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===Mauryan Empire=== ===Mauryan Empire===
{{Main|Seleucid-Mauryan War}}
According to Appian, ], one of Alexander's Macedonian generals who in 312 BCE established the ] with its capital at ], brought Persia and ] under his own authority, putting his eastern front facing the empire of Chandragupta.<ref name=mookerji>{{cite book |last=Mookerji |first=Radha Kumud |author-link=Radha Kumud Mukherjee |title=Chandragupta Maurya and his times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C |edition=4th |year=1988 |orig-year=first published in 1966 |publisher=] |isbn=81-208-0433-3 }}</ref> Seleucus and Chandragupta waged war until they came to an understanding with each other. Seleucus married off his daughter, Berenice, to Chandragupta to forge an alliance.<ref>{{cite book|last=Appian |title=History of Rome, The Syrian Wars|page=55 }}</ref> According to Appian, ], one of Alexander's Macedonian generals who established the ] in 312 BCE with its capital at ], brought Persia and ] under his authority, putting his eastern front facing the empire of Chandragupta.<ref name=mookerji>{{cite book |last=Mookerji |first=Radha Kumud |author-link=Radha Kumud Mukherjee |title=Chandragupta Maurya and his times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C |edition=4th |year=1988 |orig-year=first published in 1966 |publisher=] |isbn=81-208-0433-3 }}</ref> Seleucus and Chandragupta waged war until they reached an understanding. Seleucus married off his daughter, Berenice, to Chandragupta to forge an alliance.<ref>{{cite book|last=Appian |title=History of Rome, The Syrian Wars|page=55 }}</ref>


Alain Daniélou and D. D. Kosambi note that Seleucus appeared to have fared poorly after ceding large territories west of the Indus to Chandragupta. The Maurya Empire added ] (]), ] (]), ] (]) and ] (]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=] |url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani/page/86/mode/1up?q=Baluchistan+ |title=A brief history of India |date=2003 |publisher=Inner Traditions |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-89281-923-2 |pages=86 |quote=Greek sources tell us that Seleucus found the enterprise too hazardous and preferred to form an alliance with Chandragupta. He ceded to Chandragupta the territories of Arachosia (Kandahar), and Paropanisadae (Kabul), as well as certain parts of Aria (Herat), and Gedrosia (Baluchistan).}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Walter Eugene | first1 = Clark | year = 1919 | title = The Importance of Hellenism from the Point of View of Indic-Philology | journal = Classical Philology | volume = 14 | issue = 4| pages = 297–313 | doi = 10.1086/360246 | s2cid = 161613588 }}</ref> According to Strabo, ] gave these regions to Chandragupta along with a marriage treaty, and in return received five hundred elephants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23120|title=Strabo 15.2.1(9)|access-date=14 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203225004/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23120|archive-date=3 February 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> The details of the engagement treaty are not known.<ref>{{citation |last=Barua |first=Pradeep |title=The State at War in South Asia |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/11919 |publisher=Nebraska Press |year=2005 |volume=2 |isbn=9780803240612 |pages=13–15|quote=via ] {{subscription required}} }}</ref> However, since the extensive sources available on Seleucus never mention an Indian princess, it is thought that the marital alliance went the other way, with Chandragupta himself or his son Bindusara marrying a Seleucid princess, in accordance with contemporary Greek practices to form dynastic alliances. An Indian ] source, the ] of the ], described the marriage of Chandragupta with a Greek ("]") princess, daughter of Seleucus.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sagar |first=Chandra |title=Foreign Influence on Ancient India |publisher=Northern Book Centre |year=1992 |page=83}}</ref> ] also states that, seven months after the war ended, Seleucus gave one of his daughters, Berenice (known in Pali as ''Suvarnnaksi'') in marriage to Chandragupta.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paranavithana |first=Senarat |title=The Greeks and the Mauryans |publisher=Lake House Investments |date=January 1971 |isbn=9780842607933 |language=English}}</ref> Alain Daniélou and D. D. Kosambi note that Seleucus appeared to have fared poorly after ceding large territories west of the Indus to Chandragupta. The Maurya Empire added ] (]), ] (]), ] (]), and ] (]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=] |url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani/page/86/mode/1up?q=Baluchistan+ |title=A brief history of India |date=2003 |publisher=Inner Traditions |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-89281-923-2 |pages=86 |quote=Greek sources tell us that Seleucus found the enterprise too hazardous and preferred to form an alliance with Chandragupta. He ceded to Chandragupta the territories of Arachosia (Kandahar), and Paropanisadae (Kabul), as well as certain parts of Aria (Herat), and Gedrosia (Baluchistan).}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Walter Eugene |first1=Clark |year=1919 |title=The Importance of Hellenism from the Point of View of Indic-Philology |journal=Classical Philology |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=297–313 |doi=10.1086/360246 |s2cid=161613588}}</ref> According to Strabo, ] gave these regions to Chandragupta along with a marriage treaty, and in return received five hundred elephants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23120|title=Strabo 15.2.1(9)|access-date=14 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203225004/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23120|archive-date=3 February 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> The details of the engagement treaty are not known.<ref>{{citation |last=Barua |first=Pradeep |title=The State at War in South Asia |volume=2 |pages=13–15 |year=2005 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/11919 |publisher=Nebraska Press |isbn=9780803240612 |quote=via ] {{subscription required}}}}.</ref> However, since the extensive sources available on Seleucus never mention an Indian princess, it is thought that the marital alliance went the other way, with Chandragupta himself or his son Bindusara marrying a Seleucid princess, in accordance with contemporary Greek practices to form dynastic alliances. An Indian ] source, ] of the ], described the marriage of Chandragupta with a Greek ("]") princess, daughter of Seleucus.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sagar |first=Chandra |title=Foreign Influence on Ancient India |publisher=Northern Book Centre |year=1992 |page=83}}</ref> ] also states that, seven months after the war ended, Seleucus gave one of his daughters, Berenice (known in Pali as ''Suvarnnaksi''), in marriage to Chandragupta.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paranavithana |first=Senarat |title=The Greeks and the Mauryans |publisher=Lake House Investments |date=January 1971 |isbn=9780842607933 |language=English}}</ref>


Chandragupta sent 500 ]s to Seleucus, which played a key role in Seleucus' victory at the ].<ref>''India, the Ancient Past'', Burjor Avari, p. 106-107</ref>{{sfn|Majumdar|2003|p=105}}<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tarn | first1 = W. W. | year = 1940 | title = Two Notes on Seleucid History: 1. Seleucus' 500 Elephants, 2. Tarmita | journal = The Journal of Hellenic Studies | volume = 60 | pages = 84–94 | doi = 10.2307/626263 | jstor = 626263 | s2cid = 163980490 }}</ref> In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched ] as an ambassador to Chandragupta's court, and later ] sent ] to his son Bindusara at the Maurya court at Patna.<ref name=mookerji/> Chandragupta sent 500 ]s to Seleucus, which played a key role in Seleucus' victory at the ].<ref>''India, the Ancient Past'', Burjor Avari, p. 106-107.</ref>{{sfn|Majumdar|2003|p=105}}<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tarn | first1 = W. W. | year = 1940 | title = Two Notes on Seleucid History: 1. Seleucus' 500 Elephants, 2. Tarmita | journal = The Journal of Hellenic Studies | volume = 60 | pages = 84–94 | doi = 10.2307/626263 | jstor = 626263 | s2cid = 163980490 }}</ref> In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched ] as an ambassador to Chandragupta's court, and later ] sent ] to his son Bindusara at the Maurya court in Patna.<ref name=mookerji/>


===Gupta Empire=== ===Gupta Empire===
Chandragupta I married the Lichchhavi princess Kumaradevi. ] is the name of an ancient clan that was headquartered at ] in present-day ] during the time of ]. A ] existed in the present-day ] in the first millennium CE. However, the identity of Kumaradevi's Lichchhavi kingdom is not certain.<ref name="RC">{{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=A Comprehensive History of India; Volume 3, Part I: A.D. 300–985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRBuAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |oclc=34008529 }}</ref>{{rp|12}} Chandragupta I married the Lichchhavi princess Kumaradevi. The ] were an ancient clan headquartered at ] in present-day ] during the time of ]. A ] existed in present-day ] in the first millennium CE. However, the identity of Kumaradevi's Lichchhavi kingdom is not certain.<ref name="RC">{{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=A Comprehensive History of India; Volume 3, Part I: A.D. 300–985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRBuAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |oclc=34008529 }}</ref>{{rp|12}}


Samudragupta's inscription mentions that several kings tried to please him by attending on him personally; offering him their daughters in marriage (or, according to another interpretation, gifting him maidens<ref>{{cite book |author=Ashvini Agrawal |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7}}</ref>{{rp|125}}); and seeking the use of the ]-depicting Gupta seal for administering their own territories.<ref>{{cite book |author=Shankar Goyal |title=Problems of Ancient Indian History: New Perspectives and Perceptions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSVuAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Book Enclave |isbn=978-81-87036-66-1 }}</ref>{{rp|168}} These kings included "Daivaputra-Shahi-Shahanushahi, Shaka-Murundas, and the rulers of the island countries such as Simhala".<ref>{{cite book |author=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA477 |year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 }}</ref>{{rp|343}}<ref name="TS">{{cite book |author=Tej Ram Sharma |title=Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions |url=https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft |page= |year=1978 |publisher=Concept |oclc=249004782 }}</ref>{{rp|77–78}} Samudragupta's inscription mentions that several kings tried to please him by attending to him personally; offering him their daughters in marriage (or, according to another interpretation, gifting him maidens<ref>{{cite book |author=Ashvini Agrawal |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7}}</ref>{{rp|125}}); and seeking the use of the ]-depicting Gupta seal for administering their own territories.<ref>{{cite book |author=Shankar Goyal |title=Problems of Ancient Indian History: New Perspectives and Perceptions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSVuAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Book Enclave |isbn=978-81-87036-66-1 }}</ref>{{rp|168}} These kings included "Daivaputra-Shahi-Shahanushahi, Shaka-Murundas, and the rulers of the island countries such as Simhala".<ref>{{cite book |author=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA477 |year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 }}</ref>{{rp|343}}<ref name="TS">{{cite book |author=Tej Ram Sharma |title=Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions |url=https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft |page= |year=1978 |publisher=Concept |oclc=249004782 }}</ref>{{rp|77–78}}


Chandragupta II married Kuvera-naga (alias Kuberanaga), whose name indicates that she was a princess of the ], which held considerable power in central India before Samudragupta subjugated them. This matrimonial alliance may have helped Chandragupta consolidate the Gupta empire, and the Nagas may have helped him in his war against the Western Kshatrapas.<ref name="RC"/>{{rp|60}} Chandragupta II married Kuvera-naga (alias Kuberanaga), whose name indicates that she was a princess of the ], which held considerable power in central India before Samudragupta subjugated them. This matrimonial alliance may have helped Chandragupta consolidate the Gupta empire, and the Nagas may have helped him in his war against the Western Kshatrapas.<ref name="RC"/>{{rp|60}}


] was married to Anantadevi. According to historian ], Anantadevi was a ] princess. The ] suggests that the Kadamba king Kakusthavarman established a matrimonial alliance with the Guptas.<ref name="TS"/>{{rp|174}} ] was married to Anantadevi. According to historian ], Anantadevi was a ] princess. The ] suggests that the Kadamba king, Kakusthavarman established a matrimonial alliance with the Guptas.<ref name="TS"/>{{rp|174}}


===Satavahana dynasty=== ===Satavahana dynasty===
], in order to overthrow the ], forged an alliance with Ambhiya chief Tranakayiro Kalalaya, by marrying his son Satakarni to Tranakayira's daughter ], this paved the way for the foundation of ] over most of Southern India.<ref>{{cite book|title=Some Early Dynasties of South India|author= Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|date=1974|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&pg=PA37|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=37|isbn= 978-81-208-2941-1}}</ref> ], in order to overthrow the ], forged an alliance with Ambhiya chief Tranakayiro Kalalaya, by marrying his son, Satakarni, to Tranakayira's daughter ]. This paved the way for the foundation of ] over most of Southern India.<ref>{{cite book|title=Some Early Dynasties of South India|author= Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|date=1974|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&pg=PA37|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=37|isbn= 978-81-208-2941-1}}</ref>


In an effort to end the hostilities with the Western Satraps, ], the younger son of Gautamiputra Satakarni married the daughter of ]. The region of Aparanta was conceded by Rudradaman to ] as ]. Despite their marital ties, at least two wars occurred between them, during which the Satavahanas were defeated. Rudradaman, however spared the life of Vashishtiputra Satakarni, primarily because of their familial relationship.<ref name="UP">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=9788131716779 |page=381 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA381 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sircar |first1=Dineschandra |title=Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India |date=1971 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=9788120806900 |page=228 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC&pg=PA228 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 }}</ref>{{rp|172–176}} In an effort to end the hostilities with the Western Satraps, ], the younger son of Gautamiputra Satakarni, married the daughter of ]. The region of Aparanta was conceded by Rudradaman to ] as ]. Despite their marital ties, at least two wars occurred between them, during which the Satavahanas were defeated. Rudradaman, however, spared the life of Vashishtiputra Satakarni, primarily because of their familial relationship.<ref name="UP">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=9788131716779 |page=381 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA381 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sircar |first1=Dineschandra |title=Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India |date=1971 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=9788120806900 |page=228 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC&pg=PA228 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 }}</ref>{{rp|172–176}}


===Vakataka dynasty=== ===Vakataka dynasty===
Rudrasena II the ruler of the Pravarapura-Nandivardhana branch of the ] married ], the daughter of Gupta emperor Chandragupta II<ref>{{cite book |author1=Hermann Kulke |author2=Dietmar Rothermund |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC&pg=PA91 |year=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-32920-0}}</ref>{{rp|91}} Rudrasena II, the ruler of the Pravarapura-Nandivardhana branch of the ], married ], the daughter of the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Hermann Kulke |author2=Dietmar Rothermund |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC&pg=PA91 |year=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-32920-0}}</ref>{{rp|91}}


] of the Vakataka dynasty was married to a "daughter of a king of ]" named Ajjhitabhattarika, she is purported to be the daughter of ] king ], who is known to have married off his daughters to several prominent royal families.<ref>{{cite book |author1=A.S. Altekar |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R.C. |editor2-last=Altekar |editor2-first=A.S. |title=The Vakataka-Gupta Age |date=2007 |publisher=Motilal Banarsi Dass |isbn=9788120800434}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bakker |first1=Hans |title=The Vakatakas: An Essay in Hindu Iconology |date=1997 |publisher=Egbert Forsten |location=Groningen |isbn=9069801000}}</ref>{{rp|106}} ] of the Vakataka dynasty was married to a "daughter of a king of ]" named Ajjhitabhattarika. She is purported to be the daughter of the ] king ], who is known to have married off his daughters to several prominent royal families.<ref>{{cite book |author1=A.S. Altekar |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R.C. |editor2-last=Altekar |editor2-first=A.S. |title=The Vakataka-Gupta Age |date=2007 |publisher=Motilal Banarsi Dass |isbn=9788120800434}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bakker |first1=Hans |title=The Vakatakas: An Essay in Hindu Iconology |date=1997 |publisher=Egbert Forsten |location=Groningen |isbn=9069801000}}</ref>{{rp|106}}


] of the ], married the daughter of ] after subduing him.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Andhra Pradesh Part 1|author=Balakrishnan Raja Gopal|date=1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxI_AAAAIAAJ|publisher=Maithili Prakashana|page=54}}</ref> ] of the ] married the daughter of ] after subduing him.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Andhra Pradesh Part 1|author=Balakrishnan Raja Gopal|date=1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxI_AAAAIAAJ|publisher=Maithili Prakashana|page=54}}</ref>


==Medieval period== ==Medieval period==
===Rashtrakuta dynasty=== ===Rashtrakuta dynasty===
The ] ruler, ] got his daughter Chandrabbalabbe married to ] prince Butuga I. This marriage sealed the alliance between the Ganga dynasty and the Rashtrakutas.<ref>{{cite book |last= Adiga|first= Malini|title= The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400–1030|orig-year=2006|year= 2006|publisher= Orient Longman|location= Chennai|isbn= 81-250-2912-5}}</ref>{{rp|119}} The ] ruler, ], got his daughter Chandrabbalabbe married to ] prince Butuga I. This marriage sealed the alliance between the Ganga dynasty and the Rashtrakutas.<ref>{{cite book |last= Adiga|first= Malini|title= The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400–1030|orig-year=2006|year= 2006|publisher= Orient Longman|location= Chennai|isbn= 81-250-2912-5}}</ref>{{rp|119}}


] was married to a ] princess named Kundakadevi. He also had a daughter named Revakanimmadi married to ] King ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Reu|first= Pandit Bisheshwar Nath |title=History of The Rashtrakutas (Rathodas)|origyear=1933|year=1997|publisher= Publication scheme|location= Jaipur|isbn= 81-86782-12-5|page=82}}</ref><ref name="Kamath">{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}</ref>{{rp|44}} ] was married to a ] princess named Kundakadevi. He also had a daughter named Revakanimmadi, who was married to the ] King ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Reu|first= Pandit Bisheshwar Nath |title=History of The Rashtrakutas (Rathodas)|orig-date=1933|year=1997|publisher= Publication scheme|location= Jaipur|isbn= 81-86782-12-5|page=82}}</ref><ref name="Kamath">{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}</ref>{{rp|44}}


===Chalukya dynasty=== ===Chalukya dynasty===
Chalukya ruler ] was married to a sister of the Sendraka king Shri-vallabha Senanada, who swore allegiance to the Chalukyas after Kirttivarman's conquest of the Kadamba kingdom.<ref name="DP" >{{cite book |author=Durga Prasad Dikshit |title=Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEB11tKmCgcC&pg=PA152 |year=1980 |publisher=Abhinav |oclc=8313041 }}</ref>{{rp|41}} Chalukya ruler ] married to a sister of the Sendraka king Shri-vallabha Senanada, who swore allegiance to the Chalukyas after Kirtivarman's conquest of the Kadamba kingdom.<ref name="DP" >{{cite book |author=Durga Prasad Dikshit |title=Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEB11tKmCgcC&pg=PA152 |year=1980 |publisher=Abhinav |oclc=8313041 }}</ref>{{rp|41}}


Pulakeshin married the daughter of the Ganga ruler ],<ref name="DP"/>{{rp|76}} she became the mother of Pulakeshin's son ].<ref name="DP"/>{{rp|77}} In return ], a daughter of Pulakeshin II was married to Dadiga, a grandson of Durvinita.<ref name="DP"/>{{rp|77}}<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/99893306 | title=Vijayaditya's charter showing that the Sanskrit poetess Shilabhattarika was a Chalukya princess, and three more copperplate charters | journal=Tarun Bharat, Mumbai | date=January 2023 | last1=Bapat | first1=Shreenand }}</ref> Pulakeshin II also married an ] princess named Kadamba Devi after subduing them.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies Volumes 38–40|date=1998|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5TLc6RgQPbIC}}</ref> {{rp|112}} Pulakeshin married the daughter of the Ganga ruler ],<ref name="DP"/>{{rp|76}} who became the mother of Pulakeshin's son, ].<ref name="DP"/>{{rp|77}} In return, ], a daughter of Pulakeshin II was married to Dadiga, a grandson of Durvinita.<ref name="DP"/>{{rp|77}}<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/99893306 | title=Vijayaditya's charter showing that the Sanskrit poetess Shilabhattarika was a Chalukya princess, and three more copperplate charters | journal=Tarun Bharat, Mumbai | date=January 2023 | last1=Bapat | first1=Shreenand }}</ref> Pulakeshin II also married an ] princess named Kadamba Devi after subduing them.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies Volumes 38–40|date=1998|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5TLc6RgQPbIC}}</ref> {{rp|112}}


===Chalukyas of Vatapi=== ===Chalukyas of Vatapi===
The Chalukya ruler ], entered into a marital alliance with the Western Ganga dynasty by marrying Gangamahadevi.<ref>{{cite book|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age|author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar|date=1951|publisher=G. Allen & Unwin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZYwAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>{{rp|242}} The Chalukya ruler ] entered into a marital alliance with the Western Ganga dynasty by marrying Gangamahadevi.<ref>{{cite book|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age|author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar|date=1951|publisher=G. Allen & Unwin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZYwAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>{{rp|242}}


]'s son ] was forced to sue for peace by marrying his daughter Silamahadevi to the Rashtrakuta ruler ].<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|publisher=New Age International|date=1999|isbn=9788122411980}}</ref>{{rp|395}} ]'s son, ], was forced to sue for peace by marrying his daughter, Silamahadevi, to the Rashtrakuta ruler ].<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|publisher=New Age International|date=1999|isbn=9788122411980}}</ref>{{rp|395}}


===Western Chalukyas=== ===Western Chalukyas===
Ayyana I, was married to the daughter of Rashtrakuta ruler ]. This marriage raised the Chalukya family's political status.<ref>{{cite book |author=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |chapter=The Cāḷukyas of Kalyāṇa |editor=R. S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985–1206 |volume=4 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 |pages=74 }}</ref> Ayyana I's descendant Vikramaditya IV, married Bontha Devi, a daughter of the Kalachuri king Lakshmana-raja<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gopal |first1=B. R. |title=Bādāmiya cālukyaru |date=1971 |publisher=Aibiec Prakāśana |location=Bangalore |pages=49–54 |edition=1 |language=Kannada |oclc=500113397}}</ref> ] married Rashtrakuta princess Jakavve, the daughter of Bhammaha Ratta, possibly to strengthen his political position.<ref name="altekar">{{cite book |author=A. S. Altekar |author-link=Anant Sadashiv Altekar |chapter=The Rāshtrakūtas |editor=Ghulam Yazdani |title=The Early History of the Deccan Parts |volume=1 (Parts I-IV) |year=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lllDAAAAYAAJ |oclc=59001459 }}</ref>{{rp|229}}<ref name="Kamath"/>{{rp|100–101}} Ayyana I was married to the daughter of Rashtrakuta ruler ]. This marriage raised the Chalukya family's political status.<ref>{{cite book |author=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |chapter=The Cāḷukyas of Kalyāṇa |editor=R. S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985–1206 |volume=4 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 |pages=74 }}</ref> Ayyana I's descendant, Vikramaditya IV, married Bontha Devi, a daughter of the Kalachuri king Lakshmana-raja.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gopal |first1=B. R. |title=Bādāmiya cālukyaru |date=1971 |publisher=Aibiec Prakāśana |location=Bangalore |pages=49–54 |edition=1 |language=Kannada |oclc=500113397}}</ref> ] married the Rashtrakuta princess Jakavve, the daughter of Bhammaha Ratta, possibly to strengthen his political position.<ref name="altekar">{{cite book |author=A. S. Altekar |author-link=Anant Sadashiv Altekar |chapter=The Rāshtrakūtas |editor=Ghulam Yazdani |title=The Early History of the Deccan Parts |volume=1 (Parts I-IV) |year=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lllDAAAAYAAJ |oclc=59001459 }}</ref>{{rp|229}}<ref name="Kamath"/>{{rp|100–101}}


Bhillama III, a vassal king of the ] of Devagiri rebelled against ], Jayasimha successfully dealt with the rebellion and managed to recover all of his lost territories by 1024 c. Bhillama III later married Avalladevi, the daughter of Jayasimha II as an act of peace.<ref>{{cite book |last= Sen|first= Sailendra Nath |title= Ancient Indian History and Civilization |orig-year=1999|year=1999|publisher= New Age Publishers|isbn=81-224-1198-3}}</ref>{{rp|383}}<ref>{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}</ref>{{rp|102}} Bhillama III, a vassal king of the ] of Devagiri, rebelled against ]. Jayasimha successfully dealt with the rebellion and managed to recover all of his lost territories by 1024 CE. Bhillama III later married Avalladevi, the daughter of Jayasimha II, as an act of peace.<ref>{{cite book |last= Sen|first= Sailendra Nath |title= Ancient Indian History and Civilization |orig-year=1999|year=1999|publisher= New Age Publishers|isbn=81-224-1198-3}}</ref>{{rp|383}}<ref>{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}</ref>{{rp|102}}


] married one of Virarajendra Chola's daughters , establishing a temporary truce between the two kingdoms.<ref>{{cite book |last= Sastri|first= Nilakanta K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}</ref>{{rp| 171–172}} He also dealt with revolting Kadamba feudatory by marrying off his daughter Maila Devi to the Kadamba King Jayakeshi II.<ref name="Kamath"/>{{rp|105}} ] married one of Virarajendra Chola's daughters, establishing a temporary truce between the two kingdoms.<ref>{{cite book |last= Sastri|first= Nilakanta K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}</ref>{{rp| 171–172}} He also dealt with a revolting Kadamba feudatory by marrying off his daughter, Maila Devi, to the Kadamba King Jayakeshi II.<ref name="Kamath"/>{{rp|105}}


===Pratiharas of Mandore=== ===Pratiharas of Mandore===
], the Pratihara ruler of Mandore is said to have married Rani Padmini of the Bhati clan, which is considered by some to be identical with Bhatis of Jaisalmer.<ref name="Brajadulal">{{cite book | last=Chattopadhyaya | first=Brajadulal | title=The Making of Early Medieval India, Second Edition | publisher=OUP India | publication-place=New Delhi | date=2012-10-11 | isbn=978-0-19-807725-1}}</ref>{{rp|81}} ], the Pratihara ruler of Mandore, is said to have married Rani Padmini of the Bhati clan, which is considered by some to be identical with the Bhatis of Jaisalmer.<ref name="Brajadulal">{{cite book | last=Chattopadhyaya | first=Brajadulal | title=The Making of Early Medieval India, Second Edition | publisher=OUP India | publication-place=New Delhi | date=2012-10-11 | isbn=978-0-19-807725-1}}</ref>{{rp|81}}


===Pala dynasty=== ===Pala dynasty===


The second ruler of the ] of ] region ] was married to a princess ''Kamadevi'' of the ] empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Krishnamachariar |first1=Madabhushi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dVRvVyHaiQC&dq=princess+of+Pala+dynasty+married+to&pg=PA162 |title=History of Classical Sanskrit Literature: Being an Elaborate Account of All Branches of Classical Sanskrit Literature, with Full Epigraphical and Archaeological Notes and References, an Introduction Dealing with Language, Philology, and Chronology, and Index of Authors & Works |last2=Srinivasachariar |first2=M. |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe |isbn=978-81-208-0284-1 |pages=162 |language=en}}</ref> The second ruler of the ] in the ] region, ], was married to a princess named ''Kamadevi'' of the ] empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Krishnamachariar |first1=Madabhushi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dVRvVyHaiQC&dq=princess+of+Pala+dynasty+married+to&pg=PA162 |title=History of Classical Sanskrit Literature: Being an Elaborate Account of All Branches of Classical Sanskrit Literature, with Full Epigraphical and Archaeological Notes and References, an Introduction Dealing with Language, Philology, and Chronology, and Index of Authors & Works |last2=Srinivasachariar |first2=M. |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe |isbn=978-81-208-0284-1 |pages=162 |language=en}}</ref>


] son of ] and ruler of the ] of ] region was succeed to receive princess ] in marriage, a daughter of ] ruler of ] of Tripuri after a defeat by ''Vigrahapala III'' to her father in a battle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Asoke Kumar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ&q=Jatavarman+married+to+Kalachuri&dq=Jatavarman+married+to+Kalachuri&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_sMOCh82JAxXBslYBHY5vAlcQ6wF6BAgHEAU#Jatavarman%20married%20to%20Kalachuri |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat: A Survey of the History and Culture of Gujarat from the Middle of the Tenth to the End of the Thirteenth Century |date=1956 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |pages=361 |language=en |quote=From Ramacharita (I, v. 9 and commentary) we learn that Nayapala's son and successor Vigrahapala III defeated Lakshmi-Karņa and married his daughter Yauvanaśri.}}</ref> ], son of ] and ruler of the ] in the ] region, succeeded in receiving Princess ] in marriage, a daughter of ], ruler of the ] of Tripuri, after defeating her father in battle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Asoke Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ&q=Jatavarman+married+to+Kalachuri |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat: A Survey of the History and Culture of Gujarat from the Middle of the Tenth to the End of the Thirteenth Century |date=1956 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |pages=361 |language=en |quote=From Ramacharita (I, v. 9 and commentary) we learn that Nayapala's son and successor Vigrahapala III defeated Lakshmi-Karņa and married his daughter Yauvanaśri.}}</ref>


===Utpala dynasty=== ===Utpala dynasty===


Queen ] daughter of ''Svamiraja'' a ] Hindu ruler of a kingdom near ]. She was married to the second ruler of the ] Raja ] and gave birth to ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapur |first=Manohar Lal |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Eminent_Rulers_of_Ancient_Kashmir/J7ABAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=Eminent Rulers of Ancient Kashmir: A Detailed History of the Life and Rule of Ten Kings and Queens of Ancient Kashmir |date=1975 |publisher=Oriental Publishers & Distributors |pages=62 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jan |first=Changez |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=M491EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT53&dq=Sugandha+was+the+daughter+of+Svamiraja&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwitiZD0mdGJAxX4SGwGHT7fEq8Q6wF6BAgGEAU#v=onepage&q=Sugandha%20was%20the%20daughter%20of%20Svamiraja&f=false |title=Forgotten Kings: The Story of the Hindu Sahi Dynasty |date=2022-07-18 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-93-92099-01-4 |language=en |quote=Avantivarman had a son called Sankaravarman, whose marriage he arranged to Sugandha, the daughter of Svamiraja, king of the North, possibly a Darad, the natural rivals of the Hindu Sahis.}}</ref> Queen ], daughter of ''Svamiraja,'' a ] Hindu ruler of a kingdom near ], was married to the second ruler of the ], Raja ], and gave birth to ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapur |first=Manohar Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J7ABAAAAMAAJ |title=Eminent Rulers of Ancient Kashmir: A Detailed History of the Life and Rule of Ten Kings and Queens of Ancient Kashmir |date=1975 |publisher=Oriental Publishers & Distributors |pages=62 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jan |first=Changez |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M491EAAAQBAJ&dq=Sugandha+was+the+daughter+of+Svamiraja&pg=PT53 |title=Forgotten Kings: The Story of the Hindu Sahi Dynasty |date=2022-07-18 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-93-92099-01-4 |language=en |quote=Avantivarman had a son called Sankaravarman, whose marriage he arranged to Sugandha, the daughter of Svamiraja, king of the North, possibly a Darad, the natural rivals of the Hindu Sahis.}}</ref>


Princess ] daughter of Simharāja, the king of ] was married to ''Kshemagupta'' ruler of the ] of Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalhaṇa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzxTkI9iAxkC |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kashmir |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House |isbn=978-81-208-0368-8 |pages=293 |language=en}}</ref> Princess ], daughter of Simharāja, the king of the ], was married to ''Kshemagupta,'' ruler of the ] of Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalhaṇa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzxTkI9iAxkC |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kashmir |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House |isbn=978-81-208-0368-8 |pages=293 |language=en}}</ref>


===Yadava dynasty=== ===Yadava dynasty===
Yadava ruler Vaddiga I was married to Vaddiyavve or Vohivayya, daughter of Rashtrakuta chieftain Dhorappa who was a younger brother of the Rashtrakuta emperor ]. His descendant ] married Lachchiyavve, a Rashtrakuta princess. The wives of Vesugi and Bhillama III were ] princesess.<ref name="Kamath"/>{{rp|136–137}}<ref name="altekar"/>{{rp|517}} Yadava ruler Vaddiga I married Vaddiyavve, also known as Vohivayya, the daughter of Rashtrakuta chieftain Dhorappa, who was the younger brother of Rashtrakuta emperor ]. His descendant ] married Lachchiyavve, a Rashtrakuta princess. The wives of Vesugi and Bhillama III were Chalukya princesses.<ref name="Kamath" />{{rp|136–137}}<ref name="altekar" />{{rp|517}}


===Chahamanas=== ===Chahamanas===
According to their inscriptions, ] have been noted to have a distinct preference for Rastrakutas or Ratraudhas. Tribhuvanesvara of the Chahamana family has been mentioned as having married Laksmidevi of the Rastrakuta lineage. ] was also married to Annalladevi of the Rastrakuta family. Dharavarsa, a member of the ] also married the daughter of Chahamana ruler ]. Satyaraja belonging to the Paramara family of Vagada was married to Rajsri of the Chahamana family.<ref name="Brajadulal"/> {{rp|81}} According to their inscriptions, the ] have been noted to have a distinct preference for the Rashtrakutas or Ratraudhas. Tribhuvanesvara of the Chahamana family has been mentioned as having married Laksmidevi of the Rashtrakuta lineage. ] was also married to Annalladevi of the Rashtrakuta family. Dharavarsa, a member of the ], also married the daughter of the Chahamana ruler ]. Satyaraja, belonging to the Paramara family of Vagada, was married to Rajsri of the Chahamana family.<ref name="Brajadulal" /> {{rp|81}}


According to ] written in the 15th century by ], Piroja, the daughter of Alauddin Khalji, fell in love with Viramadeva Songira of Jalore. Alauddin proposed to marry her to Viramadeva, but Viramadeva rejected the offer, triggering Alauddin's invasion of Jalore.<ref>{{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |title=Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnBMFaGMabYC&pg=PA121 |year=2005 |publisher=Verso |isbn=978-1-84467-020-8 }}</ref>{{rp|124–125}} According to the ], written in the 15th century by ], Piroja, the daughter of Alauddin Khalji, fell in love with Viramadeva Songira of Jalore. Alauddin proposed to marry her to Viramadeva, but Viramadeva rejected the offer, triggering Alauddin's invasion of Jalore.<ref>{{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |title=Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnBMFaGMabYC&pg=PA121 |year=2005 |publisher=Verso |isbn=978-1-84467-020-8 }}</ref>{{rp|124–125}}


===Guhila dynasty=== ===Guhila dynasty===
The Guhilas contracted marital relations with Rajput clans such as ], the Paramaras, the Rastrakutas, the Cahamanas and the Hunas.<ref name="Brajadulal"/> {{rp|81}} The Guhilas contracted marital relations with Rajput clans such as the ], the Paramaras, the Rashtrakutas, the Cahamanas, and the Hunas.<ref name="Brajadulal"/> {{rp|81}}


] married a Rashtrakuta princess named Mahalakshmi to forge an alliance against the ] .<ref name="Somani" >{{cite book|first=Ram Vallabh |last=Somani |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14106 |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976|oclc=2929852}}</ref>{{rp|50}} His son, ] entered into a matrimonial alliance with ] by marrying a Huna princess Hariyadevi.<ref name="Somani"/>{{rp|52}} ] married a Rashtrakuta princess named Mahalakshmi to forge an alliance against the ].<ref name="Somani" >{{cite book|first=Ram Vallabh |last=Somani |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14106 |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976|oclc=2929852}}</ref>{{rp|50}} His son, ], entered into a matrimonial alliance with the ] by marrying a Huna princess, Hariyadevi.<ref name="Somani"/>{{rp|52}} Naravāhana, the son of Allata, married Princess Jejaya of the Chahamana family.<ref name="Somani"/>{{rp|55}}
Naravāhana , the son of Allata was married to princess Jejaya of the Chahamana family.<ref name="Somani"/>{{rp|55}}


Vijayasimha got his daughter Syamaladevi married to the Parmara ruler ], which ended the traditional animosity between the two houses.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Comprehensive History of India A.D. 985–1206|publisher= Indian History Congress|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94YL686RG8IC|date=1992|isbn= 978-81-7007-121-1}}</ref>{{rp|528}} Vijayasimha's daughter Alhaṇadevi later married the Kalachuri king ].<ref>{{cite book |author=V. V. Mirashi |author-link=Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi |chapter=The Kalacuris |editor=R. S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985–1206 |volume=4 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 }}</ref>{{rp|495}} Vijayasimha got his daughter, Syamaladevi, married to the Parmara ruler ], which ended the traditional animosity between the two houses.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Comprehensive History of India A.D. 985–1206|publisher= Indian History Congress|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94YL686RG8IC|date=1992|isbn= 978-81-7007-121-1}}</ref>{{rp|528}} Vijayasimha's daughter, Alhaṇadevi, later married the Kalachuri king ].<ref>{{cite book |author=V. V. Mirashi |author-link=Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi |chapter=The Kalacuris |editor=R. S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985–1206 |volume=4 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 }}</ref>{{rp|495}}


] was married to a Songira princess named Rupadevi. Songira records also maintain an account of Subali, a Guhila princess being married to a Songira chief named Rao Samantsimha. This was in contravention to the rigid clan hierarchy and the concept of hypergamy among the Rajputs.<ref name="Sabita" >{{cite book|title=The Politics of Marriage in India: Gender and Alliance in Rajasthan|first=Sabita|last=Singh|date=2019|publisher=OUP India|isbn=9780199098286|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bSmDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>{{rp|63}} ] married a Songira princess named Rupadevi. Songira records also maintain an account of Subali, a Guhila princess, marrying a Songira chief named Rao Samantsimha. This was in contravention to the rigid clan hierarchy and the concept of hypergamy among the Rajputs.<ref name="Sabita" >{{cite book|title=The Politics of Marriage in India: Gender and Alliance in Rajasthan|first=Sabita|last=Singh|date=2019|publisher=OUP India|isbn=9780199098286|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bSmDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>{{rp|63}}


===Tomaras of Gwalior=== ===Tomaras of Gwalior===
The ] located in ] still hums the immortal love story of Tomara emperor ] and his lover, a Mirgnyani Gujjari lady.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saran |first=Renu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHNOBAAAQBAJ&dq=gujari+mahal&pg=PT116 |title=Monuments of India |date=2014-08-19 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-5165-298-4 |language=en}}</ref> The Man Singh Tomar built Gujjari Mahal in 1354.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Museum |first1=Gwalior |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cMfzAQPB804C&q=gujari+mahal |title=Heritage of Madhya Pradesh: Treasures of Central Archaeological Museum, Gujari Mahal, Gwalior |last2=Kacker |first2=Loveleen |last3=Misra |first3=Om Prakash |date=1997 |publisher=Madhya Pradesh Madhyam |language=en}}</ref> The ], located in ], still hums with the immortal love story of Tomara emperor ] and his lover, a Mirgnyani Gujjari lady.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saran |first=Renu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHNOBAAAQBAJ&dq=gujari+mahal&pg=PT116 |title=Monuments of India |date=2014-08-19 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-5165-298-4 |language=en}}</ref> Man Singh Tomar built Gujjari Mahal in 1354.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Museum |first1=Gwalior |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cMfzAQPB804C&q=gujari+mahal |title=Heritage of Madhya Pradesh: Treasures of Central Archaeological Museum, Gujari Mahal, Gwalior |last2=Kacker |first2=Loveleen |last3=Misra |first3=Om Prakash |date=1997 |publisher=Madhya Pradesh Madhyam |language=en}}</ref>


===Khilji dynasty=== ===Khilji dynasty===


In 1297 Sultan ] defeated the ], last Baghela Rajput chief of the ] of Gujarat expanded his own (]). He then married to Baghela Rajput princess ], the former wife of king Karanadeva and she became favourite wife of the Khilji.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Akbar |first=M. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qaohEAAAQBAJ |title=India: The Siege Within |date=2018-02-08 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-81-936009-7-9 |language=en |quote=He quickly expanded his empire; by 1297 the Baghela Rajput prince of Gujarat, Rai Karnadeva II, was defeated and his wife Kamala Devi later became the favourite wife of Khilji.}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mohamed |first=Malik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPnZEAAAQBAJ&q=married+to+Dawal+Rani+%2C+a+Rajput+ |title=The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India |date=2023-12-01 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-003-83095-5 |pages=299 |language=en |quote=Ala ud - Din married Kamla Devi of Gujarat and princess Jhitai , daughter of Ram Deo of Deogger. Prince Khizar Khan was publicly married to Dawal Rani , a Rajput Princess in 1315.}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> In 1297, Sultan ] defeated the ], the last Baghela Rajput chief of the ] of Gujarat, and expanded his own (]). He then married Baghela Rajput princess ], the former wife of King Karanadeva, and she became his favourite wife.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Akbar |first=M. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qaohEAAAQBAJ |title=India: The Siege Within |date=2018-02-08 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-81-936009-7-9 |language=en |quote=He quickly expanded his empire; by 1297 the Baghela Rajput prince of Gujarat, Rai Karnadeva II, was defeated and his wife Kamala Devi later became the favourite wife of Khilji.}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mohamed |first=Malik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPnZEAAAQBAJ&q=married+to+Dawal+Rani+%2C+a+Rajput+ |title=The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India |date=2023-12-01 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-003-83095-5 |pages=299 |language=en |quote=Ala ud - Din married Kamla Devi of Gujarat and princess Jhitai , daughter of Ram Deo of Deogger. Prince Khizar Khan was publicly married to Dawal Rani , a Rajput Princess in 1315.}}</ref>


After ] in (1296 or 1304), ] chief of the ] got his daughter Jhatyapali Yadava married to Alauddin Khalji. She later became the mother of Alauddin's son and successor ].<ref>{{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290–1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}</ref>{{rp|56–57}} After ] in either 1296 or 1304, ], chief of the ], got his daughter Jhatyapali Yadava married to Alauddin Khalji. She later became the mother of Alauddin's son and successor ].<ref>{{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290–1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}</ref>{{rp|56–57}}


In the year 1315 Sultan Khizar Khan ruler of the ] and eldest son of the ] was married to a Hindu Baghela Rajput princess named ]. She was the daughter of the ] ruler of the ] of Gujarat.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Debesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJUBAAAAMAAJ&q=Khizar+khan+Married+devala+devi+rajput |title=The Vanishing Maharajas |date=1970 |publisher=S. Chand |isbn=978-0-8426-0092-7 |pages=179 |language=en |quote=''The contemporary poet Amir Khusru also has made but a passing reference to the conquest of Chitor, even though he has produced a beautiful book of lyrics round the love story of prince Khizar Khan and the Rajput princess Devala Devi.''}}</ref> In 1315, Sultan Khizar Khan, the ruler of ] and eldest son of the ], was married to a Hindu Baghela Rajput princess named ]. She was the daughter of ], ruler of the ] of Gujarat.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Debesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJUBAAAAMAAJ&q=Khizar+khan+Married+devala+devi+rajput |title=The Vanishing Maharajas |date=1970 |publisher=S. Chand |isbn=978-0-8426-0092-7 |pages=179 |language=en |quote=''The contemporary poet Amir Khusru also has made but a passing reference to the conquest of Chitor, even though he has produced a beautiful book of lyrics round the love story of prince Khizar Khan and the Rajput princess Devala Devi.''}}</ref>


===Tughlaq dynasty=== ===Tughlaq dynasty===


] (Ghazi Malik) the founder of the ] was married to a ] woman.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhry |first=Shruti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WEonEAAAQBAJ&dq=jat+muslim+marriage&pg=PT72 |title=Moving for Marriage: Inequalities, Intimacy, and Women's Lives in Rural North India |date=2021-10-01 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-8559-1 |language=en}}</ref> ] (Ghazi Malik) the founder of the ], was married to a ] woman.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhry |first=Shruti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WEonEAAAQBAJ&dq=jat+muslim+marriage&pg=PT72 |title=Moving for Marriage: Inequalities, Intimacy, and Women's Lives in Rural North India |date=2021-10-01 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-8559-1 |language=en}}</ref>


] (Malik Rajab Turk) the younger brother of Sultan ] and ruler of the ] was married to a Hindu Rajput princess of the ] named Naila. Naila was the Daughter of a Rajput chief Raja Ran Mal (Rana Mall) ] of ], Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Manazir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-hIdAAAAMAAJ&q=tuglak+bhatti+rajput |title=Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq, 1351-1388 A.D. |date=1978 |publisher=Chugh Publications |language=en |quote=''These were Qaraunah Turks, popularly known as Tughlaq. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq was the founder of this dynasty. Rajab was known as sipasalar Nasiruddin Rajab, was an impressive personality in the court of Allauddin. He was married to the daughter of Rajput Raja Ran Mal Bhatti.''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Phadke |first=H. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxlIAAAAIAAJ&q=tuglak+bhatti+rajput |title=Haryana, Ancient and Medieval |date=1990 |publisher=Harman Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85151-34-2 |pages=118 |language=en |quote=''Firuz Tughlaq, Ghiyasuddin's nephew, born of a Bhatti Rajput mother (the daughter of Ran Mal of Abohar) was proclaimed the successor to the throne on March 24, 1351 at Thatta.''}}</ref> ] (Malik Rajab Turk), the younger brother of Sultan ] and ruler of the ], was married to a Hindu Rajput princess of the ] named Naila. Naila was the daughter of a Rajput chief, Raja Ran Mal (Rana Mall) ] of ], Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Manazir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-hIdAAAAMAAJ&q=tuglak+bhatti+rajput |title=Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq, 1351-1388 A.D. |date=1978 |publisher=Chugh Publications |language=en |quote=''These were Qaraunah Turks, popularly known as Tughlaq. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq was the founder of this dynasty. Rajab was known as sipasalar Nasiruddin Rajab, was an impressive personality in the court of Allauddin. He was married to the daughter of Rajput Raja Ran Mal Bhatti.''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Phadke |first=H. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxlIAAAAIAAJ&q=tuglak+bhatti+rajput |title=Haryana, Ancient and Medieval |date=1990 |publisher=Harman Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85151-34-2 |pages=118 |language=en |quote=''Firuz Tughlaq, Ghiyasuddin's nephew, born of a Bhatti Rajput mother (the daughter of Ran Mal of Abohar) was proclaimed the successor to the throne on March 24, 1351 at Thatta.''}}</ref>


===Bahmani kingdom=== ===Bahmani kingdom===


] Shah first ruler of the ] married the daughter of ] of ] of Khandesh sultanate, He also married the daughter of ruler of ].<ref name="Eaton"/> ] Shah, the first ruler of the ], married the daughter of ] of the ]. He also married the daughter of the ruler ].<ref name="Eaton"/>


In 1406 ] Muslim ruler of ] kingdom was married with the daughter of Hindu king ] of ] Empire. The marriage was much celebrated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II |date=2005 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1066-9 |pages=112 |language=en |quote=''Firuz Shah Bahmani married the daughter of Deo Ray of Vijaynagar in 1406, the marriage being celebrated in a grand manner.''}}</ref> Firuz Shah also married his son to a woman, whom the Ruler of Vijayanagara had also desired to marry. Bahmanis also prevented women of their clan from marrying beyond their own rank, with some of them being married off to the saintly Ni'mat Allahi family of Bidar.<ref name="Eaton" >{{cite book | last=Eaton | first=R.M. | title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives | publisher=Cambridge University Press | issue=pt. 1, v. 8 | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-521-25484-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC | access-date=2024-11-05 | page=74}}</ref> In 1406, ], the Muslim ruler of the ] kingdom, married the daughter of the Hindu King ] of the ] Empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II |date=2005 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1066-9 |pages=112 |language=en |quote=''Firuz Shah Bahmani married the daughter of Deo Ray of Vijaynagar in 1406, the marriage being celebrated in a grand manner.''}}</ref> Firuz Shah also married his son to a woman whom the Ruler of Vijayanagara had also desired to marry. The Bahmanis prevented women of their clan from marrying beyond their own rank, with some of them being married off to the saintly Ni'mat Allahi family of Bidar.<ref name="Eaton" >{{cite book | last=Eaton | first=R.M. | title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives | publisher=Cambridge University Press | issue=pt. 1, v. 8 | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-521-25484-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC | access-date=2024-11-05 | page=74}}</ref>


===Jaunpur Sultanate=== ===Jaunpur Sultanate===


] ruler of ] and son of ] was married to a princess Bibi Raji. She was the daughter of Sultan ] last ruler of the ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jl |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&pg=PA89&dq=sultan+of+Jaunpur+married+with&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwirrJuH7tmJAxXeyzgGHa74BH8Q6wF6BAgGEAU#v=onepage&q=sultan%20of%20Jaunpur%20married%20with&f=false |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |pages=89 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pande |first=Rekha |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Succession_in_the_Delhi_Sultanate/9AtuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=Succession in the Delhi Sultanate |date=1990 |publisher=Commonwealth Publishers |isbn=978-81-7169-069-5 |pages=171 |language=en}}</ref> ], the ruler of the ] and son of ], was married to a princess named Bibi Raji. She was the daughter of Sultan ], the last ruler of the ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&dq=sultan+of+Jaunpur+married+with&pg=PA89 |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |pages=89 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pande |first=Rekha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AtuAAAAMAAJ |title=Succession in the Delhi Sultanate |date=1990 |publisher=Commonwealth Publishers |isbn=978-81-7169-069-5 |pages=171 |language=en}}</ref>


===Bijapur kingdom=== ===Bijapur kingdom===


] ruler and founder of the ] (Adil Shahi dynasty) ] was married to a Maratha ] princess. She was the daughter of ''Raja Mukund Rao'' a ] ruler of ]. After marriage Adilshah gave her a new Muslim name as ''Bibi ]'' and made her chief queen.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne/04ellRQx4nMC?hl=en |title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-100143-2 |pages=144 |language=en |quote=In the Deccan, Deo Raj of Vijayanagar had married a daughter to Firuz Shah Bahmini, and Mukund Rao Maratha, the Raja of Idar, had given his sister in marriage to Yusuf Adil Shah, the first Sultan of Bijapur.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopal |first=Ram |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wVr_f_gXOX4C&pg=PA45&dq=Rajput+princess+married+Maratha&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=false |title=Hindu Culture During and After Muslim Rule: Survival and Subsequent Challenges |date=1994 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-85880-26-6 |pages=45 |language=en |quote=The Sultans of Deccan married Maratha girls. Yusuf Adilshah, the founder of Bijapur kingdom, had married a Maratha girl whom he named as Bibi - Khanam and made her chief queen.}}</ref> ], the founder of the ], was married to a ] Maratha princess. She was the daughter of ''Raja Mukund Rao'', the ruler of ]. After the marriage, Adil Shah gave her a new name, ''Bibi ],'' and made her his chief queen.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC |title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-100143-2 |pages=144 |language=en |quote=In the Deccan, Deo Raj of Vijayanagar had married a daughter to Firuz Shah Bahmini, and Mukund Rao Maratha, the Raja of Idar, had given his sister in marriage to Yusuf Adil Shah, the first Sultan of Bijapur.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopal |first=Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVr_f_gXOX4C&dq=Rajput+princess+married+Maratha&pg=PA45 |title=Hindu Culture During and After Muslim Rule: Survival and Subsequent Challenges |date=1994 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-85880-26-6 |pages=45 |language=en |quote=The Sultans of Deccan married Maratha girls. Yusuf Adilshah, the founder of Bijapur kingdom, had married a Maratha girl whom he named as Bibi - Khanam and made her chief queen.}}</ref>


===Muzaffarid dynasty=== ===Muzaffarid dynasty===


] (Zafar Khan) ruler of the ] dynasty gave his daughter in marriage to ] ruler of the ]. Later he was appointed as governor of the Gujarat with the title "''Muzaffar Khan''" by Firoz Shah Tughlaq in 1391 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&q=Zafar+Khan+son+of+Sadharan&pg=RA1-PA131 |title=Indian History |date=1988 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-8424-568-4 |pages=B_131 |language=en |quote=''Gujarat: The independent kingdom of Gujarat was founded by Zafar Khan, son of Sadharan, a Jat convert to Islam. Sadharan's sister was married to Firuz Tughluq. Zafar Khan was appointed gover- nor of Gujarat in 1391, with the title Muzaffar Khan.''}}</ref> ] (Zafar Khan), the ruler of the ] dynasty, gave his daughter in marriage to ], ruler of the ]. Later, he was appointed as governor of the Gujarat with the title "''Muzaffar Khan''" by Firoz Shah Tughlaq in 1391 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&q=Zafar+Khan+son+of+Sadharan&pg=RA1-PA131 |title=Indian History |date=1988 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-8424-568-4 |pages=B_131 |language=en |quote=''Gujarat: The independent kingdom of Gujarat was founded by Zafar Khan, son of Sadharan, a Jat convert to Islam. Sadharan's sister was married to Firuz Tughluq. Zafar Khan was appointed gover- nor of Gujarat in 1391, with the title Muzaffar Khan.''}}</ref>


] of the ] was married to three Hindu ] princesses. These Rajput princess were the Rajbai, Bibi Rani, and Laximi Bai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohamed |first=Malik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPnZEAAAQBAJ |title=The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India |date=2023-12-01 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-003-83095-5 |pages=299 |language=en |quote=''Sultan Muzaffar Shah II too married three Rajput princesses - Rajbai, the daughter of Rana Mahipat, Laxmibai, daughter of Gohal Rajput and Bibi Rani of suryavansa Rajput family.''}}</ref> Rajbai was the daughter of Rana Mahipat. Laximi Bai was the daughter of a chief of ] and was the mother of ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaube |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m94BAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Gujarat Kingdom, 1458-1537 |date=1975 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-0-88386-573-6 |pages=154 |language=en |quote=''LAKHAM (Lakshmi Bai) wife of Sultan Muzaffar (II) of Gujarat. She was a Gohil Rajput. Bahadur Shah was her son.''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Verma |first1=Hari Narain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyMqAAAAYAAJ |title=Indian Women Through the Ages |last2=Verma |first2=Amrit |date=1976 |publisher=Great Indian Publishers |pages=99 |language=en |quote=''Prince Bahadur's mother was Lakshmi Bai, the daughter of a Gohil Rajput.''}}</ref> Bibi Rani, the chief queen of Muzaffar Shah, was the mother of ]. She was the daughter of a Rajput of the suryavansa family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zaki |first=Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cRJuAAAAMAAJ |title=Muslim Society in Northern India During the 15th and First Half of the 16th Century |date=1996 |publisher=K.P. Bagchi & Company |isbn=978-81-7074-175-6 |pages=28 |language=en |quote=''Muzaffar II of Gujarat ( 1511-1526 ) had several Rajput wives and Bibi Rani, who had 7,000 personal attendants, enjoyed the supreme status. Con- scious of this, Muzaffar Shah II of Gujarat decided to settle it during his lifetime. He apprehended that his six sons -Sikandar Khan, Bahadur Khan, Latif Khan, Nasir Khan, Chand Khan and Ibrahim-all born of different mothers. Rani Bai Rajput princess of the Suryavansa family. She brought up her son with all care and affection. Despite the best arrangement for his education, the prince was not well up in studies. Bibi Rani was the chief queen of Muzaffar shah II and the mother of the Sikander Khan.''}}</ref> ] married three Hindu Rajput princesses: Rajbai, Bibi Rani, and Laximi Bai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohamed |first=Malik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPnZEAAAQBAJ |title=The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India |date=2023-12-01 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-003-83095-5 |pages=299 |language=en |quote=''Sultan Muzaffar Shah II too married three Rajput princesses - Rajbai, the daughter of Rana Mahipat, Laxmibai, daughter of Gohal Rajput and Bibi Rani of suryavansa Rajput family.''}}</ref> Rajbai was the daughter of Rana Mahipat. Laximi Bai was the daughter of a chief of the ] and the mother of ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaube |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m94BAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Gujarat Kingdom, 1458-1537 |date=1975 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-0-88386-573-6 |pages=154 |language=en |quote=''LAKHAM (Lakshmi Bai) wife of Sultan Muzaffar (II) of Gujarat. She was a Gohil Rajput. Bahadur Shah was her son.''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Verma |first1=Hari Narain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyMqAAAAYAAJ |title=Indian Women Through the Ages |last2=Verma |first2=Amrit |date=1976 |publisher=Great Indian Publishers |pages=99 |language=en |quote=''Prince Bahadur's mother was Lakshmi Bai, the daughter of a Gohil Rajput.''}}</ref> Bibi Rani, the chief queen of Muzaffar Shah, was the mother of ]. She was the daughter of a Rajput of the suryavansa family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zaki |first=Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cRJuAAAAMAAJ |title=Muslim Society in Northern India During the 15th and First Half of the 16th Century |date=1996 |publisher=K.P. Bagchi & Company |isbn=978-81-7074-175-6 |pages=28 |language=en |quote=''Muzaffar II of Gujarat ( 1511-1526 ) had several Rajput wives and Bibi Rani, who had 7,000 personal attendants, enjoyed the supreme status. Con- scious of this, Muzaffar Shah II of Gujarat decided to settle it during his lifetime. He apprehended that his six sons -Sikandar Khan, Bahadur Khan, Latif Khan, Nasir Khan, Chand Khan and Ibrahim-all born of different mothers. Rani Bai Rajput princess of the Suryavansa family. She brought up her son with all care and affection. Despite the best arrangement for his education, the prince was not well up in studies. Bibi Rani was the chief queen of Muzaffar shah II and the mother of the Sikander Khan.''}}</ref>


] (Madev) ] ruler of ] of ] gave his two daughters in marriage to Muslims rulers of the ] of Gujarat. Queen Kankavati Rathore was married to ] and the second daughter of Maldev Rathore was married to ''Islam Shah'' of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne/04ellRQx4nMC?hl=en|title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-100143-2 |pages=144 |language=en |quote=Similarly, Maldev (Maldeo) of Marwar had married a daughter to Sultan Mahmud of Gujarat, and another to Islam Shah.}}</ref> ], the Rajput ruler of ] of ], gave his two daughters in marriage to the Muslim rulers of the ] of Gujarat. Queen Kankavati Rathore was married to ], and Maldeo's second daughter was married to ''Islam Shah'' of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC|title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-100143-2 |pages=144 |language=en |quote=Similarly, Maldev (Maldeo) of Marwar had married a daughter to Sultan Mahmud of Gujarat, and another to Islam Shah.}}</ref>


==Early modern period== ==Early modern period==
===Gond Kingdom=== ===Gond Kingdom===


] ruler of the ] of the ''Garha Mandal region'' and son of the ] was married to ] princess ] by after a defeat to her father in a fight. She was the daughter of the Chandel Rajput chief ] of the ] of ] region. She gave birth to ''Bir Narayan'' and after Dalpat Shah's death she became the queen regent of her son when he was just three years old.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=72DFmlOlViEC&dq=Dalpat+Shah&pg=PA124 |title=Tribe in Transition: A Study of Thakur Gonds |date=2005 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-989-8 |pages=124 |language=en |quote=''Sangram Shah (1448-1541) is the most well known ruler of Gond Kingdom of Garha-Katanga (Garha- Mandla). His powerful, brave and handsome son Dalpat Shah (Singh) captured and married the Rajput princess Durgawati, the daughter of Chandela Raja of Mahoba, known for her great beauty. Thus, arose a Gond-Rajput combination that enhanced the name of the feudal caste of Raj-Gonds. After four years of their marriage Dalpat Shah (also known as Dalpat Singh) died in 1500 A.D. and Rani Durgawati became the queen regent for her three year old son Bir Narayan.''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Yadav |first=Smita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeZfDwAAQBAJ&dq=Rajput+wife+of+Gond+king&pg=PA58 |title=Precarious Labour and Informal Economy: Work, Anarchy, and Society in an Indian Village |date=2018-06-13 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-77971-3 |pages=58 |language=en |quote=''Prior to that, the Gond King, Dalpat Shah, in this region won the marriage of Rani Durgavati, a Rajput princess, by defeating her father in a fight.''}}</ref> ], ruler of the ] of the ''Garha Mandal region'' and son of ], was married to ] princess ] after defeating her father in a fight. She was the daughter of Chandel Rajput chief ] of the ] of ] region. She gave birth to ''Bir Narayan'', and after Dalpat Shah's death, she became the queen regent for her son when he was just three years old.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=72DFmlOlViEC&dq=Dalpat+Shah&pg=PA124 |title=Tribe in Transition: A Study of Thakur Gonds |date=2005 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-989-8 |pages=124 |language=en |quote=''Sangram Shah (1448-1541) is the most well known ruler of Gond Kingdom of Garha-Katanga (Garha- Mandla). His powerful, brave and handsome son Dalpat Shah (Singh) captured and married the Rajput princess Durgawati, the daughter of Chandela Raja of Mahoba, known for her great beauty. Thus, arose a Gond-Rajput combination that enhanced the name of the feudal caste of Raj-Gonds. After four years of their marriage Dalpat Shah (also known as Dalpat Singh) died in 1500 A.D. and Rani Durgawati became the queen regent for her three year old son Bir Narayan.''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Yadav |first=Smita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeZfDwAAQBAJ&dq=Rajput+wife+of+Gond+king&pg=PA58 |title=Precarious Labour and Informal Economy: Work, Anarchy, and Society in an Indian Village |date=2018-06-13 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-77971-3 |pages=58 |language=en |quote=''Prior to that, the Gond King, Dalpat Shah, in this region won the marriage of Rani Durgavati, a Rajput princess, by defeating her father in a fight.''}}</ref>


===Mughals=== ===Mughals===
⚫ Akbar was selective about Muslim royal families he chose to accept as subordinate allies through acceptance of their daughters as brides.<ref name="Fisher2015" />{{rp|89}} Political marriages were also noted to be unsuccessful at ending enmity; for example, despite the marriage of Miran Mubarak Shah II's daughter to Akbar in 1564, the ] periodically fought wars with the Mughals.<ref name="Fisher2015"/>{{rp|90–91}} In 1561, Akbar married his sister to Mirza Sharaf-ud-din Husain, a Timurid noble who later conspired against him.<ref name="Fisher2015"/>{{rp|91}} Mirza Muzaffar Husain Khan, the former ruler of Gujarat, was also noted to have married one of Akbar's daughters. Akbar also gave his daughter to Mirza Shahrukh, the deposed ruler of Badakhshan, and another one to his brother-in-law Raja Ali Khan of Khandesh.<ref name="Fisher2015"/>{{rp|91}} According to legend, ], the court musician and one of Akbar's ], married Mehrunissa, one of Akbar's daughters.<ref name="Dhar1989">{{cite book|last=Dhar|first=Sunita|title=Senia Gharana, Its Contribution to Indian Classical Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbgHAQAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Reliance Publishing House|isbn=978-81-85047-49-2|page=24}}</ref><ref name=dawn>{{cite news |title=Profile: Tansen – the mesmerizing maestro |author=Maryam Juzer Kherulla |work=] |url=http://dawn.com/weekly/yworld/archive/021012/yworld5.htm |date=12 October 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121000709/http://dawn.com/weekly/yworld/archive/021012/yworld5.htm |archive-date=21 November 2007 |access-date=2 October 2007}}</ref>
Akbar was selective about Muslim royal families he chose to accept as a subordinate ally through acceptance of their daughters as brides.<ref name="Fisher2015" />{{rp|89}}
Political marriages were also noted to be unsuccessful at ending enmity, for example despite the marriage of Miran Mubarak Shah II's daughter to Akbar in 1564. ] periodically fought wars with the Mughals.<ref name="Fisher2015"/>{{rp|90–91}} In 1561, Akbar married his sister to Mirza Sharaf-ud-din Husain, a Timurid noble who later conspired against him.<ref name="Fisher2015"/>{{rp|91}}
⚫ Mirza Muzaffar Husain Khan, the former ruler of Gujarat was also noted to have married one of Akbar's daughters. Akbar also gave his daughter to Mirza Shahrukh, the disposed ruler of Badakhshan and another one to his brother-in-law Raja Ali Khan of Khandesh.<ref name="Fisher2015"/>{{rp|91}} According to a legend, ], the court musician and one of Akbar's ] married Mehrunissa, one of Akbar's daughters.<ref name="Dhar1989">{{cite book|last=Dhar|first=Sunita|title=Senia Gharana, Its Contribution to Indian Classical Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbgHAQAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Reliance Publishing House|isbn=978-81-85047-49-2|page=24}}</ref><ref name=dawn>{{cite news |title=Profile: Tansen – the mesmerizing maestro |author=Maryam Juzer Kherulla |work=] |url=http://dawn.com/weekly/yworld/archive/021012/yworld5.htm |date=12 October 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121000709/http://dawn.com/weekly/yworld/archive/021012/yworld5.htm |archive-date=21 November 2007 |access-date=2 October 2007}}</ref>


Rajput women could be incorporated into ] and this defined the ] as overlords over the Rajput clans. The Sisodia clan of Mewar was an exception as they refused to send their women to the Mughal Harem which resulted in siege and mass suicide at Chittor.{{sfn|Richard Eaton|2019|p=139|loc=|ps=:Only the Sisodia clan of Mewar in southern Rajasthan proudly claiming pre-eminence among the Rajput clans, refused to send its women to the Mughal Harem, resulting in the siege and mass suicide at Chittor.}} Rajput women could be incorporated into the ], which defined the ] as overlords over the Rajput clans. The Sisodia clan of Mewar was an exception, as they refused to send their women to the Mughal Harem, resulting in a siege and mass suicide at Chittor.{{sfn|Richard Eaton|2019|p=139|loc=|ps=:Only the Sisodia clan of Mewar in southern Rajasthan proudly claiming pre-eminence among the Rajput clans, refused to send its women to the Mughal Harem, resulting in the siege and mass suicide at Chittor.}}


Although Rajput rulers provided the brides to the Mughals, neither Akbar nor his successors provided brides to the Rajputs. For example, Akbar got this sisters and daughters married to ] and prominent Muslims from central and west Asia.<ref name="Fisher2015">{{cite book | author = Michael Fisher | date = 1 October 2015 | title = A Short History of the Mughal Empire | publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing | pages = 88–90 | isbn = 978-0-85772-976-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ldOLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88}}</ref> Although Rajput rulers provided brides to the Mughals, neither Akbar nor his successors provided brides to the Rajputs. For example, Akbar got this sisters and daughters married to ] and prominent Muslims from Central and West Asia.<ref name="Fisher2015">{{cite book | author = Michael Fisher | date = 1 October 2015 | title = A Short History of the Mughal Empire | publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing | pages = 88–90 | isbn = 978-0-85772-976-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ldOLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88}}</ref>


===Sisodias=== ===Sisodias===
According to bardic legends, ] (1302–1364) is also said to have married a Songira princess named Songari Devi of Jalore.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|63–64}} According to bardic legends, ] (1302–1364) is said to have married a Songira princess named Songari Devi of Jalore.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|63–64}}
](1451 CE to 1472 CE) of ] was married to Sisodia princess Ramavati ,who was ]'s daughter. The Guhilas maintained and reinforced their social ties with the Rajput rulers of Gujarat until the end of the fifteenth century.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|63–64}} ] (1451 CE to 1472 CE) of ] was married to Sisodia princess Ramavati, who was ]'s daughter. The Guhilas maintained and reinforced their social ties with the Rajput rulers of Gujarat until the end of the fifteenth century.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|63–64}}


Narain Das, the Raja of Bundi fought alongside Rana Raimal during his campaign against the sultan of Malwa. Raimal was impressed by Das's valour and got one of his nieces married to him.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|513}} Narain Das, the Raja of Bundi, fought alongside Rana Raimal during his campaign against the sultan of Malwa. Raimal was impressed by Das's valour and arranged for one of his nieces to marry him.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|513}}


The ] in the eighteenth century was marked by the onset of Rajput rebellions across the empire. In this struggle for dominance, the Ranas of Mewar were able to take advantage of Mewar's history of resistance against the Mughals, exemplified by their refusal to enter any matrimonial alliance with them. Ranas of Mewar were also able to highlight their role as the defender of Rajput honor.<ref name="Sabita"/> {{rp|83}} The ] in the eighteenth century was marked by the onset of Rajput rebellions across the empire. In this struggle for dominance, the Ranas of Mewar leveraged Mewar's history of resistance against the Mughals, exemplified by their refusal to enter any matrimonial alliance with them. The Ranas of Mewar also highlighted their role as defenders of Rajput honor.<ref name="Sabita"/> {{rp|83}}


===Rathores=== ===Rathores===
In 1395, ] was approached by the ]s of ], who proposed an alliance against the ]. Chunda agreed and was married to a Pratihar princess. It was common practice to include villages and land in a Rajput princess's dowry,<ref name="Sabita" />{{rp|154}} as exemplified by Rao Chunda who received the fortified city of Mandore and a thousand villages in dowry.<ref name=DQ>{{Cite book|first=Melia|last=Belli|title=Royal Umbrellas of Stone: Memory, Politics, and Public Identity in Rajput funerary arts|publisher=Brill|year=2005|pages=142|isbn=9789004300569|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dR0CgAAQBAJ&dq=rao+chunda+of+mandore&pg=PA142}}</ref><ref name="rima"/>{{rp|379–80}} his daughter, Hansa-bai, was later married to Rana Lakha of Mewar.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|335}} In 1395, ] was approached by the ]s of ], who proposed an alliance against the ]. Chunda agreed and married a Pratihar princess. It was common practice to include villages and land in a Rajput princess's dowry,<ref name="Sabita" />{{rp|154}} as exemplified by Rao Chunda, who received the fortified city of Mandore and a thousand villages as dowry.<ref name=DQ>{{Cite book|first=Melia|last=Belli|title=Royal Umbrellas of Stone: Memory, Politics, and Public Identity in Rajput funerary arts|publisher=Brill|year=2005|pages=142|isbn=9789004300569|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dR0CgAAQBAJ&dq=rao+chunda+of+mandore&pg=PA142}}</ref><ref name="rima"/>{{rp|379–80}} His daughter, Hansa Bai, was later married to Rana Lakha of Mewar.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|335}}


] married multiple times, as was common among the ] elite.<ref name="rima" />{{rp|380}} He is known to have married Kodamde Bhatiyani, daughter of Ranigde, Rao of ] ,Bharmali, daughter of Chacha, son of ], Rana of Mewar<ref name="rima" />{{rp|337}} and Rami Bai, daughter of Lalaji Songira of ]<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Rajvi Amar |title=Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ |year=1992 |pages=145–175 }}</ref> ] married multiple times, as was common among the Rajput elite.<ref name="rima" />{{rp|380}} He is known to have married Kodamde Bhatiyani, daughter of Ranigde, Rao of ]; Bharmali, daughter of Chacha, son of ], Rana of Mewar;<ref name="rima" />{{rp|337}} and Rami Bai, daughter of Lalaji Songira of ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Rajvi Amar |title=Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ |year=1992 |pages=145–175 }}</ref>


In 1438, Ranmal was assassinated on the orders of Rana Kumbha, this led to a period of hostility between the two houses. Eventually , peace was established after a marriage between Rao Jodha's daughter Shringar Devi and Rana Kumbha's son, Raimal.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|382}} In 1438, Ranmal was assassinated on the orders of Rana Kumbha, leading to a period of hostility between the two houses. Eventually, peace was established after a marriage between Rao Jodha's daughter, Shringar Devi, and Rana Kumbha's son, Raimal.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|382}}


], the eponymous founder of the ] was married to Bhatiyani Rani Rang Kanwar, the daughter of ], the ] ruler of ].<ref name=SaranZieglerP194>{{cite book |last1=Saran |first1=Richard |last2=Ziegler |first2=Norman P. |title=The Meṛtīyo Rāṭhoṛs of Meṛto, Rājasthān: Biographical notes with introduction, glossary of kinship terms and indexes |publisher=University of Michigan, Centers for South and Southeast Asian Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QVuAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |page=194 |isbn=9780891480853 }}</ref> ], the eponymous founder of the ], was married to Bhatiyani Rani Rang Kanwar, the daughter of ], the ] ruler of ].<ref name=SaranZieglerP194>{{cite book |last1=Saran |first1=Richard |last2=Ziegler |first2=Norman P. |title=The Meṛtīyo Rāṭhoṛs of Meṛto, Rājasthān: Biographical notes with introduction, glossary of kinship terms and indexes |publisher=University of Michigan, Centers for South and Southeast Asian Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QVuAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |page=194 |isbn=9780891480853 }}</ref>


In 1496, Maharana Rinmala married one of his daughters to the crown prince of Merta, Viramdev, who was a son of Rao Duda.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|63}} In 1537, ] besieged ] . Rawal Lunkaran was forced to sue for peace by marrying his daughter ] to Rathore.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&q=A+History+of+Mobility+and+Identity+in+the+Great+Indian+Desert.|last=Kothiyal|first=Tanuja|year=2016|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert.|publisher= Cambridge University Press|pages=85, 87|isbn=9781107080317}}</ref><ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|24}} In 1496, Maharana Rinmala married one of his daughters to the crown prince of Merta, Viramdev, who was a son of Rao Duda.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|63}} In 1537, ] besieged ]. Rawal Lunkaran was forced to sue for peace by marrying his daughter, ], to Rathore.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&q=A+History+of+Mobility+and+Identity+in+the+Great+Indian+Desert.|last=Kothiyal|first=Tanuja|year=2016|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert.|publisher= Cambridge University Press|pages=85, 87|isbn=9781107080317}}</ref><ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|24}}


In 1562, Akbar married the granddaughter of Rao Viramdev of ]<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan|volume=II|pages=366–367}}</ref> On 15 November 1570, Rai Kalyan Singh got his daughter , Raj Kanwar married to Akbar.<ref name=":R">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dShuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Raj+kanwari%22+|title=A Persian historiography in India|year=2003|pages=78–79|isbn=9788173915376|access-date=2022-07-15|archive-date=2023-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318225245/https://books.google.com/books?id=dShuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Raj+kanwari%22+|url-status=live |last1=Waseem |first1=Shah Mohammad |publisher=Kanishka Publishers }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fazl|first=Abu'l|title=Akbarnama|volume=II|pages=518}}</ref> In 1570, Akbar married Bhanumati, another niece of Rai Kalyan Singh of ]<ref name=":R"/> In 1570, Puram Bai, a great-granddaughter of Rao Viramdev was married to Akbar.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan|volume=I|pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan|volume=II|pages=362}}</ref> Akbar also married Rukmavati, daughter of ] through one of his concubines.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|553}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=Mughal Religious Policies, the Rajputs & the Deccan|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119462/page/n24/mode/1up|year=1993|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=978-0-7069-6385-4|pages=17–18}}</ref> On 11 January 1586, the marriage of Prince Salim (]) to Princess ], the daughter of Mota Raja ] took place.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Collier |first=Dirk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40ywDAAAQBAJ |title=The Great Mughals and their India |date=2016-03-01 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-84544-98-0 |language=en |quote=If Babur and his son Humayun were still full-blooded Central Asian Turks, Akbar through his mother (Hamida Banu Begum) was half Persian and Akbar's son Jahangir (through his mother, the princess of Amber) was therefore 25 per cent Turk, 25 per cent Persian and 50 per cent Rajput. Shah Jahan (the Mughal par excellence), Jahangir's son, was 75 per cent Rajput: both his mother (Rajkumari Shri Manavati Bai Lall Sahiba alias Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani) and his paternal grandmother were Rajput princesses.}}</ref> Prince Salim married Karamsi, daughter of Kesho Das. (]-])<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan Vol II|pages=361}}</ref> In 1562, Akbar married the granddaughter of Rao Viramdev of ].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan|volume=II|pages=366–367}}</ref> On 15 November 1570, Rai Kalyan Singh married his daughter, Raj Kanwar, to Akbar.<ref name=":R">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dShuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Raj+kanwari%22+|title=A Persian historiography in India|year=2003|pages=78–79|isbn=9788173915376|access-date=2022-07-15|archive-date=2023-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318225245/https://books.google.com/books?id=dShuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Raj+kanwari%22+|url-status=live |last1=Waseem |first1=Shah Mohammad |publisher=Kanishka Publishers }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fazl|first=Abu'l|title=Akbarnama|volume=II|pages=518}}</ref> In the same year, Akbar married Bhanumati, another niece of Rai Kalyan Singh of ].<ref name=":R" /> Also in 1570, Puram Bai, a great-granddaughter of Rao Viramdev, married Akbar.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan|volume=I|pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan|volume=II|pages=362}}</ref> Akbar married Rukmavati, the daughter of ], through one of his concubines.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|553}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=Mughal Religious Policies, the Rajputs & the Deccan|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119462/page/n24/mode/1up|year=1993|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=978-0-7069-6385-4|pages=17–18}}</ref> On 11 January 1586, the marriage of Prince Salim (]) to Princess ], the daughter of Mota Raja ], took place.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Collier |first=Dirk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40ywDAAAQBAJ |title=The Great Mughals and their India |date=2016-03-01 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-84544-98-0 |language=en |quote=If Babur and his son Humayun were still full-blooded Central Asian Turks, Akbar through his mother (Hamida Banu Begum) was half Persian and Akbar's son Jahangir (through his mother, the princess of Amber) was therefore 25 per cent Turk, 25 per cent Persian and 50 per cent Rajput. Shah Jahan (the Mughal par excellence), Jahangir's son, was 75 per cent Rajput: both his mother (Rajkumari Shri Manavati Bai Lall Sahiba alias Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani) and his paternal grandmother were Rajput princesses.}}</ref> Prince Salim also married Karamsi, the daughter of Kesho Das (]-]).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan Vol II |pages=361}}</ref>


In April 1624, the marriage of Prince Parvez to Princess Manbhavati Bai, the sister of ] ] of ] took place.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Richard Davis|last1=Saran|first2=Norman Paul|last2=Ziegler|title=The Meṛtīyo Rāṭhoṛs of Meṛto, Rājasthān: Translations and notes with appendices, glossary, introductory material and indexes|publisher=University of Michigan, Centers for South and Southeast Asian Studies|year=2001|pages=18|isbn=978-0-891-48085-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan; Volume II|pages=51}}</ref> Prince Khurram (]) married Lilavati Bai, daughter of Sakat Singh of |Marwar<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan|volume=II|pages=45}}</ref> In 1649, Mughal Emperor Shahjahan resolved the enmity between Rao Amar Singh and Maharaja Jaswant Singh by ordering the marriage of Jasiangde to Maharaja Jaswant Singh.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|54}} In April 1624, the marriage of Prince Parvez to Princess Manbhavati Bai, the sister of ] ] of ], took place.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Richard Davis|last1=Saran|first2=Norman Paul|last2=Ziegler|title=The Meṛtīyo Rāṭhoṛs of Meṛto, Rājasthān: Translations and notes with appendices, glossary, introductory material and indexes|publisher=University of Michigan, Centers for South and Southeast Asian Studies|year=2001|pages=18|isbn=978-0-891-48085-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan; Volume II|pages=51}}</ref> Prince Khurram (]) married Lilavati Bai, the daughter of Sakat Singh of Marwar.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan|volume=II|pages=45}}</ref> In 1649, Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan resolved the enmity between Rao Amar Singh and Maharaja Jaswant Singh by ordering the marriage of Jasiangde to Maharaja Jaswant Singh.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|54}}


In 1654, the marriage of the daughter of ] to Prince ]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Kobita |title=Shah Jahan and His Paradise on Earth |pages=164}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Ruby |title=The Mughal Harem: Women and the Culture of Empire |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |location=New York |pages=197–201 |language=en}}</ref> In 1671, marriage between Mohammaduazzam (]) to Princess Amrita Bai, the daughter of Maharaja Roop Singh Rathore of ] took place .<ref name="irv">{{Cite book|title=Later Mughals|last1=Irvine|first1=William|year=1991|orig-year=First published 1921|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|page=141|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&pg=PA141|access-date=2022-07-15|archive-date=2023-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318225245/https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&pg=PA141|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1654, the daughter of ] was married to Prince ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Kobita |title=Shah Jahan and His Paradise on Earth |pages=164}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Ruby |title=The Mughal Harem: Women and the Culture of Empire |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |location=New York |pages=197–201 |language=en}}</ref> In 1671, Mohammaduazzam (]) married Princess Amrita Bai, the daughter of Maharaja Roop Singh Rathore of ].<ref name="irv">{{Cite book|title=Later Mughals|last1=Irvine|first1=William|year=1991|orig-year=First published 1921|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|page=141|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&pg=PA141|access-date=2022-07-15|archive-date=2023-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318225245/https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&pg=PA141|url-status=live}}</ref>


On 27 September 1715, ] married the daughter of ], Princess ]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Towheed |first=Shafquat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2EZBQAAQBAJ |title=New Readings in the Literature of British India, c. 1780–1947 |date=2007-10-01 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-3-89821-673-9 |pages=211 |language=en}}</ref> On 27 September 1715, ] married Princess ], the daughter of ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Towheed |first=Shafquat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2EZBQAAQBAJ |title=New Readings in the Literature of British India, c. 1780–1947 |date=2007-10-01 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-3-89821-673-9 |pages=211 |language=en}}</ref> In 1718, ] married his daughter to the Raja of Jaipur, ], to garner his support in favour of the ] in the Mughal court. Also in that same year, Sawai Jai Singh, seeking to increase his influence in the Marwar court, married his daughter to Abhai Singh, the son of Maharaja Ajit Singh.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|67}} In 1729, Abhai Singh, the Rana of Marwar, subjugated various local chiefs. The prince of Sirohi chose to offer his daughter in marriage instead of resisting Abhai Singh. The practice of offering a daughter to resolve hostility was intended to secure peace and protect against potential attacks.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|51}}<ref name="DDGaur">{{cite book |author=D. D. Gaur |title=Constitutional Development of Eastern Rajputana States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVAFAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Usha |oclc=641457000 |page=49 |quote=These slave communities were known by various names, such as Darogas, Chakars, Hazuris, Ravana- Rajputs, Chelas, Golas and Khawas. }}</ref>{{sfn|Lindsey Harlan|1992|p=145,167}}
In 1718, ] got his daughter married to the Raja of Jaipur, ] to garner his support in favour of ] in the Mughal court. Also in that same year, Sawai Jai Singh seeking to increase his influence in the Marwar 's court got his daughter married to the son of Maharaja Ajit Singh, Abhai Singh.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|67}} In 1729 Abhai Singh, the Rana of Marwar, subjugated various local chiefs. The prince of Sirohi chose to offer his daughter in marriage instead of resisting Abhai Singh. The practice of offering a daughter to resolve hostility was intended to secure peace and protect against potential attacks.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|51}}<ref name="DDGaur">{{cite book |author=D. D. Gaur |title=Constitutional Development of Eastern Rajputana States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVAFAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Usha |oclc=641457000 |page=49 |quote=These slave communities were known by various names, such as Darogas, Chakars, Hazuris, Ravana- Rajputs, Chelas, Golas and Khawas. }}</ref>{{sfn|Lindsey Harlan|1992|p=145,167}}


===Kachwahas=== ===Kachwahas===


In February 1562, Raja ], of ], and an early member of Akbar's court, allied with Akbar by marrying his daughter, ] to him.<ref name="Chandra 243">{{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |year=2007 |title=History of Medieval India |publisher=] |place=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-250-3226-7}}</ref>{{rp|243}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Soma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-2TyjzZhZEC&dq=jodha+bai&pg=PA128 |title=Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions |date=2001 |publisher=Kalpas Publisher |isbn=978-81-212-0760-7 |language=en |access-date=2022-04-15 |archive-date=2022-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831115751/https://books.google.com/books?id=v-2TyjzZhZEC&dq=jodha+bai&pg=PA128 |url-status=live }}</ref> During Akbar's reign, the incentive of marriage came from the Mughal side, Surjan Hada is known to have joined the alliance on the condition that Akbar would not marry any of his daughters, as such no marriage took place.<ref name="Chandra 243" /> However, not all Rajputs accepted the offer to enter an alliance with Akbar. Both Rao Chandrasen of Jodhpur and Rana Pratap Singh of Mewar refused to bow down to the emperor. Their resistance is attributed to their desire to remain independent, and in Rana Pratap's case, to his refusal to suffer the humiliation of sending a daughter to the imperial harem.<ref name="Chandra 243" /> The scale of Rajput-Mughal marriages peaked during Akbar's reign. However, Akbar's successors abandoned the use of extensive matrimonial alliances, diminishing its political significance.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|81–83}} In February 1562, Raja ] of ], an early member of Akbar's court, allied with Akbar by marrying his daughter, ], to him.<ref name="Chandra 243">{{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |year=2007 |title=History of Medieval India |publisher=] |place=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-250-3226-7}}</ref>{{rp|243}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Soma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-2TyjzZhZEC&dq=jodha+bai&pg=PA128 |title=Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions |date=2001 |publisher=Kalpas Publisher |isbn=978-81-212-0760-7 |language=en |access-date=2022-04-15 |archive-date=2022-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831115751/https://books.google.com/books?id=v-2TyjzZhZEC&dq=jodha+bai&pg=PA128 |url-status=live }}</ref> During Akbar's reign, the incentive for marriage came from the Mughal side. Surjan Hada is known to have joined the alliance on the condition that Akbar would not marry any of his daughters, so no marriage took place.<ref name="Chandra 243" /> However, not all Rajputs accepted the offer to enter an alliance with Akbar. Both Rao Chandrasen of Jodhpur and Rana Pratap Singh of Mewar refused to bow down to the emperor. Their resistance is attributed to their desire to remain independent and, in Rana Pratap's case, to his refusal to suffer the humiliation of sending a daughter to the imperial harem.<ref name="Chandra 243" /> The scale of Rajput-Mughal marriages peaked during Akbar's reign. However, Akbar's successors abandoned the use of extensive matrimonial alliances, diminishing its political significance.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|81–83}}


]'s brother Chandrabhan Kachwaha was married to the daughter of Raja Puranmal of ] whose fort was easily conquered by the Kachwaha army.<ref>{{cite book|title=Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs (Set Of 5 Vols.)|first1=R.K.|last1=Gupta|first2=S.R.|last2=Bakshi|date= 2008|publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-841-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLQeSBLpUwsC}}</ref>{{rp|77}} ]'s brother, Chandrabhan Kachwaha, married the daughter of Raja Puranmal of ], whose fort was easily conquered by the Kachwaha army.<ref>{{cite book|title=Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs (Set Of 5 Vols.)|first1=R.K.|last1=Gupta|first2=S.R.|last2=Bakshi|date= 2008|publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-841-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLQeSBLpUwsC}}</ref>{{rp|77}}


Prince Salim's first and chief consort was the ] ] princess, daughter of ] of the ] Kunwari Manbhawat Deiji entitled ], to whom he was betrothed in 16th year of his life.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Rahman |first=Munibur |encyclopedia=Encyclopédie de l'Islam |title=Salīm, Muḥammad Ḳulī |publisher=BRILL |doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_sim_6549}}</ref><ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|81}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azad |first=Mohammad Akram Lari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IxluAAAAMAAJ |title=Religion and Politics in India During the Seventeenth Century |date=1990 |publisher=Criterion Publications |pages=46 |language=en |quote=There had been marriages between Rajput princess and Muslim rulers before this , but these were forced and unwilling ... ambitions of Emperor. On 13th February 1585 in marriage of Salim with Man Bai daughter of Bhagwant Das of Amber ...}}</ref> Prince Salim's first and chief consort was the ] Rajput princess, Kunwari Manbhawat Deiji, daughter of ] of the ], entitled ], to whom he was betrothed in the 16th year of his life.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Rahman |first=Munibur |encyclopedia=Encyclopédie de l'Islam |title=Salīm, Muḥammad Ḳulī |publisher=BRILL |doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_sim_6549}}</ref><ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|81}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azad |first=Mohammad Akram Lari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IxluAAAAMAAJ |title=Religion and Politics in India During the Seventeenth Century |date=1990 |publisher=Criterion Publications |pages=46 |language=en |quote=There had been marriages between Rajput princess and Muslim rulers before this , but these were forced and unwilling ... ambitions of Emperor. On 13th February 1585 in marriage of Salim with Man Bai daughter of Bhagwant Das of Amber ...}}</ref>


On 5 July 1678, ] was married to Bai Jas Kaur, Kirat Singh's daughter, the son of Raja ]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Later Mughals|last1=Irvine|first1=William|year=1991|orig-year=First published 1921|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|page=209|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&pg=PA141|access-date=2022-07-15|archive-date=2023-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318225245/https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&pg=PA141|url-status=live}}</ref> On 5 July 1678, ] married Bai Jas Kaur, the daughter of Kirat Singh, who was the son of Raja ]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Later Mughals|last1=Irvine|first1=William|year=1991|orig-year=First published 1921|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|page=209|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&pg=PA141|access-date=2022-07-15|archive-date=2023-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318225245/https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&pg=PA141|url-status=live}}</ref>


On 30 July 1681, ]'s son Kaam Baksh was married to Amarchand's daughter Kalyan Kumari of ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jagatanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jJuAAAAMAAJ |title=Ajmer and the Mughal Emperors (Page_121) |date=1999 |publisher=Neha Vikas Prakashan |pages=121 |language=en |quote=On Saturday , the 30th July , 1681 A.D. , Muhammad Kam Bakhsh was married to Kalyan Kumari , daughter of Amar Chand and sister of Jagat Singh , Zamindar of Manoharpur . This marriage was also held in the Jama Mosque .}}</ref> On 30 July 1681, ]'s son Kaam Baksh married Kalyan Kumari, the daughter of Amarchand of Manoharpur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jagatanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jJuAAAAMAAJ |title=Ajmer and the Mughal Emperors (Page_121) |date=1999 |publisher=Neha Vikas Prakashan |pages=121 |language=en |quote=On Saturday , the 30th July , 1681 A.D. , Muhammad Kam Bakhsh was married to Kalyan Kumari , daughter of Amar Chand and sister of Jagat Singh , Zamindar of Manoharpur . This marriage was also held in the Jama Mosque .}}</ref>


], ], ] and ]]] ], ], ] and ].]]


During the ], Sawai Jai Singh II re-established marital alliances with the state of Mewar after a period of 150 years by marrying the daughter of Maharana Amar Singh II. He also married the daughter of Maharaja Ajit Singh of Jodhpur in an effort to reclaim their lost territories and forge a unified coalition against Aurangzeb's successor Bahadur Shah.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|67}}{{rp|83}} During the ], Sawai Jai Singh II re-established marital alliances with the state of Mewar after 150 years by marrying the daughter of Maharana Amar Singh II. He also married the daughter of Maharaja Ajit Singh of Jodhpur in an effort to reclaim lost territories and forge a unified coalition against Aurangzeb's successor, Bahadur Shah.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|67}}{{rp|83}}


===Bhatis=== ===Bhatis===


] was married to Dheer Bai Bhattiyani , a sister of Umade Bhattiyani.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|462}}According to an inscription from 1324 AD, Kshemasimha had his daughter Dulha Devi married to King Karna Deva of Jaisalmer.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|372}} ] was married to Dheer Bai Bhattiyani, a sister of Umade Bhattiyani.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|462}}According to an inscription from 1324 AD, ''Kshemasimha'' had his daughter Dulha Devi married to King Karna Deva of Jaisalmer.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|372}}


Many Rajput clans converted to Islam over time, however their lifestyle did not differ greatly from their hindu counterparts. There have been many instances of intermarriages between muslim and hindu Rajputs for political reasons. For example, the marriage of the daughter of Ismail Khan , the ruler of Sind to Rao Kalan of Jaisalmer for consolidating his kingdom. Another instance can be seen in Chachi deo's (1448–62) marriage to the granddaughter of Mohammad Shoomar Khan.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|77–78}} Many Rajput clans converted to Islam over time; however, their lifestyle did not differ greatly from their Hindu counterparts. There have been many instances of intermarriages between Muslim and Hindu Rajputs for political reasons. For example, the marriage of the daughter of Ismail Khan, the ruler of Sind, to Rao Kalan of Jaisalmer for consolidating his kingdom. Another instance can be seen in Chachi Deo's (1448–62) marriage to the granddaughter of Mohammad Shoomar Khan.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|77–78}}


Baloch chief Jam Ismail Khan submitted to Kelana, the ruler of Bhati Kingdom of Pugal by marrying off his daughter Zubeida as a part of the peace settlement.<ref name="Sabita" />{{rp|77}} Baloch chief Jam Ismail Khan submitted to Kelana, the ruler of the Bhati Kingdom of Pugal, by marrying off his daughter Zubeida as part of the peace settlement.<ref name="Sabita" />{{rp|77}}


⚫ In 1570, Maharawal Harraj Singh got his daughter, Princess Nathi Bai, married to Akbar.<ref>{{cite book |first=Rajvi Amar |last=Singh |title=Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |year=1992 |publisher=Rajvi Amar Singh, 1992 |page=1166 |access-date=2022-04-15 |archive-date=2022-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831115746/https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="rima" >{{cite book |first=Rima |last=Hooja |title=A History of Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |year=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company, 2006 |isbn=9788129108906 |pages=548–552 |access-date=2022-04-15 |archive-date=2022-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831115745/https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of Indian History, Volume 46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWpDAAAAYAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |year=1968 |publisher=Department of Modern Indian History, 1968 |page=32 |access-date=2022-04-15 |archive-date=2022-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831115748/https://books.google.com/books?id=kWpDAAAAYAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1587, Prince Salim married, ], the daughter of Maharawal Bhim Singh of ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Somānī |first=Rāmavallabha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QRwAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Jaisalmer |date=1990 |publisher=Panchsheel Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7056-070-8 |pages=59 |language=en |quote=Jehangir (Salim) mentions in his Memoirs Maharawal Bhim is a man of rank of influence- His daughter had been married to me , when I was a prince and I had given a title of ' Malika ye Jehan ' to her . She was very handsome.}}</ref>
In 1570, Maharawal Harraj Singh got his daughter Princess Nathi Bai married to Akbar
⚫ <ref>{{cite book |first=Rajvi Amar |last=Singh |title=Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |year=1992 |publisher=Rajvi Amar Singh, 1992 |page=1166 |access-date=2022-04-15 |archive-date=2022-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831115746/https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="rima" >{{cite book |first=Rima |last=Hooja |title=A History of Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |year=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company, 2006 |isbn=9788129108906 |pages=548–552 |access-date=2022-04-15 |archive-date=2022-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831115745/https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of Indian History, Volume 46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWpDAAAAYAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |year=1968 |publisher=Department of Modern Indian History, 1968 |page=32 |access-date=2022-04-15 |archive-date=2022-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831115748/https://books.google.com/books?id=kWpDAAAAYAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1587, Prince Salim married, ], daughter of Maharawal Bhim Singh of ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Somānī |first=Rāmavallabha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QRwAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Jaisalmer |date=1990 |publisher=Panchsheel Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7056-070-8 |pages=59 |language=en |quote=Jehangir (Salim) mentions in his Memoirs Maharawal Bhim is a man of rank of influence- His daughter had been married to me , when I was a prince and I had given a title of ' Malika ye Jehan ' to her . She was very handsome.}}</ref>


===Panna state=== ===Panna state===


Maharaja ], the Bundela Rajput king of ] had a muslim concubine named Ruhaani Bai.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Chapalgaonkar |first1=Narendra |title=Maharaja Kishan Prashad |date=2022-03-21 |work=The Last Nizam and His People |pages=17–24 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003093336-3 |access-date=2024-10-21 |place=London |publisher=Routledge India |isbn=978-1-003-09333-6 |last2=Panse |first2=Sharadchandra|doi=10.4324/9781003093336-3 }}</ref> ], the daughter from this union was married to ] (Visaji Bhatt) peshwa of the ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Joglekar |first=Anagha |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=vdJwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47&dq=Chhatrasal+Rajput+married+daughter+mastani+with+Bajirao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-5dn4jNqJAxVEbmwGHUWSNpA4ChDrAXoECAcQBQ#v=onepage&q=Chhatrasal%20Rajput%20married%20daughter%20mastani%20with%20Bajirao&f=false |title=Prerna Publication : Bajiraw Peshwa: The Insurmountable Warrior |date=2018-09-25 |publisher=Prerna Publication |isbn=978-93-87463-10-3 |pages=47 |language=en |quote=It was at this time that Raja Chhatrasal introduced Bajirao to his daughter Mastani. Mastani was Raja Chhatrasal's daughter even though her mother was not his legal wife.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Jaswant Lal Mehta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813|date=2005-01-01|page=108|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-54-6|language=en|quote=Of his own sweet will The Rajput king bestowed a large number of Personal Jagir to Bajirao near Jhansi and further offer hand of her daughter Mastani born from his Muslim Concubine}}</ref> Maharaja ], the Bundela Rajput king of ], had a Muslim concubine named Ruhaani Bai.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Chapalgaonkar |first1=Narendra |title=Maharaja Kishan Prashad |date=2022-03-21 |work=The Last Nizam and His People |pages=17–24 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003093336-3 |access-date=2024-10-21 |place=London |publisher=Routledge India |doi=10.4324/9781003093336-3 |isbn=978-1-003-09333-6 |last2=Panse |first2=Sharadchandra}}.</ref> ], the daughter from this union, was married to ] (Visaji Bhatt), the peshwa of the ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Joglekar |first=Anagha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdJwDwAAQBAJ&dq=Chhatrasal+Rajput+married+daughter+mastani+with+Bajirao&pg=PA47 |title=Prerna Publication : Bajiraw Peshwa: The Insurmountable Warrior |date=2018-09-25 |publisher=Prerna Publication |isbn=978-93-87463-10-3 |pages=47 |language=en |quote=It was at this time that Raja Chhatrasal introduced Bajirao to his daughter Mastani. Mastani was Raja Chhatrasal's daughter even though her mother was not his legal wife.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Jaswant Lal Mehta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |page=108 |language=en |quote=Of his own sweet will The Rajput king bestowed a large number of Personal Jagir to Bajirao near Jhansi and further offer hand of her daughter Mastani born from his Muslim Concubine.}}</ref>


===Kolhapur state=== ===Kolhapur state===


Sambhaji II second ] ruler of the of ] after becoming ] at ] was married to a Hindu ] princess of Ramnagar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vaidya |first=Sushila |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wVNuAAAAMAAJ&q=Rajput+princess+married+Maratha&dq=Rajput+princess+married+Maratha&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjT0_Prw9eJAxWeV2wGHVvjGQc4ChDrAXoECAoQBQ#Rajput%20princess%20married%20Maratha |title=Role of Women in Maratha Politics, 1620-1752 A.D. |date=2000 |publisher=Sharada Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85616-67-4 |pages=147 |language=en |quote=Chimnajee Appa took position at Purandar fort with Shahu. Sambhaji II was declared Chhatrapati at Poona and was married to a Rajput princess of Ramnagar.}}</ref> Sambhaji II, the second Maratha ruler of the ], married a Rajput princess from Ramnagar after becoming ] at ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vaidya |first=Sushila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVNuAAAAMAAJ&q=Rajput+princess+married+Maratha |title=Role of Women in Maratha Politics, 1620-1752 A.D. |date=2000 |publisher=Sharada Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85616-67-4 |pages=147 |language=en |quote=Chimnajee Appa took position at Purandar fort with Shahu. Sambhaji II was declared Chhatrapati at Poona and was married to a Rajput princess of Ramnagar.}}</ref>


===Jats=== ===Jats===


The son of a ] leader ] was converted to ] and renamed as Fadil. Gokula's daughter also converted to Islam and married Mughal Nawab ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy Choudhry |first=M L |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126071/page/n220/mode/1up |title=The State Religion In Mughal India |date=1951 |publisher=Indian Publicity Society, Calcutta |pages=223 |language=English |quote=Son of Gokül, the Jat leader, was converted; he became a Hafiz and was named Fadil. Gokül's daughter was converted and married to Shāh Qūli.}}</ref> The son of a ] leader ] converted to ] and was renamed Fadil. Gokula's daughter also converted to Islam and married Mughal Nawab ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy Choudhry |first=M L |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126071/page/n220/mode/1up |title=The State Religion In Mughal India |date=1951 |publisher=Indian Publicity Society, Calcutta |pages=223 |language=English |quote=Son of Gokül, the Jat leader, was converted; he became a Hafiz and was named Fadil. Gokül's daughter was converted and married to Shāh Qūli.}}</ref>


==Modern period== ==Modern period==
===Bijawar state=== ===Bijawar state===


]'s Maharaja Sawant Singh was a Bundela ] adopted from the house of ]. He married a woman of the ] who gave birth to his son Aman Singh in 1911. Aman Singh was denied inheritance by the authorities on a belief that his succession would be "greatly resented by rulers not merely in Bundelkhand but in Rajputana and Kathiawar, where ] Rajput rulers have in recent years contracted marriages."<ref name="jhala" >{{cite book | last=Jhala | first=Angma Dey | title=Courtly Indian Women in Late Imperial India | publisher=Routledge | date=2015-10-06 | isbn=978-1-317-31443-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=feQvCgAAQBAJ }}</ref>{{rp|61}} ]'s Maharaja Sawant Singh was a Bundela Rajput adopted from the house of ]. He married a woman of the ], who gave birth to their son Aman Singh in 1911. Aman Singh was denied inheritance by the authorities based on the belief that his succession would be "greatly resented by rulers not merely in Bundelkhand but also in Rajputana and Kathiawar, where ] Rajput rulers have in recent years contracted marriages."<ref name="jhala" >{{cite book | last=Jhala | first=Angma Dey | title=Courtly Indian Women in Late Imperial India | publisher=Routledge | date=2015-10-06 | isbn=978-1-317-31443-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=feQvCgAAQBAJ }}</ref>{{rp|61}}


===Kapurthala state=== ===Kapurthala state===


The Daughter of ] of the ], ] was married to a ] ] of the Rajput ].<ref>{{cite book | last=Ramusack | first=B.N. | title=The Indian Princes and their States | publisher=Cambridge University Press | series=The New Cambridge History of India | year=2004 | isbn=978-1-139-44908-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA18 | access-date=2024-11-05 | page=18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Brentnall | first=M. | title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh | publisher=Indus Publishing Company | year=2004 | isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA92 | access-date=2024-11-05 | page=92}}</ref> The daughter of ] of ], ], was married to Rajput ] of the ].<ref>{{cite book | last=Ramusack | first=B.N. | title=The Indian Princes and their States | publisher=Cambridge University Press | series=The New Cambridge History of India | year=2004 | isbn=978-1-139-44908-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA18 | access-date=2024-11-05 | page=18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Brentnall | first=M. | title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh | publisher=Indus Publishing Company | year=2004 | isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA92 | access-date=2024-11-05 | page=92}}</ref>


In 1928 ] a Hindu ] princess belonging to Kashipur princely state of ] in Punjab was married to ''] Singh'' a ] Sikh ruler and son of the ] of the Kapurthala princely state in Punjab. She was the daughter of ''Udai Raj Singh I'' ruler of ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Poddar |first1=Abhishek |last2=Gaskell |first2=Nathaniel |last3=Pramod Kumar |first3=K. G |last4=Museum of Art & Photography (Bangalore |first4=India) |title=Maharanis: women of royal India |date=2015 |publisher=Mapin Publishing|location=Ahmedabad |isbn=978-93-85360-06-0 |chapter=Kapurthala|pages=47–48 |oclc=932267190 |chapter-url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/932267190 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jhala |first=Angma Dey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EeUvCgAAQBAJ |title=Courtly Indian Women in Late Imperial India |date=2015-10-06 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-31444-8 |pages=93 |language=en |quote=Similarly, Sita Devi's marriage reflected these early twentieth-century aspi- rations for legitimacy through purity of bloodlines. Born into the small Rathor Rajput state of Kashipur in the United Provinces in 1915, Sita Devi was brought up believing she would marry a nobleman from another Rajput princely state. Kashipur observed the traditions of the zenana, and she grew up in strict pardah, after the age of seven-and-a-half. At thirteen, she was married to Maharaj Kumar Karamjit Singh of Kapurthala, a Sikh state in the Punjab.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Krishnendu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p1kZBqJBjOgC&dq=Rajput+princess+married+to+sikh&pg=PA63 |title=Curried Cultures: Globalization, Food, and South Asia |last2=Srinivas |first2=Tulasi |date=May 2012 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-27011-4 |pages=63 |language=en}}</ref> In 1928, ], a Hindu Rajput princess from the Kashipur princely state in Punjab, married ] Singh, an ] Sikh ruler and son of ] of the Kapurthala princely state in Punjab. She was the daughter of ''Udai Raj Singh I,'' ruler of ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Poddar |first1=Abhishek |last2=Gaskell |first2=Nathaniel |last3=Pramod Kumar |first3=K. G |last4=Museum of Art & Photography (Bangalore |first4=India) |title=Maharanis: women of royal India |date=2015 |publisher=Mapin Publishing|location=Ahmedabad |isbn=978-93-85360-06-0 |chapter=Kapurthala|pages=47–48 |oclc=932267190 |chapter-url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/932267190 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jhala |first=Angma Dey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EeUvCgAAQBAJ |title=Courtly Indian Women in Late Imperial India |date=2015-10-06 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-31444-8 |pages=93 |language=en |quote=Similarly, Sita Devi's marriage reflected these early twentieth-century aspi- rations for legitimacy through purity of bloodlines. Born into the small Rathor Rajput state of Kashipur in the United Provinces in 1915, Sita Devi was brought up believing she would marry a nobleman from another Rajput princely state. Kashipur observed the traditions of the zenana, and she grew up in strict pardah, after the age of seven-and-a-half. At thirteen, she was married to Maharaj Kumar Karamjit Singh of Kapurthala, a Sikh state in the Punjab.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Krishnendu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p1kZBqJBjOgC&dq=Rajput+princess+married+to+sikh&pg=PA63 |title=Curried Cultures: Globalization, Food, and South Asia |last2=Srinivas |first2=Tulasi |date=May 2012 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-27011-4 |pages=63 |language=en}}</ref>


===Gwalior State=== ===Gwalior State===
In 1913, ] ,the daughter of ] eloped and later married with ] of Cooch Behar state, despite much opposition by her parents. <ref name="jhala"/>{{rp|99}} In 1913, ], the daughter of ], eloped and later married ] of Cooch Behar state, despite much opposition from her parents.<ref name="jhala"/>{{rp|99}} ], a Rajput princess of the ] of ], was married to ], the last Maratha ruler of the ]. She was the only non-Maratha women to marry into the ] royal family in the last two hundred years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jhala |first=Angma Dey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EeUvCgAAQBAJ |title=Courtly Indian Women in Late Imperial India |date=2015-10-06 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-31444-8 |pages=92, 93 |language=en |quote=Two such marriages, the marriages of Vijaya Raje Scindia, a Rajput Rana noblewoman from Nepal married to the Maratha ruler of Gwalior state, and Sita Devi, a Rathor Rajput princess who wed a Sikh chief of Kapurthala dynasty....Rajput, Vijaya Raje was the only non-Maratha woman to be married into the Scindia family in 200 years.}}</ref>
] a Rajput princess of the ] of ] was married to ] last ] ruler of the ] state of ]. She was one of the non Maratha women to succeed in marrying into ] Maratha family in last two hundred years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jhala |first=Angma Dey |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Courtly_Indian_Women_in_Late_Imperial_In/EeUvCgAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=Courtly Indian Women in Late Imperial India |date=2015-10-06 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-31444-8 |pages=92, 93 |language=en |quote=Two such marriages, the marriages of Vijaya Raje Scindia, a Rajput Rana noblewoman from Nepal married to the Maratha ruler of Gwalior state, and Sita Devi, a Rathor Rajput princess who wed a Sikh chief of Kapurthala dynasty....Rajput, Vijaya Raje was the only non-Maratha woman to be married into the Scindia family in 200 years.}}</ref>


==References== ==References==

Latest revision as of 10:51, 6 December 2024

This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (November 2024)

Political marriages in India have occurred throughout history.

Classical period

Mauryan Empire

Main article: Seleucid-Mauryan War

According to Appian, Seleucus I Nicator, one of Alexander's Macedonian generals who established the Seleucid Empire in 312 BCE with its capital at Babylon, brought Persia and Bactria under his authority, putting his eastern front facing the empire of Chandragupta. Seleucus and Chandragupta waged war until they reached an understanding. Seleucus married off his daughter, Berenice, to Chandragupta to forge an alliance.

Alain Daniélou and D. D. Kosambi note that Seleucus appeared to have fared poorly after ceding large territories west of the Indus to Chandragupta. The Maurya Empire added Arachosia (Kandahar), Gedrosia (Balochistan), Aria (Herat), and Paropamisadae (Kabul). According to Strabo, Seleucus Nicator gave these regions to Chandragupta along with a marriage treaty, and in return received five hundred elephants. The details of the engagement treaty are not known. However, since the extensive sources available on Seleucus never mention an Indian princess, it is thought that the marital alliance went the other way, with Chandragupta himself or his son Bindusara marrying a Seleucid princess, in accordance with contemporary Greek practices to form dynastic alliances. An Indian Puranic source, Pratisarga Parva of the Bhavishya Purana, described the marriage of Chandragupta with a Greek ("Yavana") princess, daughter of Seleucus. The Mahavamsa also states that, seven months after the war ended, Seleucus gave one of his daughters, Berenice (known in Pali as Suvarnnaksi), in marriage to Chandragupta.

Chandragupta sent 500 war elephants to Seleucus, which played a key role in Seleucus' victory at the Battle of Ipsus. In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched Megasthenes as an ambassador to Chandragupta's court, and later Antiochos sent Deimakos to his son Bindusara at the Maurya court in Patna.

Gupta Empire

Chandragupta I married the Lichchhavi princess Kumaradevi. The Licchavi were an ancient clan headquartered at Vaishali in present-day Bihar during the time of Gautama Buddha. A Lichchhavi kingdom existed in present-day Nepal in the first millennium CE. However, the identity of Kumaradevi's Lichchhavi kingdom is not certain.

Samudragupta's inscription mentions that several kings tried to please him by attending to him personally; offering him their daughters in marriage (or, according to another interpretation, gifting him maidens); and seeking the use of the Garuda-depicting Gupta seal for administering their own territories. These kings included "Daivaputra-Shahi-Shahanushahi, Shaka-Murundas, and the rulers of the island countries such as Simhala".

Chandragupta II married Kuvera-naga (alias Kuberanaga), whose name indicates that she was a princess of the Naga dynasty, which held considerable power in central India before Samudragupta subjugated them. This matrimonial alliance may have helped Chandragupta consolidate the Gupta empire, and the Nagas may have helped him in his war against the Western Kshatrapas.

Kumaragupta I was married to Anantadevi. According to historian R. N. Dandekar, Anantadevi was a Kadamba princess. The Talagunda pillar inscription suggests that the Kadamba king, Kakusthavarman established a matrimonial alliance with the Guptas.

Satavahana dynasty

Simuka, in order to overthrow the Kanvas, forged an alliance with Ambhiya chief Tranakayiro Kalalaya, by marrying his son, Satakarni, to Tranakayira's daughter Nayanika. This paved the way for the foundation of Satavahana rule over most of Southern India.

In an effort to end the hostilities with the Western Satraps, Vashishtiputra Satakarni, the younger son of Gautamiputra Satakarni, married the daughter of Rudradaman I. The region of Aparanta was conceded by Rudradaman to Vashishtiputra Satakarni as dowry. Despite their marital ties, at least two wars occurred between them, during which the Satavahanas were defeated. Rudradaman, however, spared the life of Vashishtiputra Satakarni, primarily because of their familial relationship.

Vakataka dynasty

Rudrasena II, the ruler of the Pravarapura-Nandivardhana branch of the Vakataka dynasty, married Prabhavatigupta, the daughter of the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II.

Narendrasena of the Vakataka dynasty was married to a "daughter of a king of Kuntala" named Ajjhitabhattarika. She is purported to be the daughter of the Kadamba king Kakusthavarman, who is known to have married off his daughters to several prominent royal families.

Madhava Varma II of the Vishnukundina dynasty married the daughter of Prithivishena II after subduing him.

Medieval period

Rashtrakuta dynasty

The Rashtrakuta ruler, Amoghavarsha I, got his daughter Chandrabbalabbe married to Ganga dynasty prince Butuga I. This marriage sealed the alliance between the Ganga dynasty and the Rashtrakutas.

Amoghavarsha III was married to a Kalachuri princess named Kundakadevi. He also had a daughter named Revakanimmadi, who was married to the Western Ganga King Butuga II.

Chalukya dynasty

Chalukya ruler Kirtivarman II married to a sister of the Sendraka king Shri-vallabha Senanada, who swore allegiance to the Chalukyas after Kirtivarman's conquest of the Kadamba kingdom.

Pulakeshin married the daughter of the Ganga ruler Durvinita, who became the mother of Pulakeshin's son, Vikramaditya I. In return, Shilabhattarika, a daughter of Pulakeshin II was married to Dadiga, a grandson of Durvinita. Pulakeshin II also married an Alupa princess named Kadamba Devi after subduing them.

Chalukyas of Vatapi

The Chalukya ruler Vikramaditya I entered into a marital alliance with the Western Ganga dynasty by marrying Gangamahadevi.

Vijayaditya I's son, Vishnuvardhana IV, was forced to sue for peace by marrying his daughter, Silamahadevi, to the Rashtrakuta ruler Dhruva Dharavarsha.

Western Chalukyas

Ayyana I was married to the daughter of Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna II. This marriage raised the Chalukya family's political status. Ayyana I's descendant, Vikramaditya IV, married Bontha Devi, a daughter of the Kalachuri king Lakshmana-raja. Tailapa II married the Rashtrakuta princess Jakavve, the daughter of Bhammaha Ratta, possibly to strengthen his political position.

Bhillama III, a vassal king of the Yadava dynasty of Devagiri, rebelled against Jayasimha II. Jayasimha successfully dealt with the rebellion and managed to recover all of his lost territories by 1024 CE. Bhillama III later married Avalladevi, the daughter of Jayasimha II, as an act of peace.

Vikramaditya VI married one of Virarajendra Chola's daughters, establishing a temporary truce between the two kingdoms. He also dealt with a revolting Kadamba feudatory by marrying off his daughter, Maila Devi, to the Kadamba King Jayakeshi II.

Pratiharas of Mandore

Kakka, the Pratihara ruler of Mandore, is said to have married Rani Padmini of the Bhati clan, which is considered by some to be identical with the Bhatis of Jaisalmer.

Pala dynasty

The second ruler of the Pala dynasty in the Bengal region, Dharmapala, was married to a princess named Kamadevi of the Rashtrakuta empire.

Vigrahapala III, son of Nayapala and ruler of the Pala dynasty in the Bengal region, succeeded in receiving Princess Yauvanasri in marriage, a daughter of Lakshmi Karna, ruler of the Kalachuri dynasty of Tripuri, after defeating her father in battle.

Utpala dynasty

Queen Sugandha, daughter of Svamiraja, a Darad Hindu ruler of a kingdom near Kashmir, was married to the second ruler of the Utpala dynasty, Raja Shankaravarman, and gave birth to Gopalavarman.

Princess Didda, daughter of Simharāja, the king of the Utpala dynasty, was married to Kshemagupta, ruler of the Lohara dynasty of Kashmir.

Yadava dynasty

Yadava ruler Vaddiga I married Vaddiyavve, also known as Vohivayya, the daughter of Rashtrakuta chieftain Dhorappa, who was the younger brother of Rashtrakuta emperor Krishna III. His descendant Bhillama II married Lachchiyavve, a Rashtrakuta princess. The wives of Vesugi and Bhillama III were Chalukya princesses.

Chahamanas

According to their inscriptions, the Chahamanas have been noted to have a distinct preference for the Rashtrakutas or Ratraudhas. Tribhuvanesvara of the Chahamana family has been mentioned as having married Laksmidevi of the Rashtrakuta lineage. Alhanadeva was also married to Annalladevi of the Rashtrakuta family. Dharavarsa, a member of the Paramara dynasty, also married the daughter of the Chahamana ruler Kelhanadeva. Satyaraja, belonging to the Paramara family of Vagada, was married to Rajsri of the Chahamana family.

According to the Kanhadade Prabandha, written in the 15th century by Padmanābha, Piroja, the daughter of Alauddin Khalji, fell in love with Viramadeva Songira of Jalore. Alauddin proposed to marry her to Viramadeva, but Viramadeva rejected the offer, triggering Alauddin's invasion of Jalore.

Guhila dynasty

The Guhilas contracted marital relations with Rajput clans such as the Caulukyas, the Paramaras, the Rashtrakutas, the Cahamanas, and the Hunas.

Rawal Bharttripatta II married a Rashtrakuta princess named Mahalakshmi to forge an alliance against the Pratiharas. His son, Rawal Allata, entered into a matrimonial alliance with the Hunas by marrying a Huna princess, Hariyadevi. Naravāhana, the son of Allata, married Princess Jejaya of the Chahamana family.

Vijayasimha got his daughter, Syamaladevi, married to the Parmara ruler Udayaditya, which ended the traditional animosity between the two houses. Vijayasimha's daughter, Alhaṇadevi, later married the Kalachuri king Gayakarna.

Tejasimha married a Songira princess named Rupadevi. Songira records also maintain an account of Subali, a Guhila princess, marrying a Songira chief named Rao Samantsimha. This was in contravention to the rigid clan hierarchy and the concept of hypergamy among the Rajputs.

Tomaras of Gwalior

The Gujari Mahal, located in Hisar, Haryana, still hums with the immortal love story of Tomara emperor Man Singh Tomar and his lover, a Mirgnyani Gujjari lady. Man Singh Tomar built Gujjari Mahal in 1354.

Khilji dynasty

In 1297, Sultan Alauddin Khalji defeated the Karna II, the last Baghela Rajput chief of the Vaghela dynasty of Gujarat, and expanded his own (Khalji dynasty). He then married Baghela Rajput princess Kamala Devi, the former wife of King Karanadeva, and she became his favourite wife.

After Alauddin's conquest of Devagiri in either 1296 or 1304, Ramachandra, chief of the Yadava dynasty, got his daughter Jhatyapali Yadava married to Alauddin Khalji. She later became the mother of Alauddin's son and successor Shihab-ud-din Omar.

In 1315, Sultan Khizar Khan, the ruler of Khalji dynasty and eldest son of the Alauddin Khalji, was married to a Hindu Baghela Rajput princess named Dawal Rani. She was the daughter of Karna II, ruler of the Vaghela dynasty of Gujarat.

Tughlaq dynasty

Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq (Ghazi Malik) the founder of the Tughlaq dynasty, was married to a Jat woman.

Sipasalar Rajab Tughlaq (Malik Rajab Turk), the younger brother of Sultan Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq and ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty, was married to a Hindu Rajput princess of the Bhati clan named Naila. Naila was the daughter of a Rajput chief, Raja Ran Mal (Rana Mall) Bhati of Abohar, Punjab.

Bahmani kingdom

Alau'd-din Ahmad Shah, the first ruler of the Bahmani kingdom, married the daughter of Sultan Nadir Khan of the Farooqi dynasty. He also married the daughter of the ruler Sangameshwar.

In 1406, Firuz Shah Bahmani, the Muslim ruler of the Bahmani kingdom, married the daughter of the Hindu King Deva Raya II of the Vijaynagar Empire. Firuz Shah also married his son to a woman whom the Ruler of Vijayanagara had also desired to marry. The Bahmanis prevented women of their clan from marrying beyond their own rank, with some of them being married off to the saintly Ni'mat Allahi family of Bidar.

Jaunpur Sultanate

Mahmud Shah Sharqi, the ruler of the Jaunpur Sultanate and son of Ibrahim Shah Sharqi, was married to a princess named Bibi Raji. She was the daughter of Sultan Alam Shah, the last ruler of the Sayyid dynasty.

Bijapur kingdom

Yusuf Adil Shah, the founder of the Bijapur sultanate, was married to a Hindu Maratha princess. She was the daughter of Raja Mukund Rao, the ruler of Idar. After the marriage, Adil Shah gave her a new name, Bibi Khanam, and made her his chief queen.

Muzaffarid dynasty

Muzaffar Shah I (Zafar Khan), the ruler of the Muzaffarid dynasty, gave his daughter in marriage to Firzoz Shah Tughlaq, ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty. Later, he was appointed as governor of the Gujarat with the title "Muzaffar Khan" by Firoz Shah Tughlaq in 1391 CE.

Muzaffar Shah II married three Hindu Rajput princesses: Rajbai, Bibi Rani, and Laximi Bai. Rajbai was the daughter of Rana Mahipat. Laximi Bai was the daughter of a chief of the Gohil Rajputs and the mother of Qutb-ud-Din Bahadur Shah. Bibi Rani, the chief queen of Muzaffar Shah, was the mother of Sikander Khan. She was the daughter of a Rajput of the suryavansa family.

Maldeo, the Rajput ruler of Rathore dynasty of Marwar, gave his two daughters in marriage to the Muslim rulers of the Muzaffarid dynasty of Gujarat. Queen Kankavati Rathore was married to Mahmud Shah III, and Maldeo's second daughter was married to Islam Shah of Gujarat.

Early modern period

Gond Kingdom

Dalpat Shah, ruler of the Gond kingdom of the Garha Mandal region and son of Sangram Shah, was married to Chandel Rajput princess Rani Durgavati after defeating her father in a fight. She was the daughter of Chandel Rajput chief Shalbaham of the Chandela dynasty of Mahoba region. She gave birth to Bir Narayan, and after Dalpat Shah's death, she became the queen regent for her son when he was just three years old.

Mughals

Akbar was selective about Muslim royal families he chose to accept as subordinate allies through acceptance of their daughters as brides. Political marriages were also noted to be unsuccessful at ending enmity; for example, despite the marriage of Miran Mubarak Shah II's daughter to Akbar in 1564, the Khandesh Sultanate periodically fought wars with the Mughals. In 1561, Akbar married his sister to Mirza Sharaf-ud-din Husain, a Timurid noble who later conspired against him. Mirza Muzaffar Husain Khan, the former ruler of Gujarat, was also noted to have married one of Akbar's daughters. Akbar also gave his daughter to Mirza Shahrukh, the deposed ruler of Badakhshan, and another one to his brother-in-law Raja Ali Khan of Khandesh. According to legend, Tansen, the court musician and one of Akbar's Navaratnas, married Mehrunissa, one of Akbar's daughters.

Rajput women could be incorporated into the Mughal Harem, which defined the Mughals as overlords over the Rajput clans. The Sisodia clan of Mewar was an exception, as they refused to send their women to the Mughal Harem, resulting in a siege and mass suicide at Chittor.

Although Rajput rulers provided brides to the Mughals, neither Akbar nor his successors provided brides to the Rajputs. For example, Akbar got this sisters and daughters married to Timurids and prominent Muslims from Central and West Asia.

Sisodias

According to bardic legends, Hammir Singh (1302–1364) is said to have married a Songira princess named Songari Devi of Jalore.

Rao Mandalika III (1451 CE to 1472 CE) of Junagadh was married to Sisodia princess Ramavati, who was Rana Kumbha's daughter. The Guhilas maintained and reinforced their social ties with the Rajput rulers of Gujarat until the end of the fifteenth century.

Narain Das, the Raja of Bundi, fought alongside Rana Raimal during his campaign against the sultan of Malwa. Raimal was impressed by Das's valour and arranged for one of his nieces to marry him.

The decline of the Mughal Empire in the eighteenth century was marked by the onset of Rajput rebellions across the empire. In this struggle for dominance, the Ranas of Mewar leveraged Mewar's history of resistance against the Mughals, exemplified by their refusal to enter any matrimonial alliance with them. The Ranas of Mewar also highlighted their role as defenders of Rajput honor.

Rathores

In 1395, Rao Chunda was approached by the Pratihars of Mandore, who proposed an alliance against the Tughlaq Empire. Chunda agreed and married a Pratihar princess. It was common practice to include villages and land in a Rajput princess's dowry, as exemplified by Rao Chunda, who received the fortified city of Mandore and a thousand villages as dowry. His daughter, Hansa Bai, was later married to Rana Lakha of Mewar.

Rao Ranmal married multiple times, as was common among the Rajput elite. He is known to have married Kodamde Bhatiyani, daughter of Ranigde, Rao of Pugal; Bharmali, daughter of Chacha, son of Kshetra Singh, Rana of Mewar; and Rami Bai, daughter of Lalaji Songira of Nadol.

In 1438, Ranmal was assassinated on the orders of Rana Kumbha, leading to a period of hostility between the two houses. Eventually, peace was established after a marriage between Rao Jodha's daughter, Shringar Devi, and Rana Kumbha's son, Raimal.

Rao Bika, the eponymous founder of the kingdom of Bikaner, was married to Bhatiyani Rani Rang Kanwar, the daughter of Rao Shekha, the Bhati ruler of Pugal.

In 1496, Maharana Rinmala married one of his daughters to the crown prince of Merta, Viramdev, who was a son of Rao Duda. In 1537, Maldeo Rathore besieged Jaisalmer. Rawal Lunkaran was forced to sue for peace by marrying his daughter, Umade Bhattiyani, to Rathore.

In 1562, Akbar married the granddaughter of Rao Viramdev of Merta. On 15 November 1570, Rai Kalyan Singh married his daughter, Raj Kanwar, to Akbar. In the same year, Akbar married Bhanumati, another niece of Rai Kalyan Singh of Bikaner. Also in 1570, Puram Bai, a great-granddaughter of Rao Viramdev, married Akbar. Akbar married Rukmavati, the daughter of Rao Maldeo, through one of his concubines. On 11 January 1586, the marriage of Prince Salim (Jahangir) to Princess Manavati Bai, the daughter of Mota Raja Udai Singh, took place. Prince Salim also married Karamsi, the daughter of Kesho Das (Rathore-Bikaner).

In April 1624, the marriage of Prince Parvez to Princess Manbhavati Bai, the sister of Maharaja Gaj Singh Rathore of Marwar, took place. Prince Khurram (Shah Jahan) married Lilavati Bai, the daughter of Sakat Singh of Marwar. In 1649, Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan resolved the enmity between Rao Amar Singh and Maharaja Jaswant Singh by ordering the marriage of Jasiangde to Maharaja Jaswant Singh.

In 1654, the daughter of Rao Amar Singh was married to Prince Suleiman Shikoh. In 1671, Mohammaduazzam (Bahadur Shah I) married Princess Amrita Bai, the daughter of Maharaja Roop Singh Rathore of Kishangarh.

On 27 September 1715, Farrukhsiyar married Princess Indira Kanwar, the daughter of Maharaja Ajit Singh. In 1718, Ajit Singh of Marwar married his daughter to the Raja of Jaipur, Sawai Jai Singh, to garner his support in favour of the Sayyid brothers in the Mughal court. Also in that same year, Sawai Jai Singh, seeking to increase his influence in the Marwar court, married his daughter to Abhai Singh, the son of Maharaja Ajit Singh. In 1729, Abhai Singh, the Rana of Marwar, subjugated various local chiefs. The prince of Sirohi chose to offer his daughter in marriage instead of resisting Abhai Singh. The practice of offering a daughter to resolve hostility was intended to secure peace and protect against potential attacks.

Kachwahas

In February 1562, Raja Bharmal of Amer, an early member of Akbar's court, allied with Akbar by marrying his daughter, Mariam-uz-Zamani, to him. During Akbar's reign, the incentive for marriage came from the Mughal side. Surjan Hada is known to have joined the alliance on the condition that Akbar would not marry any of his daughters, so no marriage took place. However, not all Rajputs accepted the offer to enter an alliance with Akbar. Both Rao Chandrasen of Jodhpur and Rana Pratap Singh of Mewar refused to bow down to the emperor. Their resistance is attributed to their desire to remain independent and, in Rana Pratap's case, to his refusal to suffer the humiliation of sending a daughter to the imperial harem. The scale of Rajput-Mughal marriages peaked during Akbar's reign. However, Akbar's successors abandoned the use of extensive matrimonial alliances, diminishing its political significance.

Man Singh I's brother, Chandrabhan Kachwaha, married the daughter of Raja Puranmal of Gidhaur, whose fort was easily conquered by the Kachwaha army.

Prince Salim's first and chief consort was the Kachwaha Rajput princess, Kunwari Manbhawat Deiji, daughter of Raja Bhagwant Das of the Kingdom of Amber, entitled Shah Begum, to whom he was betrothed in the 16th year of his life.

On 5 July 1678, Azim-ush-Shan married Bai Jas Kaur, the daughter of Kirat Singh, who was the son of Raja Jai Singh

On 30 July 1681, Aurangzeb's son Kaam Baksh married Kalyan Kumari, the daughter of Amarchand of Manoharpur.

A Mewari painting of Ajit Singh, Amar Singh II, Maharaja Jai Singh II and Durgadas Rathore.

During the Rajput rebellion of 1708, Sawai Jai Singh II re-established marital alliances with the state of Mewar after 150 years by marrying the daughter of Maharana Amar Singh II. He also married the daughter of Maharaja Ajit Singh of Jodhpur in an effort to reclaim lost territories and forge a unified coalition against Aurangzeb's successor, Bahadur Shah.

Bhatis

Udai Singh II was married to Dheer Bai Bhattiyani, a sister of Umade Bhattiyani.According to an inscription from 1324 AD, Kshemasimha had his daughter Dulha Devi married to King Karna Deva of Jaisalmer.

Many Rajput clans converted to Islam over time; however, their lifestyle did not differ greatly from their Hindu counterparts. There have been many instances of intermarriages between Muslim and Hindu Rajputs for political reasons. For example, the marriage of the daughter of Ismail Khan, the ruler of Sind, to Rao Kalan of Jaisalmer for consolidating his kingdom. Another instance can be seen in Chachi Deo's (1448–62) marriage to the granddaughter of Mohammad Shoomar Khan.

Baloch chief Jam Ismail Khan submitted to Kelana, the ruler of the Bhati Kingdom of Pugal, by marrying off his daughter Zubeida as part of the peace settlement.

In 1570, Maharawal Harraj Singh got his daughter, Princess Nathi Bai, married to Akbar. In 1587, Prince Salim married, Malika Jahan, the daughter of Maharawal Bhim Singh of Jaisalmer.

Panna state

Maharaja Chhatrasal, the Bundela Rajput king of Panna State, had a Muslim concubine named Ruhaani Bai. Mastani, the daughter from this union, was married to Bajirao I (Visaji Bhatt), the peshwa of the Maratha confederacy.

Kolhapur state

Sambhaji II, the second Maratha ruler of the Kolhapur State, married a Rajput princess from Ramnagar after becoming Chhatrapati at Poona.

Jats

The son of a Jat leader Gokula converted to Islam and was renamed Fadil. Gokula's daughter also converted to Islam and married Mughal Nawab Shah Quli.

Modern period

Bijawar state

Bijawar's Maharaja Sawant Singh was a Bundela Rajput adopted from the house of Orchha State. He married a woman of the Ahir caste, who gave birth to their son Aman Singh in 1911. Aman Singh was denied inheritance by the authorities based on the belief that his succession would be "greatly resented by rulers not merely in Bundelkhand but also in Rajputana and Kathiawar, where Bundela Rajput rulers have in recent years contracted marriages."

Kapurthala state

The daughter of Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala State, Amrit Kaur, was married to Rajput Joginder Sen of the princely state of Mandi.

In 1928, Sita Devi, a Hindu Rajput princess from the Kashipur princely state in Punjab, married Maharaja Kamarjit Singh, an Ahluwalia Sikh ruler and son of Maharaja Jagajit Singh of the Kapurthala princely state in Punjab. She was the daughter of Udai Raj Singh I, ruler of Kashipur state.

Gwalior State

In 1913, Indira Devi, the daughter of Sayajirao Gaekwad III, eloped and later married Jitendra Narayan of Cooch Behar state, despite much opposition from her parents. Vijaya Raje Scindia, a Rajput princess of the Rana dynasty of Nepal, was married to Jiwajirao Scindia, the last Maratha ruler of the Gwalior state. She was the only non-Maratha women to marry into the Scindia royal family in the last two hundred years.

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  70. Eraly, Abraham (2000). Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals. Penguin Books India. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-14-100143-2. Similarly, Maldev (Maldeo) of Marwar had married a daughter to Sultan Mahmud of Gujarat, and another to Islam Shah.
  71. Sharma, Anima (2005). Tribe in Transition: A Study of Thakur Gonds. Mittal Publications. p. 124. ISBN 978-81-7099-989-8. Sangram Shah (1448-1541) is the most well known ruler of Gond Kingdom of Garha-Katanga (Garha- Mandla). His powerful, brave and handsome son Dalpat Shah (Singh) captured and married the Rajput princess Durgawati, the daughter of Chandela Raja of Mahoba, known for her great beauty. Thus, arose a Gond-Rajput combination that enhanced the name of the feudal caste of Raj-Gonds. After four years of their marriage Dalpat Shah (also known as Dalpat Singh) died in 1500 A.D. and Rani Durgawati became the queen regent for her three year old son Bir Narayan.
  72. Yadav, Smita (2018-06-13). Precarious Labour and Informal Economy: Work, Anarchy, and Society in an Indian Village. Springer. p. 58. ISBN 978-3-319-77971-3. Prior to that, the Gond King, Dalpat Shah, in this region won the marriage of Rani Durgavati, a Rajput princess, by defeating her father in a fight.
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  96. D. D. Gaur (1978). Constitutional Development of Eastern Rajputana States. Usha. p. 49. OCLC 641457000. These slave communities were known by various names, such as Darogas, Chakars, Hazuris, Ravana- Rajputs, Chelas, Golas and Khawas.
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  108. Chapalgaonkar, Narendra; Panse, Sharadchandra (2022-03-21), "Maharaja Kishan Prashad", The Last Nizam and His People, London: Routledge India, pp. 17–24, doi:10.4324/9781003093336-3, ISBN 978-1-003-09333-6, retrieved 2024-10-21.
  109. Joglekar, Anagha (2018-09-25). Prerna Publication : Bajiraw Peshwa: The Insurmountable Warrior. Prerna Publication. p. 47. ISBN 978-93-87463-10-3. It was at this time that Raja Chhatrasal introduced Bajirao to his daughter Mastani. Mastani was Raja Chhatrasal's daughter even though her mother was not his legal wife.
  110. Jaswant Lal Mehta (2005-01-01). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-932705-54-6. Of his own sweet will The Rajput king bestowed a large number of Personal Jagir to Bajirao near Jhansi and further offer hand of her daughter Mastani born from his Muslim Concubine.
  111. Vaidya, Sushila (2000). Role of Women in Maratha Politics, 1620-1752 A.D. Sharada Publishing House. p. 147. ISBN 978-81-85616-67-4. Chimnajee Appa took position at Purandar fort with Shahu. Sambhaji II was declared Chhatrapati at Poona and was married to a Rajput princess of Ramnagar.
  112. Roy Choudhry, M L (1951). The State Religion In Mughal India. Indian Publicity Society, Calcutta. p. 223. Son of Gokül, the Jat leader, was converted; he became a Hafiz and was named Fadil. Gokül's daughter was converted and married to Shāh Qūli.
  113. ^ Jhala, Angma Dey (2015-10-06). Courtly Indian Women in Late Imperial India. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-31443-1.
  114. Ramusack, B.N. (2004). The Indian Princes and their States. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-139-44908-3. Retrieved 2024-11-05.
  115. Brentnall, M. (2004). The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh. Indus Publishing Company. p. 92. ISBN 978-81-7387-163-4. Retrieved 2024-11-05.
  116. Poddar, Abhishek; Gaskell, Nathaniel; Pramod Kumar, K. G; Museum of Art & Photography (Bangalore, India) (2015). "Kapurthala". Maharanis: women of royal India. Ahmedabad: Mapin Publishing. pp. 47–48. ISBN 978-93-85360-06-0. OCLC 932267190.
  117. Jhala, Angma Dey (2015-10-06). Courtly Indian Women in Late Imperial India. Routledge. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-317-31444-8. Similarly, Sita Devi's marriage reflected these early twentieth-century aspi- rations for legitimacy through purity of bloodlines. Born into the small Rathor Rajput state of Kashipur in the United Provinces in 1915, Sita Devi was brought up believing she would marry a nobleman from another Rajput princely state. Kashipur observed the traditions of the zenana, and she grew up in strict pardah, after the age of seven-and-a-half. At thirteen, she was married to Maharaj Kumar Karamjit Singh of Kapurthala, a Sikh state in the Punjab.
  118. Ray, Krishnendu; Srinivas, Tulasi (May 2012). Curried Cultures: Globalization, Food, and South Asia. University of California Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-520-27011-4.
  119. Jhala, Angma Dey (2015-10-06). Courtly Indian Women in Late Imperial India. Routledge. pp. 92, 93. ISBN 978-1-317-31444-8. Two such marriages, the marriages of Vijaya Raje Scindia, a Rajput Rana noblewoman from Nepal married to the Maratha ruler of Gwalior state, and Sita Devi, a Rathor Rajput princess who wed a Sikh chief of Kapurthala dynasty....Rajput, Vijaya Raje was the only non-Maratha woman to be married into the Scindia family in 200 years.

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