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| {{Short description|Autonomous entity of the Russian Republic 1917–1918}} | |||
| {{cleanup}} | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}} | |||
| {{main|History of Estonia}} | |||
| {{Unreferenced|date=May 2010}} | |||
| {{Infobox Former Subdivision | {{Infobox Former Subdivision | ||
| |native_name = |
| native_name = {{langx|et|Autonoomne Eestimaa kubermang}} | ||
| |conventional_long_name = |
| conventional_long_name = Governorate of Estonia | ||
| |common_name = Estonia | | common_name = Estonia | ||
| |subdivision = Autonomous |
| subdivision = ] | ||
| |nation |
| nation = the ] | ||
| | government_type = Autonomous governorate | |||
| ⚫ | |year_start = 1917 | ||
| | title_leader = Commissar | |||
| |event_start = | |||
| | leader1 = ] | |||
| |date_start = ], ] (''autonomy'') | |||
| | year_leader1 = 1917 | |||
| ⚫ | |year_end = 1918 | ||
| | legislature = ] | |||
| |event_end = | |||
| ⚫ | | year_start = 1917 | ||
| |date_end = ], ] (''de jure'')<br>], ] (''de facto'') | |||
| | event_start = Local autonomy | |||
| ⚫ | |event_pre = | ||
| | date_start = 12 April | |||
| ⚫ | |date_pre = | ||
| | event1 = Sovereignty declared | |||
| ⚫ | |event_post = | ||
| | date_event1 = 28 November 1917 | |||
| ⚫ | |date_post = | ||
| | event2 = Narva (including Ivangorod) added to the governorate | |||
| |p1 = Reval Governorate | |||
| | date_event2 = 3 January 1918 | |||
| |flag_p1= Flag of Russia (bordered).svg | |||
| ⚫ | | year_end = 1918 | ||
| |p2 = Riga Governorate | |||
| | date_end = 24 February | |||
| |flag_p2= Flag of Russia (bordered).svg | |||
| | event_end = ] | |||
| |s1 = Estonia | |||
| ⚫ | | event_pre = | ||
| ⚫ | |flag_s1 = Flag of Estonia |
||
| ⚫ | | date_pre = | ||
| ⚫ | | |
||
| ⚫ | | event_post = | ||
| |image_coat = The Principality of Estland.jpg | |||
| ⚫ | | date_post = | ||
| |image_map = Rzeczpospolita 1920.png | |||
| | p1 = Governorate of Estonia | |||
| |image_map_caption = Estland was located approximately on the later territory of ] (above, green), declared ], ]. | |||
| ⚫ | | flag_p1 = Eestimaa värvid.svg | ||
| ⚫ | |capital = ] | ||
| | p2 = Governorate of Livonia | |||
| ⚫ | |political_subdiv= | ||
| | flag_p2 = Flag of the Governorate of Livonia.svg | |||
| | s1 = Estonia | |||
| ⚫ | | flag_s1 = Flag of Estonia.svg | ||
| | image_coat = | |||
| | image_map = | |||
| | image_map_caption = Autonomous Governorate of Estonia | |||
| ⚫ | | capital = ] | ||
| ⚫ | | political_subdiv = | ||
| | footnotes = | |||
| | today = ] | |||
| | flag = Estonia In Russian Empire.png | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| The '''Autonomous Governorate of Estonia'''{{efn|{{langx|et|Eestimaa kubermang}}, {{langx|de|Gouvernement Estland}}, {{langx|ru|Эстляндская губерния|Estlyandskaya guberniya}}}} of the ] was established as a result of the ] and ceased to exist prior to ] becoming a fully independent country in 1918. | |||
| '''Estonia''' (also ''Estland'', {{lang-et|Eestimaa}}, ]: ''Ehstland'', {{lang-ru|Эстляндия}}) as an unified and separate political entity first emerged as a result of the ]. For most of its history, Estonia was divided between two states or provinces. The ] in the north corresponded to the historic ] ''(Eestimaa)''. Most Estonians however lived in ].<ref>]</ref> After the ] of 1917, the Reval Governorate was extended on ] (] ]) to include the native Estonian areas of northern Livonia. The ] also granted national autonomy to Estonia. | |||
| ==History== | |||
| Elections for a provisional parliament, '']'' was organized, with the ] and ] fractions of the ] becoming the largest parties. On ], ], two days before the ] in ], Estonian Bolshevik leader ] led his ] insurgents to a coup in ], then the capital of Estland, and took political power in governate from governor ] at ]. On ] (November 15) 1917 the Menshevik dominated ''Maapäev'', refusing to recognize the new Bolshevik rule, proclaimed itself the supreme legal authority of Estonia. It was soon however disbanded by the the Bolsheviks. In 1918, elections for a ] were arranged, anti-Bolshevik parties again winning the majority. | |||
| For most of the time during the rule of Russian Empire 1710–1917, the area of what is now Estonia was divided between two ]. The ] in the north corresponded roughly to the area of ], and the northern portion of the ], which had a majority of ethnic Estonians. These two areas were amalgamated on {{OldStyleDate|12 April|1917|30 March}} by administrative reforms of the ]. | |||
| Free multi-party elections for the ] ('']'') were held in May–June 1917. On 5 November 1917, two days before the ] in ] (Saint Petersburg), local Bolsheviks led by ] and supported by pro-Soviet Russian soldiers and sailors declared themselves the new government in ] (Reval), and attempted to usurp political power in the governorate from governor ] on 9 November. On {{OldStyleDate|28 November|1917|15 November}} the ''Maapäev'', refusing to recognize the attempted Bolshevik coup d'état, proclaimed itself to be the only legally elected and constituted authority in Estonia. However, it was soon driven underground by the Bolsheviks. | |||
| ⚫ | In February, after the collapse of the peace talks between Soviet Russia and the ], mainland Estonia was |
||
| {{Main|1917 Estonian Provincial Assembly election}} | |||
| {{Main|Estonian Provincial Government}} | |||
| During the reign of the Soviet Estonian Executive Committee, Ants Dauman, the newly elected mayor of ], organized a ] with an intention of removing the town of Narva (including the then suburb of ]) from the ] and adding them to the new autonomous governorate, receiving permission for the referendum on {{OldStyleDate|29 November|1917|16 November}} from the ]. As 80% of the town's population supported joining Estonia in the {{OldStyleDate|23 December|1917|10 December}} plebiscite, the Soviet Estonian Executive Committee recognized the new additions to the governorate on {{OldStyleDate|3 January|1918|21 December|1917}}. Even though the plebiscite was to determine the administrative boundaries within Soviet Russia and it was organised by the Bolshevik regime, the subsequent governments of independent Estonia implicitly acknowledged the referendum's result, as the entire town of Narva (including the suburb of Ivangorod) became part of the territory of the newly independent Republic of Estonia from 1918 onward. | |||
| ⚫ | In February 1918, after the collapse of the peace talks between Soviet Russia and the ], mainland Estonia was ] by the ]'s armed forces. On 24 February 1918, one day before German forces entered Tallinn, the ] of the Estonian National Council ''Maapäev'' emerged from underground and issued the ]. After the German capitulation had ended ], on 11-14 November 1918, the representatives of Germany in Estonia handed over all power to the government of the newly independent ]. | ||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| * ] | |||
| {{notelist}} | |||
| == References == | == References == | ||
| {{ |
{{Reflist}} | ||
| == External links == | == External links == | ||
| <!-- * |
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| * | * | ||
| * | * | ||
| * | *--> | ||
| * | * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610022327/http://www.estonica.org/eng/lugu.html?menyy_id=97&kateg=43&alam=61&leht=5 |date=10 June 2007 }} | ||
| * | * | ||
| * | * | ||
| {{coord missing|Russia}} | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Estonia}} | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ] | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 01:03, 24 October 2024
Autonomous entity of the Russian Republic 1917–1918
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| Governorate of EstoniaEstonian: Autonoomne Eestimaa kubermang | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Autonomous entity of the Russian Republic | |||||||||||
| 1917–1918 | |||||||||||
| Capital | Reval (Tallinn) | ||||||||||
| Government | |||||||||||
| • Type | Autonomous governorate | ||||||||||
| Commissar | |||||||||||
| • 1917 | Jaan Poska | ||||||||||
| Legislature | Estonian Provincial Assembly | ||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
| • Local autonomy | 12 April 1917 | ||||||||||
| • Sovereignty declared | 28 November 1917 | ||||||||||
| • Narva (including Ivangorod) added to the governorate | 3 January 1918 | ||||||||||
| • Independence declared | 24 February 1918 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Today part of | Estonia | ||||||||||
The Autonomous Governorate of Estonia of the Russian state was established as a result of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and ceased to exist prior to Estonia becoming a fully independent country in 1918.
History
For most of the time during the rule of Russian Empire 1710–1917, the area of what is now Estonia was divided between two governorates. The Governorate of Estonia in the north corresponded roughly to the area of Danish Estonia, and the northern portion of the Governorate of Livonia, which had a majority of ethnic Estonians. These two areas were amalgamated on 12 April [O.S. 30 March] 1917 by administrative reforms of the Russian Provisional Government.
Free multi-party elections for the Provincial Assembly (Maapäev) were held in May–June 1917. On 5 November 1917, two days before the Bolshevik coup in Petrograd (Saint Petersburg), local Bolsheviks led by Jaan Anvelt and supported by pro-Soviet Russian soldiers and sailors declared themselves the new government in Tallinn (Reval), and attempted to usurp political power in the governorate from governor Jaan Poska on 9 November. On 28 November [O.S. 15 November] 1917 the Maapäev, refusing to recognize the attempted Bolshevik coup d'état, proclaimed itself to be the only legally elected and constituted authority in Estonia. However, it was soon driven underground by the Bolsheviks.
Main article: 1917 Estonian Provincial Assembly election Main article: Estonian Provincial GovernmentDuring the reign of the Soviet Estonian Executive Committee, Ants Dauman, the newly elected mayor of Narva, organized a plebiscite with an intention of removing the town of Narva (including the then suburb of Ivangorod) from the Petrograd Governorate and adding them to the new autonomous governorate, receiving permission for the referendum on 29 November [O.S. 16 November] 1917 from the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. As 80% of the town's population supported joining Estonia in the 23 December [O.S. 10 December] 1917 plebiscite, the Soviet Estonian Executive Committee recognized the new additions to the governorate on 3 January [O.S. 21 December] 1918. Even though the plebiscite was to determine the administrative boundaries within Soviet Russia and it was organised by the Bolshevik regime, the subsequent governments of independent Estonia implicitly acknowledged the referendum's result, as the entire town of Narva (including the suburb of Ivangorod) became part of the territory of the newly independent Republic of Estonia from 1918 onward.
In February 1918, after the collapse of the peace talks between Soviet Russia and the German Empire, mainland Estonia was occupied by the German Empire's armed forces. On 24 February 1918, one day before German forces entered Tallinn, the Salvation Committee of the Estonian National Council Maapäev emerged from underground and issued the Estonian Declaration of Independence. After the German capitulation had ended World War I, on 11-14 November 1918, the representatives of Germany in Estonia handed over all power to the government of the newly independent Republic of Estonia.
See also
Notes
- Estonian: Eestimaa kubermang, German: Gouvernement Estland, Russian: Эстляндская губерния, romanized: Estlyandskaya guberniya
References
External links
- On 28 November 1917, the Land council proclaimed itself the highest power in Estonia... Archived 10 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- On This Day – 28 November 1917
- Though the popularly elected Provisional National Council, had proclaimed itself the highest authority in Estonia as early as 28 November 1917...
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