135/https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/can|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/ind|title=Indian Trade|work=]|access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref> The major Indian exports included ], ], ], ], ], and ], while Canada's main exports included ]s, ], ], ], and ].<ref name="Trade"/><ref name="BToday">{{cite news|date=19 September 2023|title=India-Canada row: Will multi-billion trade ties between two countries take a hit?|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/india-canada-row-will-multi-billion-trade-ties-between-two-countries-take-a-hit-398954-2023-09-19|access-date=31 October 2023|work=]|archive-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103091411/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/india-canada-row-will-multi-billion-trade-ties-between-two-countries-take-a-hit-398954-2023-09-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The countries held discussions on a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement in the 2010s and the volume of trade between the two countries has grew steadily over the last decade.<ref>{{cite news |title=Canada-India Free Trade Agreement Negotiations |url=http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/india-inde/index.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201040942/http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/india-inde/index.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=1 February 2017 |access-date=26 October 2015 |work=Global Affairs Canada}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Shruti |date=17 June 2024 |title=Despite Diplomatic Strains, Canada and India Conduct Business as Usual |url=https://www.asiapacific.ca/publication/despite-diplomatic-strains-canada-and-india-conduct-business |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005215200/https://www.asiapacific.ca/publication/despite-diplomatic-strains-canada-and-india-conduct-business |archive-date=5 October 2024 |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada}}</ref>


{{table alignment}} {{table alignment}}
Line 167: Line 109:
!colspan="3"|Indian exports !colspan="3"|Indian exports
|- |-
!Merchandise !Merchandise
!Value ($ billion) !Value ($ billion)
!% !%
!Merchandise !Merchandise
!Value ($ billion) !Value ($ billion)
!% !%
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== Air connectivity == == Air connectivity ==
{{As of|2024}}, ] operates non-stop flights from ], ], and ] to ], and from Toronto to ].<ref>{{cite news|title=Air Canada inaugurates non stop flights from Vancouver to India|url=https://stockhouse.com/news/press-releases/2016/10/20/air-canada-inaugurates-the-only-non-stop-flights-from-vancouver-to-india-ab?2EA176F0881342AB80F961E6676E2AF7=%7C%7C%7C|date=20 October 2016|access-date=8 February 2021|work=Stockhouse}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A look at Canada and India and their relationship, by the numbers|url=https://apnews.com/article/canada-india-by-numbers-389446727671e883df89767feb4a65e0|access-date=20 September 2023|work=]|date=19 September 2023}}</ref> In September 2019, ] resumed its non-stop flights from Delhi to Toronto, and began scheduled flights from Delhi to Vancouver in October 2020.<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India resumes Toronto service from late-Sep 2019|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/285055/air-india-resumes-toronto-service-from-late-sep-2019/|access-date=8 February 2021|work=Routesonline}}</ref> In May 2022, ] ] met with ] ] to discuss an ], which would allow unlimited flights between the two countries.<ref>{{cite news|author=Disha Shah Ghosh|date=5 May 2022|title=India, Canada discuss expansion of air services pact|url=https://www.travelbizmonitor.com/10436-2/|access-date=6 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India, Canada discuss open skies policy|url=https://thesouthasiantimes.info/india-canada-discuss-open-skies-policy/|work=The South Asian Times|date=5 May 2022|access-date=6 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=6 May 2022|title=India, Canada to allow more flights, revise pact |url=https://en.trend.az/world/other/3591783.html|access-date=6 May 2022|work=Trend}}</ref> {{As of|2024}}, ] operates non-stop flights from ], ], and ] to ], and from Toronto to ].<ref>{{cite news|title=Air Canada inaugurates non stop flights from Vancouver to India|url=https://stockhouse.com/news/press-releases/2016/10/20/air-canada-inaugurates-the-only-non-stop-flights-from-vancouver-to-india-ab?2EA176F0881342AB80F961E6676E2AF7=%7C%7C%7C|date=20 October 2016|access-date=8 February 2021|work=Stockhouse|archive-date=5 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205164508/https://stockhouse.com/news/press-releases/2016/10/20/air-canada-inaugurates-the-only-non-stop-flights-from-vancouver-to-india-ab?2EA176F0881342AB80F961E6676E2AF7=%7C%7C%7C|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A look at Canada and India and their relationship, by the numbers|url=https://apnews.com/article/canada-india-by-numbers-389446727671e883df89767feb4a65e0|access-date=20 September 2023|work=]|date=19 September 2023|archive-date=26 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926093301/https://apnews.com/article/canada-india-by-numbers-389446727671e883df89767feb4a65e0|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2019, ] resumed its non-stop flights from Delhi to Toronto, and began scheduled flights from Delhi to Vancouver in October 2020.<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India resumes Toronto service from late-Sep 2019|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/285055/air-india-resumes-toronto-service-from-late-sep-2019/|access-date=8 February 2021|work=Routesonline|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626054700/https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/285055/air-india-resumes-toronto-service-from-late-sep-2019/|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2022, ] ] met with ] ] to discuss an ], which would allow unlimited flights between the two countries.<ref>{{cite news|author=Disha Shah Ghosh|date=5 May 2022|title=India, Canada discuss expansion of air services pact|url=https://www.travelbizmonitor.com/10436-2/|access-date=6 May 2022|archive-date=25 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525111116/https://www.travelbizmonitor.com/10436-2/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India, Canada discuss open skies policy|url=https://thesouthasiantimes.info/india-canada-discuss-open-skies-policy/|work=The South Asian Times|date=5 May 2022|access-date=6 May 2022|archive-date=5 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505125401/https://thesouthasiantimes.info/india-canada-discuss-open-skies-policy/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=6 May 2022|title=India, Canada to allow more flights, revise pact|url=https://en.trend.az/world/other/3591783.html|access-date=6 May 2022|work=Trend|archive-date=6 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506020038/https://en.trend.az/world/other/3591783.html|url-status=live}}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
Line 243: Line 185:
==Further reading== ==Further reading==
* Bragta, Sanjeev Kumar. "India-Canada Relations: A View on Geopolitical, Geoeconomic Convergence and Divergence." ''Technium Social Science Journal'' 31 (2022): 693+ . * Bragta, Sanjeev Kumar. "India-Canada Relations: A View on Geopolitical, Geoeconomic Convergence and Divergence." ''Technium Social Science Journal'' 31 (2022): 693+ .

* Budhwar, Prem K. et al. "India-Canada Relations: a Roller-Coaster Ride." ''Indian Foreign Affairs Journal'' 13.1 (2018): 1-50. essays by seven experts * Budhwar, Prem K. et al. "India-Canada Relations: a Roller-Coaster Ride." ''Indian Foreign Affairs Journal'' 13.1 (2018): 1-50. essays by seven experts
* {{cite book|author=Chandrasekhar, Sripati |title=From India to Canada: a brief history of immigration, problems of discrimination, admission and assimilation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdV5AAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Population Review Books|isbn=9780960908011}} * {{cite book|author=Chandrasekhar, Sripati |title=From India to Canada: a brief history of immigration, problems of discrimination, admission and assimilation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdV5AAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Population Review Books|isbn=9780960908011}}
* Coward, Howard, ed. ''Peace. Development and Culture: Comparative Studies of lndia and Canada'' (Calgary: Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute. 1988). * Coward, Howard, ed. ''Peace. Development and Culture: Comparative Studies of lndia and Canada'' (Calgary: Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute. 1988).
* Dobell, W. M. "Canada and India: The Mulroney Years." ''Journal of Asian and African Studies'' 25.3-4 (1990): 131–145. * Dobell, W. M. "Canada and India: The Mulroney Years." ''Journal of Asian and African Studies'' 25.3-4 (1990): 131–145.
* Edwards, Lucie. "The lady is a tiger: Canada's erratic courtship of India." ''Canadian Foreign Policy Journal'' 18#3 (2012): 264–266. * Edwards, Lucie. "The lady is a tiger: Canada's erratic courtship of India." ''Canadian Foreign Policy Journal'' 18#3 (2012): 264–266.

* Gayithri, K. et al. eds. ''Nation-Building, Education and Culture in India and Canada'' (Springer, 2019) * Gayithri, K. et al. eds. ''Nation-Building, Education and Culture in India and Canada'' (Springer, 2019)

* Grewal, J.S. and Hugh Johnston, eds. ''The India-Canada Relationship -- Exploring Political, Economic and Cultural Dimensions'' (London: Sage/Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute, 1994). * Grewal, J.S. and Hugh Johnston, eds. ''The India-Canada Relationship -- Exploring Political, Economic and Cultural Dimensions'' (London: Sage/Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute, 1994).
* Gupta, Ashis, ed. ''Canada-lndia Opportunities - Selected 1988 Conference Proceedings,'' (University of Calgary, 1988) * Gupta, Ashis, ed. ''Canada-lndia Opportunities - Selected 1988 Conference Proceedings,'' (University of Calgary, 1988)
* Mansi, K. "Foreign Policy of Canada vis-à-vis India under Stephen Harper: From Cold Storage to Warmth of Billion-Dollar Trade." in K. Gayithri, et al. eds. ''Nation-Building, Education and Culture in India and Canada'' (Springer, 2019) pp.&nbsp;135–154.

* Mansi, K. "Foreign Policy of Canada vis-à-vis India under Stephen Harper: From Cold Storage to Warmth of Billion-Dollar Trade." in K. Gayithri, et al. eds. ''Nation-Building, Education and Culture in India and Canada'' (Springer, 2019) pp. 135-154.

* {{cite book|author=Mishra, Anil Dutta and Govind Prasad|title=India and Canada: Past, Present & Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ch_zN8AkRwAC&pg=PA1|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170998785}} * {{cite book|author=Mishra, Anil Dutta and Govind Prasad|title=India and Canada: Past, Present & Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ch_zN8AkRwAC&pg=PA1|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170998785}}
* {{cite book|author= Raj, Christopher S. and Abdul Nafey|title=Canada's global engagements and relations with India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CrsRAQAAIAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Manak Publications|isbn=978-81-7827-168-2}} * {{cite book|author= Raj, Christopher S. and Abdul Nafey|title=Canada's global engagements and relations with India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CrsRAQAAIAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Manak Publications|isbn=978-81-7827-168-2}}
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* Rubinoff, Arthur G. "Canada's re-engagement with India." ''Asian Survey'' 42.6 (2002): 838–855. * Rubinoff, Arthur G. "Canada's re-engagement with India." ''Asian Survey'' 42.6 (2002): 838–855.
* Rudner, Martin. "The Canada-India nexus: Trade and development assistance in Canada's new foreign policy framework." ''Canadian Foreign Policy'' Journal 3.2 (1995): 33–50. * Rudner, Martin. "The Canada-India nexus: Trade and development assistance in Canada's new foreign policy framework." ''Canadian Foreign Policy'' Journal 3.2 (1995): 33–50.
* Sharma, Kavita. "Dynamics of Sikh Diaspora and its Implications for India-Canada Relations" ''Research Reinforcement'' (2021) 9#1 pp.&nbsp;50–57 {{ISSN|2348-3857}}

* Sharma, Kavita. "Dynamics of Sikh Diaspora and its Implications for India-Canada Relations" ''Research Reinforcement'' (2021) 9#1 pp. 50-57 ISSN 2348-3857

* Singh, Milan, and Anita Singh. "Diaspora, political action, and identity: A case study of Canada's Indian diaspora." ''Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies'' 17.2 (2014): 149–171. * Singh, Milan, and Anita Singh. "Diaspora, political action, and identity: A case study of Canada's Indian diaspora." ''Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies'' 17.2 (2014): 149–171.

* Suryanarayana, P. S. "Canada-India row: a test of the “rules-based order”." ''RSIS Commentaries,'' 141-23 (2023). * Suryanarayana, P. S. "Canada-India row: a test of the “rules-based order”." ''RSIS Commentaries,'' 141-23 (2023).
* Touhey, Ryan M. "The Canada-India Relationship: A Historical Understanding of Political Discontent and Diaspora." ''India Migration Report 2024'' (Routledge India, 2024) pp.26-35. * Touhey, Ryan M. "The Canada-India Relationship: A Historical Understanding of Political Discontent and Diaspora." ''India Migration Report 2024'' (Routledge India, 2024) pp.&nbsp;26–35.

* Touhey, Ryan. ''Conflicting Visions: Canada and India in the Cold War World, 1946-76'' (U British Columbia Press, 2015) * Touhey, Ryan. ''Conflicting Visions: Canada and India in the Cold War World, 1946-76'' (U British Columbia Press, 2015)


==External links== ==External links==

{{commons category|Relations of Canada and India}} {{commons category|Relations of Canada and India}}
* *
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{{Foreign relations of India}} {{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of Canada}} {{Foreign relations of Canada}}
{{Diplomatic missions of India}}
{{Diplomatic missions of Canada}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Canada-India relations}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Canada-India relations}}

Latest revision as of 22:56, 20 December 2024

Bilateral relations
Canada–India relations
Map indicating locations of India and Canada

India

Canada
Diplomatic mission
High Commission of India, OttawaHigh Commission of Canada, New Delhi
Envoy
High Commissioner of India to Canada VacantHigh Commissioner of Canada to India
Vacant

Canada and India have had bilateral relations since the 19th century. Both are member nations of the Commonwealth of Nations and are part of G20, a group of world's largest economies. In 2023, bilateral trade between the countries was valued at $9.36 billion with the Indian exports to Canada worth $5.56 billion and Canadian exports to India valued at $3.80 billion.

Indian emigration to Canada started in the late 19th century. The Canadian Government established quotas initially but the immigration to Canada increased multi-fold in the 1970s and 1980s. Indian have become one of the largest immigrant populations in Canada. According to Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, of the more than 800,000 international students in Canada in 2022, 40 percent were from India, constituting the largest international student group in Canada.

After the Indian Independence in 1947, the relation between the countries were furthered with Canada keen to act as a bridge between India and the Western World. The Canadian foreign aid to India started in 1951 and grew substantially under the Colombo Plan. Though there was a convergence of interest of both the countries in the 1950s, the views of the countries began to deviate in the 1960s. Canada reacted negatively after the Canadian-supplied nuclear reactor was used for India's first nuclear test in May 1974. The bombing of Air India Flight 182 in June 1985 and the events surrounding it, further led to misunderstandings between the two countries.

After the economic liberalisation policies of India in the 1990s, it attracted the Canadian government and the business community back to India. Bilateral visits by leaders of both countries furthered business deals and interests in other areas. However, the relationship was short lived, with Canada imposing further sanctions on India following India's second nuclear test in May 1998. The relations briefly recovered after the sanctions were lifted in 2001. The late 2000s and early 2010s saw a leap in the relationship between the countries, with the signing of Nuclear Cooperation Agreement in 2010 and other agreements.

While Canada and India have a broad-based relationship, their ties have often been strained by Sikh separatists that are affiliated with the Khalistan movement, calling for an independent Punjabi Sikh nation-state in India. Diplomatic tensions were triggered after 2023 Sikh protests and Canadian allegations that Indian agents were involved in the assassination of Sikh separatist Hardeep Singh Nijjar in September 2023. Both the sides expelled diplomats and warned against traveling to the other country. The Indian government claimed that Canada has not provided any evidence while Canada has contended that it was provided intelligence on the same by US intelligence agencies. After a brief thaw in the relationship, both the countries expelled six diplomats each in another stand-off in October 2024.

History

British empire (19th century)

Further information: British North America and British Raj

In the early 19th century, Canada and India were part of the British Empire. The Indo-Canadian community was formed in the late 19th century due to the Indian emigration to Canada, majority of whom were Punjabis, which included veterans of the British Indian Army. When the British Crown took over India, Queen Victoria proclaimed that Indians would enjoy equal privileges across the British Empire without discrimination. The Indian emigrants settled mostly in the sparsely populated Western Canada and took up jobs such as law enforcement officers and lumberjacks. However, the race relations with white Canadians were strained as the legal and socioeconomic systems ensured racial discrimination and minimal direct contact by setting up various barriers. Though initially reluctant to go to these countries due to the racial discrimination, many young men chose to go upon the assurance that they would not meet the same fate in the early 20th century. Canadian Government quotas were established to cap the number of Indians allowed to immigrate to Canada in the early 20th century and only allowed fewer than 100 people from India a year until 1957, when it was marginally increased to 300 people a year.

Independent nations (1947–1950s)

Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru at the House of Commons of Canada after a joint-address to the Canadian parliament, 1949

After Indian Independence, the relation between the countries were furthered. Canada worked on creating an intercontinental group within the Commonwealth of Nations and was keen to act as a bridge between the newly independent Afro-Asian states and the Western World. India being the world's largest democracy became a key partner for Canada. The bilateral relationship was furthered by the personal relationship between Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Canadian Prime Ministers Louis St. Laurent and Lester Pearson. Nehru addressed a joint session of the Canadian Parliament on 24 October 1949. The Canadian foreign aid to India started in 1951 and Canada started to provide aid for smaller projects in 1955-56, which grew substantially under the Colombo Plan. Canada supported the Kundah hydro-electric project project and aero-surveys in Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. During the Cold War, though Canada was favorable towards the United States, it pursued independent relation with India while the US aided Pakistan. As per Escott Reid, who was the High Commissioner for Canada to India from 1953 to 1957, the countries had "a special relationship" during the 1950s.

Growing differences (1960s–1980s)

Though there was a convergence of interest of both the countries, the views of the countries on major events such as the Korean War, Suez Crisis and Soviet intervention in Hungary and Canada's position on the Kashmir conflict. Though both the countries pursued increased cooperation with the establishment of the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute to promote academic relations in 1968 and the Canadian visit of Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi in June 1973, the relations soured further in the late 1970s. For India's first nuclear test in May 1974, the fissionable material for the nuclear device was synthesized with the Canadian-supplied CIRUS nuclear research reactor. Canada reacted negatively towards the same, especially in light of then ongoing negotiations on the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and the economic aid it had provided to India. Canada concluded that the test violated a 1971 understanding between the two states, and froze nuclear energy assistance for the two heavy water reactors then under construction. It resolved to engage in nuclear cooperation only with countries which signed the Treaty on the NPT and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), and which instituted full-scope safeguards on their nuclear energy programmes under the supervision of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). India had refused to sign the NPT, and voted against the UN General Assembly Resolutions which they assert violates its sovereign right to choose whether or not to sign such treaties. In the late 1970s, Canada focused on improving relations within the Western World while India pursued its own regional alliances.

Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi at a memorial for the Air India Flight 182 in Toronto, 2015

On 23 June 1985, Air India Flight 182 from Montreal to Mumbai, disintegrated over the Atlantic Ocean as a result of an explosion from a bomb planted by Canada based Sikh terrorists and resulted in the deaths of 329 people. The Canadian government had been warned by the Indian R&AW about the possibility of terrorist attacks, and the Canadian Security Intelligence Service(CSIS) was accused of not acting on it. In his verdict, Justice Ian Josephson cited "unacceptable negligence" by CSIS when evidence on the suspects and other informants were destroyed. The Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau turned down Indian requests for extradition of the Canadian nationals suspected to be involved in the bombing.

Despite the differences between the countries, the Indian immigration continued in the 1970s and 1980s. South Asian population in Canada grew from 7,000 in 1961 to 67,900 in 1971 and more than 200,000 South Asians came to Canada between 1971 and 1982, majority of them being of Indian origin.

Brief recovery and further disagreements (1990s)

After the economic liberalisation policies of India in the 1990s, it attracted the Canadian government and the business community. After Jean Chrétien became the Prime Minister of Canada in 1993, it pursued renewed relations with India. In October 1994, Canadian minister Roy MacLaren visited India with a large trade delegation and proclaimed India to be "one of the most promising markets in the Asia-Pacific region for Canadian business." Bilateral visits by Chrétien along with a trade delegation in January 1996, a first by a Canadian Prime Minister in more than 25 years, and further visits by ministers of both the countries led to signing of business deals more than $3.4 billion and furthered the business interests. The two countries signed a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty in 1994, which was operationalised in 1998 and the Indian Space Research Organisation and Canadian Space Agency signed two agreements in the field of exploration of outer space in October 1996. Canada and India agreed to a bilateral dialogue on combating terrorism, including the annual Canada-India Strategic Dialogue and the Canada-India working group on counter terrorism was established subsequently in 1997.

After India's second nuclear test in May 1998, Canada reacted negatively similar to its reaction to the earlier nuclear test. Canada suspended trade talks, recalled its envoy to India, paused weapon exports to India and opposed any non-humanitarian aid by the World Bank. Canadian foreign minister Lloyd Axworthy sought further sanctions on India and termed it as the "use the tools of soft power to demonstrate that security is better achieved through multilateral ventures than the attainment of nuclear capabilities". Canada refused to engage with India and discuss on the nuclear policies, while India remained committed to its nuclear policy. In 1998, India contributed to just 0.1% of Canada’s exports and 0.3% of its imports. India’s exports to Canada were only 1.6% of its total exports, and its imports from Canada were only 0.8% of its total imports. More than $3 billion worth of economic projects stagnated, and Canada ranked low amongst the foreign investors in India, with only a 1.4% share.

New beginning (early 21st century)

Axworthy's successor John Manley, who had personal connections with India, viewed India as a major partner and removed most of the Canadian sanctions in 2001. With further visits by ministers of both countries, it was agreed between the leaders of both the countries to triple the existing trade. But the rise of terrorist attacks which occupied Canada's attention, the view of Manley's successor Bill Graham, who viewed trade with Africa and Latin America as priority, meant that the relationship did not progress much further.

Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper with Indian President Pranab Mukherjee during Harper's visit to India in 2012.

After Stephen Harper became the Prime Minister of Canada, Canada sought to increase its ties with India. Twenty Canadian ministers visited India in the late 2000s including an official visit by Prime Minister Harper in November 2009. Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited Canada in June 2010, the first visit by an Indian Prime Minister to Canada since 1973. Both the countries sought to expand the bilateral relations across various sectors including education, energy, science and technology, culture, agriculture and the environment and multiple agreement on social security, foreign investment and economic partnership were agreed. The year 2011 was designated as the "Year of India in Canada" by both the governments.

Signing of the India-Canada nuclear agreement in 2010.

In 2010, the Nuclear Cooperation Agreement was signed between the two countries, which was followed by a renewed agreement in 2015 to supply 3000 metric tons of Uranium concentrate to India under a five-year contract. The bilateral trade increased to $4.2 billion in 2010, a 46% increase from 2005. The foreign direct investment between Canada and India reached $3.6 billion of which nearly $3.0 billion were Canadian investments in India. More than 100 bilateral agreements were signed between Canadian and Indian institutes and nearly 12,000 students traveled to Canada for higher education in 2011.

Trudeau premiership (2015-present)

Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi during Trudeau's official visit to India in 2018.

Justin Trudeau became the Canadian Prime Minister in 2015. He spent a week in India on a state visit in February 2018. A new agreement on education was signed and the India-Canada Consular Dialogue was established to sort diplomatic issues between the nations. Further agreements were signed in areas such as sport, information and communication technology, science and innovation and civil nuclear cooperation. During Trudeau's visit, he participated in a function in which Jaspal Atwal, a convict in the attempted murder of then Punjab minister Malkiat Singh Sidhu in 1986, also took part and drew criticism in India.

In 2019, Canada's Public Safety Department identified Sikh extremism as one the country's top terror threats, which was however omitted from further reports following protests from some of the Sikh community. Canada has the largest Sikh population outside India and Sikhs account for nearly 2 percent of Canada’s population. Omer Aziz, a former foreign policy advisor in the Trudeau government, claimed that the Sikh voting bloc influenced the government's policy making decisions and cited it as a reason why Canada ignored India's demands to crack down on financing from Khalistan supporters. The Indian government criticized the move and Chief Minister of Punjab Amarinder Singh claimed that Trudeau "succumbed to domestic political pressure" and that the move was a threat to global security.

In December 2020, Trudeau expressed concerns about the handling of farmer protests by the Indian government. He stated that "Canada will always be there to defend the rights of peaceful protestors" and expressed support for "the process of dialogue." India protested against the remarks and the Indian Ministry of External Affairs stated that Trudeau's comments were "an unacceptable interference in our internal affairs".

According to Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) data, of the more than 800,000 international students in Canada in 2022, 40 percent were from India, constituting the largest international student group in Canada.

India has, in recent times, accused Canada of sponsoring gang warfare, drugs trafficking, and extortion in India, which they believe sustains the Khalistan militant movement. Ex Canadian PM Stephen Harper said that Canada should stop cultivating divisive groups like pro Khalistani elements.

Diplomatic row (2023–2024)

This section is an excerpt from Canada–India diplomatic row.

The Canada–India diplomatic row is a diplomatic dispute between Canada and India that started in September 2023, with periodic escalation throughout the following year. While the diplomatic row was initially triggered due to Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's allegations that the Indian government was involved in the assassination of Hardeep Singh Nijjar, the ongoing tensions between India and Canada have been largely fuelled by disagreements over the Sikh separatist Khalistan movement and its active supporters.

This led to a prolonged diplomatic stand-off between the countries. Both the countries expelled diplomatic staff, claiming interference in the other's internal affairs.

In 2023, both countries expelled members of each other's diplomatic staff and advised their citizens against traveling to the other; Canada closed three consulates in India. In October 2024, Canada expelled Sanjay Kumar Verma, the Indian High Commissioner to Canada, along with five other diplomats. India retaliated with six expulsions of its own.

Leaders of various nations released statements expressing concern on the stand-off.

Cultural relations

Sports

See also: Commonwealth diaspora § Sports, and Kabaddi in Canada

Cricket and kabaddi, which are popular in India, have grown in Canada partially due to migration, with the Canadian Minister of State for Sport, Bal Gosal, saying in 2012 that the two countries would collaborate on further growing ties in sports.

Diplomatic missions

Canadian High Commission in New Delhi (left) and Indian High Commission in Ottawa

As both countries are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, Canada and India exchange High Commissioners.

  • Canada:
    • High commission in New Delhi
    • Consulates-general in Bangalore, Chandigarh and Mumbai
  • India:
    • High commission in Ottawa
    • Consulates-general in Toronto and Vancouver

Trade

Preneet Kaur (right), the Indian Minister of State for External Affairs signs a MoU with Ed Fast (left), the Canadian Minister of International Trade in the presence of the Prime Ministers of both the countries in 2012.

In 2023, bilateral trade between India and Canada was valued at $9.36 billion with the Indian exports to Canada worth $5.56 billion and Canadian exports to India valued at $3.80 billion. In July 2024, India accounted for 0.74% ($0.74 billion) of Canada's total trade of $99.04 billion and Canada accounted for 0.82% of India's total trade of $90.14 billion. The major Indian exports included pharmaceuticals, telephones, automobile parts, sea food, electrical components, and jewelry, while Canada's main exports included coal briquettes, wood pulp, iron ore, legumes, and paper. The countries held discussions on a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement in the 2010s and the volume of trade between the two countries has grew steadily over the last decade.

Merchandise trade between India and Canada (2022)
Canadian exports Indian exports
Merchandise Value ($ billion) % Merchandise Value ($ billion) %
Mineral fuel and oils 1.12 26.2 Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals 0.91 16.9
Fertilizer 0.77 17.8 Textiles 0.75 13.9
Paper 0.65 15.1 Machineries and electronics 0.68 12.6
Food products 0.31 7.1 Iron and steel 0.62 11.7
Aircraft 0.24 5.5 Jewellery 0.36 6.5
Iron and steel 0.23 5.3 Automobile parts 0.30 5.6
Others 1.75 41.0 Others 1.75 32.5
Total 4.32 100% Total 5.37 100%

Air connectivity

As of 2024, Air Canada operates non-stop flights from Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver to Delhi, and from Toronto to Mumbai. In September 2019, Air India resumed its non-stop flights from Delhi to Toronto, and began scheduled flights from Delhi to Vancouver in October 2020. In May 2022, Indian aviation minister Jyotiraditya Scindia met with Canadian Transport Minister Omar Alghabra to discuss an open skies treaty, which would allow unlimited flights between the two countries.

See also

References

  1. "India recalls its Envoy and diplomats".
  2. "India expels Canadian Diplomats".
  3. "The Union of Canada". Britannica. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  4. "British Raj". Britannica. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  5. Buchignani, Norman (12 May 2010). "South Asian Canadians". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  6. ^ Singh, Khushwant (26 February – 12 March 1961). "The Ghadr Rebellion". Illustrated Weekly of India: Feb 26 – Mar 12. Archived from the original on 24 March 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  7. Unoki, Ko (2022). Racism, Diplomacy, and International Relations. Routledge. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-000-54154-0.
  8. Raska, Jan (4 November 2020). "Early Political and Public Responses to Canada's Official Multiculturalism Policy, 1971-1972". Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21.
  9. "Sikh Candian History". ExplorAsian. Archived from the original on 2 July 2006. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
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Further reading

  • Bragta, Sanjeev Kumar. "India-Canada Relations: A View on Geopolitical, Geoeconomic Convergence and Divergence." Technium Social Science Journal 31 (2022): 693+ online.
  • Budhwar, Prem K. et al. "India-Canada Relations: a Roller-Coaster Ride." Indian Foreign Affairs Journal 13.1 (2018): 1-50. online essays by seven experts
  • Chandrasekhar, Sripati (1986). From India to Canada: a brief history of immigration, problems of discrimination, admission and assimilation. Population Review Books. ISBN 9780960908011.
  • Coward, Howard, ed. Peace. Development and Culture: Comparative Studies of lndia and Canada (Calgary: Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute. 1988).
  • Dobell, W. M. "Canada and India: The Mulroney Years." Journal of Asian and African Studies 25.3-4 (1990): 131–145.
  • Edwards, Lucie. "The lady is a tiger: Canada's erratic courtship of India." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 18#3 (2012): 264–266.
  • Gayithri, K. et al. eds. Nation-Building, Education and Culture in India and Canada (Springer, 2019) online
  • Grewal, J.S. and Hugh Johnston, eds. The India-Canada Relationship -- Exploring Political, Economic and Cultural Dimensions (London: Sage/Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute, 1994).
  • Gupta, Ashis, ed. Canada-lndia Opportunities - Selected 1988 Conference Proceedings, (University of Calgary, 1988)
  • Mansi, K. "Foreign Policy of Canada vis-à-vis India under Stephen Harper: From Cold Storage to Warmth of Billion-Dollar Trade." in K. Gayithri, et al. eds. Nation-Building, Education and Culture in India and Canada (Springer, 2019) pp. 135–154. online
  • Mishra, Anil Dutta and Govind Prasad (2003). India and Canada: Past, Present & Future. Mittal Publications. ISBN 9788170998785.
  • Raj, Christopher S. and Abdul Nafey (2007). Canada's global engagements and relations with India. Manak Publications. ISBN 978-81-7827-168-2.
  • Reid, Escott. Envoy to Nehru (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1981).
  • Rubinoff, Arthur, ed. Canada and South Asia: Political and Strategic Relations (University of Toronto Press, 1992).
  • Rubinoff, Arthur G. "Canada's re-engagement with India." Asian Survey 42.6 (2002): 838–855. online
  • Rudner, Martin. "The Canada-India nexus: Trade and development assistance in Canada's new foreign policy framework." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 3.2 (1995): 33–50.
  • Sharma, Kavita. "Dynamics of Sikh Diaspora and its Implications for India-Canada Relations" Research Reinforcement (2021) 9#1 pp. 50–57 ISSN 2348-3857 online
  • Singh, Milan, and Anita Singh. "Diaspora, political action, and identity: A case study of Canada's Indian diaspora." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 17.2 (2014): 149–171. online
  • Suryanarayana, P. S. "Canada-India row: a test of the “rules-based order”." RSIS Commentaries, 141-23 (2023). online
  • Touhey, Ryan M. "The Canada-India Relationship: A Historical Understanding of Political Discontent and Diaspora." India Migration Report 2024 (Routledge India, 2024) pp. 26–35. online
  • Touhey, Ryan. Conflicting Visions: Canada and India in the Cold War World, 1946-76 (U British Columbia Press, 2015)

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