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Assassination of Wasfi Tal
Part of Palestinian resistance movements, Jordanian-Palestinian tensions, and Arab Cold War
Wasfi Tal (right) shortly before his Assassination in Cairo, Egypt, on November 28, 1971.
Location	Sheraton Hotel, Cairo, Egypt
Coordinates	30°2′19.97″N 31°13′11.75″E / 30.0388806°N 31.2199306°E / 30.0388806; 31.2199306
Date	November 28, 1971; 53 years ago (1971-11-28) Approx. 3:45 pm (local time) (UTC+2)
Target	Wasfi Tal (Prime Minister of Jordan)
Attack type	Political assassination shooting
Weapons	Handgun (pistol)
Deaths	Wasfi Tal (died shortly after the attack)
Injured	Jordanian Foreign Minister Abdullah Salah
Perpetrators	Palestinian Black September Organization Izzat Rabah Jawad Abu Aziza Al-Baghdadi Mundhir Khalifa Ziad Al-Helou All of them planned with Fakhri Al Omari
Motive	Revenge for the Black September conflict, during which the Jordanian military, under his leadership, violently suppressed Palestinian militant groups

On November 28, 1971, Wasfi Tal, the 15th Prime Minister of Jordan, was assassinated by four Palestinian gunmen while he was on his way to an important meeting at the Sheraton Cairo Hotel in Cairo, Egypt. Tal, a prominent military and political figure, was shot at close range by a member of the Palestinian Black September Organization, a group seeking revenge for his role in suppressing Palestinian militants during the 1970 Black September conflict. His death sent shockwaves through Jordan and the broader Middle East, marking the end of a career that had been central to the stability of Jordan during a tumultuous period.

Wasfi Tal was a prominent Jordanian military officer and statesman who held crucial positions within the government and military. He was a symbol of Jordanian strength and leadership, particularly during turbulent times marked by political instability and conflicts involving neighboring countries. While Tal was a figure of stability for many Jordanians, he was also seen as a key player in the monarchy's policies toward Palestinians, which many saw as oppressive. This, combined with his perceived association with the ruling establishment, made him a target for those opposed to Jordanian policies.

The assassination of Tal was part of a larger cycle of violence and political maneuvering within the region. It reflected the deepening rift between the Jordanian monarchy and Palestinian factions. Tal’s killing was a direct response to his role in the Jordanian government’s military crackdown on Palestinian groups, which had been seen as a betrayal by some members of the Palestinian resistance. While his death further complicated Jordan's internal political landscape, it also underscored the volatile relationship between Jordan and Palestinian factions that would continue to shape the country’s politics for years to come.

Background

After the assassination of Hazza' Majali in 1960, an audio recording of Wasfi Tal emerged, in which he predicted his own death. He said:

The battle is against nonsense and forgery, and the battle cannot afford mistakes. There must be casualties in the battle. As for Jordan specifically, one of its victims was Hazza' Majali, and I might be a victim, and someone else might become a victim; this is a battle. If we are right, it is our duty to make this sacrifice. The conspiracy that killed Hazza' Majali did not weaken us, and the one that will kill me will not weaken us. The list will continue; if a master dies, another master will rise. There is inevitability for goodness, truth, and integrity.

Prime ministership

Wasfi Tal’s political career took a decisive turn in the late 1960s. His role as a political leader gave him significant influence over national security and defense policy. In 1967, Jordan became embroiled in the Six-Day War, a conflict between Israel and several Arab states, including Jordan. During the war, Jordan was heavily defeated by the Israel Defense Forces, and Jerusalem was captured by Israel. This loss significantly affected Jordan's political landscape, leading to tensions between the Jordanian government and Palestinian factions, as well as domestic discontent.

After the 1967 war, King Hussein sought to reorganize Jordan's political leadership. In 1970, following the outbreak of civil conflict between the Jordanian government and Palestinian militant groups, Tal played a crucial role in helping to stabilize the country. This period, known as "Black September", saw a violent confrontation between the Jordanian Army and the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), resulting in the expulsion of the PLO from Jordan.

King Hussein and Wasfi Tal tried to negotiate with the PLO (the Fedayeen). But the war continued for many months and hostility towards the Jordanians continued to overthrow the Hashemite rule. Several Jordanian homes were killed and looted. Eventually, Wasfi Tal allied with Habis Majali, Prince Hassan bin Talal, King Hussein bin Talal and Zia-ul-Haq. Tal issued decisions to end the war and under the instructions of Tal and Habis Majali (the army commander at the time), the armed groups in Jordan were eliminated, where 3,400 people from the PLO were killed, and 600 Syrians, and 120 tanks and APCs and carriers were lost. On the Jordanian side, 537 people were killed.

Following the suppression of the Palestinian uprisings, Wasfi Tal became one of King Hussein’s closest advisors. His leadership in the military and his handling of the political crisis led to his appointment as the Prime Minister of Jordan in 1970. Tal’s tenure as Prime Minister was marked by efforts to stabilize Jordan’s internal situation and rebuild the country's economy and military infrastructure. He was known for his pragmatic approach to governance and his efforts to modernize Jordan.

Tal's policies

As Prime Minister, Wasfi Tal prioritized the strengthening of Jordan’s economy and the enhancement of its military capabilities. He also worked towards improving relations with both Western and Arab nations. His foreign policy was characterized by a delicate balancing act between maintaining close ties with the United States and other Western powers while preserving Jordan’s position within the Arab world. After dismantling armed groups in Jordan and safeguarding the country's prestige and stability, Wasfi Tal's popularity surged, and he was widely regarded by Jordanians as a national hero.

Tal's domestic policies were centered around economic development, infrastructure projects, and maintaining internal security. He recognized the importance of addressing the grievances of both Jordanians and Palestinians within the country, although tensions between these two groups remained high. However, his role in the handling of Palestinian issues, particularly during the 1967 war and the Black September conflict, made him a controversial figure. While he was seen as a protector of Jordan’s sovereignty, many Palestinian groups and their supporters viewed him as a symbol of the monarchy's opposition to Palestinian rights. Because of Tal's actions towards the PLO, hostility arose between Tal and some Arab rulers and leaders.

Opinions of Arab heads of state toward Tal

After the events of Black September, there was a strong animosity from Arab leaders toward Wasfi Tal:

• Yasser Arafat: A deep enmity developed between Yasser Arafat and Wasfi Tal after Tal's involvement in the killing of Abu Ali Iyad in the Ajloun forests. Tal opposed any organization operating in Jordan on behalf of another state, fearing that the activities of the fedayeen might turn against the Hashemite regime instead of focusing on the Israeli occupation. He also mentioned that, after the Battle of Karama, the fedayeen did not carry out any operations for about 18 months, which angered them.
• Gamal Abdel Nasser: Gamal Abdel Nasser’s hatred for Wasfi Tal began when Tal opposed the Yemeni revolution of September 26. At that time, Tal was the only Arab prime minister to stand against the revolution, alongside Nasser and Hafez al-Assad. During the 1967 War, Wasfi Tal clearly and unequivocally insisted on not entering the war under any circumstances, as the political and military conditions of the Arab countries at the time predicted defeat. Furthermore, for Jordan, the catastrophe would be the occupation of the West Bank and Jerusalem. He disagreed with the timing of the war, not the principle of fighting. On June 4, 1967, the day before the war, Tal was agitated and anxious, frequently stating that an imminent disaster was approaching the Arab nation, and the only way to avoid it was to stay out of the war. He responded to inquiries by saying, "If we enter the war, defeat and catastrophe are inevitable." Tal also wanted to establish the Arab Science Center in the Levant, not in Egypt, as he did not trust Egypt, which angered Nasser. At one point, Nasser publicly declared, "I have no plan to liberate Palestine." Wasfi Tal recorded and broadcast this statement on radio stations, further fueling the public's disdain for Nasser. In response, Nasser accused Tal of being a British and American spy, declaring, "I cannot cooperate with Wasfi".
• Anwar Sadat: There was intense hatred between Anwar Sadat and Wasfi Tal, stemming from the Yemen War of 1962. Tal stood with King Hussein of Jordan, King Faisal of Saudi Arabia, and Imam al-Badr in support of the Republicans against President Nasser, resulting in the death of 26,000 Egyptian soldiers. Sadat also supported the fedayeen during Black September, and sought to have Wasfi Tal killed, a sentiment later confirmed by his wife, Jehan Sadat, in an interview.
• Hafez al-Assad: Hafez al-Assad despised King Hussein and his government, accusing them of collaborating with Israel during the 1967 war. Assad also supported the fedayeen during Black September and fought in the October War with Sadat, excluding Jordan.
• Muammar Gaddafi: Relations between Jordan and Libya were strained at the time, with no agreement between Muammar Gaddafi and King Hussein. After Wasfi Tal's assassination, Gaddafi threatened to withdraw Libya from the Arab League if the killers of Tal were not released.

Preparations

A week prior to the incident, Jordanian intelligence (GID) intercepted coded messages indicating an impending assassination of Wasfi Tal. Shortly thereafter, additional information about the plot emerged. The day before his departure, Natheer Rshaid, the then-director of Jordanian intelligence, made a personal effort to warn Tal and urged him not to proceed with the trip. He told him: "The Nasserist regime is planning to assassinate you". However, Tal chose to ignore the warning and insisted on going ahead, replying: "No one dies before their time, and lives are in the hands of God".

On November 28, 1972, Wasfi Tal traveled from Jordan to Egypt to attend the Arab Summit, joined by Foreign Minister Abdullah Salah and Jordanian Ambassador to Egypt Ali al-Hayari. There were concerns about several actions taken by the Egyptian government that suggested opposition to Tal. For instance, upon the arrival of the plane at Cairo International Airport, there was no security detail present to welcome Tal. This oversight puzzled Fayez al-Louzi, Tal's military aide, as it appeared that the Egyptian government had not even sent vehicles to transport him. Consequently, Ambassador Ali al-Hiyari arranged for a car from a local Egyptian car rental service.

The Egyptian authorities permitted the perpetrators to carry their weapons into the airport, citing their affiliation with the Palestine Liberation Organization and asserting the right to carry arms and move freely. Members of the Palestine Liberation Organization entered the airport using forged Syrian, Lebanese, and Sudanese passports under assumed identities, which went unnoticed by airport security.

During the meeting, Tal presented a detailed report to the Arab defense ministers, focusing on strategies for confronting Israel in 1971. Central to his address was a call for the establishment of a "fourth front," which he defined as a popular uprising within Palestine. He emphasized the need for Arab nations to unite in supporting this initiative, urging the ministers to ensure the provision of financial resources, media coverage, and logistical backing for Palestinian forces. He framed this effort as the "revolution of the occupied territories," underlining its importance in the broader struggle for Palestinian self-determination. After the meeting adjourned, Tal departed with his guard, Foreign Minister Abdullah Salah, and Ambassador Ali al-Hayari, heading to the Sheraton Hotel.

Assassination

Shortly after Wasfi Tal and Abdullah Salah stepped out of the car near the Sheraton hotel entrance, gunfire erupted at 3:45 pm Cairo time. Tal was shot by a Palestinian gunman and collapsed to the ground. A total of 14 bullets were fired, three of which hit Tal. The gunman approached Tal and shot him at close range. One of the assassins said to him as he lay dying, “Abu Ali Iyad didn’t die, and Palestinians are not cowards”. Following this, Ezzat Rabah approached Tal and emptied his pistol into his body. Ziad Al-Helou, stationed outside the hotel, fired additional shots. As Tal lay dying, Mundhir Khalifa knelt and lapped with his tongue the blood flowing across the marble floor, as he said at the trial, "I'm the one who drank his blood." During the attack, many of Tal’s guards and the Arab ministers present sought shelter in the chaos.

The first bullet struck Tal’s left hand, while the second pierced his left arm and traveled into his heart, causing fatal internal bleeding. Foreign Minister Abdullah Salah was also injured, sustaining a torn pant leg in the attack. A doctor from the hotel confirmed Tal’s death after approximately 12 minutes. His wife, Saadya Al-Jabri, was on the fourth floor of the hotel when she received the news of her husband’s shooting. Overcome with grief and hysteria, she had to be attended to by the hotel’s medical team. Tal’s body was later transferred to a military hospital in Cairo.

Emergency responders arrived about 40 minutes after the incident, while Egyptian security forces and police showed up only 15 minutes later, despite the Dokki Police Station being located near the scene. This delay angered many Jordanians, who accused the Egyptian authorities of collusion and complicity in the assassination. Egyptian security forces eventually apprehended the perpetrators and launched an investigation. The Black September Organization claimed responsibility for the attack. Initial suspicions fell on Muhammad Youssef al-Najjar, but investigations later ruled out his involvement. Egyptian newspapers prominently reported that the primary suspect and mastermind of the operation was Fakhri Al-Omari, who had managed to evade capture.

At the time of Tal death, an unloaded Smith & Wesson gun was found in his right pocket. His other pockets contained 60 Egyptian pounds (Tal's daily allowance), a hookah, and a tobacco tin. Also found was a paper listing the names of individuals, including "Abu Ali," "Abu Hassan," and a man from the Zahran family, who was found to be managing a farm. Next to each name was an amount of money, with the largest amount listed being 11 dinars. It was later revealed that this was a debt list, showing that Tal owed some farmers who had brought fertilizer for his farm in Mafraq. The titles of "Abu Ali" and "Abu Hassan" referred to poor individuals to whom Tal sent financial aid from his monthly salary.

Immediate aftermath

The assassination of Wasfi Tal shocked both the Jordanian public and the broader Arab world. King Hussein, deeply affected by the loss of his close advisor and friend, declared a national period of mourning. The assassination was also seen as a turning point in the relationship between the Jordanian monarchy and Palestinian factions, as it further deepened the divide between the two groups. The New York Times described the incident that day:

.. this cowardly murder in a Cairo hotel can hardly aid the cause of the Palestinian Arabs, which the assas sins profess to champion. It is another sordid example of the tendency of some Palestinians toward self‐destruc tion and of the persisting capacity for mischief of the extremist elements whose organized military strength in Jordan was so effectively decimated under Mr. Tal's...

In the immediate aftermath of the assassination, the Jordanian government launched an investigation into the attack. The assassin was quickly identified as a member of the Palestinian Black September group, and Jordanian authorities worked closely with Egyptian officials to apprehend those responsible for orchestrating the murder.

Fakhri Al-Omari remained wanted by the Jordanian judicial system until his death in 1991. Meanwhile, the Egyptian authorities released the perpetrators of the assassination without punishment or trial, a move widely seen as evidence of Nasserist regime complicity. More significantly, some claim that Egyptian officials allowed the assassins to bring their weapons into the country upon their arrival by plane, further implicating them in the operation.

The assassination also marked a significant turning point in Jordanian-Palestinian relations. While King Hussein vowed to continue his policy of stability and national unity, the killing of Tal further strained the already fragile relationship between the Jordanian government and Palestinian factions. It also prompted Jordan to adopt a more hardline stance in dealing with Palestinian militant groups.

After the death of Wasfi Tal, the Jordanian Royal Court declared a period of mourning for forty days. School attendance was suspended for three days, and some university professors refrained from giving lectures. Some university students, including those from the University of Jordan, engaged in riots and prevented professors from conducting lectures. Every year, Jordanian university students commemorate his assassination and chant in his honor. The "New Wasfiyun" and "Sons of the Farmers" movements were formed in the universities.

Investigations

Following Tal's assassination, the Jordanian government dispatched the Deputy Director of Intelligence to observe the investigations for eight days; however, he was denied access to any information related to the case.

Burial

Wasfi Tal's body was transferred from the military hospital in Cairo, after an autopsy was performed, to the airport. From there, it was flown by a special military aircraft to Amman on the night of November 28, 1971. King Hussein bin Talal, who mourned him deeply, was there to receive the body and offered condolences to the Jordanian people. During the funeral, many prominent Jordanians, including King Hussein, were seen crying. He was buried in the Royal Cemetery after the Royal Mosque prayer in Amman on November 29.

Trial

A few days after the operation, the accused appeared in the High Court of Justice. Media noted their smiles, elegant suits and colorful ties, and that they raised their hands in a victory salute. The event was also attended by lawyers from Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Syria, and Palestine, who sought to analyze the Jordanian regime's treatment of Palestinians, rather than the criminal culpability of the accused individuals.

Palestinian lawyer Ahmad Shukeiri said, "Let us prosecute Jordan from this court." He added, "These four are Ashmawi, and in Egypt, you call the killer of a killer Ashmawi. These four are the Ashmawi of the Arab nation". This statement changed the course of the investigation, and the High Court of Justice requested that the files of Black September be included. As a result, the case took on a new political direction. In their view, the assassination of Wasfi Tal was an act of vengeance for the massacres that occurred during Black September. Thus, the case of Wasfi Tal shifted from a criminal case to a political one.

Many Arab authorities defended the accused killers, including Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Syrian President Hafez al-Assad. Gehan Sadat, in a statement to a visiting delegation, said that the young men had only done what Anwar Sadat had wanted to do himself. Libya wanted the release of the four men and threatened to withdraw from the Arab League.

Sentencing session

On February 19, 1972, the judges entered the sentencing session, the accused shouted, "Long live free, Arab Palestine!" At that point, the trial turned into a political rally. The judge sat down and said, "After reviewing the documents, hearing the arguments, and deliberating legally, and in accordance with Articles 145 and 146 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the court has decided to release the accused".

Legacy

Wasfi Tal remains a figure of importance in Jordan’s modern history. While his legacy is complicated by his role in the Black September conflict and his association with the Jordanian monarchy, he is remembered by many as a capable and dedicated leader who worked tirelessly for the welfare of his country. His assassination, although tragic, further solidified his status as a martyr in the eyes of most Jordanians, particularly those who viewed him as a protector of Jordanian sovereignty and stability.

In the years following his assassination, Jordan continued to grapple with the complex political and social issues surrounding Palestinian rights and the role of Palestinian groups in the region. King Hussein, despite the loss of his trusted advisor, maintained his leadership of the country and worked to stabilize the nation. In the years following Al-Tal’s death, Jordan continued to experience political instability, including the 1973 Arab-Israeli war and the subsequent peace process with Israel. Internationally, Al-Tal’s assassination underscored the difficulties facing the Arab world in achieving unity and stability. It also drew attention to the ongoing struggle between competing factions within the Palestinian movement and the ways in which these factions used violence to further their political objectives.

To honor his contributions, several landmarks bear his name, including a forest and an amphitheater at the University of Jordan’s Faculty of Science, and Jadara University. Numerous streets and squares across Jordan also commemorate him. Al-Tal inspired many Jordanian poets, who composed elegies mourning his loss and celebrating his values. Prominent singers like Abdo Mousa and Omar Al-Abdallat performed songs in his honor.

See also

• Death and state funeral of Hussein of Jordan

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Sources

• Shlaim, Avi (2008). Lion of Jordan: The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-1-4000-7828-8.

External links

• Jordan Prime Minister Wasfi Al-Tall published by AP.
• Trial of Men Accused of The Assassination of Wasfi Al-Tal published by AP.
• Reaction to Assassination published by AP.
• Wasfi Al-Tal Assassins Released on Bail published by AP.
• Wasfi Al-Tal on the Day of the Incident published by AP.
• Palestinian Assassins Released on Bail published by AP.
• King Hussein of Jordan Attends Funeral of Slain Premier Wasfi Tal | November 29, 1971

• Assassinated Jordanian politicians
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