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{{Short description|Post-1990 political phrase}}
"'''Coalition of the willing'''" is a phrase which has been used since the ] to refer to groups of nations acting collectively and often militarily outside of ] auspices. Its most prominent use was by the ] administration to refer to those nations whose governments supported the ] position in the ] and later the March ] (see ]). The original list in March 2003 included 48 members . The phrase is not in current use. .
{{other uses}}
The term '''''coalition of the willing''''' refers to a temporary international partnership created for the purpose of achieving a particular objective, usually of military or political nature.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Conceptual Metaphor 'Coalition of the Willing' |date=2018 |work=Coalitions of the Willing and International Law: The Interplay between Formality and Informality |pages=10–37 |editor-last=Rodiles |editor-first=Alejandro |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/coalitions-of-the-willing-and-international-law/conceptual-metaphor-coalition-of-the-willing/F08DC85FCC6A7F55DBF26E206638762C |access-date=August 7, 2024 |series=Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108680431.003 |isbn=978-1-108-49365-9}}</ref>


==Origins of the phrase== == Origin ==
The term was coined in the early 1970s by ] professor ] and his colleagues, including ] of the ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=April 21, 2002 |title='Coalition of the willing' is world's best weapon |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2002/04/21/coalition-of-the-willing-is-worlds-best-weapon/ |access-date=August 5, 2024 |website=The Baltimore Sun |language=en-US}}</ref> In July 1971, Bloomfield described the need for a coalition of willing nations to support important peacekeeping or conflict stabilization goals endorsed by the ], in a ] op-ed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bloomfield |first=Lincoln P. |date=July 21, 1971 |title=Resurrecting the United Nations |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/07/21/archives/resurrecting-the-united-nations.html |access-date=August 5, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The term was picked up by Secretary of State ] in a 1973 letter to Bloomfield, acknowledging the latter's "proposal for 'coalitions of the willing'."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nov 23 1973 Henry Kissinger response |url=https://palmercoates.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Nov-23-1973-Henry-Kissinger-response.pdf |access-date=August 11, 2024 |website=PalmerCoates}}</ref> On May 9, 1988, Cleveland wrote a letter 'for the record' to the Editor of ] making clear that Bloomfield was the originator of the phrase, first published in his 1974 book ''.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=H Cleveland attribution letter |url=https://palmercoates.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/9-H-Cleveland-attribution-letter.pdf |access-date=August 11, 2024 |website=PalmerCoates}}</ref> In 2002, Bloomfield published another op-ed, insisting that Cleveland share credit for the phrase.<ref name=":0" />
The precise origins of the phrase are unknown, but it has been used since at least the late 1980s to refer to groups of nations acting collectively without regard to United Nations opinion. Specific uses of the phrase in the context of disarming Iraq began appearing in mid 2001.


==Usage==
The first American ] known to have publicly mentioned acting with a "coalition of the willing" in place of a UN mandate was ]. The phrase was later used by ] to refer both to actions in ] and ], although usage primarily focused on the latter.
The term was used by President ] in June 1994 in relation to possible operations against ], at the height of the 1994 stand-off with the country over ]s.<ref name="ib">Ibiblio.org (originally official ] release), , June 5, 1994.</ref>
==Criticism of the phrase==
] ], ranking ] on the ], has referred to the coalition formed for the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the ] COW, expressing his concern that the United States was being "milked" as a "cash cow."


In his letter introducing the 2002 ], President ] emphasized the important role of "coalitions of the willing."<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2002 |title=The National Security Strategy of the United States of America September 2002 |url=https://nssarchive.us/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/2002.pdf |access-date=August 11, 2024 |website=National Security Strategy Archive}}</ref>
Many of the nations in the coalition formed for the 2003 invasion of Iraq stand to receive substantial aid packages and trade benefits from the United States in return for their support. It is for this reason that some ]s and political commentators have mockingly referred to them as the "''coalition of the billing''." Another term, used by those who believe coalition nations lied about aspects of the war, is "coalition of the shilling."


] referred to the US-led ], the military ] during the ] and much of the ensuing ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 20, 2002 |title=Bush: Join 'coalition of willing' |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/11/20/prague.bush.nato/ |access-date=July 30, 2024 |website=CNN}}</ref>
Due to the high percentage of states that were small, impoverished nations in need of United States financial aid, a '']'' editorial referred to it as the "Coalition Of Welfare States."


It has also been applied to the ]n-led ] operation in ] from 1999 until 2000.<ref>{{Cite book |date=November 10, 2010 |title=Peace enforcement through a global organisation: the United Nations and INTERFET in East Timor - Summary |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/international-organisations-and-peace-enforcement/peace-enforcement-through-a-global-organisation-the-united-nations-and-interfet-in-east-timor/15BA5A2A60F3840F70E9513F96F0EBDD |access-date=July 30, 2024 |website=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511491290.007 |isbn=978-0-521-87019-1 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2001 |title=Shaping East Timor: A Dimension of United Nations Peacekeeping |url=https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/sa/sa_mar01chs01.html |access-date=July 30, 2024 |website=Columbia International Affairs Online}}</ref>
] ] has referred to the "Coalition of the Willing" as the "Coalition of the Idiots". She, however, was reprimanded for these and comments, and was eventually removed from the ] caucus.


In the early 2000s, Hungary’s Ambassador to the U.S. ] formed a charity rock band he named "Coalition of the Willing" with former ] and Doobie Brothers guitarist ] and U.S. officials, including then-Assistant Secretary of State ]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pohl |first=Otto |date=January 14, 2005 |title=Diplomats Who Rock |url=https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/columns/intelligencer/10903/ |access-date=August 15, 2024 |website=New York Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2005 |title=The Foreign Service Journal vol.82, no.7 |url=https://afsa.org/sites/default/files/fsj-2005-07-08-july-august.pdf |access-date=August 15, 2024 |website=American Foreign Service Association}}</ref>
==Coalition members==
In order of number of troops (estimated) committed to Iraq as of March 2005:


] ] referred to the partnership of former ] ], former ] ] and former ] ] for the construction of the ] as “the Coalition of the Willing," with a display dedicated to it located at the airport.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Genter |first=JT |title=Quite an interesting "coalition of the willing" on display at the Saint Vincent and the Grenadines airport 🤔 - Fidel Castro (Cuba) - Patrick Manning (Trinidad and Tobago) - Hugo Chavez (Venezuela) |url=https://x.com/JTGenter/status/1736899546364412315?s=20 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuban President in St Vincent on official State visit {{!}} Loop Caribbean News |url=https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/cuban-president-st-vincent-official-state-visit |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Loop News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clare |date=2022-12-04 |title=President of Cuba arrives in St Vincent and the Grenadines for three-day visit - Searchlight |url=https://www.searchlight.vc/press-release/2022/12/04/president-cuba-arrives-st-vincent-grenadines-three-day-visit/ |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=www.searchlight.vc |language=en}}</ref> Manning also sought to create a "coalition of the willing" in the form of an economic union with member states from the ] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SKNVibes {{!}} PM Manning seeks "coalition of the willing" |url=https://www.sknvibes.com/news/newsdetails.cfm/6204 |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=www.sknvibes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-02 |title=Patrick Manning, former Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, has died |url=https://www.antillean.org/patrick-manning-dead-69-868/ |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Antillean Media Group |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-08-28 |title=Regional Integration {{!}} Trinidad and Tobago News Blog |url=https://www.trinidadandtobagonews.com/blog/?p=588 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>
#] 130,000
#] 8,761
#] 3,600
#] 3,085 -- ''began phased withdrawal of troops in March 2005 ''
#] 1,700
#] 1,450 -- ''announced to withdraw troops by October 2005 ''
#] 889
#] 860
#] 850
#] 800 -- ''began phased withdrawal of troops in March 2005 ''
#] 550 -- ''limited to non-combat zones only''
#] 496
#] 450 -- ''began phased withdrawal of troops in March 2005 ''
#] 380
#] 180
#] 151
#] 122
#] 118
#] 105
#] 80
#] 71
#] 55
#] 33
#] 25
#] 10 -- ''has withdrawn the 179 soldier strong force of engineers and currently has 10 staff officers deployed in Iraq ''
#] 0
#] 0
#] 0 -- ''asked to be removed from the official coalition list in September 2004''
#] 0 -- ''withdrew troops in May 2004''
#] 0
#] 0
#] 0 -- ''withdrew troops in June 2004''
#] 0 -- ''withdrew troops in December 2004''
#] 0
#] 0
#] 0
#] 0 -- ''withdrew troops in February 2005''
#] 0 -- ''withdrew troops in September 2004''
#] 0 -- ''withdrew troops in February 2004''
#] 0 -- ''withdrew troops in July 2004''
#] 0 -- ''withdrew troops in March 2005''
#] 0
#] 0 -- ''withdrew its single ] deployed in the Persian Gulf in March 2005''
#] 0
#] 0 -- ''withdrew troops in June 2004''
#] 0 -- ''withdrew troops in August 2004''
#] 0
#] 0
#] 0


The ] of former ] ] which won the ] has been referenced as a "coalition of the willing."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maharaj |first=Sat |title=PP celebrated one year after |url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/article-6.2.443934.e2bfd8efb0 |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=www.guardian.co.tt |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-11 |title=The end of 'Kamlamania'? |url=https://www.stabroeknews.com/2015/09/11/opinion/editorial/the-end-of-kamlamania/ |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Stabroek News |language=en-us}}</ref>
''] does not support the invasion of Iraq and is not a Coalition member but has 31 troops in the theatre as part of an exchange program with the United States military''


==References==
Sources: , ,
{{reflist}}


]
==See also==
]
* ]
* ]
* ]


==External links and references==
*
*
* from ''Perspectives on World History and Current Events''
* ''Misnomer'', February 11, 2003, summary of public opinion on Iraq invasion


{{Poli-term-stub}}
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]

]
]
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Latest revision as of 02:33, 13 November 2024

Post-1990 political phrase For other uses, see Coalition of the willing (disambiguation).

The term coalition of the willing refers to a temporary international partnership created for the purpose of achieving a particular objective, usually of military or political nature.

Origin

The term was coined in the early 1970s by MIT professor Lincoln P. Bloomfield and his colleagues, including Harland Cleveland of the University of Minnesota. In July 1971, Bloomfield described the need for a coalition of willing nations to support important peacekeeping or conflict stabilization goals endorsed by the UN, in a NYT op-ed. The term was picked up by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in a 1973 letter to Bloomfield, acknowledging the latter's "proposal for 'coalitions of the willing'." On May 9, 1988, Cleveland wrote a letter 'for the record' to the Editor of Foreign Affairs making clear that Bloomfield was the originator of the phrase, first published in his 1974 book In Search of American Foreign Policy. In 2002, Bloomfield published another op-ed, insisting that Cleveland share credit for the phrase.

Usage

The term was used by President Bill Clinton in June 1994 in relation to possible operations against North Korea, at the height of the 1994 stand-off with the country over nuclear weapons.

In his letter introducing the 2002 National Security Strategy, President George W. Bush emphasized the important role of "coalitions of the willing."

Coalition of the willing referred to the US-led Multi-National Force – Iraq, the military command during the 2003 invasion of Iraq and much of the ensuing Iraq War.

It has also been applied to the Australian-led INTERFET operation in East Timor from 1999 until 2000.

In the early 2000s, Hungary’s Ambassador to the U.S. Andras Simonyi formed a charity rock band he named "Coalition of the Willing" with former Steely Dan and Doobie Brothers guitarist Jeff "Skunk" Baxter and U.S. officials, including then-Assistant Secretary of State Lincoln Bloomfield Jr.

Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Ralph Gonsalves referred to the partnership of former president of Cuba Fidel Castro, former prime minister of Trinidad and Tobago Patrick Manning and former president of Venezuela Hugo Chávez for the construction of the Argyle International Airport as “the Coalition of the Willing," with a display dedicated to it located at the airport. Manning also sought to create a "coalition of the willing" in the form of an economic union with member states from the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States in 2008.

The People's Partnership administration of former prime minister of Trinidad and Tobago Kamla Persad-Bissessar which won the 2010 Trinidad and Tobago general election has been referenced as a "coalition of the willing."

References

  1. Rodiles, Alejandro, ed. (2018), "The Conceptual Metaphor 'Coalition of the Willing'", Coalitions of the Willing and International Law: The Interplay between Formality and Informality, Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 10–37, doi:10.1017/9781108680431.003, ISBN 978-1-108-49365-9, retrieved August 7, 2024
  2. ^ "'Coalition of the willing' is world's best weapon". The Baltimore Sun. April 21, 2002. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
  3. Bloomfield, Lincoln P. (July 21, 1971). "Resurrecting the United Nations". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
  4. "Nov 23 1973 Henry Kissinger response" (PDF). PalmerCoates. Retrieved August 11, 2024.
  5. "H Cleveland attribution letter" (PDF). PalmerCoates. Retrieved August 11, 2024.
  6. Ibiblio.org (originally official White House release), Interview with the President by Sam Donaldson ABC, June 5, 1994.
  7. "The National Security Strategy of the United States of America September 2002" (PDF). National Security Strategy Archive. September 17, 2002. Retrieved August 11, 2024.
  8. "Bush: Join 'coalition of willing'". CNN. November 20, 2002. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
  9. Peace enforcement through a global organisation: the United Nations and INTERFET in East Timor - Summary. November 10, 2010. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491290.007. ISBN 978-0-521-87019-1. Retrieved July 30, 2024. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  10. "Shaping East Timor: A Dimension of United Nations Peacekeeping". Columbia International Affairs Online. March 2001. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
  11. Pohl, Otto (January 14, 2005). "Diplomats Who Rock". New York Magazine. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
  12. "The Foreign Service Journal vol.82, no.7" (PDF). American Foreign Service Association. July 2005. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
  13. Genter, JT. "Quite an interesting "coalition of the willing" on display at the Saint Vincent and the Grenadines airport 🤔 - Fidel Castro (Cuba) - Patrick Manning (Trinidad and Tobago) - Hugo Chavez (Venezuela)". X (formerly Twitter).
  14. "Cuban President in St Vincent on official State visit | Loop Caribbean News". Loop News. Retrieved 2024-03-27.
  15. Clare (2022-12-04). "President of Cuba arrives in St Vincent and the Grenadines for three-day visit - Searchlight". www.searchlight.vc. Retrieved 2024-03-27.
  16. "SKNVibes | PM Manning seeks "coalition of the willing"". www.sknvibes.com. Retrieved 2024-03-27.
  17. "Patrick Manning, former Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, has died". Antillean Media Group. 2016-07-02. Retrieved 2024-03-27.
  18. "Regional Integration | Trinidad and Tobago News Blog". 2008-08-28. Retrieved 2024-03-27.
  19. Maharaj, Sat. "PP celebrated one year after". www.guardian.co.tt. Retrieved 2024-03-27.
  20. "The end of 'Kamlamania'?". Stabroek News. 2015-09-11. Retrieved 2024-03-27.


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