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{{Infobox royalty
'''] Dabiša''' (]: Стефань Дабиша) was the king of ] from ] to ] and a member of the ].
| name=Dabiša
| succession=]
| image =Seal of King Dabiša.jpg
| caption=Dabiša's 1395 seal
| reign =March 1391 – 8 September 1395
| coronation =
| predecessor=]
| successor =]
| spouse=]
| house=]
| death_date =8 September 1395
| place of burial =]
| religion =]
|}}


'''Stephen Dabiša''' ({{lang-sh-Latn-Cyrl|Stjepan/Stefan Dabiša|Стјепан/Стефан Дабиша}}; {{langx|hu|Dabiša István}}; died on 8 September 1395) was as a member of the ] who reigned as ] from March 1391 until his death. Elected to succeed the first king, ], Dabiša at first maintained the integrity of the ]. He successfully resisted ], ], and even ]. The latter part of his reign, however, saw the ascent of magnates and considerable loss of Bosnia's territory and influence.
== Early life ==
Dabiša was a nephew of ] ]. He rebelled against Tvrtko in ] serving under Tvrtko's opponent brother, Vuk.


== King == == Background ==
Dabiša succeeded King Tvrtko in ] as ''Stefan Dabiša by the mercy of God King of Serbs, Bosnia, the Hum Land, the Lower Edges, the Western Lands, Usora, Soli and the Drina''. At the time of his assention to power, Bosnia was already decentralized by the semi-independent nobility. Members of the House of Sanković, Prince Beljak and Duke Radič, ruled independently in the ] and ]. They gave ] to the ] and Dubrovnik started to rile up ] and other ] cities from the King's rule, asking them to reaccept the supreme rule of the Hungarian King Sigismund, but they refused. King Stefan Dabiša dispatched Duke ] and Prince ] to Konavle already in 1391, and they kicked out the Sankovićs and split their lands. Beljak died and Radič was thrown into captivity. This marked the final end of the ], the only early Bosnian noble family. The ] started to invade Bosnia again and in ], King Stefan Dabiša dispatched ] ], who decisively defeated the Turks.


Dabiša's relationship with the rest of the Kotromanić family is uncertain. In a letter, Dabiša called himself younger brother of ], who became ] in 1353, but this should not be taken literally. He certainly was a relative of Tvrtko I though.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=170}} Influenced by the writings of the 16th century Ragusan chronicler ], modern historiography usually describes Dabiša as the ] son of Ninoslav, who was the brother of Tvrtko's father ].{{sfn|Ćošković|2009|p=}}
The rest of his reign, Dabiša spent quarrelling with the Hungarian King Sigismund and the King of Naples Ladislaus for control over ] and ]. Naples' King managed to win the Vukčić nobility to his side. ], Dabiša's Ban took ] and ] from Ivaniš Paližna. Dabiša desired to put ] under his supreme rule, but Vuk worked for the King of Naples. ] recognized Dabiša's supreme rule, stating that he will serve him as long as Dabiša draws breath, but serve the Hungarian King Sigismund afterwards.


According to Orbini, Dabiša ruled the '']'' (county) of ] (corresponding to the area around the ] and the town of ]) and, supporting Tvrtko's brother ], took part in the rebellion that led to the deposition of Tvrtko in 1366. Dabiša, however, is the only rebel mentioned by Orbini whose name does not appear in contemporary accounts of the uprising. Tvrtko prevailed in 1367 and banished Dabiša, revoking his lands. Dabiša spent the following two decades in obscurity, while Tvrtko had himself crowned King of Bosnia in 1377.{{sfn|Ćošković|2009|p=}}
At the beginning of ], the Croatian nobility under ], a subject of the King Naples refused to serve King Dabiša. Dabiša dispatched Prince Ivan Radivojević to take ] from Horvat as a punishment. The Hungarian King Sigismund moved to destroy both Horvat and Dabiša. The Hungarian Army besieged and burned to the ground ] in the lower stream of ]. Dabiša arrived there, recognized King Sigismund's supreme rule and gave up ] and ] in his name. in turn, the Hungarian King nominated him Prince of the Szomod Principality.


== Election and initial success ==
King Stefan Dabiša died of disease on ] ] and King Sigismund took over most control over ], but the Bosnian Rusag elected that his wife, Queen ] should remain in power.
Dabiša appears to have mended his relations with King Tvrtko I in the late 1380s, as he is recorded at ] in June 1390. Under unclear circumstances following Tvrtko's sudden death on 10 March 1391, Dabiša was ] by the '']''. He immediately notified the authorities of the neighbouring republics of ] and ], which recognized his accession on 1 and 15 June respectively, as well as the kings ] and ].{{sfn|Ćošković|2009|p=}} Following in his predecessor's footsteps, Dabiša took up using the royal name ].{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=170}}


In the first years of his reign, Dabiša successfully maintained the integrity of Tvrtko's ], which included not only ], but also ], ], ], and ]. The former two had been conquered from King Sigismund and ], and the Republic of Ragusa's immediate attempts to convince ] to return to the fold of the ] ended in failure. Sigismund and Mary were not the only one claiming Dalmatia - or the Hungarian lands in general. Insisting that Dabiša did not support his bid for the Hungarian throne as effectively as his predecessor had, King Ladislaus of Naples started to enforce his own claim to Dalmatia and Croatia. Tvrtko I had professed to support Ladislaus when he expanded his realm to include those lands. Dabiša nevertheless remained at Ladislaus' side in his struggle against Sigismund.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=170}}
== Marriage & Children ==
Dabiša was married to ] with who he had three children:
* Stana, who married Đurađ Radivojević
* Stojsava
* another son


From Tvrtko I, Dabiša also inherited the hostility of the Hungarian king, who strived to recover the territories lost to Tvrtko. Sigismund's wish to have his war against Bosnia equated to a ] obtained ]'s approval.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=170}} Dabiša was ],{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=281}} but a substantial population of his kingdom consisted of adherents of the ] and the ], branded "] and ]" respectively in Sigismund's letter to Boniface.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=279}} It is not known what came about this planned offensive.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=170}} In the spring of 1392, Dabiša's troops defeated an ]ish incursion, reminiscing Tvrtko's victory at the ].{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=171}} Within a year, Dabiša and Sigismund had agreed to a truce.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=170}}
{{start box}}
{{succession box one to one|
before=]|
title=] of ], ], the ], the Lower Edges, the Western Lands, ], ] and the ]|
years=]–] ]|
after=]|
}}
{{end box}}


== See also == == Signs of decline ==
* ]
* ]


While the Kingdom of Bosnia retained its standing among neighbouring states in the immediate aftermath of Tvrtko I's death, it was already during Dabiša's reign that conditions within the state started deteriorating. The nobility grew stronger and for the first time acted independently of the king, starting with the Zachlumian ]. Dabiša curbed the Sanković power, but the trend was irreversible and eventually led to the weakening of the royal authority.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=171}} ], the kingdom's leading magnate, who governed Croatia on behalf of the Bosnian crown and in defiance of Hungarian claims, came into agreement with Sigismund and Mary but remained loyal to Dabiša. Dabiša and his other vassals were coming closer to an agreement with Sigismund as well, and the two kings were expected to make the ] in May 1393. In the end, the meeting did not take place.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=173}}
== External links ==
*
*


By June 1394, King Dabiša was in open conflict with ], a fervent supporter of Ladislaus and enemy of Sigismund. He ordered that men from his islands of ], ], and ] assist in the siege of ], a city ruled by Horvat.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=173}} Sigismund, who had been amassing an army since April, took advantage of the discord. The ] saw John Horvat's defeat and execution as well as destruction of the eponymous town on the ] by Sigismund's troops. Soon thereafter, in a camp near the ruins of the town, Dabiša submitted to Sigismund. He resigned Croatia and Dalmatia to the Hungarian king and, with the agreement of his vassals, recognized him as his feudal overlord as well as heir designate to the Bosnian throne. It is not clear what prompted Dabiša to agree to such harsh terms. In return, as evident from a treaty issued in July 1394, Sigismund included Dabiša among the highest ranking Hungarian officials and named him '']'' (count) of ].{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=174}}{{sfn|Engel|1996|p=176}}
]
]
]
]


== Death and legacy ==
]
]
]
The agreement to recognize Sigismund as king following Dabiša indicates that the latter was by then of advanced age.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=174}} Indeed, King Dabiša's health deteriorated in early 1395. At the end of March, writing from ] in ], Dabiša requested that Ragusan authorities send a physician. The following month, in Sutjeska, he issued a charter granting the Zachlumian village of ] to his daughter Stana, whose daughter Vladika was married to the nobleman ].{{sfn|Ćošković|2009|p=}} He died on 8 September 1395. Despite initially consenting to his agreement with Sigismund, it was Dabiša's widow, ], who succeeded in ascending the throne with the support of the magnates.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=176}}

Despite an auspicious start, Dabiša's reign ended with the Kingdom of Bosnia displaying first signs of decay. Much of Tvrtko's extraordinary legacy was lost in the summer of 1394, and the state resumed its previous boundaries. Dabiša left the Bosnian state more dependent on Hungary than ever before, and the kingdom's influence in the ] waned.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=174}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book|last=Ćirković|first=Sima|author-link=Sima Ćirković|title=Историја средњовековне босанске државе|publisher=Srpska književna zadruga|year=1964|language=sh}}
* {{citation|title=Dabiša (Stjepan Dabiša)|work=Kotromanići|last=Ćošković|first=Pejo|publisher=Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography|year=2009|language=sh|url=http://hbl.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=249#Dabisa}}
* {{cite book |last=Engel |first=Pál |author-link=Pál Engel |year=1996 |title=Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1301–1457, I. '''' |publisher=História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete |isbn=963-8312-44-0 |language=hu }}
* {{cite book | last=Fine | first=John Van Antwerp Jr. |author-link=John Van Antwerp Fine, Jr. | title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest | publisher=University of Michigan Press | location=Michigan | year=1994 | isbn=0-472-08260-4 }}

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{{S-dis|title=]|years=1391–1394|by=] and ]}}
{{S-aft|after=] and ]|as=undisputed rulers}}
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{{S-ttl|title=] of ]|years={{circa}} 1366}}
{{S-aft|after=]}}
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{{S-ttl|title=] of ]|years=1394–1395}}
{{S-aft|after=]}}
{{S-end}}

{{House of Kotromanić}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dabisa of Bosnia}}
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Latest revision as of 18:25, 20 October 2024

King of Bosnia
Dabiša
Dabiša's 1395 seal
King of Bosnia
ReignMarch 1391 – 8 September 1395
PredecessorTvrtko I
SuccessorHelen
Died8 September 1395
BurialBobovac
SpouseHelen of Bosnia
HouseKotromanić
ReligionRoman Catholic

Stephen Dabiša (Serbo-Croatian: Stjepan/Stefan Dabiša, Стјепан/Стефан Дабиша; Hungarian: Dabiša István; died on 8 September 1395) was as a member of the Kotromanić dynasty who reigned as King of Bosnia from March 1391 until his death. Elected to succeed the first king, Tvrtko I, Dabiša at first maintained the integrity of the Kingdom of Bosnia. He successfully resisted Hungary, Naples, and even Ottoman Turks. The latter part of his reign, however, saw the ascent of magnates and considerable loss of Bosnia's territory and influence.

Background

Dabiša's relationship with the rest of the Kotromanić family is uncertain. In a letter, Dabiša called himself younger brother of Tvrtko I, who became Ban of Bosnia in 1353, but this should not be taken literally. He certainly was a relative of Tvrtko I though. Influenced by the writings of the 16th century Ragusan chronicler Mavro Orbini, modern historiography usually describes Dabiša as the illegitimate son of Ninoslav, who was the brother of Tvrtko's father Vladislav.

According to Orbini, Dabiša ruled the župa (county) of Neretva (corresponding to the area around the Upper Neretva and the town of Konjic) and, supporting Tvrtko's brother Vuk, took part in the rebellion that led to the deposition of Tvrtko in 1366. Dabiša, however, is the only rebel mentioned by Orbini whose name does not appear in contemporary accounts of the uprising. Tvrtko prevailed in 1367 and banished Dabiša, revoking his lands. Dabiša spent the following two decades in obscurity, while Tvrtko had himself crowned King of Bosnia in 1377.

Election and initial success

Dabiša appears to have mended his relations with King Tvrtko I in the late 1380s, as he is recorded at royal court in Sutjeska in June 1390. Under unclear circumstances following Tvrtko's sudden death on 10 March 1391, Dabiša was elected king by the rusag. He immediately notified the authorities of the neighbouring republics of Venice and Ragusa, which recognized his accession on 1 and 15 June respectively, as well as the kings Sigismund of Hungary and Ladislaus of Naples. Following in his predecessor's footsteps, Dabiša took up using the royal name Stephen.

In the first years of his reign, Dabiša successfully maintained the integrity of Tvrtko's Kingdom of Bosnia, which included not only Bosnia proper, but also Croatia proper, Dalmatia, Zachlumia, and Rascia. The former two had been conquered from King Sigismund and Queen Mary of Hungary, and the Republic of Ragusa's immediate attempts to convince the Dalmatian cities to return to the fold of the Hungarian Crown ended in failure. Sigismund and Mary were not the only one claiming Dalmatia - or the Hungarian lands in general. Insisting that Dabiša did not support his bid for the Hungarian throne as effectively as his predecessor had, King Ladislaus of Naples started to enforce his own claim to Dalmatia and Croatia. Tvrtko I had professed to support Ladislaus when he expanded his realm to include those lands. Dabiša nevertheless remained at Ladislaus' side in his struggle against Sigismund.

From Tvrtko I, Dabiša also inherited the hostility of the Hungarian king, who strived to recover the territories lost to Tvrtko. Sigismund's wish to have his war against Bosnia equated to a crusade obtained Pope Boniface IX's approval. Dabiša was Roman Catholic, but a substantial population of his kingdom consisted of adherents of the Bosnian Church and the Serbian Orthodox Church, branded "heretics and schismatics" respectively in Sigismund's letter to Boniface. It is not known what came about this planned offensive. In the spring of 1392, Dabiša's troops defeated an Ottoman Turkish incursion, reminiscing Tvrtko's victory at the Battle of Bileća. Within a year, Dabiša and Sigismund had agreed to a truce.

Signs of decline

While the Kingdom of Bosnia retained its standing among neighbouring states in the immediate aftermath of Tvrtko I's death, it was already during Dabiša's reign that conditions within the state started deteriorating. The nobility grew stronger and for the first time acted independently of the king, starting with the Zachlumian Sanković noble family. Dabiša curbed the Sanković power, but the trend was irreversible and eventually led to the weakening of the royal authority. Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić, the kingdom's leading magnate, who governed Croatia on behalf of the Bosnian crown and in defiance of Hungarian claims, came into agreement with Sigismund and Mary but remained loyal to Dabiša. Dabiša and his other vassals were coming closer to an agreement with Sigismund as well, and the two kings were expected to make the Compromise of Đakovo in May 1393. In the end, the meeting did not take place.

By June 1394, King Dabiša was in open conflict with John Horvat, a fervent supporter of Ladislaus and enemy of Sigismund. He ordered that men from his islands of Brač, Hvar, and Korčula assist in the siege of Omiš, a city ruled by Horvat. Sigismund, who had been amassing an army since April, took advantage of the discord. The Battle of Dobor saw John Horvat's defeat and execution as well as destruction of the eponymous town on the river Bosna by Sigismund's troops. Soon thereafter, in a camp near the ruins of the town, Dabiša submitted to Sigismund. He resigned Croatia and Dalmatia to the Hungarian king and, with the agreement of his vassals, recognized him as his feudal overlord as well as heir designate to the Bosnian throne. It is not clear what prompted Dabiša to agree to such harsh terms. In return, as evident from a treaty issued in July 1394, Sigismund included Dabiša among the highest ranking Hungarian officials and named him ispán (count) of Somogy.

Death and legacy

Charter by which Dabiša granted Veljaci to his daughter and her heirs

The agreement to recognize Sigismund as king following Dabiša indicates that the latter was by then of advanced age. Indeed, King Dabiša's health deteriorated in early 1395. At the end of March, writing from Bišće in Hum land, Dabiša requested that Ragusan authorities send a physician. The following month, in Sutjeska, he issued a charter granting the Zachlumian village of Veljaci to his daughter Stana, whose daughter Vladika was married to the nobleman Juraj Radivojević. He died on 8 September 1395. Despite initially consenting to his agreement with Sigismund, it was Dabiša's widow, Helen, who succeeded in ascending the throne with the support of the magnates.

Despite an auspicious start, Dabiša's reign ended with the Kingdom of Bosnia displaying first signs of decay. Much of Tvrtko's extraordinary legacy was lost in the summer of 1394, and the state resumed its previous boundaries. Dabiša left the Bosnian state more dependent on Hungary than ever before, and the kingdom's influence in the Balkans waned.

References

  1. ^ Ćirković 1964, p. 170.
  2. ^ Ćošković 2009.
  3. Fine 1994, p. 281.
  4. Fine 1994, p. 279.
  5. ^ Ćirković 1964, p. 171.
  6. ^ Ćirković 1964, p. 173.
  7. ^ Ćirković 1964, p. 174.
  8. Engel 1996, p. 176.
  9. Ćirković 1964, p. 176.

Bibliography

  • Ćirković, Sima (1964). Историја средњовековне босанске државе (in Serbo-Croatian). Srpska književna zadruga.
  • Ćošković, Pejo (2009), "Dabiša (Stjepan Dabiša)", Kotromanići (in Serbo-Croatian), Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography
  • Engel, Pál (1996). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1301–1457, I. (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 963-8312-44-0.
  • Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
Regnal titles
Preceded byTvrtko I King of Bosnia
1391–1395 		Succeeded byHelen
— DISPUTED —
King of Croatia and Dalmatia
1391–1394
Disputed by Mary and Sigismund 		Succeeded byMary and Sigismundas undisputed rulers
Political offices
Preceded by? Count of Neretva
c. 1366 		Succeeded bySanko Mladenović
Preceded byStephen Lackfi Count of Somogy
1394–1395 		Succeeded byStephen Kanizsai
Kotromanić dynasty
Bans of Bosnia
(1254–1377)

Banesses of Bosnia
Kings of Bosnia
(1377–1463)
Queens of Bosnia
Other significant members
Categories: