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"Das Todaustreiben"
The text of the song in the 1906 edition of Des Knaben Wunderhorn
Song
Language	German
English title	Driving out Death
Published	not later than 1570
Genre	Folk
Songwriter(s)	Traditional

"Das Todaustreiben" ("Driving out Death") or "Das Winteraustreiben" ("Driving out Winter") is an old German song associated with the folk custom of Todaustragen [de], which celebrated the death of winter and the rebirth of spring. In the 16th century a version of the song was rewritten as a Protestant attack on the Pope.

History

A folksong associated with the Lenten tradition of the driving out of winter existed in Germany as early as the first half of the 16th century, when it was used as the model for a Protestant antipapal parody, which began with the words So treiben wir den Papst heraus / Aus Christus Kirche und Gottes Haus ("Thus we drive the Pope out / from Christ's church and God's house"). This version of the song was first published as a Liedblatt-Druck (a single-sheet printed broadside) in 1545, with a four-part musical setting. A slightly modernized text was included in the Deutscher Liederhort, edited by Ludwig Erk and Franz Magnus Böhme in 1893–1894. The parody was traditionally attributed to Martin Luther himself and included among his works, but more recent scholarship suggests that the author was probably Johann Mathesius, who brought the song to Luther's attention in April 1545; Luther then arranged for its publication, with some additions and alterations to strengthen the attack on the Pope, whom the song equates with the Antichrist.

The original folk version of the song, in which winter rather than the Pope was driven out, does not seem to have appeared in print until several decades later. A text from 1584 was printed by Franz Magnus Böhme in his Altdeutsches Liederbuch of 1877 under the title "Winteraustreiben", and reprinted in the Deutscher Liederhort in 1894. (The version quoted below is from the Deutscher Liederhort).

 
So treiben wir den Winter aus,
Durch unsre Stadt zum Thor hinaus
Mit sein Betrug und Listen,
den rechten Antichristen.

Wir stürzen ihn von Berg zu Tal,
Damit er sich zu Tode fall,
Und uns nicht mehr belüge
Durch falsche Lehr und Lüge.

Nun haben den Winter wir ausgetrieben,
So bringen wir den Sommer herwieder,
Den Sommer und den Maien,
Die Blümlein mancherleien.

Die Blümlein sind das göttlich Wort,
Das blüht itzunder an manchem Ort,
Das wird uns rein geleret:
Gott ist's, der's hat bescheret.

Das danken Gott von Herzen wir,
Bitten, daß er wollt senden schier
Christum, uns zu erlösen
Vom Winter und allem Bösen.

 
Thus, we drive the winter out,
Through our city and out the gate,
With his deceit and cunning,
The real Antichrist.

We cast him down from mountain to valley,
So that he falls to his death,
And may deceive us no more
With his false teaching and lies

And now we have driven the Winter out,
So let us bring the Summer back,
The Summer and May,
The little flowers of many kinds.

The little flowers are the divine word,
That blooms now in many places;
Who is it, who orders this?
God it is, who has granted it.

For this we thank God from our hearts
in prayer, that he was willing to send
Christ to deliver us
from winter and all evil.

Although drawing on older, traditional material, this version of the text has been adapted to make it more overtly Protestant; in his study of the sources of Des Knaben Wunderhorn, Ferdinand Rieser [de] described it as a Prostestant song of faith and a spiritual reworking of the folk tradition. The editors of the Deutscher Liederhort judged only the opening lines of the first two stanzas and the third stanza to be of genuinely folk character. In particular, the allusions to the Antichrist and to falsche Lehr und Listen ("false teaching and lies") were probably influenced by the Lutheran parody, since they are characteristic of Protestant attacks on the Pope, but make much less sense when applied to the season of winter.

In 1806 another version of the song was published by Achim von Arnim and Clemens Brentano in the first volume of Des Knaben Wunderhorn, under the title "Todaustreiben". This version omits the prayer in the final stanza as well as other specifically Protestant elements, and makes the link between winter and death more explicit. (The version quoted below is from the centennial edition of 1906, edited by Eduard Grisebach [de], with minor changes in spelling and punctuation from the first edition.)

 
So treiben wir den Winter aus,
Durch unsre Stadt zum Tor hinaus,
Mit sein Betrug und Listen,
Den rechten Antichristen.

Wir stürzen ihn von Berg und Tal,
Damit er sich zu Tode fall',
Und uns nicht mehr betrüge
Durch seine späten Züge.

Und nun der Tod das Feld geräumt,
So weit und breit der Sommer träumt,
Er träumet in dem Maien
Von Blümlein mancherleien.

Die Blume sproßt aus göttlich Wort
Und deutet auf viel schönern Ort,
Wer ist's, der das gelehret?
Gott ist's, der hat's bescheret.

 
Thus, we drive the winter out,
Through our city and out the gate,
With his deceit and cunning,
The real Antichrist.

We cast him down him from mountain and valley,
So that he falls to his death,
And may deceive us no more
With his late gusts.

And now Death leaves the field,
So far and wide the Summer dreams,
He dreams in May
Of little flowers of many kinds.

The flower sprouts through the divine word
And points to a much more beautiful place.
Who is it, who orders this?
God it is, who has granted it.

Poetic translation
Drive out Winter with her hate,
Drive out from the town gate,
With all her wiles and twisters,
True Antichrist and trickster.

We hunted her by hill and dale,
To make the robber breathe away:
Thou canst no longer swindle
With all thy frosts and windfalls!

And now Death has left the fields,
And now Summer spreads the wings,
While dreaming of the blossom
In May, still mud and earthen.

By th'word of God, the summer bloom
Could climb a stone in the gloom.
Who has that sprout risen?
The Lord, the Earth to brighten.

Christian and pagan traditions

The song is based on an old pagan custom of Driving out Death. This custom has long been traditional in many parts of Germany (such as Silesia, Thuringia, Franconia). Christians considered death to be the Antichrist, who was to be banished, to free the way for the Saviour. This custom of Driving out Death (also known as Driving out Winter) represented the struggle against Winter and the subsequent awakening of Earth in Spring.

Melody

References

1. Oehler, Richard (1930). "Das verschollene Lutherlied vom Papstaustreiben in einem Originaldruck wieder aufgefunden". Zeitschrift für Bücherfreunde (in German). 22: 98–100.
2. ^ Ameln, Konrad (1988). "Das Lied vom Papstaustreiben". Jahrbuch für Volksliedforschung (in German). 33: 11–18. doi:10.2307/847716. JSTOR 847716.
3. Erk, Ludwig; Böhme, Franz Magnus, eds. (1893). Deutscher Liederhort: Auswahl der vorzüglicheren deutschen Volkslieder, nach Wort und Weise aus der Vorzeit und Gegenwart (in German). Vol. II. Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel. pp. 89–91, no. 281 – via Hathi Trust.
4. Böhme, Franz Magnus, ed. (1877). Altdeutsches Liederbuch: Volkslieder der Deutschen nach Wort und Weise aus dem 12. bis zum 17. Jahrhundert (in German). Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel. pp. 607–608, no. 494 – via Hathi Trust.
5. ^ Erk, Ludwig; Böhme, Franz Magnus, eds. (1894). Deutscher Liederhort: Auswahl der vorzüglicheren deutschen Volkslieder, nach Wort und Weise aus der Vorzeit und Gegenwart (in German). Vol. III. Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel. pp. 129–130, no. 1218 – via Hathi Trust.
6. ^ Rieser, Ferdinand (1908). "Des Knaben Wunderhorn" und seine Quellen: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des deutschen Volksliedes und der Romantik (in German). Dortmund: Friedrich Wilhelm Ruhfus. pp. 125–126 – via Internet Archive.
7. Arnim, Achim von; Brentano, Clemens (1806). Des Knaben Wunderhorn: Alte deutsche Lieder (in German). Vol. I. Heidelberg: Mohr und Zimmer. p. 161 – via Google Books.
8. Arnim, Achim von; Brentano, Clemens (1906). Grisebach, Eduard (ed.). Des Knaben Wunderhorn: Alte deutsche Lieder (in German). Vol. I. Leipzig: Hesse und Becker. p. 161 – via Google Books.
9. Achim von Arnim; Clemens Brentano, eds. (2024) . "Das Todaustreiben / Driving out Death" . Des Knaben Wunderhorn. Translated by Sergey Pavlov – via Wikisource.
10. Schem, Alexander Jacob (1874). Deutsch-amerikanisches Conversations-Lexikon: Mit specieller Rücksicht auf das Bedürfniß der in Amerika lebenden Deutschen ... (in German). New York: E. Steiger. p. 356. Retrieved 2024-12-08.
11. Russell, Peter (2002). The Themes of the German Lied from Mozart to Strauss. Studies in the history and interpretation of music, vol. 84. Edwin Mellen Press. pp. 208, 223. ISBN 978-0-88946-426-1. Retrieved 2024-12-08.
12. Frazer, James George (2012). The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion. Cambridge Library Collection – Classics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 271–276. ISBN 978-1-108-04752-4. Retrieved 2024-12-08.

External links

• Free scores of "So treiben wir den Winter aus" in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
• Text and melody, lieder-archiv.de (in German)

• German folk songs
• Songs from Des Knaben Wunderhorn