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			{{Short description\|Group of Low German dialects}}
	{\| border="1" cellspacing="0" align="right" cellpading="2"
			{{Other uses}}
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			{{More citations needed\|date=December 2009}}
	! align="center" bgcolor=pink \| ''']'''
			{{Use dmy dates \|date=December 2024}}
	\|-
			{{Infobox language
	\|
			\|name=West Low German
	{\| align="center"
			\|altname=
	\|-
			\|states=], ], ]
	\|
			\|speakers=Native: {{sigfig\|301,000\|2}}
	\|]
			\|date=2016
	\|-
			\|ref=e25
	\|
			\|speakers2=L2: {{sigfig\|2.200000\|2}} million<ref name=e25/>
	\|]
			\|speakers_label=Speakers
	\|-
			\|familycolor=Indo-European
	\|
	\|]s		\|fam2=]
			\|fam3=]
	\|-
			\|fam4=]
	\|
	\|]s		\|fam5=]
			\|map=Nedersaksiese taalgebied.png
	\|-
			\|mapcaption=West Low German area in yellow.
	\|
			\|iso2=nds
	\| '''Low Saxon language'''
			\|iso2comment=for ]
	\|}
			\|lc1=nds
	\|}
			\|ld1=(partial)
			\|lc2=wep
			\|ld2=Westphalian
			\|lc3=frs
			\|ld3=Eastern Frisian
			\|lc4=gos
			\|ld4=Gronings
			\|lc5=stl
			\|ld5=Stellingwerfs
			\|lc6=drt
			\|ld6=Drents
			\|lc7=twd
			\|ld7=Twents
			\|lc8=act
			\|ld8=Achterhoeks
			\|lc9=sdz
			\|ld9=Sallands
			\|lc10=vel
			\|ld10=Veluws
			\|glotto=west2357
			\|glottorefname=West Low German
			}}

			'''Low Saxon''' ({{langx\|nl\|Nedersaksisch}}), also known as '''West Low German''' ({{langx\|de\|Westniederdeutsch}}<ref>Peter Wiesinger, ''Die Einteilung der deutschen Dialekte'', in: Werner Besch, Ulrich Knoop, Wolfgang Putschke, Herbert Ernst Wiegand (eds.), ''Dialektologie. Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung. Zweiter Halbband'' (series: ''Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft'' (HSK), 1.2), 1983, p. 828</ref>) are a group of ] dialects spoken in parts of the ], northwestern ] and southern ] (in North Schleswig by parts of the German-speaking minority). It is one of two dialect groups, the other being ].
	'''Low Saxon''' (in Low Saxon, ''Nedersaksisch'', ''Neddersassisch'', ''"Plattdüütsch"'' or ''"Nedderdüütsch"'') is any of a variety of ] ]s spoken in northern ] and the ].
	] is the name for both the Low Saxon and the ] language.

			==Extent==
	Since ] Low Saxon has been recognised by the ] as an independent ]. Since ] Low Saxon is under protection of the ]. The ]-2 language code is '''nds''' since May 2000. The ] serves as a common intelligible language in ] and ] programmes.
			The language area comprises the ] states of ], ] (the ]n part), ], ], ] and ] (the northwestern areas around ]) as well as the northeast of the Netherlands (i.e. ], spoken in ], ], ] and northern ]) and the ] spoken by the ] in the southernmost part of Denmark.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Sanders \|first1=Willy \|title=Sachsensprache, Hansesprache, Plattdeutsch : sprachgeschichtliche Grundzüge des Niederdeutschen \|date=1982 \|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht \|location=Göttingen \|isbn=9783525012130 \|language=de \|trans-title=Language of the Saxons, the language of the Hanseatic League, Plattdeutsch: basics of the historical linugistics of Low German}}</ref>

			In the south the ] and ] isoglosses form the border with the area, where ] variants of ] are spoken.
	Although often considered a variation of ], in many aspects it is more like ], which is based on closely related ] dialects. Low Saxon, East Low German and Low Franconian are classified together as ].
	The distinction between Low Saxon, East Low German and Low Franconian (on one side) or ] (on the other side) is not precisely defined; there are several clines that vary smoothly from one dialect to another.

			==List of dialects==
	The Low Saxon language has commonality with the ], the ] languages and ] in that it has not been influenced by the High German ]. Therefore a lot of Low Saxon words sound similar to their English counterparts.

			===Germany===
	For instance: ''water'' , ''later'' , ''bit'' , ''dish'' , ''ship'' , ''pull'' , ''good'' , ''clock'' , ''sail'' , ''he'' , ''storm'' .
			*West Low German
			**], including the region around ] and the ] region of Lower Saxony
			**], spoken in southeastern Lower Saxony (], ], ]) and in the ] region
			**]
			***] in ]<ref name="Noble">{{cite book \|last1=Noble \|first1=Cecil Arthur M. \|title=Modern German dialects \|date=1983 \|publisher=P. Lang \|location=New York \|isbn=9780820400259 \|pages=103–104}}</ref>
			***Dithmarsisch<ref name="Noble"/>
			***Schleswigsch<ref name="Noble"/>
			***Holsteinisch<ref name="Noble"/>
			****]
			***Nordhannoversch<ref name="Noble"/>
			***Emsländisch<ref name="Noble"/>
			***Oldenburgisch in the ] region<ref name="Noble"/>

			]
	The grammar also shows similarities to the English language. Low Saxon declination has only three cases. In the northern dialects the participle is formed without the prefix ''ge-'', like the Scandinavian languages and English, but unlike Dutch and German. The syntax on the other hand is more like German syntax, though there are some differences.

			===Netherlands===
	It should be noted that ''e-'' is used instead of ''ge-'' in most Southern (below Groningen in the Netherlands + Westphalia) dialects, though often not when the participle ends with -en or in a few often used words like 'west' (been).
			{{Main\|Dutch Low Saxon}}
			While ] is a ], the ] varieties form a ] with ]. They consist of:
			* West Low German, divided into:<ref name="blo05" />{{rp\|p=9}}
			** ]
			** ]
			** ]
			** ]
			** West-Overijssels
			** ]
			** ]
			** ]

			===Denmark===
	Low Saxon was once much more widespread than today, being used as a ] throughout the ], under the influence of the ]. It served as a ] in many regions of northern Germany until it was replaced for that purpose by ] (a ]) during the unification of ] under ] in ].
			* West Low German
			** ]
			*** ] spoken in former ] (the northern part of the former ]) around ] (''Apenrade'')
			===Poland===
			* West Low German
			** Westphalian
			*** Koschneiderian - extinct dialect possibly related to Westphalian, used by settlers from around Osnabrück in the Koschneiderei region (Polish: )

			==Situation in the Netherlands==
	A Low Saxon Misplaced Pages has recently been started at http://nds.wikipedia.org.
			A 2005 study found that there were approximately 1.8 million "daily speakers" of Low Saxon in the Netherlands. 53% spoke Low Saxon or Low Saxon and Dutch at home and 71% could speak it.<ref name="blo05" />{{page needed \|date=July 2023}} According to another study the percentage of speakers among parents dropped from 34% in 1995 to 15% in 2011. The percentage of speakers among their children dropped from 8% to 2% in the same period.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web\|url=http://images.tresoar.nl/website/NTR12%20dialect1995-2011%20v2.pdf\|title=Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van Fries, streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995-2011\|last=Driessen\|first=Geert\|date=2012\|website=Radboud University Nijmegen\|language=nl\|access-date=2017-04-29\|trans-title=Development of the use of Frisian, regional languages and dialects from 1995 to 2011}}</ref>

			== References ==
	The Low Saxon greeting formula '']'' and its duplication '']'' gave the name for the WikiWiki MoinMoin Project http://moin.sourceforge.net/
			{{reflist \|refs=
			<ref name="blo05">{{cite report \|title=Taaltelling Nedersaksisch. Een enquête naar het gebruik en de beheersing van het Nedersaksisch in Nederland \|trans-title=Lower Saxon Language Census. A survey of the use and proficiency of Low Saxon in the Netherlands \|first=Henk \|last=Bloemhoff \|year=2005 \|language=nl \|department=Nedersaksisch Instituut \|publisher=Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen \|location=Groningen \|url=https://www.stellingia.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Taaltelling-Nedersaksisch-1.pdf \|url-status=live \|access-date=2024-12-30 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202143049if_/https://www.stellingia.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Taaltelling-Nedersaksisch-1.pdf \|archive-date=2024-12-02 \|isbn=90 6466 1324 \|ol=OL31709135M \|lccn=2006364430 \|oclc=230137295 }}</ref>
			}}

			{{-}}
	There are plans to create a computer vocabulary for lower German in order to translate Desktop environments such as ] and ].
			{{Germanic languages}}

			{{Authority control}}
	== List of dialects ==

			]
	Note that divisions between subfamilies of Germanic are rarely precisely defined; most form continuous clines, with adjacent ]s being mutually intelligible and more distantly separated ones being less so. However, most Low Saxon dialects are thought to be descended from, or to have been strongly influenced by ].
			]

			]

			]
	'''Dialects of Lower German in northern ]:'''

	* ]
	** ] (around ])
	** ] (in ])
	** ] (in ])
	** ] (in ])
	** ] (in ])

	* ]
	** ], or Emslandic (in western ])
	** Brookmer Platt (in the Brookmerland and Aurich area in East Frisia)
	** Rheiderländer Platt (in East Frisia)

	* ] (around ])
	** Heide Eastphalian
	** Main Eastphalian
	** Götting-Grubenhagen
	** Elbe Eastphalian

	* ] (in ])

	* ]
	** ] (in ])
	** ] (in ])
	** ] (in ])
	** '']'' (in ])
	** ] (nearly extinct)
	** ] (nearly extinct)


	'''Dialects in the north eastern ]:'''
	* Kollumerlands (a Frisian/Low Saxon mixture dialect in Groningen and ])
	* ] en ] (on frisian substrate)
	** Noord-Gronings (in ])
	** Westerwolds (in eastern Groningen)
	** Stad-Gronings/Noordenvelds (in Groningen and Northern ])
	* ] (in ] and ], in Fryslân and in parts of Drenthe)
	** Veenkoloniaals (in eastern Groningen and Drenthe)
	* ]
	* ]
	* ] (in eastern ])
	* ]
	* ] (]) en ]
	** ] (in ])
	** ] (in central Overijssel, in Gelderland and in Drenthe, resp.)
	** ] (in ])
	* ] (a Dutch/Low Saxon mixture dialect spoken in Gelderland)

	'''Dialects in ] and the ]:'''

	* ] (in ] communities)


	This list is not complete.

	See also: ].

	== The ] in Northern Low Saxon (German based spelling) ==

	: Unse Vadder in d'n Himmel!
	: Laat hilligt waren dienen Namen.
	: Laat kamen dien Riek.
	: Laat waren dienen Willen so as in d'n Himmel,
	: so ook op de Eerd.
	: Uns' dääglich Brood giv uns vundaag.
	: Un vergiv uns unse Schuld,
	: as Wi de vergeven hebt,
	: de an uns schüllig sünd.
	: Un laat uns nich versöcht waren.
	: Maak uns vrie vun dat Böse.

	== The Lord's Prayer in Northern Low Saxon (Dutch based spelling) ==
	:(Same dialect and text used as above)

	: Onze vadder in den himmel
	: Laot hilligt worden dienen naomen
	: Laot komen dien riek
	: Laot worden dienen willen zoas in den himmel,
	: zo ook op di'j eerd'
	: Ons deeglig brood gif ons vóndaog.
	: on vergif ons onze schuld,
	: as wie di'j vergeven hebt,
	: di'j an ons schullig sund.
	: On laot ons nich verzöcht worden.
	: Maok ons vrie vón dat beuse.

	== The Lord's Prayer in Old Saxon (Heliand, 9. century D.C.) ==

	: Fadar ûsa firiho barno,
	: thu bist an them hôhon himila rîkea,
	: geuuîhid sî thîn namo uuordo gehuuilico.
	: Cuma thîn craftag rîki.
	: Uuerða thîn uuilleo obar thesa uuerold alla,
	: sô sama an erðo, sô thar uppa ist
	: an them hôhon himilo rîkea.
	: Gef ûs dago gehuuilikes râd, drohtin the gôdo,
	: thîna hêlaga helpa, endi alât ûs, hebenes uuard,
	: managoro mênsculdio, al sô uue ôðrum mannum dôan.
	: Ne lât ûs farlêdean lêða uuihti
	: sô forð an iro uuilleon, sô uui uuirðige sind,
	: ac help ûs uuiðar allun ubilon dâdiun.

	== Resources ==

	There is a lot of information about the Low Saxon language to be found online. A selection of these links can be found on this page, which will provide a good frame work to understand the history, current situation and features of the language.

	'''Information:'''
	* An introduction article to Low Saxon;
	* (kind of unprecise, but Ethnologue are not planning an update any time soon)
	* , provided by the Lowlands List;
	* , information in and about various Low Saxon dialects;
	* All known resources in and about Low Saxon;
	* , by Olaf Bordasch;
	* , by Klaus-Werner Kahl.

	'''Organizations:'''
	* (Twente, the Netherlands)
	* (Overijssel and Veluwe, the Netherlands)
	* (Achterhoek, the Netherlands)
	* (Ostfriesland, Germany)
	* (Drenthe, the Netherlands)
	* (Mennonite Low Saxon)
	* (Friesland, the Netherlands)
	* (General, the Netherlands)
	* (General, Germany)

	If your organisation isn't listed here, feel free to add it.

	'''Writers:'''
	* (Stellingwarfs - Friesland, the Netherlands)
	* (Northern Low Saxon - Hamburg, Germany)
	* (Northern Low Saxon - Hamburg, Germany)

	'''Musicians:'''
	* (Drents/Dutch - Drenthe, the Netherlands)
	* (East frisian - Ostfriesland, Germany)
	* (Gronings - Groningen, the Netherlands)
	* (Veenkoloniaals - Groningen, the Netherlands)

	'''Not organized links:'''
	* http://www.plattmaster.de/
	* http://www.platt-online.de/
	* http://www.zfn-ratzeburg.de/

	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]

	]

Latest revision as of 09:10, 30 December 2024

Group of Low German dialects For other uses, see Low Saxon (disambiguation).

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Low Saxon" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

West Low German
Native to	Germany, Netherlands, Southern Denmark
Speakers	Native: 300,000 (2016) L2: 2.2 million
Language family	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic North Sea Germanic Low German West Low German
Language codes
ISO 639-2	`nds` for Low German
ISO 639-3	Variously: `nds` – (partial) `wep` – Westphalian `frs` – Eastern Frisian `gos` – Gronings `stl` – Stellingwerfs `drt` – Drents `twd` – Twents `act` – Achterhoeks `sdz` – Sallands `vel` – Veluws
Glottolog	`west2357`
West Low German area in yellow.

Low Saxon (Dutch: Nedersaksisch), also known as West Low German (German: Westniederdeutsch) are a group of Low German dialects spoken in parts of the Netherlands, northwestern Germany and southern Denmark (in North Schleswig by parts of the German-speaking minority). It is one of two dialect groups, the other being East Low German.

Extent

The language area comprises the North German states of Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia (the Westphalian part), Bremen, Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein and Saxony-Anhalt (the northwestern areas around Magdeburg) as well as the northeast of the Netherlands (i.e. Dutch Low Saxon, spoken in Groningen, Drenthe, Overijssel and northern Gelderland) and the Schleswigsch dialect spoken by the North Schleswig Germans in the southernmost part of Denmark.

In the south the Benrath line and Uerdingen line isoglosses form the border with the area, where West Central German variants of High German are spoken.

List of dialects

Germany

West Low German
- Westphalian, including the region around Münster and the Osnabrück region of Lower Saxony
- Eastphalian, spoken in southeastern Lower Saxony (Hanover, Braunschweig, Göttingen) and in the Magdeburg Börde region
- Northern Low Saxon
  - East Frisian Low Saxon in East Frisia
  - Dithmarsisch
  - Schleswigsch
  - Holsteinisch
    - Hamburgisch
  - Nordhannoversch
  - Emsländisch
  - Oldenburgisch in the Oldenburg region

Netherlands

Main article: Dutch Low Saxon

While Dutch is a Low Franconian language, the Dutch Low Saxon varieties form a dialect continuum with Westphalian. They consist of:

West Low German, divided into:
- Gronings
- Drents
- Stellingwerfs
- Sallands
- West-Overijssels
- Twents
- Achterhoeks
- Veluws

Denmark

West Low German
- Northern Low Saxon
  - Schleswigsch dialect spoken in former South Jutland County (the northern part of the former Duchy of Schleswig) around Aabenraa (Apenrade)

Poland

West Low German
- Westphalian
  - Koschneiderian - extinct dialect possibly related to Westphalian, used by settlers from around Osnabrück in the Koschneiderei region (Polish: Kosznajderia)

Situation in the Netherlands

A 2005 study found that there were approximately 1.8 million "daily speakers" of Low Saxon in the Netherlands. 53% spoke Low Saxon or Low Saxon and Dutch at home and 71% could speak it. According to another study the percentage of speakers among parents dropped from 34% in 1995 to 15% in 2011. The percentage of speakers among their children dropped from 8% to 2% in the same period.

References

^ (partial) at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Westphalian at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Eastern Frisian at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Gronings at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Stellingwerfs at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Drents at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
(Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box)
Peter Wiesinger, Die Einteilung der deutschen Dialekte, in: Werner Besch, Ulrich Knoop, Wolfgang Putschke, Herbert Ernst Wiegand (eds.), Dialektologie. Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung. Zweiter Halbband (series: Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft (HSK), 1.2), 1983, p. 828
Sanders, Willy (1982). Sachsensprache, Hansesprache, Plattdeutsch : sprachgeschichtliche Grundzüge des Niederdeutschen [Language of the Saxons, the language of the Hanseatic League, Plattdeutsch: basics of the historical linugistics of Low German] (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 9783525012130.
^ Noble, Cecil Arthur M. (1983). Modern German dialects. New York: P. Lang. pp. 103–104. ISBN 9780820400259.
^ Bloemhoff, Henk (2005). Taaltelling Nedersaksisch. Een enquête naar het gebruik en de beheersing van het Nedersaksisch in Nederland [Lower Saxon Language Census. A survey of the use and proficiency of Low Saxon in the Netherlands] (PDF). Nedersaksisch Instituut (Report) (in Dutch). Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen. ISBN 90 6466 1324. LCCN 2006364430. OCLC 230137295. OL 31709135M. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2024.
Driessen, Geert (2012). "Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van Fries, streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995-2011" [Development of the use of Frisian, regional languages and dialects from 1995 to 2011] (PDF). Radboud University Nijmegen (in Dutch). Retrieved 29 April 2017.

Germanic languages

According to contemporary philology

West

Anglo-Frisian

Anglic

English
- dialects
- Old English
- Middle English
- Modern English
  - Early Modern English
Irish Middle English
- Fingallian
- Kildare
- Yola
Scots
- Early Scots
- Middle Scots

Frisian

Historical forms	Old Frisian Middle Frisian
East Frisian	Ems Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Weser Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian
North Frisian	Insular Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Mainland Bökingharde Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde
West Frisian	Hindeloopen Schiermonnikoog Westlauwers–Terschellings Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Terschelling

Low German

Historical forms	Old Saxon Middle Low German
West Low German	Dutch Low Saxon Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders-Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Northern Low Saxon East Frisian Low Saxon Eastphalian Westphalian
East Low German	Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch Brandenburgisch Central Pomeranian East Pomeranian Low Prussian Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German

Low Franconian

Historical forms	Frankish Old Dutch Middle Dutch
Standard variants	Dutch Afrikaans (Kaaps)
West Low Franconian	Central Dutch Hollandic West Flemish French Flemish Zeelandic East Flemish Brabantian Kleverlandish Surinamese Dutch Jersey Dutch Mohawk Dutch Stadsfries/Bildts/Amelands/Midslands
East Low Franconian	Limburgish
Cover groups	Bergish Meuse-Rhenish

High German
(German)

Historical forms

Old High German
Middle High German
New High German
- Early New High German

Standard German

Non-standard variants
and creoles

Central German

West Central German	Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian Central Hessian Amana German
East Central German	Thuringian Upper Saxon Erzgebirgisch Lusatian Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Halcnovian

Upper German

North and East

North

Historical forms	Proto-Norse Old Norse Old West Norse Old East Norse Old Gutnish
West	Norwegian Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Bokmål (written) Nynorsk (written) Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Faroese Icelandic Old Icelandic Middle Icelandic Greenlandic Norse Norn
East	Swedish Swedish dialects Rinkebysvenska Danish Danish dialects Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic East Danish Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Southern Schleswig Danish Gøtudanskt Perkerdansk Old Danish Middle Danish Dalecarlian Elfdalian
Gutnish Mainland Gutnish Fårö Gutnish

East

Gothic
- Crimean Gothic
- Ostrogoth
- Visigoth
- Gepid ?
Burgundian
Vandalic
Herulian ?
Skirian ?

Philology

Language subgroups	North East West Elbe (Irminonic) Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) North Sea (Ingvaeonic) Northwest Gotho-Nordic South
Reconstructed	Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic grammar Germanic parent language Ancient Belgian language
Diachronic features	Grimm's law Verner's law Holtzmann's law Sievers's law Kluge's law Germanic substrate hypothesis West Germanic gemination High German consonant shift Germanic a-mutation Germanic umlaut Germanic spirant law Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law Great Vowel Shift
Synchronic features	Germanic verb Germanic strong verb Germanic weak verb Preterite-present verb Grammatischer Wechsel Indo-European ablaut

Italics indicate extinct languages
Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.

Categories: