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| {{Short description|Hotel and casino near Athens, Greece}} | |||
| {{AfC submission|t||ts=20241221133237|u=TrickShotFinn|ns=118|demo=}}<!-- Important, do not remove this line before article has been created. --> | |||
| {{WIP}} | |||
| {{Infobox building | {{Infobox building | ||
| | name = Regency Casino Mont Parnes | | name = Regency Casino Mont Parnes | ||
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| | altitude = | | altitude = | ||
| | building_type = ] (formerly ]) | | building_type = ] (formerly ]) | ||
| | architectural_style = | | architectural_style = ]<ref name="Tovima2010"/> | ||
| | structural_system = | | structural_system = | ||
| | cost = | | cost = | ||
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| '''Regency Casino Mont Parnes''', also known as the '''Parnitha Casino''', is a ] situated at ] north of ]. Originally built as '''Hotel Mont Parnes''', it was a ] designed by architect {{interlanguage link|Pavlos Mylonas|el|Παύλος Μυλωνάς (αρχιτέκτονας)}} and was built between 1958 to 1961.<ref name="Tovima_2008"/><ref name="Prefab1964">{{cite book |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 1964|title= Prefabrication|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Prefabrication/Wb5UAAAAMAAJ |location= ]|publisher=Prefabrication Publications |page=16 |volume=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last= Schina |editor-first=Athēna |date= 2000|title=Athens: the famed city |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Athens/sscQAQAAMAAJ |location= ]|publisher= Milētos Ekdoseis|page=411 |isbn=9789608460157}}</ref> | |||
| It was the first luxury hotel in the ], but was not commercially successful. This would lead to ] being licensed on its premises in 1971, that would also become the first one ever in the Attica. Subsequently, an ] (the ]) would be built in 1972 to help transport quests up to the hotel.<ref name="Tovima_2008"/><ref name="Halkias_2004">{{cite book |last= Halkias|first= Alexandra|date= September 4, 2004|title=The Empty Cradle of Democracy: Sex, Abortion, and Nationalism in Modern Greece |url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Empty_Cradle_of_Democracy/qi04H1dTMmEC|publisher= Duke University Press|page=27 |isbn=9780822386049}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Poupou|first=Anna|editor-last1=Rosário |editor-first1= Filipa|editor-last2=Álvarez |editor-first2=Iván Villarmea |date= December 12, 2018|title=New Approaches to Cinematic Space |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/New_Approaches_to_Cinematic_Space/tqp-DwAAQBAJ |publisher= ] |chapter= Part 1.2 Social Space, Architecture and the Crisis |isbn=9780429887857}}</ref> | |||
| The hotel ceased operations in 1974, while Casino it would still continue to function. In 1984, Mont Parnes became the property of the ] and would become ] again in 2003.<ref name="Tovima_2008"/><ref name="GreekReporter2021"/> | The hotel ceased operations in 1974, while Casino it would still continue to function. In 1984, Mont Parnes became the property of the ] and would become ] again in 2003.<ref name="Tovima_2008"/><ref name="GreekReporter2021"/> | ||
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| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| ===Construction and operation as a hotel=== | ===Construction and operation as a hotel=== | ||
| After the ] was re-established in 1950, a series of hotels were designed throughout Greece to meet the growing tourist flows in the country, with the participation of notable Greek architects. In 1958, it was decided to build a luxury hotel on Parnitha, along with other facilities, such as ]s, ]s, a small ] and ] spread over an area of |
After the ] was re-established in 1950, a series of hotels were designed throughout Greece to meet the growing tourist flows in the country, with the participation of notable Greek architects. In 1958, it was decided to build a luxury hotel on Parnitha, along with other facilities, such as ]s, ]s, a small ] and ] spread over an area of 800 acres.<ref name="Economou2019">{{Cite web |url=https://www.greekarchitects.gr/gr/%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%82-%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%82/%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C-%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF-mont-parnes-%CE%B1-%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82-id4405 |title= Οδοιπορικό στο Mont Parnes (Α' Μέρος)|trans-title= A Journey to Mont Parnes (Part 1)|last= Economou |first= Manolis|date=February 13, 2019 |website= Greek Architects |language=Greek|access-date=December 21, 2024}}</ref> The program had the support of Prime Minister ], who also suggested the name "Mont Parnes", as a nod to the French district of ].<ref name="Tovima_2008">{{Cite web |url= https://www.tovima.gr/2008/11/25/archive/i-anastasi-toy-mon-parnes/|language= Greek |title= Η ανάσταση του Μον Παρνές|trans-title=The Resurrection of Mont Parnes |author=Maria Thermou|date=November 25, 2008 |website= ]|access-date= December 22, 2024}}</ref> | ||
| The design of the hotel was assigned to the architect Pavlos Mylonas, who had designed the ] in 1936.<ref name="Tovima_2008"/><ref name="Prefab1964"/><ref name="Economou2019"/> The construction was undertaken by the contractor and civil engineer ].<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.ekathimerini.com/society/218482/a-lifetime-of-hard-work-and-great-achievements/|title=A lifetime of hard work and great achievements|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= May 17, 2017|website=Ekathimerini |access-date= December 22, 2024|quote=Other significant projects from that period include the Mont Parnes hotel on Mount Parnitha, the Asteras resort in Vouliagmeni and the basic infrastructure of the Nestos and Axios valley roads.}}</ref> The initial budget for the building was 35–40 million ]s, but the final cost amounted to 150 million, causing reactions in the press.<ref name="Tovima_2008"/> | The design of the hotel was assigned to the architect Pavlos Mylonas, who had designed the ] in 1936.<ref name="Tovima_2008"/><ref name="Prefab1964"/><ref name="Economou2019"/> The construction was undertaken by the contractor and civil engineer ].<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.ekathimerini.com/society/218482/a-lifetime-of-hard-work-and-great-achievements/|title=A lifetime of hard work and great achievements|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= May 17, 2017|website=Ekathimerini |access-date= December 22, 2024|quote=Other significant projects from that period include the Mont Parnes hotel on Mount Parnitha, the Asteras resort in Vouliagmeni and the basic infrastructure of the Nestos and Axios valley roads.}}</ref> The initial budget for the building was 35–40 million ]s, but the final cost amounted to 150 million, causing reactions in the press.<ref name="Tovima_2008"/> | ||
| The hotel was inaugurated on 17 June 1961, in the presence of Konstantinos Karamanlis. It was the first luxury hotel to be opened at ], beating the American |
The hotel was inaugurated on 17 June 1961, in the presence of Konstantinos Karamanlis. It was the first luxury hotel to be opened at ], beating the American ] which began also began construction in 1958, but was opened later in 1963.<ref name="Halkias_2004"/><ref name="GreekReporter2021">{{Cite web |url= https://greekreporter.com/2021/04/06/historic-mount-parnitha-casino-moves-athens/|title=Historic Top of Mount Parnitha Casino Moves to Athens |last= Kokkinidis |first=Tasos |date=April 6, 2021 |website= ]|access-date= December 22, 2024}}</ref> | ||
| However, the hotel did not receive the expected attendance. Reportedly, the hotel had "more staff than visitors" in 1963. In the period 1962–63, its management was given to the company Chaire Rhore Hotels Greece S.A. and a Swiss hotel school began to operate on its premises. The hotel did not operate during the winter season of 1963-64, resulting in it once again becoming the subject of severe criticism.<ref name="GreekReporter2021"/><ref name="Tovima_2008"/><ref name="Tovima2010"/> Reportedly ], who cut the ribbon at the inauguration, would subsequently deem that the hotel was "a failure both artistically and financially. |
However, the hotel did not receive the expected attendance. Reportedly, the hotel had "more staff than visitors" in 1963. In the period 1962–63, its management was given to the company Chaire Rhore Hotels Greece S.A. and a Swiss hotel school began to operate on its premises. The hotel did not operate during the winter season of 1963-64, resulting in it once again becoming the subject of severe criticism.<ref name="GreekReporter2021"/><ref name="Tovima_2008"/><ref name="Tovima2010"/> Reportedly ], who cut the ribbon at the inauguration, would subsequently deem that the hotel was "a failure both artistically and financially."<ref name="Tovima2010"/> | ||
| ===Casino operation=== | ===Casino operation=== | ||
| In 1969, it was decided to operate a casino on the hotel premises - until then, casinos in Greece had only operated in ] and ]. The operation of the casino was undertaken by the Cypriot businessman Frixos Dimitriou.<ref name="Tovima_2008"/> | In 1969, it was decided to operate a casino on the hotel premises - until then, casinos in Greece had only operated in ] and ]. The operation of the casino was undertaken by the Cypriot businessman Frixos Dimitriou.<ref name="Tovima_2008"/> | ||
| The casino was inaugurated in February 1971. A new building was constructed for its needs. In 1972, |
The casino was inaugurated in February 1971. A new building was constructed for its needs. In 1972, an aerial tramway was built by the Swiss company Haberger, which bypassed the curves of the road that went up to the hotel. This aerial tram would be later known as the ]. The Mont Parnes hotel ceased operation in 1974, and only the casino continued to operate.<ref name="Tovima2010">{{Cite web |url= https://www.tovima.gr/2010/11/09/culture/katedafizetai-to-etoimorropo-mon-parnes/|language= Greek |title= Κατεδαφίζεται το «ετοιμόρροπο» Μον Παρνές|trans-title=The "ready-to-go" Mont Parnes is being demolished |author=Maria Thermou|date=November 9, 2010 |website= ]|access-date= December 22, 2024}}</ref><ref name="GreekReporter2021"/> | ||
| In 1984, the building passed into the possession of the Greek National Tourism Organization.<ref>International Gaming & Wagering Business. Volume 25. (2004). BMT Publications. Page 16.</ref> |
Reportedly, the first decade was the most successful period of the casino's existence. In 1984, the building passed into the possession of the Greek National Tourism Organization. In late 1980s, it was still considered one of the largest Casinos in Europe.<ref name="Tovima2010"/><ref>International Gaming & Wagering Business. Volume 25. (2004). BMT Publications. Page 16.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= MacNeill |first= John |date=1988 |title=Athens |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Athens/2Y_oUEoTxgcC |quote=The casino on top of Mount Parnes is one of the largest in Europe (17,000 square feet of glitter and plush) with girl croupiers (some from England, most from Greece ).|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated |page=104 |isbn=9780130476067}}</ref> | ||
| The structure was damaged by the ]. The earthquake caused cracks in the building, the northwest wing deviated from the vertical, and the nightclub collapsed. The damage from the earthquake was compounded by theft and the abandonment of the hotel.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last= Jarvis|editor-first= Ruth|author-link= |date= 2004|title=Time Out Athens |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Time_Out_Athens/thWRaIxhEdUC|publisher=] |page=236 |isbn=9780141010557}}</ref><ref name="Tovima_2008"/><ref name="Tovima2010"/> | The structure was damaged by the ]. The earthquake caused cracks in the building, the northwest wing deviated from the vertical, and the nightclub collapsed. The damage from the earthquake was compounded by theft and the abandonment of the hotel.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last= Jarvis|editor-first= Ruth|author-link= |date= 2004|title=Time Out Athens |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Time_Out_Athens/thWRaIxhEdUC|publisher=] |page=236 |isbn=9780141010557}}</ref><ref name="Tovima_2008"/><ref name="Tovima2010"/> | ||
| Line 115: | Line 116: | ||
| ==Features== | ==Features== | ||
| The building was primarily designed by {{interlanguage link|Pavlos Mylonas|el|Παύλος Μυλωνάς (αρχιτέκτονας)}}. There is a plaque in the hotel lounge that contained the names of designers and contributors of project, which include; Yannis Tsarouchis, Yannis Moralis, Nikos Hadjikyriakos-Ghikas, |
The building was primarily designed by {{interlanguage link|Pavlos Mylonas|el|Παύλος Μυλωνάς (αρχιτέκτονας)}}. There is a plaque in the hotel lounge that contained the names of designers and contributors of project, which include; ], ], ], ], ] and others.<ref name="Tovima_2008"/> | ||
| It is located at an altitude of 1,078 meters above sea level and has a panoramic view of the ]. It occupies 90 acres of land, is five-story tall and has 240 rooms.<ref name="Tovima2010"/> | |||
| ⚫ | The building hosted a ] which was designed by Nikos Hadjikyriakos-Ghikas. It also hosted salons, such as the "Macedonian Salon" that was a copy of the interior of {{Schwartz mansion Ampelakia|fr|Manoir Georgios-Schwartz}}, as well as the "Hydra Salon" that contained various furniture, tapestries and works of art, which bear the signatures of great Greek artists.<ref name="Tovima_2008"/> | ||
| ⚫ | The building hosted a ] which was designed by ]. It also hosted salons, such as the "Macedonian Salon" that was a copy of the interior of {{interlanguage link|Schwartz mansion in Ampelakia|fr|Manoir Georgios-Schwartz}}, as well as the "Hydra Salon" that contained various furniture, tapestries and works of art, which bear the signatures of great Greek artists. Additionally, it has a peculiar spiral staircase, which was to be preserved during the renovation plans.<ref name="Tovima_2008"/> | ||
| ⚫ | The ] caused serious damage to the building. Building's basements, hotel rooms, public and auxiliary areas, as well as the ] had collapsed completely. Additionally, the north-eastern wing had become detached from the rest of the building. The restoration of the NE wing was impossible and it was deemed that it would have needed to be demolished and then re-built.<ref name="Tovima_2008"/> | ||
| ⚫ | The ] caused serious damage to the building. Building's basements, hotel rooms, public and auxiliary areas, as well as the ] had collapsed completely. Additionally, the north-eastern wing had become detached from the rest of the building. The restoration of the NE wing was impossible and it was deemed that it would have needed to be demolished and then re-built.<ref name="Tovima_2008"/><ref name="Tovima2010"/> | ||
| ==In popular culture== | ==In popular culture== | ||
| The Parnitha Casino was featured in the 1998 ] '']''. | The Parnitha Casino was featured in the 1998 ] '']''. There it is called ''Casino au Mont Parnes'' and is located atop of ], like the Parnitha Casino.<ref>{{cite book |last= Benson |first=Raymond |author-link= Raymond Benson|date=1998 |title=The Facts of Death |publisher= G.P. Putnam's Sons |page=159-164 |isbn=9780399144059}}</ref> | ||
| == References == | == References == | ||
| <!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --> | |||
| {{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 11:15, 29 December 2024
Hotel and casino near Athens, Greece| Regency Casino Mont Parnes | |
|---|---|
 Parnitha Casino in 2014 | |
| Former names | Hotel Mont Parnes |
| General information | |
| Type | Casino (formerly hotel) |
| Architectural style | Post-war modernism |
| Country | Greece |
| Coordinates | 38°9′8″N 23°44′13″E / 38.15222°N 23.73694°E / 38.15222; 23.73694 |
| Construction started | 1958 |
| Completed | 1961 |
| Inaugurated | June 17, 1961 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Pavlos Mylonas |
| Main contractor | Aristeidis Alafouzos |
Regency Casino Mont Parnes, also known as the Parnitha Casino, is a casino situated at Mount Parnitha north of Athens. Originally built as Hotel Mont Parnes, it was a luxury hotel designed by architect Pavlos Mylonas [el] and was built between 1958 to 1961.
It was the first luxury hotel in the Attica region, but was not commercially successful. This would lead to casino being licensed on its premises in 1971, that would also become the first one ever in the Attica. Subsequently, an aerial tramway (the Parnitha Funitel) would be built in 1972 to help transport quests up to the hotel.
The hotel ceased operations in 1974, while Casino it would still continue to function. In 1984, Mont Parnes became the property of the Greek National Tourism Organization and would become privatized again in 2003.
History
Construction and operation as a hotel
After the Greek National Tourism Organization was re-established in 1950, a series of hotels were designed throughout Greece to meet the growing tourist flows in the country, with the participation of notable Greek architects. In 1958, it was decided to build a luxury hotel on Parnitha, along with other facilities, such as bungalows, restaurants, a small open-air theater and sports facilities spread over an area of 800 acres. The program had the support of Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis, who also suggested the name "Mont Parnes", as a nod to the French district of Montparnasse.
The design of the hotel was assigned to the architect Pavlos Mylonas, who had designed the Bafi Refuge in 1936. The construction was undertaken by the contractor and civil engineer Aristeidis Alafouzos. The initial budget for the building was 35–40 million drachmas, but the final cost amounted to 150 million, causing reactions in the press.
The hotel was inaugurated on 17 June 1961, in the presence of Konstantinos Karamanlis. It was the first luxury hotel to be opened at Attica region, beating the American Athens Hilton which began also began construction in 1958, but was opened later in 1963.
However, the hotel did not receive the expected attendance. Reportedly, the hotel had "more staff than visitors" in 1963. In the period 1962–63, its management was given to the company Chaire Rhore Hotels Greece S.A. and a Swiss hotel school began to operate on its premises. The hotel did not operate during the winter season of 1963-64, resulting in it once again becoming the subject of severe criticism. Reportedly Konstantinos Tsatsos, who cut the ribbon at the inauguration, would subsequently deem that the hotel was "a failure both artistically and financially."
Casino operation
In 1969, it was decided to operate a casino on the hotel premises - until then, casinos in Greece had only operated in Corfu and Rhodes. The operation of the casino was undertaken by the Cypriot businessman Frixos Dimitriou.
The casino was inaugurated in February 1971. A new building was constructed for its needs. In 1972, an aerial tramway was built by the Swiss company Haberger, which bypassed the curves of the road that went up to the hotel. This aerial tram would be later known as the Parnitha Funitel. The Mont Parnes hotel ceased operation in 1974, and only the casino continued to operate.
Reportedly, the first decade was the most successful period of the casino's existence. In 1984, the building passed into the possession of the Greek National Tourism Organization. In late 1980s, it was still considered one of the largest Casinos in Europe.
The structure was damaged by the 1999 Athens earthquake. The earthquake caused cracks in the building, the northwest wing deviated from the vertical, and the nightclub collapsed. The damage from the earthquake was compounded by theft and the abandonment of the hotel.
In 2001, a tender was held for the privatization of the complex. The call for interest was made in August 2001 and by December of the same year two proposals had been submitted, from the joint ventures "Casino Attica" and "Hyatt-Hellenic Technodomiki".
The auction took place in May 2002 and the consortium Hyatt-Hellenic Technodomiki won the bid, with a price of 92.1 million euros. The tender was awarded in August 2002 to Hyatt-Hellenic Technodomiki, with a final cost of 120 million euros. The sales contract was ratified in Parliament in March 2003 for 49% of the casino and its management. The "Casino Attica" consortium filed a unsuccessful lawsuit against the tender.
In 2003–04, the hotel's renovation began, and in 2005 the old cable car station was demolished and replaced with a new one, and there were plans to replace the building with a new one. These plans faced resistance and protests over preserving the historical building.
In 2008, three of the hotel's facades were deemed to be protected by the Central Council of Modern Monuments of the Ministry of Culture. But in 2010, it was deemed that the building needed to be demolished, as it was in verge of collapse. It was determined that a new complex was to be built in its place, which would follow the design cues of the original.
The attempt to move the casino to Maroussi was blocked the Greek High Court in January 2021, but laws involved the transfer were changed by a Greek Parliament vote, allowing the transfer to proceed.
Features
The building was primarily designed by Pavlos Mylonas [el]. There is a plaque in the hotel lounge that contained the names of designers and contributors of project, which include; Yannis Tsarouchis, Yannis Moralis, Nikos Hadjikyriakos-Ghikas, Panagiotis Tetsis, Evgenios Spatharis and others.
It is located at an altitude of 1,078 meters above sea level and has a panoramic view of the Attica Basin. It occupies 90 acres of land, is five-story tall and has 240 rooms.
The building hosted a swimming pool which was designed by Nikos Hadjikyriakos-Ghikas. It also hosted salons, such as the "Macedonian Salon" that was a copy of the interior of Schwartz mansion in Ampelakia [fr], as well as the "Hydra Salon" that contained various furniture, tapestries and works of art, which bear the signatures of great Greek artists. Additionally, it has a peculiar spiral staircase, which was to be preserved during the renovation plans.
The 1999 earthquake caused serious damage to the building. Building's basements, hotel rooms, public and auxiliary areas, as well as the nightclub had collapsed completely. Additionally, the north-eastern wing had become detached from the rest of the building. The restoration of the NE wing was impossible and it was deemed that it would have needed to be demolished and then re-built.
In popular culture
The Parnitha Casino was featured in the 1998 James Bond continuation novel The Facts of Death. There it is called Casino au Mont Parnes and is located atop of Mount Parnitha, like the Parnitha Casino.
References
- ^ Maria Thermou (November 9, 2010). "Κατεδαφίζεται το «ετοιμόρροπο» Μον Παρνές" [The "ready-to-go" Mont Parnes is being demolished]. To Vima (in Greek). Retrieved December 22, 2024.
- ^ Maria Thermou (November 25, 2008). "Η ανάσταση του Μον Παρνές" [The Resurrection of Mont Parnes]. To Vima (in Greek). Retrieved December 22, 2024.
- ^ Prefabrication. Vol. 11. University of Michigan: Prefabrication Publications. 1964. p. 16.
- Schina, Athēna, ed. (2000). Athens: the famed city. Pennsylvania State University: Milētos Ekdoseis. p. 411. ISBN 9789608460157.
- ^ Halkias, Alexandra (September 4, 2004). The Empty Cradle of Democracy: Sex, Abortion, and Nationalism in Modern Greece. Duke University Press. p. 27. ISBN 9780822386049.
- Poupou, Anna (December 12, 2018). "Part 1.2 Social Space, Architecture and the Crisis". In Rosário, Filipa; Álvarez, Iván Villarmea (eds.). New Approaches to Cinematic Space. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780429887857.
- ^ Kokkinidis, Tasos (April 6, 2021). "Historic Top of Mount Parnitha Casino Moves to Athens". Greek Reporter. Retrieved December 22, 2024.
- ^ Economou, Manolis (February 13, 2019). "Οδοιπορικό στο Mont Parnes (Α' Μέρος)" [A Journey to Mont Parnes (Part 1)]. Greek Architects (in Greek). Retrieved December 21, 2024.
- "A lifetime of hard work and great achievements". Ekathimerini. May 17, 2017. Retrieved December 22, 2024.
Other significant projects from that period include the Mont Parnes hotel on Mount Parnitha, the Asteras resort in Vouliagmeni and the basic infrastructure of the Nestos and Axios valley roads.
- International Gaming & Wagering Business. Volume 25. (2004). BMT Publications. Page 16.
- MacNeill, John (1988). Athens. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. p. 104. ISBN 9780130476067.
The casino on top of Mount Parnes is one of the largest in Europe (17,000 square feet of glitter and plush) with girl croupiers (some from England, most from Greece ).
- Jarvis, Ruth, ed. (2004). Time Out Athens. Penguin Books. p. 236. ISBN 9780141010557.
- "Two binding offers made for the Mount Parnitha casino". Kathimerini. December 29, 2001. Retrieved December 22, 2024.
- "Salonica casino wins Mont Parnes auction". Kathimerini. June 3, 2002. Retrieved December 22, 2024.
- Foo Yun Chee (June 4, 2002). "Losing consortium wants rerun of Mont Parnes sale". Kathimerini. Retrieved December 22, 2024.
- Paravantes, Maria (April 4, 2023). "Parnitha Casino Move to Marousi Approved". Greek Travel Pages. Retrieved December 22, 2024.
- Benson, Raymond (1998). The Facts of Death. G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 159-164. ISBN 9780399144059.