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	~~{{dablink\|This article is about the~~ Chinese civilization~~. For the two modern~~ ~~political~~ ~~entities,~~ ~~see~~:		'''Chinese civilization''' may refer to:
			* The country ]
	:''']''', which governs ], ], and ]; or''
			* ]
	:''']''', which governs ], the ], the ], and ].
			* ]
	For other meanings, see ].}}
			* ]

			* ]
	] and ].]]
	] flag in ].]]
	] flag in ].]]

	'''China''' ({{zh-tsht\|t=中國\|s=中国\|hp={{Audio\|zh-zhongguo.ogg\|Zhōngguó}}\|tp=Jhongguó}}) is a ], ancient ], and ] in ]. It is one of the world's oldest ]s, consisting of states and ] dating back more than six millennia. The stalemate of the last ] has resulted in two political entities using the name ''China'': the ], administering ], ], and ]; and the ], administering ] and its ]. See ].

	China is one of the world's oldest continuous civilizations. It has the world's longest continuously used ], and is said to be the source of some of the ], including the ']': ], the ], ], and ].

	==Name==
	{{main\|Names of China}}
	China is called '''''Zhongguo''''' in ]. The first character ''zhōng'' ({{linktext\|中}}) means "middle" or "central," while ''guó'' ({{linktext\|国}} or {{linktext\|國}}) means "country" or "state". The term can be literally translated as "Middle Kingdom" or "Central Kingdom." In ancient times the term referred to the "Central States" along the Yellow River valley.

	] and many other languages use various forms of the name "China" and the ] "Sino-" or "Sin-". These forms are thought to be probably derived from the name of the ] that first unified the country (221-206 BCE).<ref>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed (AHD4). Boston and New York, Houghton-Mifflin, 2000, entries ''china, Qin, Sino-''.</ref> The Qin Dynasty unified the written language in China and gave the supreme ruler of China the title of "Emperor" instead of "King," thus the subsequent ] traders might have identified themselves by that name.

	==History==
	{{main\|History of China\|Timeline of Chinese history}}
	] was one of the earliest centers of human ]. Chinese civilization was also one of the few to invent ] independently, the others being ], ] (]), ], ] (]), and ].

	===Prehistory===
	Archaeological evidence suggests that the earliest humans in China date to 2.24 million to 250,000 years ago.<ref> by </ref><ref> at </ref> A cave in ] (near present-day ]) has fossils dated at somewhere between 300,000 to 550,000 years.

	The earliest evidence of a fully modern human in China comes from ], ], where a cranium has been found and dated to approximately 67,000 years ago. Although much controversy persists over the dating of the Liujiang remains,<ref></ref><ref> at </ref> a partial skeleton from Minatogawa in ], ] has been dated to 18,250 ± 650 to 16,600 ± 300 years ago, so modern humans must have reached China before that time.

	===Dynastic rule===
	] (Yin) and contemporaneous advanced societies in 1350 BCE]]
	], in the year 2 CE]]
	Chinese tradition names the first ] ], but it was considered mythical until scientific excavations found early ] sites at ] in ] Province.<ref> by </ref> Archaeologists have since uncovered urban sites, bronze implements, and tombs in locations cited as Xia's in ancient historical texts, but it is impossible to verify that these remains are of the Xia without written records from the period.

	The second dynasty, the loosely feudal ], definitely settled along the ] in eastern China from the 18th to the 12th century BCE. They were invaded from the west by the ], who ruled from the 12th to the 5th century BCE. The centralized authority of the Zhou was slowly eroded by warlords. Many strong, independent states continually warring with each other in the ], only occasionally deferring to the Zhou king.

	The first unified Chinese state was established by the ] in 221 BCE, when the office of the ] was set up and the Chinese language was forcibly standardized. This state did not last long, as its ] policies soon led to widespread rebellion.

	The subsequent ] ruled China between 206 BCE and 220 CE, and created a lasting ] among its populace that would last to the present day. The Han Dynasty expanded China's territory considerably with military campaigns reaching ], ], ] and ], and also established the ] in Central Asia, through which it made ] with the ].

	After Han's collapse, another period of disunion followed, including the highly chivalric period of the ]. Independent Chinese states of this period also opened diplomatic relations with ], introducing the Chinese writing system there. In 580 CE, China was reunited under the ]. However, the Sui Dynasty was short-lived after a failure in the ] (598-614) weakened it.

	Under the succeeding ] and ] dynasties, Chinese technology and culture reached its zenith. Between the 7th and 14th centuries, China was one of the most advanced ]s in the world in technology, literature, and art.{{Fact\|date=January 2007}} In 1271, ] ] ] established the ], with the last remnant of the Song Dynasty falling to the Yuan in 1279. A peasant named ] overthrew the Mongols in 1368 and founded the ], which lasted until 1644. The Manchu-founded ], which lasted until 1912, was the last dynasty in China.

	Regime change was often violent and the new ruling class usually needed to take special measures to ensure the loyalty of the overthrown dynasty. For example, after the ] conquered China, the Manchu rulers put into effect measures aimed at subduing the ] identity, such as the requirement for the Han Chinese to wear the Manchu hairstyle, the ].

	In the 19th century the Qing Dynasty adopted a defensive posture towards European ], even though it engaged in ] expansion into Central Asia itself. At this time China awoke to the significance of the rest of the world, in particular the West. As China opened up to foreign trade and missionary activity, ] produced by ] was forced onto Qing China. Two ]s with Britain weakened the Emperor's control.

	One result was the ] which lasted from 1851 to 1862. It was led by ], who was partly influenced by a misinterpretation of ]. Hong believed himself to be the son of ] and the younger brother of ]. Although the Qing forces were eventually victorious, the civil war was one of the bloodiest in human history, costing at least twenty million lives (more than the total number of fatalities in the ]), with some estimates up to two-hundred million. The flow of British opium led to more decline.

	While China was torn by continuous war, ] succeeded in rapidly modernizing its military with its sights on Qing's Korea and Manchuria. Maneuvered by Imperial Japan, the Qing tributary state of ] declared independence from Qing China in 1894, leading to the ], which resulted in China's humiliating secession of both Korea and ] to Japan. Following these series of defeats, ] for Qing China to become a modern Meiji-style ] was drafted by the ] in 1898, but was opposed and stopped by the Empress Dowager ], who placed Emperor Guangxu under house arrest in a coup d'état. Further destruction followed the ill-fated 1900 ] against westerners in ]. By the early 20th century, mass civil disorder had begun, and calls for reform and revolution were heard across the country. The 38 year old Emperor Guangxu died under house arrest on November 14, 1908, suspiciously just a day before Cixi. With the throne empty, he was succeeded by Cixi's handpicked heir, his two year old nephew ], who became the Xuantong Emperor, the last Chinese emperor. Guangxu's consort, who became the ], signed the abdication decree as regent in 1912, ending two thousand years of imperial rule in China. She died, childless, in 1913.

	{{see also\|Dynasties in Chinese history\|Chinese sovereign}}

	===Republic of China===
	], ] delivered a speech that would later become the lyrics of the ].]]

	On January 1, 1912, the Republic of China was established, heralding the end of the Qing Dynasty. ] of the ] (KMT or Nationalist Party), was proclaimed provisional president of the republic. However, ], a former Qing general who had defected to the revolutionary cause, soon usurped the presidency by forcing Sun to step aside. Yuan then attempted to have himself emperor of a new dynasty, but died of natural causes before securing power over all of the Chinese empire.

	After Yuan Shikai's death, China was politically fragmented, with an internationally-recognized, but virtually powerless, national government seated in Beijing. Warlords in various regions exercised actual control over their respective territories. In the late 1920s, the Kuomintang, under ], was able to reunify the country under its own control, moving the nation's capital to ] (Nanking) and implementing "]", an intermediate stage of political development outlined in Sun Yat-sen's program for transforming China into a modern, democratic state. Effectively, political tutelage meant one-party rule by the Kuomintang.

	The ] (part of ]) forced an uneasy alliance between the Nationalists and the Communists. With the surrender of ] in 1945, China emerged victorious but financially drained. The continued distrust between the Nationalists and the Communists led to the resumption of the ]. In 1947, constitutional rule was established, but because of the ongoing Civil War many provisions of the ROC constitution were never implemented on the mainland.

	{{see also\|History of the Republic of China}}

	===The People's Republic of China and the Republic of China===
	] include ], ], ], parts of the ] former ], and northern ].]]

	After its victory in the ], the ], led by ], controlled most of Mainland China. On October 1, 1949, they established the People's Republic of China, laying claim as the ] of the ROC. The central government of the ROC was forced to retreat to the island of ]. Major armed hostilities ceased in 1950 but both sides are technically still at war.

	Beginning in the late 1970s, the Republic of China began the implementation of full, multi-party, ] in the territories still under its control (], ], ] and some offshore islands of ] province). Today, the ROC has active political participation by all sectors of society. The main cleavage in ROC politics is the issue of eventual unification with China vs. formal independence.

	Post-1978 reforms on the mainland have led to some relaxation of control over many areas of society. However, the Chinese government still has absolute control over politics, and it continually seeks to eradicate threats to the stability of the country. Examples include the fight against ], jailing of ] and ], custody ] of the press, regulation of religion, and suppression of independence/secessionist movements. In 1989, the ] at ] were violently put to an end by the Chinese military after 15 days of martial law.

	In 1997 ] was returned to the PRC by the ] and in 1999 ] was returned by ].

	{{see also\|History of Hong Kong\|History of Macau\|History of Taiwan\|History of the People's Republic of China}}

	===Present===
	Today, the Republic of China continues to exist on Taiwan, while the People's Republic of China controls the Chinese mainland. The PRC continues to be dominated by the Communist Party, but the ROC has moved towards democracy. Both states are still officially claiming to be the sole legitimate ruler of all of "China". The ROC had more international support immediately after 1949, but most international diplomatic recognitions have shifted to the PRC. The ROC representative to the ] was replaced by the PRC representative in 1971.

	The ROC has not formally renounced its claim to all of China, or changed its official maps on which its territories include the mainland and ], but it has moved away from this identity and increasingly identifies itself as "Taiwan". Presently, the ROC does not pursue any of its claims. The PRC claims to have succeeded the ROC as the legitimate governing authority of all of China including Taiwan. The PRC has used diplomatic and economic pressure to prevent official recognition of the ROC by world organizations such as the ] and the ]. Today, there are ] that maintain official diplomatic relations with the ROC and 159 U.N. member states that maintain official diplomatic relations with the PRC.

	==Territory==
	===Historical political divisions===
	{{main\|History of the political divisions of China}}

	Top-level political divisions of China have altered as administrations changed. Top levels included ]s and ]s. Below that, there have been ]s, ]s, ], ], ]s, and ]. Recent divisions also include ], ], ]s and ]s.

	Most Chinese dynasties were based in the historical heartlands of China, known as ]. Various dynasties also ] into peripheral territories like ], ], ], and ]. The ]-established ] and its successors, the ROC and the PRC, incorporated these territories into China. China proper is generally thought to be bounded by the ] and the edge of the ]. ] and ] are found to the north of the ], and the boundary between them can either be taken as the present border between ] and the ] provinces, or the more historic border of the ]-era ] of ]. ]'s borders correspond to today's administrative ]. Historic ] occupies all of the ]. China is traditionally divided into the boundary being the ] and ].

	===Geography and climate===
	{{main\|Geography of China}}
	]

	China ranges from mostly ] and ] in the west to lower lands in the east. Principal ]s flow from west to east, including the ] (central), the ] (Yellow river, north-central), and the ] (northeast), and sometimes toward the south (including the ], ], and ]), with most Chinese rivers emptying into the ].

	In the east, along the shores of the ] and the ] there are extensive and densely populated ] plains. On the edges of the Inner Mongolian plateau in the north, grasslands can be seen. Southern China is dominated by hills and low ]s. In the central-east are the ] of China's two major rivers, the ] and ]. Most of China's arable lands lie along these rivers; they were the centers of China's major ancient civilizations. Other major rivers include the ], ], ] and ]. Yunnan Province is considered a part of the Greater Mekong Subregion, which also includes Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam<ref> published by </ref>.

	In the west, the north has a great alluvial plain, and the south has a vast ] ] traversed by ] ranges of moderate elevation, and the ]s, containing Earth's highest point, ]. The northwest also has high plateaus with more arid ] landscapes such as the ] and the ], which has been expanding. During many dynasties, the southwestern border of China has been the high ]s and deep valleys of ], which separate modern China from ], ] and ].

	The ] formations of China, excepting only the upper part of the ] system, are ], while the ] and ] deposits are ] and ] or else of terrestrial origin. Groups of ] cones occur in the Great Plain of north China. In the ] and ] Peninsulas, there are ]ic plateaus.

	The ] of China varies greatly. The northern zone (containing Beijing) has summer daytime temperatures of more than 30 degrees Celsius and winters of ] severity. The central zone (containing ]) has a ] ] with very hot summers and cold winters. The southern zone (containing ]) has a ] climate with very hot summers and mild winters.

	Due to a prolonged ] and poor agricultural practices, ]s have become usual in the spring in China.<ref>. BBC news. Accessed 17 April, 2006.</ref> Dust has blown to southern China and Taiwan, and has even reached the West Coast of the ]. Water, ], and pollution control have become important issues in China's relations with other countries.

	{{seealso\|Environment of China}}

	==Society==
	===Culture===
	{{main\|Culture of China}}
	] in ], ], one of the largest gardens in China.]]
	Confucianism was the official philosophy throughout most of ]'s history, and mastery of Confucian texts was the primary criterion for ]. The literary emphasis of the exams affected the general perception of cultural refinement in China, e.g. the view that ] was a higher art form than painting or drama. China's traditional values were derived from various versions of ] and ]. A number of more ] strains of thought have also been influential, such as ]. There was often conflict between the philosophies, e.g. the ] ] ] believed ] departed from the original spirit of Confucianism. Examinations and a ] remain greatly valued in China today. In recent years, a number of ] have advocated that democratic ideals and human rights are quite compatible with traditional Confucian "Asian values".<ref>Bary, Theodore de. . Columbia University.</ref>

	With the rise of Western ] and ] power beginning in the mid-19th century, non-Chinese systems of social and political organization gained adherents in China. Some of these would-be reformers totally rejected China's cultural legacy, while others sought to combine the strengths of Chinese and Western cultures. In essence, the history of 20th century China is one of experimentation with new systems of social, ], and economic organization that would allow for the reintegration of the nation in the wake of dynastic collapse.

	The first leaders of the PRC were born in the old society but were influenced by the ] and reformist ideals. They sought to change some traditional aspects of Chinese culture, such as rural land tenure, sexism, and Confucian education, while preserving others, such as the family structure and obedience to the state. Many observers believe that the period following 1949 is a continuation of traditional Chinese ] history. Others say that the CPC's rule and the ] have damaged the foundations of Chinese culture, asserting that many important aspects of traditional Chinese morals and culture, such as ], ], literature, and performing arts like ] were altered to conform to government policies and communist propaganda. The institution of the ] orthography reform is controversial as well.

	Today, the PRC government has accepted much of traditional ] as an integral part of Chinese society, calling it an important achievement of the Chinese civilization and vital to the formation of a ].

	{{see also\|Chinese law\|Chinese philosophy\|Confucianism}}

	====Arts, scholarship, and literature====
	] by Mifu, ], ca. 1100 CE]]

	{{main\|Chinese art\|History of Chinese art}}

	]s have had many variants and styles throughout Chinese history. Tens of thousands of ancient written documents are still extant, from ] to Qing edicts. ] is a major art form in China, more highly regarded than ] and ]. Manuscripts of the Classics and religious texts (mainly ], ], and ]) were handwritten by ]. Calligraphy later became commercialized, and works by famous artists became prized possessions.

	] has a long past; the earliest classic work in Chinese, the '']'' or "Book of Changes" dates to around ]. A flourishing of philosophy during the ] produced such noteworthy works as Confucius's '']'' and ]'s '']''. (See also the ].) Dynastic histories were often written, beginning with ]'s seminal '']''. The Tang Dynasty witnessed a ] flowering, while the ] of Chinese literature were written during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

	] was developed during the ]. Academies of scholars sponsored by the empire were formed to comment on the classics in both printed and handwritten form. Royalty frequently participated in these discussions.

	For centuries, economic and social advancement in China could be provided by high performance on the ]s. This led to a ], although it was available only to males who could afford test preparation. Imperial examinations required applicants to write essays and demonstrate mastery of the Confucian classics. Those who passed the highest level of the exam became elite scholar-officials known as ''jinshi,'' a highly esteemed socio-economic position.

	Chinese philosophers, writers, and poets were highly respected, and played key roles in preserving and promoting the culture of the empire. Some classical scholars, however, were noted for their daring depictions of the lives of the common people, often to the displeasure of authorities.

	The Chinese invented numerous ]s, such as the ] ({{zh-stp\|s=筝\|t=箏\|p=zhēng}}; zither with movable bridges), ] ({{zh-cp\|c=琴\|p=qín}}; bridgeless zither), ] ({{zh-cp\|c=笙\|p=shēng}}; pandean pipe or free reed), ] ({{zh-stp\|s=箫\|t=簫\|p=xiāo}}; end blown flute) and adopted and developed others such the ] ({{zh-cp\|c=二胡\|p=èrhú}}; alto fiddle or bowed lute) and ] ({{zh-cp\|c=琵琶\|p=pípa}}; plucked lute), many of which have later spread throughout ] and ], particularly to Japan, Korea and Vietnam.

	{{see also\|Chinese art\|Chinese painting\|Chinese paper art\|Chinese calligraphy\|Chinese poetry\|Cinema of China\|Music of China}}

	===Demographics===
	{{main\|Ethnic groups in Chinese history\|Ethnic minorities in China\|Demographics of China}}

	China's overall population exceeds 1.3 billion, about one-fifth of the world's population, making it ]. While over a hundred ] have existed in China, the government of the People's Republic of China officially recognizes a total of ]. The largest ethnic group in China by far is the ]. This group is diverse in itself and can be divided into smaller ethnic groups that share some traits.

	Over the last three millennia, many previously distinct ethnic groups in China have been ] into a Han identity, which over time dramatically expanded the size of the Han population. However, these assimilations were usually incomplete and vestiges of indigenous language and culture often are still retained in different regions of China. Because of this, many within the Han identity have maintained distinct linguistic and cultural traditions, though still identifying as Han. Several ethnicities have also dramatically shaped Han language and culture, e.g. the Manchurian clothing called the ] became the new "Chinese" fashion after the 17th century, replacing earlier Han styles of clothing such as the ] (that are still found in various forms in Japan and Korea). The term ] (''Zhonghua Minzu'') is usually used to describe a notion of a Chinese nationality that transcends ethnic divisions.

	===Languages===
	{{main\|Languages of China}}
	] and ] street signs in the ] of ], ].]]

	Most languages in China belong to the ] language family, spoken by 29 ethnicities. There are also several major "]" within the ] itself. The most spoken dialects are ] (spoken by over 70% of the population), ] (Shanghainese), <!--Shanghainese is the common name for the Wu dialects. Please do not remove. Western sinologists and linguists use the term "Shanghainese" to generalize the Wu dialects. This is identical to Cantonese (Guangzhou-hua) being used to generalize the diverse Yue dialects.--> ] (Cantonese), ], ], ], and ]. Non-Sinitic languages spoken widely by ethnic minorities include ] (Thai), ], ], ] (Turkic), ] and ].<ref name=language>. 2005. GOV.cn. ''URL accessed 3 May 2006.''</ref>

	] (Standard Mandarin, literally ''Common Speech'') is the official language and is based on the Beijing dialect of the ] group of dialects spoken in northern and southwestern China. Standard Mandarin is the medium of instruction in education and is taught in all schools. It is the language used in the media, for formal purposes, and by the government.<ref>. 2005. GOV.cn. ''URL accessed 15 May 2006.''</ref> Non-Sinitic languages are co-official in some autonomic minority regions.<ref name=language> . 2005. GOV.cn. ''URL accessed 3 May 2006.''</ref> Road signs in major Chinese cities are typically bilingual in Chinese and ].

	"]" or "''baihua''" is the written standard based on the Mandarin dialect which has been in use since the early 20th century. An older written standard, ], was used by literati for thousands of years before the 20th century. Classical Chinese is still a part of the high school curriculum and is thus intelligible to some degree to many Chinese. Spoken variants other than Standard Mandarin are usually not written, except for ] (see ]) which is sometimes used in informal contexts.

	Chinese banknotes are multilingual and contain written scripts for Standard Mandarin (]s and ]), Zhuang (]), Tibetan (]), Uyghur (]) and Mongolian (]).

	===Religion===
	{{main\|Religion in China}}
	{{see also\|Catholicism in China\|Chinese folk religion\|Chinese mythology\|Islam in China\|Protestantism in China\|Way of Former Heaven\|History of the Jews in China}}
	] ] lighting ] in ] temple. ] remains the largest organized religion in China since its introduction in the 1st century CE.]]

	The People's Republic of China is officially ] and ], but does allow personal religion or supervised religious organization. ] ({{zh-cp\|c=佛教\|p=Fójiào}}) and ] ({{zh-cp\|c=道教\|p=Dàojiào}}), along with an underlying ] morality, have been the dominant religions of Chinese society for almost two millennia. Personal religion is more widely tolerated in the PRC today, resurrecting interest in Buddhism, Islam, and Taoism. The main Buddhism tradition practiced by the Chinese is ] ({{zh-cp\|c=大乘\|p=Dàshèng}}). Its subsets ] ({{zh-cp\|c=淨土宗\|p=jìng tǔ zōng}}) and ] ({{zh-stp\|s=禅宗\|t=禪宗\|p=Chánzōng}}) are the most common. Among the younger, urban secular population, spiritual ideas of ] have become popular in recent years, spawning a large ] market in China. The ] of the ] reports that in addition to unknown numbers of adherents of Taoism and Buddhism,
	* 3%–4% Chinese from the People's Republic of China are adherents of ], and
	* 1%–2% Chinese from the People's Republic of China are adherents of ].

	Religion and ancient Chinese traditions are widely tolerated in the Republic of China, and play a big role in the daily lives of modern ]ese people. According to the official figures released by the CIA:
	* 93% of Taiwanese are adherents of a combination of Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism.
	* 4.5% of Taiwanese are adherents of Christianity. This includes a combination of ], ], ], and non-denominational Christian groups.
	* 2.5% of Taiwanese are adherents of other religions such as ], ], and the ].

	===Sports and recreation===
	{{main\|Sports in China}}
	], a popular traditional Chinese sport.]]

	Many historians <!-- weasel words --> believe that ] originated in China, where a form of the sport may have appeared around 1000 CE.<ref>. 2000. Athleticscholarships.net. Accessed 23 April 2006.</ref> Other popular sports include ], ], ], and more recently, ]. ] is now popular among young people in crowded urban centers. In Taiwan, baseball is more popular due to American and Japanese influences.

	There are also many traditional sports. Chinese ] occurs during the ]. In ], Mongolian-style wrestling and ] are popular. In ], archery and ] are part of traditional festivals.<ref>Qinfa, Ye. . About.com. Retrieved April 21, 2006.</ref>

	China has become a sports power, especially in Asia. It has finished first in medal counts in each of the Asian Games since 1982,<ref>http://www.dohaasiangames.org/en/asian_games_2006/history.html</ref> and in the top four in medal counts in each of the Summer Olympic Games since 1992.<ref>http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/index_uk.asp</ref> The ], officially known as the ''Games of the XXIX Olympiad'', will be held in ].

	] is highly regarded. It is common for the elderly to practice ] in parks.

	] such as ], ] (Weiqi), and ] (Chinese chess) are also common and have organized formal competitions.

	===Science and technology===
	], 2nd century BCE.]]
	{{main\|History of science and technology in China\|List of Chinese inventions}}

	Among the scientific accomplishments of ] were ] (not ]), ], the early loadstone and magnetic ], ], early ] detectors, ]es, ]s, sliding ], the double-action ], ], the ] ], the multi-tube ], the ], the ], the ], ] as fuel, the ] mechanism for ]s, the ], the ], the ] and the ]. Chinese ] were among the first to record observations of a ]. ] evolved independently of ] and is therefore of great interest in the ].

	China's science and technology fell behind that of ] by the 17th Century. Political, social and cultural reasons have been given for this, although recent historians focus more on economic causes, such as the ]. Since the PRC's market reforms China has become better connected to the global economy and is placing greater emphasis on science and technology.

	==See also==		==See also==
			* ]
	{{Portal}}
			* ]
	{{sisterlinks}}
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]

	==References==
	{{ChineseText}}
	{{reflist}}

	==External links==
	*
	*
	* Online China news portal, run by the Graduate School of Journalism of University of California at Berkeley.
	*
	* Dr Rivka Shpak-Lissak

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Latest revision as of 07:01, 26 April 2024

Chinese civilization may refer to:

Latest revision as of 07:01, 26 April 2024

See also