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{{short description|Nigerian computer scientist}}
'''Philip Emeagwali''' (born ]) is a ]-born ]/] who was one of two winners of the 1989 ], a prize from the ], for his use of the ] ] – a machine featuring over 65,000 parallel processors – to help analyse petroleum fields.
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Philip Emeagwali
| image = Philip Emeagwali with scribbled Exxon-Mobil equations.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|08|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = ], ] From ], ]
| nationality = Nigerian
| fields = Computer science
| alma_mater =]<br>]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Philip Emeagwali''' (born 23 August 1954) is a ] ]. He is accused of making controversial statements about his achievements, such as inventing the Internet and creating the world's fastest computer, the ], which are disputed by the scientific society or community<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-12-25 |title=Is Nigerian creator of the Internet or a fraud? |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/society/is-nigerian-creator-of-the-internet-or-a-fraud--1971792 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Business Daily Africa |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title="Father Of The Internet" Fraudulent Claims: Will The Real Philip Emeagwali Stand Up? {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2010/11/04/father-internet-fraudulent-claims-will-real-philip-emeagwali-stand |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2019-07-09 |title=Philip Emeagwali Is Not The Creator Of The Internet! - Dubawa |url=https://dubawa.org/philip-emeagwali-is-not-the-creator-of-the-internet/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=dubawa.org |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Journalist Honored For Exposing Philip Emegwali {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2011/12/12/nigerian-journalist-honored-exposing-philip-emegwali |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Kperogi |first=Farooq A. |title=Intellectual 419: Philip Emeagwali and Gabriel Oyibo Compared |url=https://www.farooqkperogi.com/2010/11/intellectual-419-philip-emeagwali-and.html |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Notes From Atlanta}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Re: - Phillip Emeagwali's Fraudulent Activities Have Tainted the LSAT |url=https://groups.google.com/g/usaafricadialogue/c/vitE6z69reQ?pli=1 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=groups.google.com}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=How Philip Emeagwali Lied His Way To Fame {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2010/10/18/how-philip-emeagwali-lied-his-way-fame |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=says |first=lekan AJISAFE |title=DEEPENING DEMOCRACY: Fraud and the Emeagwali Narratives {{!}} Nigeria Content Online |url=https://nigeriang.com/opinion/deepening-democracy-fraud-and-the-emeagwali-narratives/4932/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>


==Biography== ==Biography==
Philip Emeagwali was born in ], Nigeria on 23 August 1954.<ref name="born">Hamilton, Janice (2003). ''Nigeria in Pictures''. Lerner Publishing Group. p. 70. {{ISBN|0822503735}}.</ref> He was raised in ] in the South Eastern part of Nigeria. His early schooling was suspended in 1967 as a result of the ]. At age 13, he worked in the ] army. After the war he completed high-school equivalence through self-study.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Philip Emeagwali (1954- ) •|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/emeagwali-philip-1954/|last=Braimah|first=Ayodale|date=2017-12-31|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Names |url=https://www.theafricanlibraryinstallation.com/names |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=The African Library |language=en-US}}</ref>
According to his website, Emeagwali was born in a remote Nigerian village in 1954. He dropped out of school in 1967 because of the ]. When he turned fourteen, he was conscripted into the ]n army. After the war he completed a high-school equivalency through self-study and came to the United States to study at university under a scholarship. He received a bachelor's degree in mathematics from ] in 1977. He received a master's degree in environmental engineering from ] in 1981, and another master's degree in Mathematics from the ] in 1986. He also received a post-master's degree in ocean, coastal and marine engineering from George Washington University in that year. He was also working as a ] at the ] in Wyoming during this period.


Later on he married ], an African-American ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carey |first=Charles W. |title=African americans in science: an encyclopedia of people and progress |date=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-998-6 |location=Santa Barbara}}</ref>
==Awards==
Emeagwali received the 1989 ], based on an application of the ] massively-parallel computer for oil-reservoir modeling. He won in the "price/performance" category, with a performance figure of 400 ] / $1M, corresponding to an absolute performance of 3.1 Gflops. (The winning entry in the "peak performance" category that year – coincidentally also for seismic-data processing on a CM-2 – actually achieved 6 Gflops, or 500 Mflops / $1M, but the judges decided not to award both prizes to the same team.)<ref></ref>


==Education==
Nevertheless, he has since received numerous further awards<ref></ref>, ranging from one from the ]-] Africa Club to being voted the "35th-greatest African of all time" in a survey by '']'' magazine.<ref></ref> His achievements were quoted in a speech by ] as an example of what Nigerians could achieve when given the opportunity.<ref> ()</ref>
He traveled to the United States to study under a scholarship following completion of a course at the ]. He received a bachelor's degree in mathematics from ] in 1977.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Philip Emeagwali: African American Inventor|url=http://www.myblackhistory.net/Philip_Emeagwali.htm|website=www.myblackhistory.net|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> He later moved to ], receiving in 1986 a master's degree from ] in ocean and ], and a second master's in applied mathematics from the ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Black History- Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University2020|url=https://www.famu.edu/index.cfm?blackhistory&Dr.PhilipEmeagwali|website=www.famu.edu|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> '']'' magazine suggested that Emeagwali claimed to have further degrees.{{r|next}}{{r|calc}} During this time, he worked as a civil engineer at the Bureau of Land Reclamation in ].


==Court case== ===Court case and the denial of degree===
Emeagwali studied for a Ph.D. degree from the University of Michigan from 1987 through 1991. His thesis was not accepted by a committee of internal and external examiners and thus he was not awarded the degree. Emeagwali filed a court challenge, claiming that the decision was a violation of his civil rights and that the university had discriminated against him in several ways because of his race. The court challenge was dismissed, as was an appeal to the Michigan state Court of Appeals.<ref> ()</ref> Emeagwali studied for a Ph.D. degree from the ] from 1987 through 1991. His thesis was not accepted by a committee of internal and external examiners and thus he was not awarded the degree.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=Philip Emeagwali – Nigerian British Awards|url=https://www.nigerianbritishawards.com/philip-emeagwali/|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref> Emeagwali filed a court challenge, stating that the decision was a violation of his civil rights and that the university had discriminated against him in several ways because of his race. The court challenge was dismissed, as was an appeal to the ].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title = PHILIP EMEAGWALI V UNIV OF MICH BOARD OF REGENTS|url = http://law.justia.com/cases/michigan/court-of-appeals-unpublished/1999/19991029-c209841-0058-209841-opn.html|website = Justia Law|date=1999-10-29 | access-date = 2015-11-21}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Phillip Emeagwali born|url=https://aaregistry.org/story/dr-phillip-emeagwali-born/|website=African American Registry|language=en|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref>

=="Supercomputing"==
In 1989, Emeagwali won the $1000 ]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-08-21 |title=Meet the high school dropout who invented world's 1st supercomputer |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/metro/meet-the-nigerian-high-school-dropout-who-invented-worlds-1st-supercomputer/jt0kl8m |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> for an application of the ] massively-parallel computer. The application used ] for oil-reservoir modeling. He received a prize in "price/performance" category, with a performance figure of about 400 ]/$1M.<ref>{{Cite web |last=247ureports |date=2022-08-27 |title=31 Anambra Personalities of Repute |url=https://247ureports.com/2022/08/31-anambra-personalities-of-repute/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=247 Ureports |language=en-US}}</ref> The winner in the "performance" category was also the winner of the Price/performance category, but unable to receive two prizes: Mobil Research and Thinking Machines used the CM-2 for seismic data processing and achieved the higher ratio of 500 Mflops/$1M. The judges decided on one award per entry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Philip Emeagwali – Nigerian British Awards |url=https://www.nigerianbritishawards.com/philip-emeagwali/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> His method involved each microprocessor communicating with six neighbors.{{r|calc}}.

Emeagwali's simulation was the first program to apply a pseudo-time approach to reservoir modeling.{{ref|sr1989}} He was cited by ] as an example of what Nigerians can achieve when given the opportunity<ref>() {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061222090013/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-8228484564915781123|date=December 22, 2006}}</ref> and is frequently featured in ] articles for ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=CNNfyi.com - Chasing the Dream|url=http://edition.cnn.com/fyi/interactive/specials/bhm/story/black.innovators.html|access-date=2017-10-20|website=edition.cnn.com}}</ref>{{r|calc}}

== Debunked controversial claims ==
Emeagwali has made several controversial claims about his achievements that are widely disputed by scientific community and journalists.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":8" />

His claims of being a father of the ], of having invented the Connection Machine, of possessing 41 patented inventions, of winning "the Nobel Prize of Computing" and of being a "doctor" and/or "professor" have been conclusively debunked with widely documented evidence.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":5" /> Speaking during a visit to Switzerland in April 2009, Mr. Emeagwali said he was the first to program a ] "to solve a grand challenge defined as the 20 gold-ring problems in computing. That discovery, in part, inspired the reinvention of supercomputers as an Internet." He claimed that by his effort, he was able to set three world records and improve on ].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=cbwclondon|date=2010-11-09|title=The Lies of Philip Emeagwali|url=https://cbwlondon.org/the-lies-of-philip-emeagwali/|access-date=2021-02-22|website=Congress of Black Women of Canada|language=en-US|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122053102/http://cbwlondon.org/the-lies-of-philip-emeagwali/|archive-date=22 Jan 2022}}</ref>

Though he self-identifies as "Prof Emeagwali" or "Dr Emeagwali", he is neither a ] nor a ].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Kperogi |first=Farooq A. |title=Our image as a nation of scammers (II) |url=https://www.farooqkperogi.com/2009/06/our-image-as-nation-of-scammers-ii.html |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Notes From Atlanta}}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7" /> Emeagwali did not complete the Ph.D. that he started at the ].<ref name=":5" /> Inquiries from the University showed that he failed his Ph.D. qualifying exams twice and wrote a doctoral dissertation that fell short of the standards of the Graduate School. He was therefore not awarded the Ph.D.<ref name=":11" /> He filed a racial discrimination suit against the university, but it was thrown out for lack of merit. <ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" /> Investigation found out that he has never published in any peer-reviewed journal, nor owned any patent—all contrary to his claims.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />

== Accolades ==
* Price/performance–1989 ], ] ($1,000 prize)<ref name=":0" />{{r|sr1989}}

== Selected publications ==
* Emeagwali, P. (2003). How do we reverse the brain drain. Speech given at Pan-African Conference on Brain Drain, Elsah, Illinois USA.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The reverse brain drain : Afghan-American Diaspora in post-conflict peacebuilding and reconstruction.|date=2003|publisher=University of Arizona Libraries|doi=10.2458/azu_acku_pamphlet_jz5584_a33_r494_2003}}</ref>
* Emeagwali, P. (1997). Can Nigeria leapfrog into the information age. In ''World Igbo Congress. New York: August''.


==References== ==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<references/>
<ref name=calc>{{cite web|last1=Gray|first1=Madison|title=Philip Emeagwali, A Calculating Move|url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/printout/0,29239,1963424_1963480_1963457,00.html|publisher=Time Magazine|access-date=13 June 2015}}</ref>


<ref name=next>{{cite news|title=Emeagwali's insistence on degrees muddles defence |work=] |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/Home/5644401-146/emeagwalis_insistence_on_degrees_muddles_defence.csp |date=November 21, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012122452/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/Home/5644401-146/emeagwalis_insistence_on_degrees_muddles_defence.csp |archive-date=October 12, 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name=sr1989>{{cite web|title=Special Report 1989 Gordon Bell Prize |url=https://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/12447013/212477612/name/REPORT |publisher=IEEE |pages=100–104, 110 |access-date=3 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203200919/https://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/12447013/212477612/name/REPORT |archive-date=3 February 2017 }}</ref>]
}}
==External links== ==External links==
⚫ {{commons category|Philip Emeagwali}}
*
{{Portal|Nigeria}}
*
* - Emeagwali's personal website. * – Emeagwali's autobiography.
*
⚫ * - biographical sketch from Stephen Palmer's Tesla fansite in ]
* (, as of May 26, 2009).
⚫ <!-- * – biographical sketch from Stephen Palmer's Tesla fansite in ] – dead link as of 2008-11-15 -->

{{authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Emeagwali, Philip}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Emeagwali, Philip}}
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Latest revision as of 07:50, 21 November 2024

Nigerian computer scientist
Philip Emeagwali
Born (1954-08-23) 23 August 1954 (age 70)
Akure, Colonial Nigeria From Onitsha, Anambra State
NationalityNigerian
Alma materGeorge Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science
Oregon State University
Scientific career
FieldsComputer science

Philip Emeagwali (born 23 August 1954) is a Nigerian computer scientist. He is accused of making controversial statements about his achievements, such as inventing the Internet and creating the world's fastest computer, the Connection Machine, which are disputed by the scientific society or community

Biography

Philip Emeagwali was born in Akure, Nigeria on 23 August 1954. He was raised in Onitsha in the South Eastern part of Nigeria. His early schooling was suspended in 1967 as a result of the Nigerian Civil War. At age 13, he worked in the Biafran army. After the war he completed high-school equivalence through self-study.

Later on he married Dale Brown Emeagwali, an African-American microbiologist.

Education

He traveled to the United States to study under a scholarship following completion of a course at the University of London. He received a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Oregon State University in 1977. He later moved to Washington D.C., receiving in 1986 a master's degree from George Washington University in ocean and marine engineering, and a second master's in applied mathematics from the University of Maryland. Next magazine suggested that Emeagwali claimed to have further degrees. During this time, he worked as a civil engineer at the Bureau of Land Reclamation in Wyoming.

Court case and the denial of degree

Emeagwali studied for a Ph.D. degree from the University of Michigan from 1987 through 1991. His thesis was not accepted by a committee of internal and external examiners and thus he was not awarded the degree. Emeagwali filed a court challenge, stating that the decision was a violation of his civil rights and that the university had discriminated against him in several ways because of his race. The court challenge was dismissed, as was an appeal to the Michigan state Court of Appeals.

"Supercomputing"

In 1989, Emeagwali won the $1000 Gordon Bell Prize for an application of the CM-2 massively-parallel computer. The application used computational fluid dynamics for oil-reservoir modeling. He received a prize in "price/performance" category, with a performance figure of about 400 Mflops/$1M. The winner in the "performance" category was also the winner of the Price/performance category, but unable to receive two prizes: Mobil Research and Thinking Machines used the CM-2 for seismic data processing and achieved the higher ratio of 500 Mflops/$1M. The judges decided on one award per entry. His method involved each microprocessor communicating with six neighbors..

Emeagwali's simulation was the first program to apply a pseudo-time approach to reservoir modeling. He was cited by Bill Clinton as an example of what Nigerians can achieve when given the opportunity and is frequently featured in popular press articles for Black History Month.

Debunked controversial claims

Emeagwali has made several controversial claims about his achievements that are widely disputed by scientific community and journalists.

His claims of being a father of the Internet, of having invented the Connection Machine, of possessing 41 patented inventions, of winning "the Nobel Prize of Computing" and of being a "doctor" and/or "professor" have been conclusively debunked with widely documented evidence. Speaking during a visit to Switzerland in April 2009, Mr. Emeagwali said he was the first to program a hypercube "to solve a grand challenge defined as the 20 gold-ring problems in computing. That discovery, in part, inspired the reinvention of supercomputers as an Internet." He claimed that by his effort, he was able to set three world records and improve on Newton's second law of motion.

Though he self-identifies as "Prof Emeagwali" or "Dr Emeagwali", he is neither a professor nor a PhD. Emeagwali did not complete the Ph.D. that he started at the University of Michigan. Inquiries from the University showed that he failed his Ph.D. qualifying exams twice and wrote a doctoral dissertation that fell short of the standards of the Graduate School. He was therefore not awarded the Ph.D. He filed a racial discrimination suit against the university, but it was thrown out for lack of merit. Investigation found out that he has never published in any peer-reviewed journal, nor owned any patent—all contrary to his claims.

Accolades

Selected publications

  • Emeagwali, P. (2003). How do we reverse the brain drain. Speech given at Pan-African Conference on Brain Drain, Elsah, Illinois USA.
  • Emeagwali, P. (1997). Can Nigeria leapfrog into the information age. In World Igbo Congress. New York: August.

References

  1. ^ "Is Nigerian creator of the Internet or a fraud?". Business Daily Africa. 2020-12-25. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  2. ^ ""Father Of The Internet" Fraudulent Claims: Will The Real Philip Emeagwali Stand Up? | Sahara Reporters". saharareporters.com. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  3. ^ "Philip Emeagwali Is Not The Creator Of The Internet! - Dubawa". dubawa.org. 2019-07-09. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  4. ^ "Nigerian Journalist Honored For Exposing Philip Emegwali | Sahara Reporters". saharareporters.com. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  5. ^ Kperogi, Farooq A. "Intellectual 419: Philip Emeagwali and Gabriel Oyibo Compared". Notes From Atlanta. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  6. ^ "Re: - Phillip Emeagwali's Fraudulent Activities Have Tainted the LSAT". groups.google.com. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  7. ^ "How Philip Emeagwali Lied His Way To Fame | Sahara Reporters". saharareporters.com. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  8. ^ says, lekan AJISAFE. "DEEPENING DEMOCRACY: Fraud and the Emeagwali Narratives | Nigeria Content Online". Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  9. Hamilton, Janice (2003). Nigeria in Pictures. Lerner Publishing Group. p. 70. ISBN 0822503735.
  10. Braimah, Ayodale (2017-12-31). "Philip Emeagwali (1954- ) •". Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  11. "Names". The African Library. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  12. Carey, Charles W. (2008). African americans in science: an encyclopedia of people and progress. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-998-6.
  13. "Philip Emeagwali: African American Inventor". www.myblackhistory.net. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  14. "Black History- Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University2020". www.famu.edu. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  15. "Emeagwali's insistence on degrees muddles defence". Next. November 21, 2010. Archived from the original on October 12, 2011.
  16. ^ Gray, Madison. "Philip Emeagwali, A Calculating Move". Time Magazine. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  17. ^ "Philip Emeagwali – Nigerian British Awards". Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  18. ^ "PHILIP EMEAGWALI V UNIV OF MICH BOARD OF REGENTS". Justia Law. 1999-10-29. Retrieved 2015-11-21.
  19. ^ "Dr. Phillip Emeagwali born". African American Registry. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  20. ^ "Meet the high school dropout who invented world's 1st supercomputer". Pulse Nigeria. 2020-08-21. Retrieved 2022-03-06.
  21. 247ureports (2022-08-27). "31 Anambra Personalities of Repute". 247 Ureports. Retrieved 2024-06-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  22. "Philip Emeagwali – Nigerian British Awards". Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  23. Bill Clinton, Remarks to a Joint Session of the Nigerian National Assembly in Abuja, August 2000(transcript) Archived December 22, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  24. "CNNfyi.com - Chasing the Dream". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 2017-10-20.
  25. cbwclondon (2010-11-09). "The Lies of Philip Emeagwali". Congress of Black Women of Canada. Archived from the original on 22 Jan 2022. Retrieved 2021-02-22.
  26. Kperogi, Farooq A. "Our image as a nation of scammers (II)". Notes From Atlanta. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  27. "Special Report 1989 Gordon Bell Prize". IEEE. pp. 100–104, 110. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  28. The reverse brain drain : Afghan-American Diaspora in post-conflict peacebuilding and reconstruction. University of Arizona Libraries. 2003. doi:10.2458/azu_acku_pamphlet_jz5584_a33_r494_2003.

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