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			{{AFI}}
	'''Entomology''' is the ] study of ]s. Insects have many kinds of interactions with humans and other forms of life on earth, so it is an important specialty within ]; unlike many other fields however, '''entomologists''' include both persons studying insects for their own sake, and those employed by commercial concerns interested in the control of insects.
			{{short description\|Scientific study of insects}}

			{{distinguish\|text=], the study of the history of words}}
	'''BIOLOGY SUCKS COMPLETELY'''
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	The definition is sometimes widened to include the study of other terrestrial ]s, such as ]s.
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			</imagemap>{{center\|Diversity of insects from different orders}}
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			'''Entomology''' ({{ety\|grc\|''ἔντομον'' (entomon)\|insect\|\|-''λογία'' (])\|study}})<ref name="Liddell 1980">{{cite book \| author = ] and ] \| year = 1980 \| title = ] \| publisher = ] \| location = United Kingdom \| isbn = 0-19-910207-4\| edition = Abridged }}</ref> is the branch of ] that focuses on insects. Those who study entomology are known as entomologists. In the past, the term ''insect'' was less specific, and historically the definition of entomology would also include the study of ]s in other ] groups, such as ]s, ]s, and ]. The field is also referred to as insectology in American English, while in British English insectology implies the study of the relationships between insects and humans.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/insectology \|title=Insectology \|publisher=Collins \|website=www.collinsdictionary.com \|access-date=8 November 2024 }}</ref>

			Over 1.3{{nbsp}}million insect ] have been described by entomology.<ref name="Chapman">{{cite book \|author=Chapman, A. D. \|year=2009 \|edition=2 \|title=Numbers of living species in Australia and the World \|pages=60pp \|publisher=Canberra: ] \|isbn=978-0-642-56850-2 \|url=http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/index.html \|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090519170802/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species%2Dnumbers/index.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2009-05-19 \|access-date=2007-10-26 }}</ref>
	==History of entomology==

			==History==
	==Applied entomology==
			{{For timeline}}
			]
			]'' species were described simultaneously using ].]]

			Entomology is rooted in nearly all human ]s from ] times, primarily in the context of ] (especially ] and ]). The natural Roman philosopher ] (23–79 CE) wrote a book on the kinds of insects,<ref>{{citation\|title=Naturalis Historia\|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D11}}</ref> while the scientist ], ] (760–845 CE) wrote a book on flies, {{transliteration\|ar\|Kitāb al-Dabāb}} ({{lang\|ar\|كتاب الذباب}}). However scientific study in the modern sense began only relatively recently, in the 16th century.<ref>Antonio Saltini, ''Storia delle scienze agrarie'', 4 vols, Bologna 1984–89, {{ISBN\|88-206-2412-5}}, {{ISBN\|88-206-2413-3}}, {{ISBN\|88-206-2414-1}}, {{ISBN\|88-206-2415-X}}</ref> ]'s {{lang\|la\|De Animalibus Insectis}} (Concerning Insect Animals) was published in 1602. Microscopist ] published ''History of Insects'', correctly describing the reproductive organs of insects and ].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Entomology \|date=21 March 2024 \|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/entomology \|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> In 1705, ] published the book {{lang\|la\|Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium}} about the tropical insects of ].<ref>{{cite book \|title=Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies: Evolution, Systematics and Biogeography \|last=Kristensen \|first=Niels P. \|editor= Kristensen, Niels P.\|series=Volume 4, Part 35 of Handbuch der Zoologie:Eine Naturgeschichte der Stämme des Tierreiches. Arthropoda: Insecta\|year=1999 \|publisher=Walter de Gruyter \|isbn=978-3-11-015704-8 \|page= 1 \|chapter=Historical Introduction}}</ref>
	Many entomologists are employed in the study of insects that are directly beneficial or harmful to humans. The study of beneficial insects, such as ]s and ]s, is primarily focused on their ecology and life habits, the primary concern being the understanding of how to raise them and make them more productive.

			Early entomological works associated with the naming and classification of species followed the practice of maintaining ], predominantly in Europe. This collecting fashion led to the formation of natural history societies, exhibitions of private collections, and journals for recording communications and the documentation of new species. Many of the collectors tended to be from the aristocracy, and there developed a trade involving collectors around the world and traders. This has been called the "era of heroic entomology". ] is widely considered as the father of entomology in England. In collaboration with ], he published a definitive entomological encyclopedia, ''Introduction to Entomology'', regarded as the subject's foundational text. He also helped found the ] in London in 1833, one of the earliest such societies in the world; earlier antecedents, such as the ] date back to the 1740s. In the late 19th century, the growth of agriculture, and colonial trade spawned the "era of economic entomology" which created the professional entomologist associated with the rise of the university and training in the field of biology.<ref>{{cite journal\|author=Elias, Scott A.\|year=2014\|title=A Brief History of the Changing Occupations and Demographics of Coleopterists from the 18th Through the 20th Century\|journal=Journal of the History of Biology\|volume=47\|issue=2\|pages=213–242\|doi=10.1007/s10739-013-9365-9\|jstor=43863376\|pmid=23928824\|s2cid=24812002}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bq05ecMx-owC&pg=PA27\|title=Bugs and the Victorians\|publisher=Yale University Press\|author=Clark, John F.M.\|year=2009\|pages=26–27\|isbn=978-0300150919}}</ref>
	Conversely, much of the study of harmful insects is focussed on their physiology, with the goal of developing insect controls that are effective while minimizing undesirable side effects. For instance, many type of ]s have been developed that target unique aspects of insect internals and are thus harmless to other kinds of animals, but these can also kill beneficial insects. Considerable recent effort have gone into finding ]s such as species-specific parasites and diseases, as well as ]s, such as the introduction of ]s into a population.

			Entomology developed rapidly in the 19th and 20th centuries and was studied by large numbers of people, including such notable figures as ], ], ], ] (winner of the 1973 ]),<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1973/frisch-lecture.html\|title=Karl von Frisch – Nobel Lecture: Decoding the Language of the Bee}}</ref> and twice ] winner ].
	] is the study of insects that scavenge on ]; knowledge of their habits can yield useful information about crimes, such as an approximate time of death or whether or not a victim was alive during a fire, using facts such as what stage of the life cycle the insect/bug is in, et cetera.

			There has also been a history of people becoming entomologists through museum curation and research assistance,<ref name="Starrs NMNH">{{cite web\|last1=Starrs\|first1=Siobhan\|title=A Scientist and a Tinkerer – A Story in a Frame\|url=http://nmnh.typepad.com/100years/2010/08/a-scientist-and-a-tinkerer-a-story-in-a-frame.html\|website=National Museum of Natural History Unearthed\|publisher=National Museum of Natural History\|access-date=19 March 2017\|date=10 August 2010\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319195756/http://nmnh.typepad.com/100years/2010/08/a-scientist-and-a-tinkerer-a-story-in-a-frame.html\|archive-date=19 March 2017\|url-status=dead}}</ref> such as ] at the Smithsonian ]. Insect identification is an increasingly common hobby, with ]<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Prudic \|first1=KL \|last2=McFarland \|first2=KP \|last3=Oliver \|first3=JC \|last4=Hutchinson \|first4=RA \|last5=Long \|first5=EC \|last6=Kerr \|first6=JT \|last7=Larrivée \|first7=M \|title=eButterfly: Leveraging Massive Online Citizen Science for Butterfly Consevation. \|journal=Insects \|date=18 May 2017 \|volume=8 \|issue=2 \|page=53 \|doi=10.3390/insects8020053 \|doi-access=free \|pmid=28524117 \|pmc=5492067 }}</ref> and (to a lesser extent) ] being the most popular.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Bried \|first1=Jason \|last2=Ries \|first2=Leslie \|last3=Smith \|first3=Brenda \|last4=Patten \|first4=Michael \|last5=Abbott \|first5=John \|last6=Ball-Damerow \|first6=Joan \|last7=Cannings \|first7=Robert \|last8=Cordero-Rivera \|first8=Adolfo \|last9=Córdoba-Aguilar \|first9=Alex \|last10=De Marco \|first10=Paulo \|last11=Dijkstra \|first11=Klaas-Douwe \|last12=Dolný \|first12=Aleš \|last13=van Grunsven \|first13=Roy \|last14=Halstead \|first14=David \|last15=Harabiš \|first15=Filip \|last16=Hassall \|first16=Christopher \|last17=Jeanmougin \|first17=Martin \|last18=Jones \|first18=Colin \|last19=Juen \|first19=Leandro \|last20=Kalkman \|first20=Vincent \|last21=Kietzka \|first21=Gabriella \|last22=Mazzacano \|first22=Celeste Searles \|last23=Orr \|first23=Albert \|last24=Perron \|first24=Mary Ann \|last25=Rocha-Ortega \|first25=Maya \|last26=Sahlén \|first26=Göran \|last27=Samways \|first27=Michael \|last28=Siepielski \|first28=Adam \|last29=Simaika \|first29=John \|last30=Suhling \|first30=Frank \|last31=Underhill \|first31=Les \|last32=White \|first32=Erin \|title=Towards Global Volunteer Monitoring of Odonate Abundance \|journal=BioScience \|date=16 October 2020 \|volume=70 \|issue=10 \|pages=914–923 \|doi=10.1093/biosci/biaa092 \|url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/70/10/914/5899941?login=false}}</ref>
	==Taxonomic specialization==

			Most insects can easily be allocated to ], such as ] (bees, wasps, and ants) or ] (beetles). However, identifying to genus or species is usually only possible through the use of ]s and ]s. Because the class ] contains a very large number of species (over 330,000 species of beetles alone) and the characteristics distinguishing them are unfamiliar, and often subtle (or invisible without a microscope), this is often very difficult even for a specialist. This has led to the development of ] systems targeted on insects, for example, ], ABIS, SPIDA and Draw-wing.
	Many entomologists specialize in a single order or even a family of insects, and a number of these subspecialties have their own names, derived from the scientific name of the group:

			==Applications==
	*] - ]s
	*] - ]s and ]
	*] - ]s

	==~~Organizations~~==		===Pest control===
			{{further information\|Insect pest control}}
			In 1994, the Entomological Society of America launched a new ] program for the pest control industry called the Associate Certified Entomologist (ACE). To qualify as a "true entomologist" an individual would normally require an advanced degree, with most entomologists pursuing a PhD. While not true entomologists in the traditional sense, individuals who attain the ACE certification may be referred to as ACEs or Associate Certified Entomologists.<ref name="c855">{{cite web \| title=ACE Certification \| website=ACE Certification \| url=https://entocert.org/ace \| access-date=2024-06-03}}</ref>

			As such, other credential programs managed by the Entomological Society of America have varying credential requirements. These different programs are known as Public Health Entomology (PHE), Certified IPM Technicians (CITs), and Board Certified Entomologists (BCEs) (ESA Certification Corporation). To be qualified in public health entomology (PHE), one must pass an exam on the types of arthropods that can spread diseases and lead to medical complications (ESA Certification Corporation). These individuals also have to "agree to ascribe to a code of ethical behavior" (ESA Certification Corporation). Individuals who are planning to become Certified IPM Technicians (CITs), need to obtain at around 1-4 years of experience in pest management and successfully pass an exam, that is based on the information, that they are acquainted with (ESA Certification Corporation). Like in Public Health Entomology (PHE), those who want to become Certified IPM Technicians (CITs) also have to "agree to ascribe to a code of ethical behavior" (ESA Certification Corporation). These individuals must also be approved to use pesticides (ESA Certification Corporation). For those who plan on becoming Board Certified Entomologists (BCEs), individuals have to pass two exams and "agree to ascribe to a code of ethical behavior" (ESA Certification Corporation). As with this, they also have to fulfill a certain amount of educational requirements every 12 months (ESA Certification Corporation).<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Roster {{!}} Certification - Entomological Society of America \|url=https://entocert.org/roster \|access-date=2023-10-08 \|website=entocert.org \|language=en}}</ref>

			===Forensics===
			{{main\|Forensic entomology}}
			] is a branch of ] that studies insects found on corpses or elsewhere around crime scenes. This includes studying the types of insects commonly found on ]s, their life cycles, their presence in different environments, and how insect assemblages change with ].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Forensic Entomology \|url=https://www.exploreforensics.co.uk/forensic-entomology.html#:~:text=Forensic%20entomologists%20study%20the%20kinds,has%20been%20there,%20if%20it \|access-date=2022-04-10 \|work=Explore Forensics}}</ref>

			===Medicine===
			{{main\|Medical entomology}}
			] is focused upon ]s and ]s that impact human health. Veterinary entomology is included in this category, because many animal diseases can "jump species" and become a human health threat, for example, bovine encephalitis. Medical entomology also includes scientific research on the behavior, ecology, and ] of arthropod disease ], and involves a tremendous outreach to the public, including local and state officials and other stake holders in the interest of public safety.

			==Subdisciplines==
			]
			Many entomologists specialize in a single order or even a family of insects, and a number of these subspecialties are given their own generic names, typically (but not always) derived from the scientific name of the group:

			* ] – ]s
			* ] – ]
			* ] – ]
			* ] – ]
			* ] – ]s
			* ] – ]s and ]
			* ] (or ''Apiology'') – ]s
			* ] – ]s
			* ] – ]s, ], etc.
			* ] – ]
			* ] – social ]

			==Organizations==
	Like other scientific specialties, entomologists have a number of local, national, and international organizations. There are also many organizations specializing in specific subareas.		Like other scientific specialties, entomologists have a number of local, national, and international organizations. There are also many organizations specializing in specific subareas.
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* Australian Entomological Society<ref></ref>
			* Entomological Society of New Zealand<ref></ref>

			==Research collection==
			Here is a list of selected very large insect collections, housed in museums, universities, or research institutes.

			===Asia===
			* ]

			===Africa===
			* Natal Museum, ], South Africa<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.nmsa.org.za\|title=KwaZulu-Natal Museum}}</ref>

			=== Australasia ===
			] at ], New Zealand, with curator ]]]
			* ], Lincoln, New Zealand

			===Europe===<!-- PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER -->
			* Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, ]

			===United States===
			* ]

			===Canada===
			* ], ], ]

			== See also ==
			{{Portal\|Biology\|Insects}}
			{{col div\|colwidth=20em}}
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			{{colend}}

			==References==
			{{Reflist}}

			== Further reading ==
			{{quote box \|quote = "I suppose you are an entomologist?"
			*
			"Not quite so ambitious as that, sir. I should like to put my eyes on the individual entitled to that name. No man can be truly called an entomologist, sir; the subject is too vast for any single human intelligence to grasp."\|source = —], ''The Poet at the Breakfast Table''.\|width=25em\|bgcolor=#c6dbf7}}

			* Capinera, JL (editor). 2008. ''Encyclopedia of Entomology'', 2nd Edition. Springer. {{ISBN\|1-4020-6242-7}}

			* Chiang, H.C. and G. C. Jahn 1996. Entomology in the Cambodia-IRRI-Australia Project. (in Chinese) ''Chinese Entomol. Soc. Newsltr.'' (Taiwan) 3: 9–11.
			* Davidson, E. 2006. ''Big Fleas Have Little Fleas: How Discoveries of Invertebrate Diseases Are Advancing Modern Science'' University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 208 pages, {{ISBN\|0-8165-2544-7}}.
			* Gillot, Cedric. '' Entomology''. Second Edition, Plenum Press, New York, NY / London 1995, {{ISBN\|0-306-44967-6}}.
			* {{cite book \|author-link1=David Grimaldi (entomologist)\|last1=Grimaldi \|first1=David \|author-link2=Michael S. Engel \|last2=Engel \|first2=Michael S. \|title=Evolution of the Insects \|year=2005 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=0-521-82149-5 }}

			* Triplehorn, Charles A. and Norman F. Johnson (2005-05-19). Borror and DeLong's Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition, Thomas Brooks/Cole. {{ISBN\|0-03-096835-6}}. — a classic textbook in North America.
	==See also==
			* Wale, Matthew. ''Making Entomologists: How Periodicals Shaped Scientific Communities in Nineteenth-Century Britain'' (U of Pittsburgh Press, 2022)

			== External links ==
	*]
			{{Wiktionary\|entomology}}
	*]
			{{Commons category\|Entomology}}

			{{-}}
			{{Orders of insects}}
			{{Entomology}}
			{{Zoology}}

			{{Authority control}}
	]
	]
	]

			]
	]
			]
	]
	]
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Latest revision as of 13:24, 3 January 2025

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Scientific study of insects Not to be confused with etymology, the study of the history of words.

Diversity of insects from different orders

Entomology (from Ancient Greek ἔντομον (entomon) 'insect' and -λογία (-logia) 'study') is the branch of zoology that focuses on insects. Those who study entomology are known as entomologists. In the past, the term insect was less specific, and historically the definition of entomology would also include the study of animals in other arthropod groups, such as arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans. The field is also referred to as insectology in American English, while in British English insectology implies the study of the relationships between insects and humans.

Over 1.3 million insect species have been described by entomology.

History

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of entomology.

Plate from *Transactions of the Entomological Society*, 1848

Entomology is rooted in nearly all human cultures from prehistoric times, primarily in the context of agriculture (especially biological control and beekeeping). The natural Roman philosopher Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) wrote a book on the kinds of insects, while the scientist of Kufa, Ibn al-A'rābī (760–845 CE) wrote a book on flies, Kitāb al-Dabāb (كتاب الذباب). However scientific study in the modern sense began only relatively recently, in the 16th century. Ulisse Aldrovandi's De Animalibus Insectis (Concerning Insect Animals) was published in 1602. Microscopist Jan Swammerdam published History of Insects, correctly describing the reproductive organs of insects and metamorphosis. In 1705, Maria Sibylla Merian published the book Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium about the tropical insects of Dutch Surinam.

Early entomological works associated with the naming and classification of species followed the practice of maintaining cabinets of curiosity, predominantly in Europe. This collecting fashion led to the formation of natural history societies, exhibitions of private collections, and journals for recording communications and the documentation of new species. Many of the collectors tended to be from the aristocracy, and there developed a trade involving collectors around the world and traders. This has been called the "era of heroic entomology". William Kirby is widely considered as the father of entomology in England. In collaboration with William Spence, he published a definitive entomological encyclopedia, Introduction to Entomology, regarded as the subject's foundational text. He also helped found the Royal Entomological Society in London in 1833, one of the earliest such societies in the world; earlier antecedents, such as the Aurelian society date back to the 1740s. In the late 19th century, the growth of agriculture, and colonial trade spawned the "era of economic entomology" which created the professional entomologist associated with the rise of the university and training in the field of biology.

Entomology developed rapidly in the 19th and 20th centuries and was studied by large numbers of people, including such notable figures as Charles Darwin, Jean-Henri Fabre, Vladimir Nabokov, Karl von Frisch (winner of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine), and twice Pulitzer Prize winner E. O. Wilson.

There has also been a history of people becoming entomologists through museum curation and research assistance, such as Sophie Lutterlough at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Insect identification is an increasingly common hobby, with butterflies and (to a lesser extent) dragonflies being the most popular.

Most insects can easily be allocated to order, such as Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, and ants) or Coleoptera (beetles). However, identifying to genus or species is usually only possible through the use of identification keys and monographs. Because the class Insecta contains a very large number of species (over 330,000 species of beetles alone) and the characteristics distinguishing them are unfamiliar, and often subtle (or invisible without a microscope), this is often very difficult even for a specialist. This has led to the development of automated species identification systems targeted on insects, for example, Daisy, ABIS, SPIDA and Draw-wing.

Applications

Pest control

Further information: Insect pest control

In 1994, the Entomological Society of America launched a new professional certification program for the pest control industry called the Associate Certified Entomologist (ACE). To qualify as a "true entomologist" an individual would normally require an advanced degree, with most entomologists pursuing a PhD. While not true entomologists in the traditional sense, individuals who attain the ACE certification may be referred to as ACEs or Associate Certified Entomologists.

As such, other credential programs managed by the Entomological Society of America have varying credential requirements. These different programs are known as Public Health Entomology (PHE), Certified IPM Technicians (CITs), and Board Certified Entomologists (BCEs) (ESA Certification Corporation). To be qualified in public health entomology (PHE), one must pass an exam on the types of arthropods that can spread diseases and lead to medical complications (ESA Certification Corporation). These individuals also have to "agree to ascribe to a code of ethical behavior" (ESA Certification Corporation). Individuals who are planning to become Certified IPM Technicians (CITs), need to obtain at around 1-4 years of experience in pest management and successfully pass an exam, that is based on the information, that they are acquainted with (ESA Certification Corporation). Like in Public Health Entomology (PHE), those who want to become Certified IPM Technicians (CITs) also have to "agree to ascribe to a code of ethical behavior" (ESA Certification Corporation). These individuals must also be approved to use pesticides (ESA Certification Corporation). For those who plan on becoming Board Certified Entomologists (BCEs), individuals have to pass two exams and "agree to ascribe to a code of ethical behavior" (ESA Certification Corporation). As with this, they also have to fulfill a certain amount of educational requirements every 12 months (ESA Certification Corporation).

Forensics

Main article: Forensic entomology

Forensic entomology is a branch of forensic science that studies insects found on corpses or elsewhere around crime scenes. This includes studying the types of insects commonly found on cadavers, their life cycles, their presence in different environments, and how insect assemblages change with decomposition.

Medicine

Main article: Medical entomology

Medical entomology is focused upon insects and arthropods that impact human health. Veterinary entomology is included in this category, because many animal diseases can "jump species" and become a human health threat, for example, bovine encephalitis. Medical entomology also includes scientific research on the behavior, ecology, and epidemiology of arthropod disease vectors, and involves a tremendous outreach to the public, including local and state officials and other stake holders in the interest of public safety.

Subdisciplines

Many entomologists specialize in a single order or even a family of insects, and a number of these subspecialties are given their own generic names, typically (but not always) derived from the scientific name of the group:

Coleopterology – beetles
Dipterology – flies
Odonatology – dragonflies and damselflies
Hemipterology – true bugs
Isopterology – termites
Lepidopterology – moths and butterflies
Melittology (or Apiology) – bees
Myrmecology – ants
Orthopterology – grasshoppers, crickets, etc.
Trichopterology – caddisflies
Vespology – social wasps

Organizations

Like other scientific specialties, entomologists have a number of local, national, and international organizations. There are also many organizations specializing in specific subareas.

Research collection

Here is a list of selected very large insect collections, housed in museums, universities, or research institutes.

Asia

Zoological Survey of India

Africa

Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa

Australasia

Lincoln University Entomology Research Collection, Lincoln, New Zealand

Europe

Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Zoologische Staatssammlung München

United States

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

Canada

Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario

References

Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
"Insectology". www.collinsdictionary.com. Collins. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
Chapman, A. D. (2009). Numbers of living species in Australia and the World (2 ed.). Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 60pp. ISBN 978-0-642-56850-2. Archived from the original on 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2007-10-26.
Naturalis Historia
Antonio Saltini, Storia delle scienze agrarie, 4 vols, Bologna 1984–89, ISBN 88-206-2412-5, ISBN 88-206-2413-3, ISBN 88-206-2414-1, ISBN 88-206-2415-X
"Entomology". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 21 March 2024.
Kristensen, Niels P. (1999). "Historical Introduction". In Kristensen, Niels P. (ed.). Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies: Evolution, Systematics and Biogeography. Volume 4, Part 35 of Handbuch der Zoologie:Eine Naturgeschichte der Stämme des Tierreiches. Arthropoda: Insecta. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1. ISBN 978-3-11-015704-8.
Elias, Scott A. (2014). "A Brief History of the Changing Occupations and Demographics of Coleopterists from the 18th Through the 20th Century". Journal of the History of Biology. 47 (2): 213–242. doi:10.1007/s10739-013-9365-9. JSTOR 43863376. PMID 23928824. S2CID 24812002.
Clark, John F.M. (2009). Bugs and the Victorians. Yale University Press. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-0300150919.
"Karl von Frisch – Nobel Lecture: Decoding the Language of the Bee".
Starrs, Siobhan (10 August 2010). "A Scientist and a Tinkerer – A Story in a Frame". National Museum of Natural History Unearthed. National Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
Prudic, KL; McFarland, KP; Oliver, JC; Hutchinson, RA; Long, EC; Kerr, JT; Larrivée, M (18 May 2017). "eButterfly: Leveraging Massive Online Citizen Science for Butterfly Consevation". Insects. 8 (2): 53. doi:10.3390/insects8020053. PMC 5492067. PMID 28524117.
Bried, Jason; Ries, Leslie; Smith, Brenda; Patten, Michael; Abbott, John; Ball-Damerow, Joan; Cannings, Robert; Cordero-Rivera, Adolfo; Córdoba-Aguilar, Alex; De Marco, Paulo; Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe; Dolný, Aleš; van Grunsven, Roy; Halstead, David; Harabiš, Filip; Hassall, Christopher; Jeanmougin, Martin; Jones, Colin; Juen, Leandro; Kalkman, Vincent; Kietzka, Gabriella; Mazzacano, Celeste Searles; Orr, Albert; Perron, Mary Ann; Rocha-Ortega, Maya; Sahlén, Göran; Samways, Michael; Siepielski, Adam; Simaika, John; Suhling, Frank; Underhill, Les; White, Erin (16 October 2020). "Towards Global Volunteer Monitoring of Odonate Abundance". BioScience. 70 (10): 914–923. doi:10.1093/biosci/biaa092.
"ACE Certification". ACE Certification. Retrieved 2024-06-03.
"Roster | Certification - Entomological Society of America". entocert.org. Retrieved 2023-10-08.
"Forensic Entomology". Explore Forensics. Retrieved 2022-04-10.
Australian Entomological Society
Entomological Society of New Zealand
"KwaZulu-Natal Museum".

External links

Insect orders

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
(unranked): Pancrustacea
Subphylum: Hexapoda

Extant

Monocondylia	Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails)

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Zygentoma (silverfish, firebrats)

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Palaeoptera

Ephemeropteroidea	Ephemeroptera (mayflies)
Odonatoptera	Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies)

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Polyneoptera

Plecoptera (stoneflies) Dermaptera (earwigs) Embioptera (webspinners) Phasmatodea (stick and leaf insects) Orthoptera (crickets, wetas, grasshoppers, locusts) Zoraptera (angel insects)
Notoptera (Xenonomia)	Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators)
Dictyoptera	Blattodea (cockroaches, termites) Mantodea (mantises)

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Paraneoptera *	Psocodea (barklice, lice) Thysanoptera (thrips) Hemiptera (cicadas, aphids, true bugs)

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Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps, ants, bees)

Neuropteroidea

Coleopterida	Strepsiptera (twisted-winged parasites) Coleoptera (beetles)
Neuropterida	Raphidioptera (snakeflies) Megaloptera (alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies) Neuroptera (net-winged insects: lacewings, mantidflies, antlions)

Panorpida
(Mecopterida)

Antliophora	Mecoptera (scorpionflies) + Siphonaptera (fleas) Diptera (gnats, mosquitoes, flies)
Amphiesmenoptera	Trichoptera (caddisflies) Lepidoptera (moths, butterflies)

Four most speciose orders are marked in bold
Italic are paraphyletic groups
Based on Sasaki et al. (2013)

Extinct

Insects portal
Wikispecies

Entomology

Timeline

Branches of Entomology
Coleopterology Dipterology Ethnoentomology Heteropterology Hemipterology Lepidopterology Melittology Myrmecology Neuropterology Odonatology Orthopterology Trichopterology Vespology

Entomology Organisations

Africa	The Egyptian Entomological Society Entomological Society of Southern Africa
Americas	Entomological Society of America Entomological Society of Canada Kansas Entomological Society Entomological Society of Brasil
Asia	Entomological Society of China Entomological Society of Japan Indian Society for the Advancement of Insect Science Japanese Society of Applied Entomology and Zoology
Europe	Amateur Entomologists' Society Netherlands Entomological Society Royal Belgian Entomological Society Royal Entomological Society of London Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut Société entomologique de France
Oceania	Australian Entomological Society Entomological Society of Queensland
Global	International Entomological Society International Union for the Study of Social Insects

Zoology

Outline

Branches

Animal groups

Animal anatomy
Animal morphology

Histology	Tissues Epithelial tissue Muscular tissue Nervous tissue Connective tissues Mineralized tissues Molecular anatomy
Anatomy and morphology	Mammalian anatomy and morphology Human Dog Elephant Cat Bird anatomy Fish anatomy Shark anatomy Spider anatomy Insect morphology

Animal physiology

General physiology	Respiration Respiratory system Breathing Gas exchange Respiratory pigment Cellular respiration Vascular system Blood Lymph Blood vessels Arteries Veins Capillaries Heart Water vascular system
By species	Insect physiology Fish physiology

Zoologists

History

Category

Categories:

Latest revision as of 13:24, 3 January 2025

History

Applications

Pest control

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Subdisciplines

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See also

References

Further reading

External links