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{{short description|Organic matter, mostly derived from animal feces, which can be used as fertilizer}}
].]]
{{About|organic material used as soil fertilizer|animal dung used for other purposes|feces}}
{{dist|Compost}}
{{redirect|Animal waste|other types of animal waste|metabolic waste}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
] and bedding straw, as in this example from a ].]]


'''Manure''' is ] used as ] in ]. Manures contribute to the fertility of the soil by adding organic matter and ], such as ] that is trapped by ] in the soil. Higher organisms then feed on the ] and bacteria in a chain of life that comprises the ]. Fungi consists of curry powder, and dry horse manure. '''Manure''' is ] that is used as ] in ]. Most manure consists of animal ]; other sources include ] and ]. Manures contribute to the ] by adding organic matter and ], such as ], that are utilised by ], ] and other organisms in the ]. Higher organisms then feed on the fungi and bacteria in a chain of life that comprises the ].
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==Types==
The term "manure" was used for inorganic ]s in the past, but this usage is now very rare.<ref>] seems to have used the word manure systematically for what we would call fertilizer today.</ref>
] is the source of the foul smelling odor of manure.]]
There are in the 21st century three main classes of manures used in ]:


==Etymology== ===Animal manure===
] reservoirs, one new, and one containing cow manure mixed with water. This is common in rural ] Province, ].]]
The word '''manure''' came from ] "manuren" meaning "to cultivate land," and initially from ] "main-oeuvre" = "hand work" alluding to the work which involved manuring land.
Most animal manure consists of ]. Common forms of animal manure include farmyard manure (FYM) or farm slurry (]).<ref>{{Ullmann|doi=10.1002/14356007.n10_n01|title=Fertilizers, 2. Types|year=2009|last1=Dittmar|first1=Heinrich|last2=Drach|first2=Manfred|last3=Vosskamp|first3=Ralf|last4=Trenkel|first4=Martin E.|last5=Gutser|first5=Reinhold|last6=Steffens|first6=Günter|isbn=978-3527306732}}
</ref> FYM also contains plant material (often straw), which has been used as bedding for animals and has absorbed the feces and ]. Agricultural manure in liquid form, known as ], is produced by more intensive livestock rearing systems where concrete or slats are used instead of straw bedding. Manure from different animals has different qualities and requires different application rates when used as fertilizer. For example ]s, ], ]s, ], ]s, ]s, ]s, and ] from ]s and ]s all have different properties.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manure |url=https://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A2339624 |publisher=] |date=July 15, 2010 |access-date=23 July 2017}}</ref> For instance, sheep manure is high in nitrogen and potash, while pig manure is relatively low in both. Horses mainly eat grass and a few weeds, so horse manure can contain grass and weed seeds, as horses do not digest seeds as cattle do. Cattle manure is a good source of nitrogen as well as organic carbon.<ref name="Bernal">{{cite journal|last1=Bernal|first1=M.P.|last2=Alburquerque|first2=J.A.|last3=Moral|first3=R.|title=Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment. A review|journal=Bioresource Technology|date=November 2009|volume=100|issue=22|pages=5444–5453|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.027|pmid=19119002|bibcode=2009BiTec.100.5444B }}</ref> Chicken litter, coming from a bird, is very concentrated in nitrogen and phosphate and is prized for both properties.<ref name="Bernal" /><ref name="Lustosa">{{cite journal|last1=Lustosa Filha|first1=Jose|last2=Penido|first2=Evanise|last3=Castro|first3=Patricia|last4=Silva|first4=Carlos|last5=Melo|first5=Leonidas|title=Co-pyrolysis of poultry litter and phosphate and magnesium generates alternative slow-release fertilizer suitable for tropical soils|journal=ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering|date=September 4, 2017|volume=5|issue=10|pages=9043–9052|doi=10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01935}}</ref>


Animal manures may be adulterated or contaminated with other animal products, such as ] (] and other ]), ]s, ], and ]. Livestock feed can be mixed with the manure due to spillage. For example, chickens are often fed ], an animal product, which can end up becoming mixed with chicken litter.
Hi Everyone in 7D!!!!!!lol Guada! at the Banez!!!


==Types== ===Compost===
{{Main|Compost}}
<!-- Unsourced image removed: ] -->
]
There are two classes of manures in ] management: ]s and animal manures. ] is distinguished from manure in that it is the ''decomposed'' remnants of organic materials (which may, nevertheless, include manure).


] is the decomposed remnants of organic materials. It is usually of plant origin, but often includes some animal dung or bedding.
Most animal manure is ] &mdash; ] (variously called "droppings" or "'''''crap'''''" ( :O oh naughty naughty wikipedia used a bad word!!!) etc) of plant-eating ]s (]) and ] &mdash; or plant material (often straw) which has been used as bedding for animals and thus is heavily contaminated with their feces (Its faeces silly people!) and ].


===Green manure===
]s are crops grown for the express purpose of ] them under. In so doing, fertility is increased through the nutrients and organic matter that are returned to the soil. ], such as clover, also "fix" nitrogen through '']'' bacteria in specialized ] in the root structure.
]s are crops grown for the express purpose of ]ing them in, thus increasing fertility through the incorporation of nutrients and organic matter into the soil. ] such as clover are often used for this, as they ] using '']'' bacteria in specialized ] in the root structure.


Other types of plant matter used as manure or fertilizer include: the contents of the ]s of slaughtered ]s; spent ] left over from making ]. Other types of plant matter used as manure include the contents of the ]s of slaughtered ]s, ] (left over from ] ]) and ].
]


==Uses of manure== ==Uses==
{{cleanup section|reason=Focuses on the classical definition of animal manure. Reasonable as the use of other, expanded-definition "manures" is quite trivial, but the resultant lopsided structure may warrant a restructuring of the article. Or we can just hollow this out and merge to ].|date=March 2022}}
], ], c. ]]]
=== Animal manure ===
Manure has been used for centuries as a ] for ], as it is rich in ] and other nutrients which facilitate the growth of plants. Liquid manure from pig/hog operations is usually knifed (injected) directly into the soil to reduce the unpleasant odors. Manure from hogs and cattle is spread on fields using a Manure spreader. Due to the relatively lower level of proteins in grasses, which ] eat, cattle manure has a milder smell than the dung of carnivores &mdash; for example, elephant dung is practically odorless. However, due to the quantity of manure applied to fields, odor can be a problem in some agricultural regions. Poultry droppings are harmful to plants when fresh but after a period of ]ing are valuable fertilizers.
]
Animal manure, such as ] and ], has been used for centuries as a fertilizer for ]. It can improve the soil structure (aggregation) so that the soil holds more nutrients and water, and therefore becomes more fertile. Animal manure also encourages soil microbial activity which promotes the soil's trace mineral supply, improving plant nutrition. It also contains some nitrogen and other nutrients that assist the growth of plants.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Das|first1=Suvendu|last2=Jeong|first2=Seung Tak|last3=Das|first3=Subhasis|last4=Kim|first4=Pil Joo|date=2017|title=Composted Cattle Manure Increases Microbial Activity and Soil Fertility More Than Composted Swine Manure in a Submerged Rice Paddy|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=8|pages=1702|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2017.01702|issn=1664-302X|pmc=5591829|pmid=28928727|doi-access=free}}</ref>


Odor is an obvious and major issue with animal manure. Components in swine manure include low molecular weight carboxylic acids, ], ], ], and ]s. Other components include ] and ].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ni|first1=Ji-Qin|last2=Robarge|first2=Wayne P.|last3=Xiao|first3=Changhe|last4=Heber|first4=Albert J.|year=2012|title=Volatile organic compounds at swine facilities: A critical review|journal=Chemosphere|volume=89|issue=7|pages=769–788|bibcode=2012Chmsp..89..769N|doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.04.061|pmid=22682363}}</ref>
The ] of animals has been used as ] throughout history. Dried manure (usually known as dung) of ] was, and still is, an important fuel source in countries such as ], while ] dung may be used in treeless regions such as deserts. On the Oregon Trail, pioneering families collected large quantities of "buffalo chips" in lieu of scarce firewood. It has been used for many purposes, in cooking fires and to combat the cold ] nights.


Animal manures with a particularly ] (such as slurries from ]) are usually knifed (injected) directly into the soil to reduce release of the odor. Manure from pigs and cattle is usually spread on fields using a ]. Due to the relatively lower level of proteins in vegetable matter, ] manure has a milder smell than the dung of ]s or ]s. However, herbivore slurry that has undergone anaerobic ] may develop more unpleasant odors, and this can be a problem in some agricultural regions. Poultry droppings are harmful to plants when fresh, but after a period of ]ing are valuable fertilizers.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Manure Composting for Livestock & Poultry Production|journal=MontGuide|author=Thomas Bass, Julia Dafoe, and Joel Schumacher|volume= MT201206AG Reviewed 4/17|url=http://store.msuextension.org/publications/AgandNaturalResources/MT201206AG.pdf}}</ref>
Another use of manure is to make paper, this has been done with dung from ]s where it is a small industry in Africa and Asia, and also ]s, ]s, and ]s. Other than the llama, these animals are not ]s and thus tend to pass plant fibres undigested in their dung.


Manure is also commercially composted and bagged and sold as a soil amendment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wortman|first1=Sam E.|last2=Holmes|first2=Ashley A.|last3=Miernicki|first3=Elizabeth|last4=Knoche|first4=Kaelyn|last5=Pittelkow|first5=Cameron M.|date=2017-07-08|title=First-Season Crop Yield Response to Organic Soil Amendments: A Meta-Analysis|journal=Agronomy Journal|language=en|volume=109|issue=4|doi=10.2134/agronj2016.10.0627|issn=0002-1962|page=1210|doi-access=free|bibcode=2017AgrJ..109.1210W }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wimastergardener.org/article/using-manure-in-the-home-garden/|title=Using Manure in the Home Garden|access-date=2019-07-06|archive-date=2020-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026051128/https://wimastergardener.org/article/using-manure-in-the-home-garden/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
OOH LLAMA LLAMA LLAMA


In 2018, Austrian scientists offered a method of ] production from ] and cow manure.<ref>{{cite press release |date=March 21, 2018|title=Elephant and cow manure for making paper sustainably |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/03/180321090944.htm |publisher= ]|access-date= March 30, 2018}}</ref>
==Precautions==
Manure generates ] as it decomposes, and it is not unheard of for manure to ] should it be stored in a massive pile. Once such a large pile of manure is burning, it will ] over a very large area and require considerable effort to extinguish. Large ]s must therefore take care to ensure that piles of fresh manure (feces) do not get excessively large. There is no serious risk of spontaneous combustion in smaller operations.


] is used as a fuel in many countries around the world.
There is also a risk of insects carrying feces to food and water supplies, making them unsuitable for human consumption.


==== Issues ====
OOOH LLAMA LLAMA LLAMA!!
]
Any quantity of animal manure may be a source of ]s or food spoilage organisms which may be carried by ], ] or a range of other vector organisms and cause disease or put food safety at risk.


In intensive agricultural land use, animal manure is often not used as targeted as mineral fertilizers, and thus, the nitrogen utilization efficiency is poor. Animal manure can become a problem in terms of excessive use in areas of intensive agriculture with high numbers of livestock and too little available farmland.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
==Trivia==

The ] of ] campaigned on a policy of free dung.
The ] ] can be emitted so contributing to ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Managing manure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions |url=https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/climate-change/managing-manure-reduce-greenhouse-gas-emissions |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=www.agric.wa.gov.au |language=en}}</ref>
] are commonly referred to as Man Ure.

=====Livestock antibiotics=====
In 2007, a ] study<ref name=UMinn>{{cite web |author=Staff |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2007/2007-07-12-01.asp |title=Livestock Antibiotics Can End Up in Human Foods |publisher=ENS Newswire |date=2007-07-12 |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-date=2007-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070916092217/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2007/2007-07-12-01.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="dolliver-2007">{{cite journal |last1=Dolliver |first1=Holly |last2=Kumar |first2=Kuldip |last3=Gupta |first3=Satish |title=Sulfamethazine Uptake by Plants from Manure-Amended Soil |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |date=July 2007 |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=1224–1230 |doi=10.2134/jeq2006.0266|pmid=17596632 |bibcode=2007JEnvQ..36.1224D }}</ref> indicated that foods such as corn, lettuce, and potatoes have been found to accumulate ] from soils spread with animal manure that contains these drugs.

]s may be much more or much less likely to contain antibiotics, depending on their sources and treatment of manure. For instance, by ] Standard 4.7.38, most organic ] either have their own supply of manure (which would, therefore, not normally contain drug residues) or else rely on green manure crops for the extra fertility (if any nonorganic manure is used by organic farmers, then it usually has to be rotted or composted to degrade any residues of drugs and eliminate any pathogenic bacteria—Standard 4.7.38, Soil Association organic farming standards). On the other hand, as found in the University of Minnesota study, the non-usage of artificial fertilizers, and resulting exclusive use of manure as fertilizer, by organic farmers can result in significantly greater accumulations of antibiotics in organic foods.<ref name=UMinn />


==See also== ==See also==
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*] * ]
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*] * ]
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*]{{colend}}


==Notes== ==References==
{{reflist}}
<div class="references-small"><references /></div>


==Further reading== ==External links==
{{wiktionary}}
{{Commons category|Manure}}
*
*
*
* ]
*
* , an community of practice about animal manure management
* : A two part webcast series about the science available on potential risks and best management practices related to antibiotics and hormones from animal manure


{{Authority control}}
* {{cite journal | author=Anderson, S., and F. Ertug-Yaras. | year=1998. | title=Fuel fodder and faeces: an ethnographic and botanical study of dung fuel use in central Anatolia. | journal=Environmental Archaeology | volume=1 | pages=99-109}}
* {{cite journal | author=Charles, M. P. | year=1998. | title=Fodder from dung: the recognition and interpretation of dung derived plant material from archaeological sites | journal=Environmental Archaeology | volume=1 | pages=111-122}}
* {{cite conference | author=Fenton, Alexander | year=1985 | title=A fuel of necessity: animal manure | editor=Alexander Fenton | booktitle=The Shape of the Past. Essays in Scottish Ethnology | publisher=Edinburgh: John Donald | pages= 96-111}}
* {{cite journal | author=Miller, N. F. | year=1984. | title=The use of dung as fuel: an ethnographic example and an archaeological application | journal=Paléorient | volume=10 | pages=71-79}}
* {{cite journal | author=Winterhalder, B., R. Larsen, and R. B. Thomas. | year=1974. | title=Dung as an essential resource in a highland Peruvian community | journal=Human Ecology | volume=2 | pages=89-104}}


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{{Commons|Category:Manure}}

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Latest revision as of 22:29, 9 September 2024

Organic matter, mostly derived from animal feces, which can be used as fertilizer This article is about organic material used as soil fertilizer. For animal dung used for other purposes, see feces. Not to be confused with Compost. "Animal waste" redirects here. For other types of animal waste, see metabolic waste.

Animal manure is often a mixture of animal feces and bedding straw, as in this example from a stable.

Manure is organic matter that is used as organic fertilizer in agriculture. Most manure consists of animal feces; other sources include compost and green manure. Manures contribute to the fertility of soil by adding organic matter and nutrients, such as nitrogen, that are utilised by bacteria, fungi and other organisms in the soil. Higher organisms then feed on the fungi and bacteria in a chain of life that comprises the soil food web.

Types

Skatole is the source of the foul smelling odor of manure.

There are in the 21st century three main classes of manures used in soil management:

Animal manure

Concrete reservoirs, one new, and one containing cow manure mixed with water. This is common in rural Hainan Province, China.

Most animal manure consists of feces. Common forms of animal manure include farmyard manure (FYM) or farm slurry (liquid manure). FYM also contains plant material (often straw), which has been used as bedding for animals and has absorbed the feces and urine. Agricultural manure in liquid form, known as slurry, is produced by more intensive livestock rearing systems where concrete or slats are used instead of straw bedding. Manure from different animals has different qualities and requires different application rates when used as fertilizer. For example horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, chickens, turkeys, rabbits, and guano from seabirds and bats all have different properties. For instance, sheep manure is high in nitrogen and potash, while pig manure is relatively low in both. Horses mainly eat grass and a few weeds, so horse manure can contain grass and weed seeds, as horses do not digest seeds as cattle do. Cattle manure is a good source of nitrogen as well as organic carbon. Chicken litter, coming from a bird, is very concentrated in nitrogen and phosphate and is prized for both properties.

Animal manures may be adulterated or contaminated with other animal products, such as wool (shoddy and other hair), feathers, blood, and bone. Livestock feed can be mixed with the manure due to spillage. For example, chickens are often fed meat and bone meal, an animal product, which can end up becoming mixed with chicken litter.

Compost

Main article: Compost
Compost containing turkey manure and wood chips from bedding material is dried and then applied to pastures for fertilizer.

Compost is the decomposed remnants of organic materials. It is usually of plant origin, but often includes some animal dung or bedding.

Green manure

Green manures are crops grown for the express purpose of plowing them in, thus increasing fertility through the incorporation of nutrients and organic matter into the soil. Leguminous plants such as clover are often used for this, as they fix nitrogen using Rhizobia bacteria in specialized nodes in the root structure.

Other types of plant matter used as manure include the contents of the rumens of slaughtered ruminants, spent grain (left over from brewing beer) and seaweed.

Uses

This section may require cleanup to meet Misplaced Pages's quality standards. The specific problem is: Focuses on the classical definition of animal manure. Reasonable as the use of other, expanded-definition "manures" is quite trivial, but the resultant lopsided structure may warrant a restructuring of the article. Or we can just hollow this out and merge to Feces#Uses of animal feces. Please help improve this section if you can. (March 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Animal manure

Pile of animal manure on a wall.

Animal manure, such as chicken manure and cow dung, has been used for centuries as a fertilizer for farming. It can improve the soil structure (aggregation) so that the soil holds more nutrients and water, and therefore becomes more fertile. Animal manure also encourages soil microbial activity which promotes the soil's trace mineral supply, improving plant nutrition. It also contains some nitrogen and other nutrients that assist the growth of plants.

Odor is an obvious and major issue with animal manure. Components in swine manure include low molecular weight carboxylic acids, acetic, propionic, butyric, and valeric acids. Other components include skatole and trimethyl amine.

Animal manures with a particularly unpleasant odor (such as slurries from intensive pig farming) are usually knifed (injected) directly into the soil to reduce release of the odor. Manure from pigs and cattle is usually spread on fields using a manure spreader. Due to the relatively lower level of proteins in vegetable matter, herbivore manure has a milder smell than the dung of carnivores or omnivores. However, herbivore slurry that has undergone anaerobic fermentation may develop more unpleasant odors, and this can be a problem in some agricultural regions. Poultry droppings are harmful to plants when fresh, but after a period of composting are valuable fertilizers.

Manure is also commercially composted and bagged and sold as a soil amendment.

In 2018, Austrian scientists offered a method of paper production from elephant and cow manure.

Dry animal dung is used as a fuel in many countries around the world.

Issues

The women of a neighborhood ward with manure on their way to the field of one of them, Tireli, Mali 1990

Any quantity of animal manure may be a source of pathogens or food spoilage organisms which may be carried by flies, rodents or a range of other vector organisms and cause disease or put food safety at risk.

In intensive agricultural land use, animal manure is often not used as targeted as mineral fertilizers, and thus, the nitrogen utilization efficiency is poor. Animal manure can become a problem in terms of excessive use in areas of intensive agriculture with high numbers of livestock and too little available farmland.

The greenhouse gas nitrous oxide can be emitted so contributing to climate change.

Livestock antibiotics

In 2007, a University of Minnesota study indicated that foods such as corn, lettuce, and potatoes have been found to accumulate antibiotics from soils spread with animal manure that contains these drugs.

Organic foods may be much more or much less likely to contain antibiotics, depending on their sources and treatment of manure. For instance, by Soil Association Standard 4.7.38, most organic arable farmers either have their own supply of manure (which would, therefore, not normally contain drug residues) or else rely on green manure crops for the extra fertility (if any nonorganic manure is used by organic farmers, then it usually has to be rotted or composted to degrade any residues of drugs and eliminate any pathogenic bacteria—Standard 4.7.38, Soil Association organic farming standards). On the other hand, as found in the University of Minnesota study, the non-usage of artificial fertilizers, and resulting exclusive use of manure as fertilizer, by organic farmers can result in significantly greater accumulations of antibiotics in organic foods.

See also

References

  1. Dittmar, Heinrich; Drach, Manfred; Vosskamp, Ralf; Trenkel, Martin E.; Gutser, Reinhold; Steffens, Günter (2009). "Fertilizers, 2. Types". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.n10_n01. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  2. "Manure". h2g2. July 15, 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  3. ^ Bernal, M.P.; Alburquerque, J.A.; Moral, R. (November 2009). "Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment. A review". Bioresource Technology. 100 (22): 5444–5453. Bibcode:2009BiTec.100.5444B. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.027. PMID 19119002.
  4. Lustosa Filha, Jose; Penido, Evanise; Castro, Patricia; Silva, Carlos; Melo, Leonidas (September 4, 2017). "Co-pyrolysis of poultry litter and phosphate and magnesium generates alternative slow-release fertilizer suitable for tropical soils". ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 5 (10): 9043–9052. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01935.
  5. Das, Suvendu; Jeong, Seung Tak; Das, Subhasis; Kim, Pil Joo (2017). "Composted Cattle Manure Increases Microbial Activity and Soil Fertility More Than Composted Swine Manure in a Submerged Rice Paddy". Frontiers in Microbiology. 8: 1702. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01702. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 5591829. PMID 28928727.
  6. Ni, Ji-Qin; Robarge, Wayne P.; Xiao, Changhe; Heber, Albert J. (2012). "Volatile organic compounds at swine facilities: A critical review". Chemosphere. 89 (7): 769–788. Bibcode:2012Chmsp..89..769N. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.04.061. PMID 22682363.
  7. Thomas Bass, Julia Dafoe, and Joel Schumacher. "Manure Composting for Livestock & Poultry Production" (PDF). MontGuide. MT201206AG Reviewed 4/17.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. Wortman, Sam E.; Holmes, Ashley A.; Miernicki, Elizabeth; Knoche, Kaelyn; Pittelkow, Cameron M. (2017-07-08). "First-Season Crop Yield Response to Organic Soil Amendments: A Meta-Analysis". Agronomy Journal. 109 (4): 1210. Bibcode:2017AgrJ..109.1210W. doi:10.2134/agronj2016.10.0627. ISSN 0002-1962.
  9. "Using Manure in the Home Garden". Archived from the original on 2020-10-26. Retrieved 2019-07-06.
  10. "Elephant and cow manure for making paper sustainably" (Press release). Science Daily. March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
  11. "Managing manure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions". www.agric.wa.gov.au. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
  12. ^ Staff (2007-07-12). "Livestock Antibiotics Can End Up in Human Foods". ENS Newswire. Archived from the original on 2007-09-16. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
  13. Dolliver, Holly; Kumar, Kuldip; Gupta, Satish (July 2007). "Sulfamethazine Uptake by Plants from Manure-Amended Soil". Journal of Environmental Quality. 36 (4): 1224–1230. Bibcode:2007JEnvQ..36.1224D. doi:10.2134/jeq2006.0266. PMID 17596632.

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