| Revision as of 15:23, 22 December 2024 editAmateurHi$torian (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users2,101 edits ←Created page with ''''Devarani and Jithani temples''' are two temples located in Tala. == History == From the style of the construction, it can be ascertained that both the temples were constructed at the same time. They are dated to the sixth century CE.{{sfn|Stadtner|1980|pp=38, 47}} ==Description== thumb|The elaborately carved doorway ===Devarani Temple=== The temple is built along an east-west axis...'Tag: Visual edit | Latest revision as of 14:09, 24 December 2024 edit undoCitation bot (talk | contribs)Bots5,409,839 edits Add: chapter-url, jstor. Removed or converted URL. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by BorgQueen | Linked from User:AlexNewArtBot/GoodSearchResult | #UCB_webform_linked 122/1375 | ||
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| ]'''Devarani and Jithani temples''' are two temples located in ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakravarty |first=Kalyan |year=1992 |title=The Temples at Tala and the Art of Daksina Kosala |url=https://openpublishing.psu.edu/ahd/content/temples-tala-and-art-daksina-kosala |access-date= |website= |language=en}}</ref> The Devarani temple is built out of ashlar, and in a state of good preservation. Consisting of a shrine, antechamber, and pavilion, it is built out of ]. The doorway of the temple is lavishly decorated with sculptures carved in ]. A ] ] statue excavated from the temple is placed in situ, and various parts of its body are represented by animal figures as well as human heads. | |||
| '''Devarani and Jithani temples''' are two temples located in Tala. | |||
| The Jithani temple is in ruins, and its plan can be ascertained by fragments strewn across the temple site. The temples are an importance example of the architecture of the ] region. | |||
| == History == | == History == | ||
| Donald Stadtner dates both the temples to around the same time, approximately 525–550 CE.{{sfn|Stadtner|1980|pp=38, 47}} However, ] argues that the Jithani temple was built at an earlier date than the Devarani temple, ascertained due to the fact that the Jithani temple has a somewhat unconventional and experimental structure, and may have collapsed under its own weight.{{sfn|Bakker|1994|p=258}} | |||
| From the style of the construction, it can be ascertained that both the temples were constructed at the same time. They are dated to the sixth century CE.{{sfn|Stadtner|1980|pp=38, 47}} | |||
| The temples were excavated in the 20th century by the ]. In the course of the excavations, the scattered fragments of the Jithani temple were studied, and some were placed in the Bilaspur museum. In 1988, the massive Rudra Shiva sculpture was unearthed from beneath the Devarani temple, which is now placed ].<ref name=":0" /> | |||
| ==Description== | ==Description== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ===Devarani Temple=== | ===Devarani Temple=== | ||
| The temple is |
The Devarani temple is fairly well-preserved, apart from the fact that its ] (temple tower) is lost. It is aligned along an east–west axis, with its entrance facing east and the rear facing the Maniari river to the west. The entrance is accessible by a flight of steps. The temple measures 75 × 32 feet and is constructed from ].{{Sfn|Stadtner|1980|p=38-40}} | ||
| It consists of a '']'' (sanctum), '']'' (antechamber), and a small ''mukhamandapa'' (pavilion). The sanctum is slightly larger than the antechamber. On each exterior wall of the temple, there are two vertical niches rising up to the roof. The entrance to the pavilion is flanked by two monolithic pillars.{{Sfn|Deva|1988|p=229}} | |||
| The doorway is elaborately decorated. The lintel is divided into two horizontal zones. The upper lintel has an image of ] at the center, flanked by two elephants and ] couples. The ] incarnation of Shiva is displayed in the center of the lower lintel.{{sfn|Stadtner|1980|pp=|p=44}} | |||
| ==== Doorway ==== | |||
| The doorway is elaborately decorated. The outer side of the doorframe is composed of six ''sakhas'' (bands). The base of the doorjamb contains two large standing female figures, along with attendants. The figures are mutilated; However, they likely depict the river goddesses ] and ]. The inner faces of the doorjamb contain reliefs in panels. On the left, Shaivite imagery is depicted, including a depiction of ]. On the right, ] is seen along with attendants, followed by ]s and ].{{Sfn|Stadtner|1980|p=42-43}} | |||
| The lintel is divided into two horizontal sections. The upper section features an image of ] at the center, flanked by two elephants and ] couples. In the lower section, the ] incarnation of Shiva is depicted in the center, with attendants on either side. Elephant and lion busts, along with other gods, also occupy this section. On the underside of the lintel are three medallions. The central medallion contains fifteen squatting figures, each with its right hand placed upon the head of the figure in front.{{Sfn|Stadtner|1980|p=44-46}}{{Sfn|Deva|1988|p=229}} | |||
| ==== Rudra Shiva Statue ==== | ==== Rudra Shiva Statue ==== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| A statue was found buried here in 1988, identified as Rudra Shiva. It weights 5 tons and has a height of 8 feet.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Riddle of Indian iconography: zetetic on rare icon from Tālā |date=2000 |publisher=Sharada Pub. House |isbn=978-81-85616-63-6 |editor-last=Nigam |editor-first=L. S. |location=Delhi}}</ref> | A statue was found buried here in 1988, identified as Rudra Shiva. It weights 5 tons and has a height of 8 feet. Various parts of the figure's body are represented by animals as well as human heads. A lizard forms its nose while the hind legs of the lizard form the eyebrows. The eyes are shaped like frogs and peacocks constitute the ears of the figure. The moustache is composed of two fishes, while the lower lip and chin are formed by a crab. The shoulders are shaped like ] crocodiles, while the knees are made out of lion-heads. Human heads are found on the chest, torso, and thighs of the figure.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Riddle of Indian iconography: zetetic on rare icon from Tālā |date=2000 |publisher=Sharada Pub. House |isbn=978-81-85616-63-6 |editor-last=Nigam |editor-first=L. S. |location=Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Majumdar |first=Susmita Basu |date=2003 |title=Tracing the Religio-Specific Traits in the Saiva Sculptures of South Kosala |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145470 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=64 |pages=277–285 |jstor=44145470 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> | ||
| === Jithani Temple === | === Jithani Temple === | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| The Jithani Temple is in ruins. It had three entrances, with the main entrance facing south, accessible by a flight of steps. The other two entrances faced east and west. Among the ruins, several ] sculptures are found, including those of ], Shiva, ], and ]. Some of these fragments are housed in the Bilaspur Museum. The ruins also contain figures of makaras and ganas. Three large stone ]s are also among the ruins.{{Sfn|Bakker|1994|p=260-263}}{{sfn|Stadtner|1980|p=47}} | |||
| The Jithani temple is in ruins.{{sfn|Stadtner|1980|p=47}} | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 23: | Line 33: | ||
| ==Bibliography== | ==Bibliography== | ||
| * {{Cite book |last= |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-of-indian-temple-architecture-ii-pt.1-text/page/226/mode/2up |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture: Volume II, Part 1 – Text |
* {{Cite book |last=Deva |first=Krishna |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-of-indian-temple-architecture-ii-pt.1-text/page/226/mode/2up |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture: Volume II, Part 1 – Text |publisher= |year=1988 |pages=227–230 |chapter=Panduvamsis of Sripura and Nalas}} | ||
| * {{Cite journal |last=Stadtner |first=Donald M. |date=1980 |title=A Sixth-Century A.D. Temple from Kosala |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20111103 |journal=Archives of Asian Art |volume=33 |pages=38–48 |issn=0066-6637}} | * {{Cite journal |last=Stadtner |first=Donald M. |date=1980 |title=A Sixth-Century A.D. Temple from Kosala |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20111103 |journal=Archives of Asian Art |volume=33 |pages=38–48 |jstor=20111103 |issn=0066-6637}} | ||
| * {{Cite book |last=Bakker |first=Hans |author-link=Hans T. Bakker |title=Observations on the History and Culture of Daksina Kosala |url=https://brill.com/downloadpdf/book/9789004412071/BP000013.pdf |year=1994 }} | |||
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Latest revision as of 14:09, 24 December 2024
Devarani and Jithani temples are two temples located in Tala. The Devarani temple is built out of ashlar, and in a state of good preservation. Consisting of a shrine, antechamber, and pavilion, it is built out of ashlar. The doorway of the temple is lavishly decorated with sculptures carved in relief. A Rudra Shiva statue excavated from the temple is placed in situ, and various parts of its body are represented by animal figures as well as human heads.
The Jithani temple is in ruins, and its plan can be ascertained by fragments strewn across the temple site. The temples are an importance example of the architecture of the Dakshina Kosala region.
History
Donald Stadtner dates both the temples to around the same time, approximately 525–550 CE. However, Hans Bakker argues that the Jithani temple was built at an earlier date than the Devarani temple, ascertained due to the fact that the Jithani temple has a somewhat unconventional and experimental structure, and may have collapsed under its own weight.
The temples were excavated in the 20th century by the Archaeological Survey of India. In the course of the excavations, the scattered fragments of the Jithani temple were studied, and some were placed in the Bilaspur museum. In 1988, the massive Rudra Shiva sculpture was unearthed from beneath the Devarani temple, which is now placed in situ.
Description
Devarani Temple
The Devarani temple is fairly well-preserved, apart from the fact that its shikhara (temple tower) is lost. It is aligned along an east–west axis, with its entrance facing east and the rear facing the Maniari river to the west. The entrance is accessible by a flight of steps. The temple measures 75 × 32 feet and is constructed from ashlar.
It consists of a garbhagriha (sanctum), antarala (antechamber), and a small mukhamandapa (pavilion). The sanctum is slightly larger than the antechamber. On each exterior wall of the temple, there are two vertical niches rising up to the roof. The entrance to the pavilion is flanked by two monolithic pillars.
Doorway
The doorway is elaborately decorated. The outer side of the doorframe is composed of six sakhas (bands). The base of the doorjamb contains two large standing female figures, along with attendants. The figures are mutilated; However, they likely depict the river goddesses Ganga and Yamuna. The inner faces of the doorjamb contain reliefs in panels. On the left, Shaivite imagery is depicted, including a depiction of Uma Maheshwara. On the right, Kubera is seen along with attendants, followed by kirtimukhas and mithunas.
The lintel is divided into two horizontal sections. The upper section features an image of Gajalakshmi at the center, flanked by two elephants and vidyadhara couples. In the lower section, the Kankala incarnation of Shiva is depicted in the center, with attendants on either side. Elephant and lion busts, along with other gods, also occupy this section. On the underside of the lintel are three medallions. The central medallion contains fifteen squatting figures, each with its right hand placed upon the head of the figure in front.
Rudra Shiva Statue
A statue was found buried here in 1988, identified as Rudra Shiva. It weights 5 tons and has a height of 8 feet. Various parts of the figure's body are represented by animals as well as human heads. A lizard forms its nose while the hind legs of the lizard form the eyebrows. The eyes are shaped like frogs and peacocks constitute the ears of the figure. The moustache is composed of two fishes, while the lower lip and chin are formed by a crab. The shoulders are shaped like makara crocodiles, while the knees are made out of lion-heads. Human heads are found on the chest, torso, and thighs of the figure.
Jithani Temple
The Jithani Temple is in ruins. It had three entrances, with the main entrance facing south, accessible by a flight of steps. The other two entrances faced east and west. Among the ruins, several Shaivite sculptures are found, including those of Kartikeya, Shiva, Ardhanarishvara, and Nandi. Some of these fragments are housed in the Bilaspur Museum. The ruins also contain figures of makaras and ganas. Three large stone amalakas are also among the ruins.
References
- Chakravarty, Kalyan (1992). "The Temples at Tala and the Art of Daksina Kosala".
- Stadtner 1980, pp. 38, 47.
- Bakker 1994, p. 258.
- ^ Nigam, L. S., ed. (2000). Riddle of Indian iconography: zetetic on rare icon from Tālā. Delhi: Sharada Pub. House. ISBN 978-81-85616-63-6.
- Stadtner 1980, p. 38-40.
- ^ Deva 1988, p. 229.
- Stadtner 1980, p. 42-43.
- Stadtner 1980, p. 44-46.
- Majumdar, Susmita Basu (2003). "Tracing the Religio-Specific Traits in the Saiva Sculptures of South Kosala". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 64: 277–285. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44145470.
- Bakker 1994, p. 260-263.
- Stadtner 1980, p. 47.
Bibliography
- Deva, Krishna (1988). "Panduvamsis of Sripura and Nalas". Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture: Volume II, Part 1 – Text. pp. 227–230.
- Stadtner, Donald M. (1980). "A Sixth-Century A.D. Temple from Kosala". Archives of Asian Art. 33: 38–48. ISSN 0066-6637. JSTOR 20111103.
- Bakker, Hans (1994). Observations on the History and Culture of Daksina Kosala (PDF).
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