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⚫ {{Short description|Historic battle between the Mughals and Maratha Empire}}
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{{Infobox military conflict {{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Umberkhind | conflict = Battle of Umberkhind
| partof = ] | partof = ]
| image = | image = Shivaji in action; bazaar art, 1910's.jpg
| caption = | caption = The painting of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
| date = 3 February 1661 | date = 3 February 1661
| place = Umberkhind (present-day ]) | place = Umberkhind (present-day ])
Line 10: Line 18:
| combatant1 = {{flagdeco|Maratha Empire}} ] | combatant1 = {{flagdeco|Maratha Empire}} ]
| combatant2 = ] ] | combatant2 = ] ]
| commander1 = {{flagdeco|Maratha Empire}} ] <br>{{flagdeco|Maratha Empire}} ] | commander1 = {{flagdeco|Maratha Empire}} ] <br/>{{flagdeco|Maratha Empire}} ]
| commander2 = ] Kartalab Khan {{surrender}} <br /> ] ] {{surrender}} | commander2 = ] Kartalab Khan {{surrender}} <br /> ] ] {{surrender}}
| strength1 = 20,000 | strength1 = 1000
| strength2 = 10,000 regular ] | strength2 = 25,000 regular ]
| image_size = | image_size =
}}
⚫ }}{{Short description|Historic battle between the Mughals and Maratha Empire}}

The '''Battle of Umberkhind''' took place on 3 February 1661 in the mountain range of ] near the city of ], ], ]. The battle took place between the ] and ]. ] Maratha forces defeated the invading Mughal army, resulting in the Mughal army's surrender. The battle demonstrated ] ] and ] tactics, marking a significant victory for the Marathas and strengthening their position against the Mughals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Guerilla Victory At Umberkhind! |url=https://chanakyaforum.com/a-guerilla-victory-at-umberkhind/ |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=Chanakya Forum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sorokhaibam |first=Jeneet |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Chhatrapati_Shivaji/ngCqCQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=battle+of+umberkhind&pg=PA169&printsec=frontcover |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji: The Maratha Warrior and His Campaign |date=2013-01-01 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-82573-49-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhave |first=Shreyas |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Legend_of_Bahirji_Naik_Siege_of_Panh/yPzSEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=battle+of+umberkhind&pg=PT14&printsec=frontcover |title=The Legend of Bahirji-Naik: Siege of Panhala (Book II) |publisher=Leadstart Publishing Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-5559-089-3 |language=en}}</ref> The '''Battle of Umberkhind''' took place on 3 February 1661 in the mountain range of ] near the city of ], ], ]. The battle took place between the ] and ]. ] Maratha forces defeated the invading Mughal army, resulting in the Mughal army's surrender. The battle demonstrated ] ] and ] tactics, marking a significant victory for the Marathas and strengthening their position against the Mughals.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhave |first=Shreyas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPzSEAAAQBAJ&dq=battle+of+umberkhind&pg=PT14 |title=The Legend of Bahirji-Naik: Siege of Panhala (Book II) |publisher=Leadstart Publishing Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-5559-089-3 |language=en}}</ref>


== Background == == Background ==
{{See also|Battle of Chakan}} {{See also|Battle of Chakan}}
After his victory at Chakan, the Mughal general ] aimed to expand his control over Maratha territories but initially faced a shortage of troops. Once reinforcements arrived, he initiated an offensive targeting the forts in the Konkan region. At the same time, Shivaji began organizing his forces to counter the invasion. Shaista Khan, along with Rai Bagan, a Maratha Brahmin lady, led the campaign, entrusting the mission to capture the forts to Uzbek commander Kartalab Khan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=C V Vaidya |url=http://archive.org/details/shivajithefounde035304mbp |title=Shivaji_The_Founder_Of_Maratha_Swaraj |date=2005 |publisher=Poona |others=DR BR AMBEDKAR, Digital Library Of India |pages=157}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gajanan Bhaskar Mehendale |url=http://archive.org/details/shivaji-his-life-and-times-1nbsped-9380875177_compress |title=Shivaji His Life and Times |date=2011 |pages=471–476}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqYiBAAAQBAJ&dq=Shivaji+Umberkhind&pg=PA127 |title=Maratha Generals and Personalities: A gist of great personalities of Marathas |date=2014-08-01 |publisher=Pratik gupta |pages=127 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Kulkarni V. B. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.209617 |title=Shivaji The Portrait Of A Patriot |date=1963 |pages=78}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Setumadhavarao S Pagadi |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.220306 |title=Shivaji |date=1983 |pages=35–36}}</ref> After his victory at ], the Mughal general ] aimed to expand his control over Maratha territories but was hesitant due to shortage of troops. Once reinforcements arrived, he initiated an offensive targeting the forts in the ]. At the same time, Shivaji began organizing his forces for a counter attack. Shaista Khan, along with ], led the campaign, entrusting the mission to capture the forts to ] commander Kartalab Khan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=C V Vaidya |url=http://archive.org/details/shivajithefounde035304mbp |title=Shivaji_The_Founder_Of_Maratha_Swaraj |date=2005 |publisher=Poona |others=DR BR AMBEDKAR, Digital Library Of India |pages=157}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gajanan Bhaskar Mehendale |url=http://archive.org/details/shivaji-his-life-and-times-1nbsped-9380875177_compress |title=Shivaji His Life and Times |date=2011 |pages=471–476}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqYiBAAAQBAJ&dq=Shivaji+Umberkhind&pg=PA127 |title=Maratha Generals and Personalities: A gist of great personalities of Marathas |date=2014-08-01 |publisher=Pratik gupta |pages=127 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Setumadhavarao S Pagadi |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.220306 |title=Shivaji |date=1983 |pages=35–36}}</ref>

⚫ The expeditionary force, comprising contingents from various clans and commanders such as ], ], Amar Singh, Mitrasen, Sarjerao Gadhe, ], Jaswantrao Kokate, and Jadhavrao, began its descent from the ] range via the north-south route near ]. Subsequently, the army entered a dense forest known as ''Umbarkhand''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> This terrain, described as a virtual death-trap, limited the army's mobility and exposed them to ambushes from adversaries concealed in the surrounding terrain.<ref name=":0" /> The ''Bor Pass'', a more commonly used route, was heavily fortified by Shivaji's forces, prompting Khan to attempt an outflanking maneuver through the less guarded ].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Abhijit |title=The Marathas: Shivaji |url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesFarEast/India_EarlyModern_Marathas05.htm |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=The History Files}}</ref>


== Battle at Umberkhind ==
⚫ The expeditionary force, comprising contingents from various clans and commanders such as ], ], Amar Singh, Mitrasen, Sarjerao Gadhe, ], Jaswantrao Kokate, and Jadhavrao, began its descent from the ] range via the north-south route near ]. Subsequently, the army entered a dense forest known as ''Umbarkhand''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> This terrain, described as a virtual death-trap, limited the army's mobility and exposed them to ambushes from adversaries concealed in the surrounding terrain.<ref name=":0" /> It is speculated that the ''Bor Pass'', a more commonly used route, may have been heavily fortified by Shivaji's forces, prompting Khan to attempt an outflanking maneuver through the less guarded ]. However, historical records do not provide definitive explanations for this strategic decision.<ref name=":0" />


== Ambush at Umberkhind Pass == === Ambush and Guerilla Attack ===
After Kartalab Khan descended the ] and entered the forest, Shivaji, fully aware of his plans, tactically positioned his forces for an ambush. The surprise guerrilla attack threw the Mughal army into chaos, leading to a stampede among the troops, despite efforts by some commanders to put up resistance.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=S_R_Sharma |url=http://archive.org/details/marathahistory035360mbp |title=Maratha_History |date=2005 |publisher=karnatak_Publishing_House |others=DR BR AMBEEDKAR, Digital Library Of India |pages=141}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":3" /> ], a commander accompanying Kartalab Khan, advised surrender due to the hopeless situation. Kartalab Khan dispatched an emissary to ] with Shivaji, who agreed to allow the Mughal army safe passage in return for their surrender of all possessions. As a result, the Mughals abandoned their belongings and quickly exited the forest.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> The precise date of the battle is not documented in contemporary records, but it is believed to have taken place around January 15, 1661. Shivaji's choice to grant safe passage to Kartalab Khan's forces instead of fully capturing them remains a subject of speculation.<ref name=":0" /> After Kartalab Khan descended the ] and entered the forest, Shivaji, fully aware of his plans, tactically positioned his forces for an ambush. The surprise guerrilla attack threw the Mughal army into chaos, leading to a stampede among the troops, despite efforts by some commanders to put up resistance.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=S_R_Sharma |url=http://archive.org/details/marathahistory035360mbp |title=Maratha_History |date=2005 |publisher=karnatak_Publishing_House |others=DR BR AMBEEDKAR, Digital Library Of India |pages=141}}</ref>


⚫ Capturing the Mughal forces might not have greatly benefited Shivaji’s position, as the Mughals viewed him more as a rebellious leader than an equal authority. Furthermore, given the Mughal Empire's vast manpower, the loss of Kartalab Khan's contingent would have had little effect on their overall military strength.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Kulkarni V. B. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.209617 |title=Shivaji The Portrait Of A Patriot |date=1963 |pages=78}}</ref> For Shivaji, taking a large number of prisoners would have created logistical difficulties with minimal strategic advantage. Instead, he ambushed Kartalab Khan’s advancing Mughal forces at the Umberkhind pass, causing significant casualties.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> ], a commander accompanying Kartalab Khan, advised surrender due to the hopeless situation. Kartalab Khan dispatched an emissary to ] with Shivaji, who agreed to allow the Mughal army safe passage in return for their surrender of all possessions.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />
=== Negotiation with Kartalab Khan ===
⚫ Capturing the Mughal forces might not have greatly benefited Shivaji’s position, as the Mughals viewed him more as a rebellious leader than an equal authority. Furthermore, given the Mughal Empire's vast manpower, the loss of Kartalab Khan's contingent would have had little effect on their overall military strength.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> For Shivaji, taking a large number of prisoners would have created logistical difficulties with minimal strategic advantage. Instead, he ambushed Kartalab Khan’s advancing Mughal forces at the Umberkhind pass, causing significant casualties. Facing an unfavorable situation, Mughal commander Rai Bagan recommended surrender, enabling the Mughal army to retreat safely to Pune.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />


=== Resemblance with roman tactics === === Resemblance with roman tactics ===
According to Gajanan Bhaskar Mehendale, The Battle of Umbarkhind shares similar tactics with the ](217 BCE). In both cases, the general used deception to lure the enemy into a trap. ] had drawn the ] into an ambush by threatening Rome and positioning himself along their route as they rushed to its defense. However, it is unclear whether Shivaji intentionally set up his trap in a similar way or simply took advantage of the enemy's mistake.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gajanan Bhaskar Mehendale |url=https://archive.org/details/shivaji-his-life-and-times-1nbsped-9380875177_compress/page/n475/mode/2up?q=umbarkhind |title=Shivaji His Life and Times |date=2011 |quote=The Battle of Umbarkhind has a close tactical resemblance to the battle of Lake Trasimene (217 BCE). Hannibal had deliberately lured the Romans into a trap by threatening Rome and placing himself astride their route as they were hurrying to its relief. We do not know whether Shivaji had deliberately baited his trap by some such move or had merely exploited the opportunity presented by the enemy’s carelessness.}}</ref>] According to Gajanan Bhaskar Mehendale, The Battle of Umbarkhind shares similar tactics with the ](217 BCE). In both cases, the general used deception to lure the enemy into a trap. ] had drawn the ] into an ambush by threatening Rome and positioning himself along their route as they rushed to its defense. However, it is unclear whether Shivaji intentionally set up his trap in a similar way or simply took advantage of the enemy's mistake.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gajanan Bhaskar Mehendale |url=https://archive.org/details/shivaji-his-life-and-times-1nbsped-9380875177_compress/page/n475/mode/2up?q=umbarkhind |title=Shivaji His Life and Times |date=2011 |quote=The Battle of Umbarkhind has a close tactical resemblance to the battle of Lake Trasimene (217 BCE). Hannibal had deliberately lured the Romans into a trap by threatening Rome and placing himself astride their route as they were hurrying to its relief. We do not know whether Shivaji had deliberately baited his trap by some such move or had merely exploited the opportunity presented by the enemy’s carelessness.}}</ref>]


== Aftermath == == Aftermath ==
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{{Reflist}}{{MarathaEmpire}} {{Reflist}}{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle of Umberkhind}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Battle of Umberkhind}}
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Latest revision as of 12:38, 28 December 2024

Historic battle between the Mughals and Maratha Empire
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Battle of Umberkhind
Part of Mughal-Maratha Wars

The painting of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
Date3 February 1661
LocationUmberkhind (present-day Maharashtra)18°45′N 73°05′E / 18.750°N 73.083°E / 18.750; 73.083
Result Maratha Empire victory
Belligerents
Maratha Empire Mughal Empire
Commanders and leaders
Shivaji
Netaji Palkar		 Kartalab Khan  Surrendered
Rai Bagan  Surrendered
Strength
1000 25,000 regular infantry

The Battle of Umberkhind took place on 3 February 1661 in the mountain range of Sahyadri near the city of Khopoli, Maharashtra, India. The battle took place between the Mughal and Maratha Empire. Shivaji's Maratha forces defeated the invading Mughal army, resulting in the Mughal army's surrender. The battle demonstrated Shivaji's Ganimi kava and Guerrilla warfare tactics, marking a significant victory for the Marathas and strengthening their position against the Mughals.

Background

See also: Battle of Chakan

After his victory at Chakan, the Mughal general Shaista Khan aimed to expand his control over Maratha territories but was hesitant due to shortage of troops. Once reinforcements arrived, he initiated an offensive targeting the forts in the Konkan region. At the same time, Shivaji began organizing his forces for a counter attack. Shaista Khan, along with Rai Bagan, led the campaign, entrusting the mission to capture the forts to Uzbek commander Kartalab Khan.

The expeditionary force, comprising contingents from various clans and commanders such as Kachhwah, Chauhan, Amar Singh, Mitrasen, Sarjerao Gadhe, Rai Bagan, Jaswantrao Kokate, and Jadhavrao, began its descent from the Sahyadri range via the north-south route near Lohagad. Subsequently, the army entered a dense forest known as Umbarkhand. This terrain, described as a virtual death-trap, limited the army's mobility and exposed them to ambushes from adversaries concealed in the surrounding terrain. The Bor Pass, a more commonly used route, was heavily fortified by Shivaji's forces, prompting Khan to attempt an outflanking maneuver through the less guarded Kuruwande Pass.

Battle at Umberkhind

Ambush and Guerilla Attack

After Kartalab Khan descended the Sahyadri range and entered the forest, Shivaji, fully aware of his plans, tactically positioned his forces for an ambush. The surprise guerrilla attack threw the Mughal army into chaos, leading to a stampede among the troops, despite efforts by some commanders to put up resistance.

Capturing the Mughal forces might not have greatly benefited Shivaji’s position, as the Mughals viewed him more as a rebellious leader than an equal authority. Furthermore, given the Mughal Empire's vast manpower, the loss of Kartalab Khan's contingent would have had little effect on their overall military strength. For Shivaji, taking a large number of prisoners would have created logistical difficulties with minimal strategic advantage. Instead, he ambushed Kartalab Khan’s advancing Mughal forces at the Umberkhind pass, causing significant casualties. Rai Bagan, a commander accompanying Kartalab Khan, advised surrender due to the hopeless situation. Kartalab Khan dispatched an emissary to negotiate with Shivaji, who agreed to allow the Mughal army safe passage in return for their surrender of all possessions.

Resemblance with roman tactics

According to Gajanan Bhaskar Mehendale, The Battle of Umbarkhind shares similar tactics with the Battle of Lake Trasimene(217 BCE). In both cases, the general used deception to lure the enemy into a trap. Hannibal had drawn the Romans into an ambush by threatening Rome and positioning himself along their route as they rushed to its defense. However, it is unclear whether Shivaji intentionally set up his trap in a similar way or simply took advantage of the enemy's mistake.

Monument Made at Umberkhind.

Aftermath

Shivaji allowed safe passage to Kartalab Khan’s forces after the Battle of Umberkhind to focus on diplomacy over conflict. His goal was to compel the Mughals to accept a political settlement rather than escalate the war. Given his limited resources, Shivaji sought to demonstrate to the Mughals that imposing their will on him would come at a high cost, while also asserting his determination to defend his territory.

See also

References

  1. Sardesai, GS (1946). "New History of the Marathas". Phœnix Publications. p. 137.
  2. Vaibhav, Purandare (22 August 2022). Shivaji: India' Great Warrior King. Juggernaut Books. p. 53. ISBN 9789391165505.
  3. Bhave, Shreyas. The Legend of Bahirji-Naik: Siege of Panhala (Book II). Leadstart Publishing Pvt Ltd. ISBN 978-93-5559-089-3.
  4. C V Vaidya (2005). Shivaji_The_Founder_Of_Maratha_Swaraj. DR BR AMBEDKAR, Digital Library Of India. Poona. p. 157.
  5. ^ Gajanan Bhaskar Mehendale (2011). Shivaji His Life and Times. pp. 471–476.
  6. ^ Maratha Generals and Personalities: A gist of great personalities of Marathas. Pratik gupta. 2014-08-01. p. 127.
  7. ^ Setumadhavarao S Pagadi (1983). Shivaji. pp. 35–36.
  8. Rajadhyaksha, Abhijit. "The Marathas: Shivaji". The History Files. Retrieved 2024-12-21.
  9. ^ S_R_Sharma (2005). Maratha_History. DR BR AMBEEDKAR, Digital Library Of India. karnatak_Publishing_House. p. 141.
  10. ^ Kulkarni V. B. (1963). Shivaji The Portrait Of A Patriot. p. 78.
  11. Gajanan Bhaskar Mehendale (2011). Shivaji His Life and Times. The Battle of Umbarkhind has a close tactical resemblance to the battle of Lake Trasimene (217 BCE). Hannibal had deliberately lured the Romans into a trap by threatening Rome and placing himself astride their route as they were hurrying to its relief. We do not know whether Shivaji had deliberately baited his trap by some such move or had merely exploited the opportunity presented by the enemy's carelessness.
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