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| | past_commanders= {{unbulleted list|Captain Charles Foulk|Lieutenant |
| past_commanders= {{unbulleted list|Captain Charles Foulk|Lieutenant Andreas Engel}} | ||
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| '''Fort Franklin''' was a stockaded fort constructed at the order of ] in 1756, in response to a series of raids by Native American war parties on Pennsylvania settlements in late 1755, in particular the ] and the ]. The fort was intended to provide protection for settlers' families during the ], however the fort was poorly built, located in a sparsely-populated area, and stood in a vulnerable position to the north of the ] in Pennsylvania.<ref name = "Montgomery"></ref>{{rp|135}} Located halfway between ] and ],<ref name = "Sipe"></ref>{{rp|243}} it was one in a chain of defensive posts running from the New Jersey border, southwest to the Maryland border, when attacks on settlements were frequent at the beginning of the French and Indian War.<ref></ref> | '''Fort Franklin''' was a stockaded fort constructed at the order of ] in 1756, in response to a series of raids by Native American war parties on Pennsylvania settlements in late 1755, in particular the ] and the ]. The fort was intended to provide protection for settlers' families during the ], however the fort was poorly built, located in a sparsely-populated area, and stood in a vulnerable position to the north of the ] in Pennsylvania.<ref name = "Montgomery"></ref>{{rp|135}} Located halfway between ] and ],<ref name = "Sipe"></ref>{{rp|243}} it was one in a chain of defensive posts running from the New Jersey border, southwest to the Maryland border, when attacks on settlements were frequent at the beginning of the French and Indian War.<ref></ref> The fort never saw military action and was abandoned in late 1757. | ||
| == History == | == History == | ||
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| === Construction === | === Construction === | ||
| ]).<ref name = "Montgomery"/>{{rp|135}}]]Franklin was charged with establishing a line of defense that would protect Pennsylvania settlements from attacks by French-allied Native Americans. He began by constructing Fort Allen near ]. When the fort was nearly complete in late January, 1756, Franklin sent Captain Charles Foulk to build a fort between Fort Allen and "Schuylkill Fort," (Fort Lebanon), which had been built the previous December.<ref></ref> Foulk chose a site near a region referred to by the local German colonists as "Allemangel," loosely translated as "lacking all," because of the arid terrain. It was situated on a hill, near a creek, with a view of the |
]).<ref name = "Montgomery"/>{{rp|135}}]]].]]Benjamin Franklin was charged with establishing a line of defense that would protect Pennsylvania settlements from attacks by French-allied Native Americans. He began by constructing Fort Allen near ]. When the fort was nearly complete in late January, 1756, Franklin sent Captain Charles Foulk to build a fort between Fort Allen and "Schuylkill Fort," (Fort Lebanon), which had been built the previous December.<ref></ref> Foulk chose a site near a region referred to by the local German colonists as "Allemangel," loosely translated as "lacking all," because of the arid terrain. It was situated on a hill, near a creek, with a clear view of the surrounding countryside. Construction was largely completed by late February, and the fort was named in honor of Franklin.<ref name = "Montgomery"/>{{rp|135}} As of 23 February, the fort's garrison numbered 63 men,<ref></ref> although this was eventually reduced to 35 men plus officers. | ||
| Major William Parsons submitted a report to Franklin on the condition of the fort,<ref></ref> |
The quality of the construction was poor, and on 3 June 1756, Major William Parsons submitted a report to Franklin on the condition of the fort,<ref></ref> stating: | ||
| :"This Fort is not so commodiously built as the others are; the Buildings within and adjoining to it are rather cumbersome than convenient; the Pallisado's of the Fort in many places stand so far from one another, that is as safe for an Enemy without to fire into, as it is for the Garrison to fire out of it. And in some places I am persuaded I could have thrown down the Palisadoes with my Hands without the help of any Tool. The Houses, being 3 in all, are so large they require a great Number of Boards to make them Tolerable in Winter, and they are so high, that they require a great Quantity of Stone to the Chymneys."<ref name = "Hunter"></ref>{{rp|260-1}} | :"This Fort is not so commodiously built as the others are; the Buildings within and adjoining to it are rather cumbersome than convenient; the ] of the Fort in many places stand so far from one another, that is as safe for an Enemy without to fire into, as it is for the Garrison to fire out of it. And in some places I am persuaded I could have thrown down the Palisadoes with my Hands without the help of any Tool. The Houses, being 3 in all, are so large they require a great Number of Boards to make them Tolerable in Winter, and they are so high, that they require a great Quantity of Stone to the Chymneys."<ref name = "Hunter"></ref>{{rp|260-1}} | ||
| ] James Young visited the fort on 21 June 1756, writing that "This Fort stands ab't a mile from the North Mountain; only two Plantations near it. This Fort is a square ab't 40 foot, very ill staccaded, with 2 Logg houses at Opposite Corners for Bastions, all very unfit for Defence; the Staccades are very open in many Places." He also mentions that there were "very few Plantations on this Road, most of them Deserted, and the houses burnt down." The local settlers took refuge in the fort every night.<ref name = "Montgomery"/>{{rp|135}} | ] James Young visited the fort on 21 June 1756, writing that "This Fort stands ab't a mile from the North Mountain; only two Plantations near it. This Fort is a square ab't 40 foot, very ill ], with 2 Logg houses at Opposite Corners for ], all very unfit for Defence; the Staccades are very open in many Places." He also mentions that there were "very few Plantations on this Road, most of them Deserted, and the houses burnt down." The local settlers took refuge in the fort every night.<ref name = "Montgomery"/>{{rp|135}} | ||
| === Abandonment, 1757 === | === Abandonment, 1757 === | ||
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| Although most of the garrison was reassigned to other forts, some men evidently remained at the fort until the following spring, when on 17 May twenty-two local settlers submitted a petition to Lieutenant-Governor William Denny, stating: | Although most of the garrison was reassigned to other forts, some men evidently remained at the fort until the following spring, when on 17 May twenty-two local settlers submitted a petition to Lieutenant-Governor William Denny, stating: | ||
| :"Your Petitioners are informed that Fort Franklin aforesaid is to be removed to...Albany Township; That if in Case the said Fort is to be Removed your Petitioners will be Obliged to Desert their Plantations, for their Lives and Estates will then lye at Stake, and a greater part of this Province will lye waste and your Petitioners humbly conceives that it would be the Safest way, to have the said Fort continued & rebuilt, as it is very much out of order and Repair. Therefore your Petitioners humbly prays your Honour to take the Premises in Consideration and Issue such orders as will Prevent the Removal of the said Fort & order a Suffi't Number of Men in it, and to grant your Petitioners such other relief as to you in your wisdom shall seem Mete."<ref name = "Montgomery"/>{{rp|135}} | :"Your Petitioners are informed that Fort Franklin aforesaid is to be removed to...]; That if in Case the said Fort is to be Removed your Petitioners will be Obliged to Desert their Plantations, for their Lives and Estates will then lye at Stake, and a greater part of this Province will lye waste and your Petitioners humbly conceives that it would be the Safest way, to have the said Fort continued & rebuilt, as it is very much out of order and Repair. Therefore your Petitioners humbly prays your Honour to take the Premises in Consideration and Issue such orders as will Prevent the Removal of the said Fort & order a Suffi't Number of Men in it, and to grant your Petitioners such other relief as to you in your wisdom shall seem Mete."<ref name = "Montgomery"/>{{rp|135}} | ||
| In response to this petition, Fort Franklin was evidently repaired, reprovisioned, and a new garrison assigned, until November 1757, when it was again abandoned, as hostilities with Native Americans were less frequent.<ref name = "Montgomery"/>{{rp|135}} | In response to this petition, Fort Franklin was evidently repaired, reprovisioned, and a new garrison assigned, until November 1757, when it was again abandoned, as hostilities with Native Americans were less frequent.<ref name = "Montgomery"/>{{rp|135}} The garrison was withdrawn to Everett's Fort.<ref></ref> | ||
| == Archaeological investigations == | == Archaeological investigations == | ||
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| == Memorialization == | == Memorialization == | ||
| A historical marker was erected in 1955 by the ], in ], on Pennsylvania Route 309 (West Penn Pike).<ref></ref> | A historical marker was erected in 1955 by the ], in ], on ] (West Penn Pike).<ref></ref> | ||
| As of 1862, the fort's well was still in use.<ref></ref>{{rp|80}} | As of 1862, the fort's well was still in use.<ref></ref>{{rp|80}} | ||
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| * Wesley Schwenk, "," Forts of the French and Indian War, accessed August 20, 2023. | * Wesley Schwenk, "," Forts of the French and Indian War, accessed August 20, 2023. | ||
| * | * | ||
| * | |||
| {{Pennsylvania during the French and Indian War}} | {{Pennsylvania during the French and Indian War}} | ||
Latest revision as of 22:07, 28 December 2024
18th century fort in colonial Pennsylvania Not to be confused with Fort Franklin (New York) or Franklin, Pennsylvania.| Fort Franklin | |
|---|---|
| Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania (near Snyders, Pennsylvania) | |
  Fort FranklinLocation of Fort Franklin in Pennsylvania | |
| Coordinates | 40°42′51″N 75°50′31″W / 40.71417°N 75.84194°W / 40.71417; -75.84194 |
| Type | Military fort |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1756 |
| In use | 1756–1757 |
| Battles/wars | French and Indian War |
| Garrison information | |
| Past commanders |
|
| Garrison | 35-63 men plus officers |
| Pennsylvania Historical Marker | |
| Designated | 1955 |
Fort Franklin was a stockaded fort constructed at the order of Benjamin Franklin in 1756, in response to a series of raids by Native American war parties on Pennsylvania settlements in late 1755, in particular the Great Cove massacre and the Gnadenhütten massacre. The fort was intended to provide protection for settlers' families during the French and Indian War, however the fort was poorly built, located in a sparsely-populated area, and stood in a vulnerable position to the north of the Blue Mountain Ridge in Pennsylvania. Located halfway between Fort Allen and Fort Lebanon, it was one in a chain of defensive posts running from the New Jersey border, southwest to the Maryland border, when attacks on settlements were frequent at the beginning of the French and Indian War. The fort never saw military action and was abandoned in late 1757.
History
At the beginning of the French and Indian War, Braddock's defeat at the Battle of the Monongahela left Pennsylvania without a professional military force. Lenape chiefs Shingas and Captain Jacobs launched dozens of Shawnee and Delaware raids against British colonial settlements, killing and capturing hundreds of colonists and destroying settlements across western and central Pennsylvania. In late 1755, Colonel John Armstrong wrote to Governor Robert Hunter Morris: "I am of the opinion that no other means of defense than a chain of blockhouses along or near the south side of the Kittatinny Mountains from the Susquehanna to the temporary line, can secure the lives and property of the inhabitants of this country."
Construction
_(1891)_(14781985221).jpg)
_(14597315100).jpg)
Benjamin Franklin was charged with establishing a line of defense that would protect Pennsylvania settlements from attacks by French-allied Native Americans. He began by constructing Fort Allen near Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. When the fort was nearly complete in late January, 1756, Franklin sent Captain Charles Foulk to build a fort between Fort Allen and "Schuylkill Fort," (Fort Lebanon), which had been built the previous December. Foulk chose a site near a region referred to by the local German colonists as "Allemangel," loosely translated as "lacking all," because of the arid terrain. It was situated on a hill, near a creek, with a clear view of the surrounding countryside. Construction was largely completed by late February, and the fort was named in honor of Franklin. As of 23 February, the fort's garrison numbered 63 men, although this was eventually reduced to 35 men plus officers.
The quality of the construction was poor, and on 3 June 1756, Major William Parsons submitted a report to Franklin on the condition of the fort, stating:
- "This Fort is not so commodiously built as the others are; the Buildings within and adjoining to it are rather cumbersome than convenient; the Pallisado's of the Fort in many places stand so far from one another, that is as safe for an Enemy without to fire into, as it is for the Garrison to fire out of it. And in some places I am persuaded I could have thrown down the Palisadoes with my Hands without the help of any Tool. The Houses, being 3 in all, are so large they require a great Number of Boards to make them Tolerable in Winter, and they are so high, that they require a great Quantity of Stone to the Chymneys."
Commissary General James Young visited the fort on 21 June 1756, writing that "This Fort stands ab't a mile from the North Mountain; only two Plantations near it. This Fort is a square ab't 40 foot, very ill staccaded, with 2 Logg houses at Opposite Corners for Bastions, all very unfit for Defence; the Staccades are very open in many Places." He also mentions that there were "very few Plantations on this Road, most of them Deserted, and the houses burnt down." The local settlers took refuge in the fort every night.
Abandonment, 1757
By November 1756, the colonial forces were stretched thin, and Colonel Conrad Weiser began looking for ways to consolidate his troops and reduce expenses. He visited Fort Franklin and decided that it should be abandoned, writing on 24 November: "I saw that the Fort was not Teanable, and the House not finished for the Soldiers, and that it could not be of any Service to the Inhabitant Part, there being a great Mountain between them. I ordered Lieut'n Engel to Evacuate it."
Although most of the garrison was reassigned to other forts, some men evidently remained at the fort until the following spring, when on 17 May twenty-two local settlers submitted a petition to Lieutenant-Governor William Denny, stating:
- "Your Petitioners are informed that Fort Franklin aforesaid is to be removed to...Albany Township; That if in Case the said Fort is to be Removed your Petitioners will be Obliged to Desert their Plantations, for their Lives and Estates will then lye at Stake, and a greater part of this Province will lye waste and your Petitioners humbly conceives that it would be the Safest way, to have the said Fort continued & rebuilt, as it is very much out of order and Repair. Therefore your Petitioners humbly prays your Honour to take the Premises in Consideration and Issue such orders as will Prevent the Removal of the said Fort & order a Suffi't Number of Men in it, and to grant your Petitioners such other relief as to you in your wisdom shall seem Mete."
In response to this petition, Fort Franklin was evidently repaired, reprovisioned, and a new garrison assigned, until November 1757, when it was again abandoned, as hostilities with Native Americans were less frequent. The garrison was withdrawn to Everett's Fort.
Archaeological investigations
In 1984, archaeologists conducted a systematic survey and test excavation project to locate the site of Fort Franklin. An area measuring 200 feet by 300 feet was investigated, but neither the fort nor any artifacts relating to the fort were found. In 1985, a magnetometry survey of the area was completed, and although some anomalies were identified in the ground, they were not considered to indicate the fort's site or other relevant structures.
Memorialization
A historical marker was erected in 1955 by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, in Andreas, Pennsylvania, on Pennsylvania Route 309 (West Penn Pike).
As of 1862, the fort's well was still in use.
References
- "From Benjamin Franklin to ——, 25 January 1756," Founders Online, National Archives, The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 6, April 1, 1755, through September 30, 1756, ed. Leonard W. Labaree. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1963, pp. 365–368.
- ^ Thomas Lynch Montgomery, ed. Report of the Commission to Locate the Site of the Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania, vol 1, Harrisburg, PA: W.S. Ray, state printer, 1916
- C. Hale Sipe, The Indian chiefs of Pennsylvania, or, A story of the part played by the American Indian in the history of Pennsylvania: based primarily on the Pennsylvania archives and colonial records, and built around the outstanding chiefs. Ziegler Printing Co., Inc. Butler, PA, 1927
- Waddell, Louis M. "Defending the Long Perimeter: Forts on the Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. Frontier, 1755-1765.” Pennsylvania History, 62:2(1995):171-195.
- Samuel J. Newland, The Pennsylvania Militia: Defending the Commonwealth and the Nation, 1669–1870, Annville, PA, 2002
- Matthew C. Ward, Breaking the Backcountry: The Seven Years' War in Virginia and Pennsylvania, 1754–1765, Pittsburgh, 2003
- William Albert Hunter, "Victory at Kittanning", Pennsylvania History, vol. 23, no. 3, July 1956; pp 376-407
- "From Benjamin Franklin to Timothy Horsfield, 24 January 1756," Founders Online, National Archives, The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 6, April 1, 1755, through September 30, 1756, ed. Leonard W. Labaree. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1963, pp. 363–364.
- "Position of Troops in Northampton County, 23 February 1756," Founders Online, National Archives, The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 6, April 1, 1755, through September 30, 1756, ed. Leonard W. Labaree. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1963, pp. 408–409.
- "To Benjamin Franklin from William Parsons, 19 June 1756," Founders Online, National Archives, The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 6, April 1, 1755, through September 30, 1756, ed. Leonard W. Labaree. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1963, pp. 460–461.
- Hunter, William Albert. Forts on the Pennsylvania Frontier: 1753–1758, (Classic Reprint). Fb&c Limited, 2018.
- Pete Payette, "Fort Franklin," Pennsylvania Forts: Northeast Pennsylvania, NorthAmericanForts.com, May 7, 2018
- Barbara A. Lu, "Use of a Magnetic Survey To Locate the Site of Fort Franklin, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania." National Archaeological Database Reports Module, 1985
- Don Morfe, "Fort Franklin," Historical Marker Database, August 5, 2015
- Eckhart, Thomas D. The History of Carbon County. United States: Thomas D. Eckhart and The Carbon History Project, 1992.
External links
- Wesley Schwenk, "Benjamin Franklin," Forts of the French and Indian War, accessed August 20, 2023.
- Map of Fortifications on the Pennsylvania frontier in 1756, showing Fort Franklin in the center of the second page.
- "French & Indian War ~ Fort Lebanon, Fort Franklin, Hawk Mt, Fort Everett," the Wandering Woodsman, May 2, 2021
- Forts in Pennsylvania
- French and Indian War forts
- British forts in the United States
- Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania
- Colonial forts in Pennsylvania
- Buildings and structures in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania
- Government buildings completed in 1755
- 1756 establishments in Pennsylvania
- Pre-statehood history of Pennsylvania