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{{Short description|none}}
''']n culture''' represents a rich blend of cultures that have inhabited the island. ] and ] settlers, and ]n ] brought cultural elements, as did ] and ]n immigrants who came to the island as ] workers. The common national language is English, heavily spiced with local idioms and Elizabethan usage.
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
'''Jamaican culture''' consists of the religion, norms, values, and lifestyle that define the people of Jamaica. The culture is mixed, with an ethnically diverse society, stemming from a history of inhabitants beginning with the original inhabitants of Jamaica (the ]). The Spaniards originally brought slavery to Jamaica. Then they were overthrown by the English. Jamaica later gained emancipation on 1 August 1838, and ] on 6 August 1962. Black slaves became the dominant cultural force as they suffered and resisted the harsh conditions of forced labour. After the abolition of slavery, Chinese and Indian migrants were transported to the island as ] workers, bringing with them ideas from their country.{{Specify|date=October 2023|reason=what ideas}}


==Language==
==Arawak (Taino) natives==
The official language of Jamaica is ], which is used in all official circumstances in the country. In addition to English, there is a creole derivative called ] (pronounced patwa, ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|æ|t|w|ɑː}})) which is the common language among Jamaican citizens.
The original inhabitants of the region were the Arawaks, now referred to as ]s. The Arawaks were a subsistence culture, not organised farmers. They were primarily coast-dwelling fishermen. While it appears that some Taino survived the arrival of the Europeans, it's likely that there are now none living in Jamaica, and very little trace of their original culture.


==Religion== ==Religion==
{{Main article|Religion in Jamaica}}
By far the largest religious group in Jamaica is the Christian faith. The Anglican Church, and the Church of God are throughout the country, and many old churches have been carefully maintained and/or restored . Almost every musician in Jamaica has learned his or her craft in the Christian churches of Jamaica. The Rastafarian religion is a folk derivative of the larger Christian culture, likely influenced by Ethiopian Coptic culture. There are also a small number of Jewish synagogues in Jamaica, dating from 17th century. Elements of ancient witchcraft remain in remote areas, most of which practices are described generally as ].
By far, the largest religion in Jamaica is the ]. The ], ], ], ], ] and the Church of God are present throughout the country. Many old churches have been carefully maintained and/or restored.<ref name="JNHTchurches">{{cite web|url=http://www.jnht.com/category.php?id=80|title=Churches|year=2005|publisher=]|access-date=21 October 2009|location=Kingston, Jamaica|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908183154/http://www.jnht.com/category.php?id=80|archive-date=8 September 2009}}</ref> The ] is a derivative of the larger ], but its origins were influenced by rising consciousness of Africa, and an awareness of political events in that continent. There is also a small number of Jewish synagogues in Jamaica, dating from the 17th century along with a few mosques. {{citation needed|date=October 2015}}


Elements of ancient African religions remain, especially in remote areas throughout the island. Some of these practices are described generally as ],
==Rastafari==
], or Pocomania. Though the congregations are small, they are visited by many Christians and non-Christians seeking an experience they have not found in the churches.{{vague|date=June 2016}}{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} It is estimated that as much as 40% of the population secretly seek the services of the African traditional religious healers (also called Obeah workers) when confronted with serious problems that conventional medicine cannot remedy.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
The best known side of Jamaican culture is its Christian music and the related ] rhythms, and the ] religion, who are recognized all over the world for playing what is a distinctively syncopated style that arose from earlier ] rhythms. ], from ], was a well-known pop reggae performer in the 1980s.


The ] arrived in Jamaica in 1943, brought by an American ], Dr. Malcolm King.<ref name="rites">{{Citation |last=Bridge |first=Abena |title=Divine rites – Uncovering the faiths |newspaper=The Jamaican Gleaner |date= 5 July 2000| url=http://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20000705/News/News1.html}}</ref> In 2003, as part of the 60th anniversary celebration of the establishment of Baháʼí in Jamaica, the Governor General of Jamaica, Sir ], proclaimed a National Baháʼí Day to be held annually on 25 July.<ref name="4th">{{Citation |title=Jamaicans celebrate 4th National Baháʼí Day |publisher=Baháʼí World News Service |date=11 August 2006 |url=http://news.bahai.org/story/468}}</ref> In 2005, the community of about 5000<ref name="WCE-05">{{cite web |title=Most Baha'i Nations (2005) |publisher=The ARDA (Association of Religion Data Archives) |year=2005 |url=http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp |access-date=30 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414021730/http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp |archive-date=14 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> celebrated their activity and presence in Jamaica with the international Baháʼí choir, ''The Voices of Bahá''. The choir performed at Ward Theater and the University of the West Indies' Chapel, with proceeds earmarked to two Jamaican charities, (one serving families of policemen slain in the line of duty, and the one Denham Town Golden Age Home).<ref>{{cite press release |title=Voices of Baha to Perform in Kingston |publisher=Jamaica Information Service |date=29 June 2005 |url= http://www.jis.gov.jm/information/html/20050629t110000-0500_6159_jis_voices_of_baha_to_perform_in_kingston.asp |access-date=30 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612204010/http://www.jis.gov.jm/news/117/6159?mode=redirect |archive-date=12 June 2011 }}</ref>
] is a local religion loosely based on some selected teachings of the ] Bible. The Bible is read in an Ethiopian fashion, and adherents believe in the Emperor ] of ] as the true descendant of Solomon.


Other religions practiced in Jamaica include ], ], and ].
Some Rastafari wear their hair in an untended, uncut condition called ]. Some also only eat food that is '']'' (natural) where certain foods are avoided. However, there is not a single well-defined, literate, dogma of Rastafarianism.


===Rastafari===
==Negro Culture vs. Black Culture==
{{Main article|Rastafari movement}}


] man in a ] at a port of Jamaica's ].]]
Although African-Jamaicans often refer to themselves as 'black', 'afro', or even 'dread', much early Jamaica history carries the descriptor 'Negro'. Jamaica maintains a strong respect for the pioneering work of Jamaican international business pioneer ], the founder of the ] (UNIA). The early headquarters of the UNIA in Kingston has been restored by the Government of Jamaica, and it is open to the public. The main highway serving the industrial area of Kingston is Marcus Garvey Drive.
Originating in the 1930s,<ref>'' Dread History'' by Professor ] (2001), {{ISBN|0-948390-78-6}} {{ISBN|978-0948390784}}.</ref> one of the most prominent, internationally known aspects of Jamaica's African-Caribbean culture is the ] movement, particularly those elements that are expressed through ] music. In the 1970s and early 1980s, ] became the most high-profile exponent of the Rastafari culture and belief system. His reputation as an innovative musician devoted to his faith<ref>{{cite web |url=http://homepage.ntlworld.com/davebulow/wow/lyrics_bob_marley_-_we_and_them.htm |title=Words of Wisdom - Biblical Quotations in Reggae Lyrics |access-date=2009-02-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510012728/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/davebulow/wow/lyrics_bob_marley_-_we_and_them.htm |archive-date=10 May 2009 }}</ref> has continued to grow since his death, so that by 2004 his greatest hits compilation, '']'', had sold 20 million copies worldwide,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2004/10/25/cx_2004deadcelebtears_9.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041027010747/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2004/10/25/cx_2004deadcelebtears_9.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 October 2004|title=The Top Earners For 2004|website=Forbes|access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref> making him arguably the world's most famous Jamaican in the music industry, and certainly the nation's biggest-selling recording artist.

Rastafari itself is a ] belief system, based on teachings found in the ] and the ] – particularly the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://homepage.ntlworld.com/davebulow/wow/lyrics_bunny_wailer_-_armageddon.htm |title=Words of Wisdom - Biblical Quotations in Reggae Lyrics |access-date=2009-02-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519013252/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/davebulow/wow/lyrics_bunny_wailer_-_armageddon.htm |archive-date=19 May 2009 }}</ref> However, what distinguishes Rastafari from Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, (which also cite ] beliefs), is that Rastas believe in the divinity of the Emperor ] of ].

Hailed by Rastas as H.I.M. (His Imperial Majesty), ] is regarded as God himself, the true descendant of ], and the earthly embodiment of ] (God)<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125084731/http://dooballoh.com/cgi-bin/display.cgi?id=12982 |date=25 January 2011 }}</ref> – in what believers see as a fulfillment of prophecy regarding ] of the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://homepage.ntlworld.com/davebulow/wow/lyrics_lee_scratch_perry_-_soul_rebel.htm |title=Words of Wisdom - Biblical Quotations in Reggae Lyrics |access-date=2009-02-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014190233/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/davebulow/wow/lyrics_lee_scratch_perry_-_soul_rebel.htm |archive-date=14 October 2008 }}</ref>

Those Rasta beliefs, which are not explicitly mentioned in the Bible (such as the specific name of H.I.M. "Haile Selassie"), are not gathered into a single holy text. Instead, Rasta beliefs are primarily shared through a community of songs, chants, and oral testimonies, as well as in written texts (including websites).<ref>. A website explaining Rasta beliefs.</ref> The extensive use of song makes Rastafari a particularly musical source of Jamaican culture.

Rasta cultural traditions include wearing their hair in uncut, uncombed strands known as ] (in adherence to the ] vow<ref>Numbers 6:1–21 (])</ref>), as well as eating unprocessed (natural) foods which are called '']''. However, neither tradition is regarded as compulsory – many people who wear dreadlocks are not Rastas, and many Rastas do not wear them.

One of the most controversial cultural traditions is Rastas' use of ] as a ] which is smoked to aid in ] (] and discussion) during their religious rituals.

In its Jamaican homeland, Rastafari is a minority culture and receives little in the way of official recognition. Jamaica is an overwhelmingly Christian country, so Rasta beliefs and practices – such as the divinity of H.I.M Hailie Selassie – are sometimes regarded as ] by Christian Jamaicans.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/westernnews/html/20090211T220000-0500_146094_OBS_RAS_TAFARI_CHALLENGED__.asp |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226053150/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/westernnews/html/20090211T220000-0500_146094_OBS_RAS_TAFARI_CHALLENGED__.asp |archive-date=26 February 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (Some Rastas also express hostility towards aspects of Christianity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.songlyrics.com/bob-marley/talking-blues/197464|title=Talking Blues - BOB MARLEY|website=SongLyrics.com|access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref>) Nevertheless, the artistic contributions of the movement, particularly by Bob Marley, are widely respected. Marley was awarded the ] in 1981, and there are two official monuments to him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nlj.org.jm/docs/marley_bibliography.htm|title=Bob Marley Bibliography|access-date=16 October 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130034229/http://www.nlj.org.jm/docs/marley_bibliography.htm|archive-date=30 January 2009}}</ref>

Rastas can be found in many countries outside Jamaica and among many non-Jamaicans. Because it is not a centrally organised religion, there is no way of knowing how many devotees there are.


==Dance== ==Dance==
Dance has always been important on Jamaica - from colonial times until the present. Early folk rhythms and movements often enhanced Christian religious celebrations, or were associated with Christian holidays. More recently, dances have become associated with the ], particularly ] styles. Dance has always been important to Jamaica – from colonial times until the present. Early folk rhythms and movements often enhanced Christian religious celebrations or were associated with Christian holidays. More recently, dances have become associated with the ], particularly ] styles.


Dance theatre is also growing in importance. ], ], ], ], and ] are five Jamaicans whose influences on the arts – music and dance in particular – have been extremely important. Nettleford, Thomas, and ] formed the ] in 1962.<ref>National Dance Theatre Company of Jamaica. Tony Wilson danced with the ] & ] prior to founding his dance company, ] </ref> Other important Jamaicans in dance theatre have included the ]-winning choreographer ] ('']'' on Broadway).
More than 30 distinctive Jamaican dances have been identified. According to the National Library of Jamaica, traditional Jamaican dances fall roughly under three categories: African derived, European derived and Creole.<ref name="NLJ">The National Library of Jamaica (2003). . Retrieved 17 January 2007.</ref> The Africa derived dance tradition is divided into two types: religious dances and social dances. Religious African dances, such as the ritualistic ], ] and Pocomania, are integral parts of worship ceremonies. The aim is to bring the dancers into the realm of the spiritual and heighten their readiness for possession. This part of Jamaica's African heritage has mainly been preserved by the ]. Social African derived dances include Etu, ] and ] (originally religious but now mainly social).<ref name="NLJ" />


Dancehall, or ], music has inspired a number of dance styles as well. To understand the evolution of popular dance, it helps to understand the musical progression. ] music, with fast beats, also had fast dances. The slow to ] also developed slower dances, allowing dancers to stay on the floor longer. ] is associated with many things, including the ] movement, but influenced the newer styles.
The Jamaican Creole dances integrate elements from both European and African cultures. Examples are ], Bruckin's, ], Pukkumina (possibly the best-known Revival (religious) style which still exists today) and Dinkie mini, a dance in the Wake Complex of traditional dances. Social dances that are European derived include those that accompanied work songs and ring games.<ref name="NLJ" />


] music often creates its own dances based on moves in the lyrics of the songs themselves. ] from ] is popular with most of the popular artists from Trinidad, but many soca Jamaican artists such as ], Fab 5, and Lovindeer are famous but also represent Jamaican music.
Dance is also represented during the Jamaican ], a Caribbean East Indian festival. Jonkonnu and Hosay are considered secular dances, despite the performance of Jonkonnu around Christmas time.


] is a form of dance originating from Jamaica. The dance incorporates ],<ref name="censoring">{{cite web |url=http://www.jamaica-star.com/thestar/20090212/cleisure/cleisure1.html |title=The Jamaica Star :: Commentary :: Censoring daggering :: February 12, 2009 |access-date=2010-10-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114125853/http://jamaica-star.com/thestar/20090212/cleisure/cleisure1.html |archive-date=14 January 2012 }}</ref> wrestling and other forms of frantic movement.<ref name="censoring" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://yinnyang.co.uk/2010/05/daggering-101-a-tutorial/|title=Daggering 101… a Tutorial|website=Yinnyang.co.uk|access-date=16 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117014640/http://yinnyang.co.uk/2010/05/daggering-101-a-tutorial/|archive-date=17 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Dance theater is also growing in importance. ], ], ], and ] are four Jamaicans whose influences on the arts - music and dance in particular - has been extremely important. Nettleford, Thomas, and ] formed the National Dance Theatre Company in the 1960s. Other important Jamaicans in dance theater have included the ]-winning choreographer ] (''The Lion King'' on Broadway).


] is a Jamaican dance performed to celebrate Emancipation Day.
Dancehall, or ], music has inspired a number of dance styles as well. To understand the evolution of popular dance, it helps to understand the musical progression. ] music, with fast beats, also had fast dances. The slow to ] also developed slower dances, allowing dancers to stay on the floor longer. ] is associated with many things, including the ] movement, but influenced the newer styles. ] music often creates its own dances based on moves in the lyrics of the songs themselves.

Here lists 94 Jamaican dances or dance forms:
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==Theatre== ==Theatre==
Jamaica's earliest theatre was built in 1682. Several more theatres opened in the 1700s and 1800s, attracting performances by both professional touring companies and amateur groups. But performances weren't limited to official venues. Many took place in houses, stores, court houses, and enclosed outdoor spaces large enough to hold them. During this period, classic plays such as ] were most often produced. However, the Jewish and French communities became large enough to merit productions aimed at them, too. Jamaica's earliest theatre was built in 1682. Several more theatres opened in the 1700s and 1800s, attracting performances by both professional touring companies and amateur groups. But performances weren't limited to official venues. Many took place in houses, stores, courthouses, and enclosed outdoor spaces large enough to hold them. During this period, classic plays such as ] were most often produced. However, the Jewish and French communities became large enough to merit productions aimed at them, too.


After the abolition of slavery, Jamaicans began fusing music, humour, and dance into public theatrical performances. Although it took many years for true Jamaican styles to develop, eventually they became more prevalent than European works. Today's most popular theatrical form in Jamaica, ], began in the 1940s as a fusion of English pantomime with Jamaican folklore. Another popular style, "roots" theatre, evolved in the 1960s and 1970s. These riotous bawdy tales full of sexual innuendo remain crowd favorites in Kingston's open-air theatres. After the abolishment of slavery, Jamaicans began fusing music, humour, and dance into public theatrical performances. Although it took many years for true Jamaican styles to develop, eventually they became more prevalent than European works. Today's most popular theatrical form in Jamaica, ], began in the 1940s as a fusion of English pantomime with Jamaican folklore. Another popular style, "Roots" (Grassroots) Theatre,<ref>'' The Cambridge Guide to African and Caribbean Theatre'', Martin Banham and Errol Hill.</ref> evolved in the 1960s and 1970s. These riotous bawdy tales remained crowd favourites in Kingston's open-air theatres.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20090405/ent/ent3.html |title=Jamaica Gleaner News - Roots theatre declared 'dead' - Now under the 'mainstream theatre' umbrella - Entertainment - Sunday &#124; April 5, 2009 |access-date=2014-12-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413150034/http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20090405/ent/ent3.html |archive-date=13 April 2009 }}</ref>

One artist involved in root plays is Winsome (code name), a Jamaican writer and producer chronicled in Deborah Thomas' book "Modern Blackness". Winsome handled all the publicity for her plays herself, and ended up putting them on in the rural areas surrounding Kingston – the city theaters refused to house her plays because of their controversial nature. In her plays, Winsome explores how sex, money, and power interact every day for Jamaicans. In 1997, Winsome wrote and produced a root play entitled Ruff Rider, in which family, sexual abuse, love, work, and friendship all intersect. According to author Thomas, author of, "In all of her work, the sympathetic characters are those she portrays as struggling to balance their own pursuit of individual gain with 'living well together' with others. As they negotiate the fine lines between egalitarianism and hierarchy, her characters also contribute to the public debate regarding the gendered dimensions of respectability and reputation."<ref>Thomas, Deborah. ''Modern Blackness: Nationalism, Globalization, and the Politics of Culture in Jamaica.'' Durham, N.C.: ], 2004.</ref>

Other notable roots play figures include Ralph Holness, Ginger Knight, Balfour Anderson, Michael Denton, Ian Reid, Paul Beil, Everton Dawkins, Luke Ellington (Lukington), Buddy Pouyat and the late Hyacinth Brown.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20060122/ent/ent1.html |title=Jamaica Gleaner News - ROOTS PLAYS TONE DOWN - Sunday &#124; January 22, 2006 |access-date=2008-01-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702053832/http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20060122/ent/ent1.html |archive-date=2 July 2008 }}</ref>


==Literature and writing== ==Literature and writing==
{{Further|Jamaican literature}}
], a ] laureate, attended college in Jamaica. Other significant writers from the island include ] and ]. Plays and works in Jamaican English, or patois, attract special attention. ], ] and ] have contributed to this phenomenon by writing works in patois. ] wrote his famous ] novels while living in Jamaica. ] is also well-known for her novel '']'', which was set in Jamaica. Jamiacan authors are always faced with the decision of writing in standard English for a huge world-wide audience, or in the local patois, for a much smaller, but more trendy, audience. Jamaica films with patois sound-tracks such as ] require sub-titles for export to general markets. In general, the use of patois severely limits the potential audience for the otherwise universal Jamaican message.
], a ] laureate, born and educated in St. Lucia, attended college in Jamaica. Other significant writers from the island include ] and ]. Plays and works in Jamaican English, or ], attract special attention. ], ] and ] have contributed to this phenomenon by writing works in patois. ] wrote his famous ] novels while living in Jamaica. ] is also well known for her novel '']'', which was set in Jamaica. Jamaican writer ] won the 2015 ] for his novel '']''.


Jamaican authors are always faced with the decision of writing in standard English for a huge worldwide audience, or in the local patois, for a much smaller, but more trendy, audience. Jamaican films with patois sound-tracks such as '']'' (1972) require sub-titles for export to general markets. In general, the use of patois severely limits the potential audience for the otherwise universal Jamaican message.
==Film==

Jamaica's film industry is not widely known, but it is growing. '']'' and '']'' are two of the best-known Jamaican movies. However, many popular Hollywood movies have also been filmed in Jamaica. A short list includes '']'', '']'', '']'' and ]-flick '']''.
Recent ] of Jamaica include ] (appointed in 2014) and his successor ], appointed in 2017.<ref>Richard Johnson, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602105018/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/entertainment/Goodison-is-poet-laureate_93059 |date=2 June 2019 }}, '']'', 20 March 2017.</ref>

==Film==
{{Further|List of Jamaican films}}
Jamaica's film industry is not widely known, but it is growing. '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'' & " Real Ghetto Youths" are a few of the best-known Jamaican movies. However, many popular Hollywood movies have also been filmed in Jamaica. A short list includes '']'', '']'', '']'' and ] films, ''],'' ''] and ].''

Jamaica's leading annual film event ''The Reggae Film Festival'' takes place each February in Jamaica's capital city, Kingston. Members of Jamaica's film industry gather here to make new links and many new projects have grown from the event.

Jamaica has many talented film makers but there is a great lack of available funds and resources for filmmakers. Since the creation of the ] there have been many new films made in Jamaica and the event has given the industry a real boost, this combined with the recent CARICOM European film treaty which enables Jamaican filmmakers to seek funding in Europe, has opened up a new door for film makers looking to apply for funding and this will hopefully make a real difference to the future of the industry.

Other more recent feature films made in Jamaica are: 'Almost Heaven', 'Roots Time', 'Wah Do Dem', 'Concrete Jungle', 'Redemption Paradise', 'Real Ghetto Youths', and 'Smile Orange'.


==Sport== ==Sport==
{{Main article|Sport in Jamaica}}


==Woodwork, furniture, and metalwork==
Jamaicans, in general, have a large interest in sports. Cricket, football, dominoes, horse-racing are several popular sports. The ] competes regionally, and also provides players for the West Indies. The ] qualified for the 1998 FIFA World Cup. The ] has been a serious contender in the Winter Olympics, beating many well-established teams. Dominoes, which can be played by young and old together, is played everywhere.
Jamaicans have a long history of fine craftsmanship in wood and metal. Jamaica was home to many excellent furniture factories dating from colonial times, and ] was exported to the metropolitan countries.
Jamaica is in the Caribbean so its exports of furniture is important.


==See also==
==Woodwork, Furniture, and Metalwork==
{{portal|Jamaica}}
Jamaicans have a long history of fine craftsmanship in wood and metal. Jamaica was home to many excellent furniture factories dating from colonial times, and Jamaican "Georgian' furniture was exported to the metropolitan countries.
* ]
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* ], ritual
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* ], funerary tradition
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* ], street race
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==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references />

==Further reading==
* Mordecai, Martin and Pamela. ''Culture and Customs of Jamaica''. Greenwood Press. 2001.
* Hill, Errol. ''The Jamaican Stage, 1655–1900: Profile of a Colonial Theatre''. ]. 1992.


==External links==
== See also ==
*
* ]
* ] *
* – More Jamaicans identifying with African culture — ''PoliticalArticles.NET''
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* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006021346/http://maxearlejamaica.com/ |date=6 October 2016 }}
* ]
==External links==
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{{Jamaica topics}}
==Further reading==
{{North America in topic|Culture of}}
*Mordecai, Martin and Pamela. ''Culture and Customs of Jamaica''. Greenwood Press. 2001.
*Hill, Errol. ''The Jamaican Stage, 1655-1900: Profile of a Colonial Theatre''. University of Massachusetts Press. 1992.
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Culture Of Jamaica}}
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Latest revision as of 14:15, 18 December 2024

Jamaican culture consists of the religion, norms, values, and lifestyle that define the people of Jamaica. The culture is mixed, with an ethnically diverse society, stemming from a history of inhabitants beginning with the original inhabitants of Jamaica (the Taínos). The Spaniards originally brought slavery to Jamaica. Then they were overthrown by the English. Jamaica later gained emancipation on 1 August 1838, and independence from the British on 6 August 1962. Black slaves became the dominant cultural force as they suffered and resisted the harsh conditions of forced labour. After the abolition of slavery, Chinese and Indian migrants were transported to the island as indentured workers, bringing with them ideas from their country.

Language

The official language of Jamaica is Jamaican Standard English, which is used in all official circumstances in the country. In addition to English, there is a creole derivative called Jamaican Patois (pronounced patwa, (/ˈpætwɑː/)) which is the common language among Jamaican citizens.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Jamaica

By far, the largest religion in Jamaica is the Christian faith. The Anglican Church, Catholic Church, Methodist Church, Baptists, Seventh-Day and the Church of God are present throughout the country. Many old churches have been carefully maintained and/or restored. The Rastafari movement is a derivative of the larger Christian culture, but its origins were influenced by rising consciousness of Africa, and an awareness of political events in that continent. There is also a small number of Jewish synagogues in Jamaica, dating from the 17th century along with a few mosques.

Elements of ancient African religions remain, especially in remote areas throughout the island. Some of these practices are described generally as Obeah, Kumina, or Pocomania. Though the congregations are small, they are visited by many Christians and non-Christians seeking an experience they have not found in the churches. It is estimated that as much as 40% of the population secretly seek the services of the African traditional religious healers (also called Obeah workers) when confronted with serious problems that conventional medicine cannot remedy.

The Baháʼí Faith arrived in Jamaica in 1943, brought by an American Baháʼí pioneer, Dr. Malcolm King. In 2003, as part of the 60th anniversary celebration of the establishment of Baháʼí in Jamaica, the Governor General of Jamaica, Sir Howard Cooke, proclaimed a National Baháʼí Day to be held annually on 25 July. In 2005, the community of about 5000 celebrated their activity and presence in Jamaica with the international Baháʼí choir, The Voices of Bahá. The choir performed at Ward Theater and the University of the West Indies' Chapel, with proceeds earmarked to two Jamaican charities, (one serving families of policemen slain in the line of duty, and the one Denham Town Golden Age Home).

Other religions practiced in Jamaica include Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam.

Rastafari

Main article: Rastafari movement
A Rastafarian man in a rastacap at a port of Jamaica's Black River.

Originating in the 1930s, one of the most prominent, internationally known aspects of Jamaica's African-Caribbean culture is the Rastafari movement, particularly those elements that are expressed through reggae music. In the 1970s and early 1980s, Bob Marley became the most high-profile exponent of the Rastafari culture and belief system. His reputation as an innovative musician devoted to his faith has continued to grow since his death, so that by 2004 his greatest hits compilation, Legend, had sold 20 million copies worldwide, making him arguably the world's most famous Jamaican in the music industry, and certainly the nation's biggest-selling recording artist.

Rastafari itself is a monotheistic belief system, based on teachings found in the Old Testament and the New Testament – particularly the Book of Revelation. However, what distinguishes Rastafari from Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, (which also cite Abrahamic beliefs), is that Rastas believe in the divinity of the Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia.

Hailed by Rastas as H.I.M. (His Imperial Majesty), Haile Selassie I is regarded as God himself, the true descendant of Solomon, and the earthly embodiment of Jah (God) – in what believers see as a fulfillment of prophecy regarding the second coming of the Messiah.

Those Rasta beliefs, which are not explicitly mentioned in the Bible (such as the specific name of H.I.M. "Haile Selassie"), are not gathered into a single holy text. Instead, Rasta beliefs are primarily shared through a community of songs, chants, and oral testimonies, as well as in written texts (including websites). The extensive use of song makes Rastafari a particularly musical source of Jamaican culture.

Rasta cultural traditions include wearing their hair in uncut, uncombed strands known as dreadlocks (in adherence to the Nazarite vow), as well as eating unprocessed (natural) foods which are called Ital. However, neither tradition is regarded as compulsory – many people who wear dreadlocks are not Rastas, and many Rastas do not wear them.

One of the most controversial cultural traditions is Rastas' use of ganja as a sacrament which is smoked to aid in reasoning (contemplation and discussion) during their religious rituals.

In its Jamaican homeland, Rastafari is a minority culture and receives little in the way of official recognition. Jamaica is an overwhelmingly Christian country, so Rasta beliefs and practices – such as the divinity of H.I.M Hailie Selassie – are sometimes regarded as pagan by Christian Jamaicans. (Some Rastas also express hostility towards aspects of Christianity.) Nevertheless, the artistic contributions of the movement, particularly by Bob Marley, are widely respected. Marley was awarded the Jamaican Order of Merit in 1981, and there are two official monuments to him.

Rastas can be found in many countries outside Jamaica and among many non-Jamaicans. Because it is not a centrally organised religion, there is no way of knowing how many devotees there are.

Dance

Dance has always been important to Jamaica – from colonial times until the present. Early folk rhythms and movements often enhanced Christian religious celebrations or were associated with Christian holidays. More recently, dances have become associated with the music of Jamaica, particularly dancehall styles.

Dance theatre is also growing in importance. Rex Nettleford, Eddy Thomas, Tony Wilson, Olive Lewin, and Edna Manley are five Jamaicans whose influences on the arts – music and dance in particular – have been extremely important. Nettleford, Thomas, and Ivy Baxter formed the National Dance Theatre Company in 1962. Other important Jamaicans in dance theatre have included the Tony Award-winning choreographer Garth Fagan (The Lion King on Broadway).

Dancehall, or reggae, music has inspired a number of dance styles as well. To understand the evolution of popular dance, it helps to understand the musical progression. Ska music, with fast beats, also had fast dances. The slow to rocksteady also developed slower dances, allowing dancers to stay on the floor longer. Reggae is associated with many things, including the Rastafarian movement, but influenced the newer styles.

Dancehall music often creates its own dances based on moves in the lyrics of the songs themselves. Soca music from Trinidad and Tobago is popular with most of the popular artists from Trinidad, but many soca Jamaican artists such as Byron Lee, Fab 5, and Lovindeer are famous but also represent Jamaican music.

Daggering is a form of dance originating from Jamaica. The dance incorporates dry sex, wrestling and other forms of frantic movement.

Bruckins is a Jamaican dance performed to celebrate Emancipation Day.

Here lists 94 Jamaican dances or dance forms:

Theatre

Jamaica's earliest theatre was built in 1682. Several more theatres opened in the 1700s and 1800s, attracting performances by both professional touring companies and amateur groups. But performances weren't limited to official venues. Many took place in houses, stores, courthouses, and enclosed outdoor spaces large enough to hold them. During this period, classic plays such as Shakespeare were most often produced. However, the Jewish and French communities became large enough to merit productions aimed at them, too.

After the abolishment of slavery, Jamaicans began fusing music, humour, and dance into public theatrical performances. Although it took many years for true Jamaican styles to develop, eventually they became more prevalent than European works. Today's most popular theatrical form in Jamaica, pantomime, began in the 1940s as a fusion of English pantomime with Jamaican folklore. Another popular style, "Roots" (Grassroots) Theatre, evolved in the 1960s and 1970s. These riotous bawdy tales remained crowd favourites in Kingston's open-air theatres.

One artist involved in root plays is Winsome (code name), a Jamaican writer and producer chronicled in Deborah Thomas' book "Modern Blackness". Winsome handled all the publicity for her plays herself, and ended up putting them on in the rural areas surrounding Kingston – the city theaters refused to house her plays because of their controversial nature. In her plays, Winsome explores how sex, money, and power interact every day for Jamaicans. In 1997, Winsome wrote and produced a root play entitled Ruff Rider, in which family, sexual abuse, love, work, and friendship all intersect. According to author Thomas, author of, "In all of her work, the sympathetic characters are those she portrays as struggling to balance their own pursuit of individual gain with 'living well together' with others. As they negotiate the fine lines between egalitarianism and hierarchy, her characters also contribute to the public debate regarding the gendered dimensions of respectability and reputation."

Other notable roots play figures include Ralph Holness, Ginger Knight, Balfour Anderson, Michael Denton, Ian Reid, Paul Beil, Everton Dawkins, Luke Ellington (Lukington), Buddy Pouyat and the late Hyacinth Brown.

Literature and writing

Further information: Jamaican literature

Derek Walcott, a Nobel Prize laureate, born and educated in St. Lucia, attended college in Jamaica. Other significant writers from the island include Claude McKay and Louis Simpson. Plays and works in Jamaican English, or patois, attract special attention. Louise Bennett, Andrew Salkey and Mikey Smith have contributed to this phenomenon by writing works in patois. Ian Fleming wrote his famous James Bond novels while living in Jamaica. Jean Rhys is also well known for her novel Wide Sargasso Sea, which was set in Jamaica. Jamaican writer Marlon James won the 2015 Man Booker Prize for his novel A Brief History of Seven Killings.

Jamaican authors are always faced with the decision of writing in standard English for a huge worldwide audience, or in the local patois, for a much smaller, but more trendy, audience. Jamaican films with patois sound-tracks such as The Harder They Come (1972) require sub-titles for export to general markets. In general, the use of patois severely limits the potential audience for the otherwise universal Jamaican message.

Recent poets laureate of Jamaica include Mervyn Morris (appointed in 2014) and his successor Lorna Goodison, appointed in 2017.

Film

Further information: List of Jamaican films

Jamaica's film industry is not widely known, but it is growing. The Harder They Come, Rasta Rockett, Shottas, Third World Cop, Rockers, Countryman, Dancehall Queen & " Real Ghetto Youths" are a few of the best-known Jamaican movies. However, many popular Hollywood movies have also been filmed in Jamaica. A short list includes The Blue Lagoon, Cocktail, Cool Runnings and James Bond films, Dr. No, Live and Let Die and No Time to Die.

Jamaica's leading annual film event The Reggae Film Festival takes place each February in Jamaica's capital city, Kingston. Members of Jamaica's film industry gather here to make new links and many new projects have grown from the event.

Jamaica has many talented film makers but there is a great lack of available funds and resources for filmmakers. Since the creation of the Reggae Film Festival there have been many new films made in Jamaica and the event has given the industry a real boost, this combined with the recent CARICOM European film treaty which enables Jamaican filmmakers to seek funding in Europe, has opened up a new door for film makers looking to apply for funding and this will hopefully make a real difference to the future of the industry.

Other more recent feature films made in Jamaica are: 'Almost Heaven', 'Roots Time', 'Wah Do Dem', 'Concrete Jungle', 'Redemption Paradise', 'Real Ghetto Youths', and 'Smile Orange'.

Sport

Main article: Sport in Jamaica

Woodwork, furniture, and metalwork

Jamaicans have a long history of fine craftsmanship in wood and metal. Jamaica was home to many excellent furniture factories dating from colonial times, and Jamaican "Georgian" furniture was exported to the metropolitan countries. Jamaica is in the Caribbean so its exports of furniture is important.

See also

References

  1. "Churches". Kingston, Jamaica: Jamaica National Heritage Trust. 2005. Archived from the original on 8 September 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  2. Bridge, Abena (5 July 2000), "Divine rites – Uncovering the faiths", The Jamaican Gleaner
  3. Jamaicans celebrate 4th National Baháʼí Day, Baháʼí World News Service, 11 August 2006
  4. "Most Baha'i Nations (2005)". The ARDA (Association of Religion Data Archives). 2005. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  5. "Voices of Baha to Perform in Kingston" (Press release). Jamaica Information Service. 29 June 2005. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  6. Dread History by Professor Robert A. Hill (2001), ISBN 0-948390-78-6 ISBN 978-0948390784.
  7. "Words of Wisdom - Biblical Quotations in Reggae Lyrics". Archived from the original on 10 May 2009. Retrieved 26 February 2009.
  8. "The Top Earners For 2004". Forbes. Archived from the original on 27 October 2004. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
  9. "Words of Wisdom - Biblical Quotations in Reggae Lyrics". Archived from the original on 19 May 2009. Retrieved 26 February 2009.
  10. Anthony B: Lyrics to 'Conquer All". Archived 25 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  11. "Words of Wisdom - Biblical Quotations in Reggae Lyrics". Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2009.
  12. Earth Culture Roots. A website explaining Rasta beliefs.
  13. Numbers 6:1–21 (King James Version)
  14. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. "Talking Blues - BOB MARLEY". SongLyrics.com. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
  16. "Bob Marley Bibliography". Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
  17. National Dance Theatre Company of Jamaica. Tony Wilson danced with the Martha Graham School of Contemporary Dance & Alvin Ailey Dance Theatre prior to founding his dance company, The Company Dance Theatre
  18. ^ "The Jamaica Star :: Commentary :: Censoring daggering :: February 12, 2009". Archived from the original on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  19. "Daggering 101… a Tutorial". Yinnyang.co.uk. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
  20. The Cambridge Guide to African and Caribbean Theatre, Martin Banham and Errol Hill.
  21. "Jamaica Gleaner News - Roots theatre declared 'dead' - Now under the 'mainstream theatre' umbrella - Entertainment - Sunday | April 5, 2009". Archived from the original on 13 April 2009. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  22. Thomas, Deborah. Modern Blackness: Nationalism, Globalization, and the Politics of Culture in Jamaica. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2004.
  23. "Jamaica Gleaner News - ROOTS PLAYS TONE DOWN - Sunday | January 22, 2006". Archived from the original on 2 July 2008. Retrieved 31 January 2008.
  24. Richard Johnson, "Goodison is poet laureate" Archived 2 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Jamaica Observer, 20 March 2017.

Further reading

  • Mordecai, Martin and Pamela. Culture and Customs of Jamaica. Greenwood Press. 2001.
  • Hill, Errol. The Jamaican Stage, 1655–1900: Profile of a Colonial Theatre. University of Massachusetts Press. 1992.

External links

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