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{{Short description|Autonomous entity of the Russian Republic 1917–1918}}
{{Infobox Former Country
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
|native_name = Eestimaa
{{Unreferenced|date=May 2010}}
|conventional_long_name = Estland
{{Infobox Former Subdivision
|common_name = Estland
| native_name = {{langx|et|Autonoomne Eestimaa kubermang}}
|continent = Europe
| conventional_long_name = Governorate of Estonia
|region = Nordic countries
| common_name = Estonia
|year_start = 1917
| subdivision = ]
|year_end = 1918
| nation = the ]
|date_start = ], ] (''de jure'')<br>], ] (''de facto'')
| government_type = Autonomous governorate
|date_end = ], ] (''de jure'')<br>], ] (''de facto'')
| title_leader = Commissar
|event_start =
| leader1 = ]
|event_end =
| year_leader1 = 1917
|p1 = Russian Provisional Government
| legislature = ]
|image_p1= ]
| year_start = 1917
|s1 = Estonia
| event_start = Local autonomy
|flag_s1= Flag of Estonia.svg
| date_start = 12 April
|image_flag = Flag of Estland.png
| event1 = Sovereignty declared
|image_coat = The Principality of Estland.jpg
| date_event1 = 28 November 1917
|image_map = Rzeczpospolita 1920.png
| event2 = Narva (including Ivangorod) added to the governorate
|image_map_caption = Estland was located approximately on the later territory of ] (above, green), declarated ], ].
| date_event2 = 3 January 1918
|religion=
| year_end = 1918
|capital = ]
| date_end = 24 February
|government_type = Republic
| event_end = ]
|legislature = Executive Committee of the Soviets of Estland (Eestimaa Nõukogude Täitevkomitee)
| event_pre =
|legislature = ]
| date_pre =
|title_leader= Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Soviets of Estland (Eestimaa Nõukogude Täitevkomitee esimees)
| event_post =
|leader1 = ]
| date_post =
|year_leader1 = ] (23 October) ] - ] ]
| p1 = Governorate of Estonia
|title_deputy = Land Councillor (Maanõunik)
| flag_p1 = Eestimaa värvid.svg
|deputy1 = ]
| p2 = Governorate of Livonia
|year_deputy1 = ] (15 November) ] - ] ]
| flag_p2 = Flag of the Governorate of Livonia.svg
|common_languages= ]<br>]
| s1 = Estonia
|currency = ] of the ]
| flag_s1 = Flag of Estonia.svg
| image_coat =
| image_map =
| image_map_caption = Autonomous Governorate of Estonia
| capital = ]
| political_subdiv =
| footnotes =
| today = ]
| flag = Estonia In Russian Empire.png
}} }}


The '''Autonomous Governorate of Estonia'''{{efn|{{langx|et|Eestimaa kubermang}}, {{langx|de|Gouvernement Estland}}, {{langx|ru|Эстляндская губерния|Estlyandskaya guberniya}}}} of the ] was established as a result of the ] and ceased to exist prior to ] becoming a fully independent country in 1918.
'''Estonia''' (also ''Estland'', {{lang-et|Eestimaa}}, ]: ''Ehstland'', {{lang-ru|Эстляндия}}
)as an unified and separate political entity first emerged as a result of the ]. For most of its history, Estonia was divided between two states or provinces. The ] in the north corresponded to the historic ] ''(Eestimaa)''. Most Estonians however lived in ]. After the ] of 1917 the Reval Governorate was extended on ] (] ]) to include the native Estonian ares of northern Livonia. Elections for provinsional parliament, '']'' was organized, with the ] and ] fractions of the ] becoming the largest parties. On ], ], two days before the ] in ], Estonian Bolshevik leader ] led his ] ] to the ] in ], then the capital of Estland, and took the ]. In ] (October 25), ]. On ] (November 15) 1917 the Menshevik dominated ''Maapäev'', refusing to recognize the new Bolshevik rule, proclaimed itself the supreme legal authority of Estland. It was soon however disbanded by the the Bolsheviks. In 1918 elections for a ] were arranged, anti-Bolshevik parties again winning the majority.


==History==
In Febryary, after the collapse of the peace talks between the Soviet Russia and the ] Estonia was occupied by Germans. Bolshevik forces retrated to Russia. On ] ], one day before German forces entered Tallinn, the Elders of the ''Maapäev'' emerged from underground and made a formal declaration of independence of the ]. Although it took and almost a year for Estonia to be liberated from German occupation, this data is still selebrated as Estonia's independence day.
For most of the time during the rule of Russian Empire 1710–1917, the area of what is now Estonia was divided between two ]. The ] in the north corresponded roughly to the area of ], and the northern portion of the ], which had a majority of ethnic Estonians. These two areas were amalgamated on {{OldStyleDate|12 April|1917|30 March}} by administrative reforms of the ].

Free multi-party elections for the ] ('']'') were held in May–June 1917. On 5 November 1917, two days before the ] in ] (Saint Petersburg), local Bolsheviks led by ] and supported by pro-Soviet Russian soldiers and sailors declared themselves the new government in ] (Reval), and attempted to usurp political power in the governorate from governor ] on 9 November. On {{OldStyleDate|28 November|1917|15 November}} the ''Maapäev'', refusing to recognize the attempted Bolshevik coup d'état, proclaimed itself to be the only legally elected and constituted authority in Estonia. However, it was soon driven underground by the Bolsheviks.
{{Main|1917 Estonian Provincial Assembly election}}
{{Main|Estonian Provincial Government}}

During the reign of the Soviet Estonian Executive Committee, Ants Dauman, the newly elected mayor of ], organized a ] with an intention of removing the town of Narva (including the then suburb of ]) from the ] and adding them to the new autonomous governorate, receiving permission for the referendum on {{OldStyleDate|29 November|1917|16 November}} from the ]. As 80% of the town's population supported joining Estonia in the {{OldStyleDate|23 December|1917|10 December}} plebiscite, the Soviet Estonian Executive Committee recognized the new additions to the governorate on {{OldStyleDate|3 January|1918|21 December|1917}}. Even though the plebiscite was to determine the administrative boundaries within Soviet Russia and it was organised by the Bolshevik regime, the subsequent governments of independent Estonia implicitly acknowledged the referendum's result, as the entire town of Narva (including the suburb of Ivangorod) became part of the territory of the newly independent Republic of Estonia from 1918 onward.

In February 1918, after the collapse of the peace talks between Soviet Russia and the ], mainland Estonia was ] by the ]'s armed forces. On 24 February 1918, one day before German forces entered Tallinn, the ] of the Estonian National Council ''Maapäev'' emerged from underground and issued the ]. After the German capitulation had ended ], on 11-14 November 1918, the representatives of Germany in Estonia handed over all power to the government of the newly independent ].


== See also == == See also ==
*] * ]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}


== External links == == External links ==
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* * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610022327/http://www.estonica.org/eng/lugu.html?menyy_id=97&kateg=43&alam=61&leht=5 |date=10 June 2007 }}
* *
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{{coord missing|Russia}}
]

]
] {{DEFAULTSORT:Estonia}}
] ]
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Latest revision as of 01:03, 24 October 2024

Autonomous entity of the Russian Republic 1917–1918

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Governorate of EstoniaEstonian: Autonoomne Eestimaa kubermang
Autonomous entity of the Russian Republic
1917–1918
CapitalReval (Tallinn)
Government
 • TypeAutonomous governorate
Commissar 
• 1917 Jaan Poska
LegislatureEstonian Provincial Assembly
History 
• Local autonomy 12 April 1917
• Sovereignty declared 28 November 1917
• Narva (including Ivangorod) added to the governorate 3 January 1918
• Independence declared 24 February 1918
Preceded by Succeeded by
Governorate of Estonia
Governorate of Livonia
Estonia
Today part ofEstonia

The Autonomous Governorate of Estonia of the Russian state was established as a result of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and ceased to exist prior to Estonia becoming a fully independent country in 1918.

History

For most of the time during the rule of Russian Empire 1710–1917, the area of what is now Estonia was divided between two governorates. The Governorate of Estonia in the north corresponded roughly to the area of Danish Estonia, and the northern portion of the Governorate of Livonia, which had a majority of ethnic Estonians. These two areas were amalgamated on 12 April [O.S. 30 March] 1917 by administrative reforms of the Russian Provisional Government.

Free multi-party elections for the Provincial Assembly (Maapäev) were held in May–June 1917. On 5 November 1917, two days before the Bolshevik coup in Petrograd (Saint Petersburg), local Bolsheviks led by Jaan Anvelt and supported by pro-Soviet Russian soldiers and sailors declared themselves the new government in Tallinn (Reval), and attempted to usurp political power in the governorate from governor Jaan Poska on 9 November. On 28 November [O.S. 15 November] 1917 the Maapäev, refusing to recognize the attempted Bolshevik coup d'état, proclaimed itself to be the only legally elected and constituted authority in Estonia. However, it was soon driven underground by the Bolsheviks.

Main article: 1917 Estonian Provincial Assembly election Main article: Estonian Provincial Government

During the reign of the Soviet Estonian Executive Committee, Ants Dauman, the newly elected mayor of Narva, organized a plebiscite with an intention of removing the town of Narva (including the then suburb of Ivangorod) from the Petrograd Governorate and adding them to the new autonomous governorate, receiving permission for the referendum on 29 November [O.S. 16 November] 1917 from the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. As 80% of the town's population supported joining Estonia in the 23 December [O.S. 10 December] 1917 plebiscite, the Soviet Estonian Executive Committee recognized the new additions to the governorate on 3 January [O.S. 21 December] 1918. Even though the plebiscite was to determine the administrative boundaries within Soviet Russia and it was organised by the Bolshevik regime, the subsequent governments of independent Estonia implicitly acknowledged the referendum's result, as the entire town of Narva (including the suburb of Ivangorod) became part of the territory of the newly independent Republic of Estonia from 1918 onward.

In February 1918, after the collapse of the peace talks between Soviet Russia and the German Empire, mainland Estonia was occupied by the German Empire's armed forces. On 24 February 1918, one day before German forces entered Tallinn, the Salvation Committee of the Estonian National Council Maapäev emerged from underground and issued the Estonian Declaration of Independence. After the German capitulation had ended World War I, on 11-14 November 1918, the representatives of Germany in Estonia handed over all power to the government of the newly independent Republic of Estonia.

See also

Notes

  1. Estonian: Eestimaa kubermang, German: Gouvernement Estland, Russian: Эстляндская губерния, romanized: Estlyandskaya guberniya

References

External links

Categories: