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{{short description|Line of dietary supplements}}
{{Foodbox
{{pp|small=yes}}
| name = Juice Plus
{{use mdy dates|date=June 2020}}
| image = ]
{{Nutritional value
| caption = A 4-month supply of Juice Plus.<br>Ingredients shown are for Garden Blend, as listed on the product label, though three studies have indicated that the label's amounts are not entirely accurate.<ref name=plotnick/><ref name=environmental/><ref name=Consumerlab/>
| name = Juice Plus+ Garden Blend
| serving_size = 2 capsules (750 mg each)
| image = ]
| calories = 0
| caption = Juice Plus+ Orchard & Garden Blend
| calories_from_fat =
| serving_size = 2 capsules (1.5g)
| total_fat = 0
| kJ = 21
| cholesterol =
| sodium = 10 mg | carbs = 1 g
| starch =
| total_carbohydrate = 1 g
| dietary_fiber = < 1 g | sugars = <1 g
| sugars = | lactose =
| protein = < 1 g | fiber = <1 g
| fat =
| vitamin_a = 140%
| vitamin_c = | satfat =
| vitamin_e = 80% | transfat =
| calcium = 4% | monofat =
| iron = 2% | polyfat =
| folate = 70% | omega3fat =
| omega6fat =
| ingredients = vegetable juice powder and pulp from carrots, parsley, beets, kale, broccoli, cabbage, spinach, and tomato; gelatin, lipase, amylase, protease, cellulase, beet fiber, barley bran, oat bran, cabbage fiber, glucomannan, plant cellulose, dried plant fiber, Lactobacillus acidophilus, vegetable-derived magnesium stearate, anthocyanins, allicin, lycopene, polyphenol catechins, Dunaliella salina (algae), and indole carbinols.
| protein = <1 g
| source = Juice Plus Garden Blend U.S. bottle label
| water =
| notes = Amounts vary with other brands, such as Orchard Blend
| alcohol =
}}'''Juice Plus+''' is a ]ed line of ]s containing concentrated ] and ] juice ]s fortified with added ] and ]. Introduced in ]<ref name=mlmw2/> and sold via direct or ], the supplements are advertised as "the next best thing to fruits and vegetables," a claim which has stirred considerable controversy. Marketing claims made about Juice Plus products suggest that they can provide benefits such as reducing ] and promoting ] health. Critics have argued that there is no scientific proof that Juice Plus offers significant health benefits, and that deceptive claims are used in the product's marketing information. Studies which have set out to test the effects of Juice Plus have generated conflicting and controversial results.
| caffeine =
| vitA_ug =
| vitA_iu =
| vitA_asbeta_iu = 7000
| betacarotene_ug =
| lutein_ug =
| thiamin_mg =
| riboflavin_mg =
| niacin_mg =
| pantothenic_mg =
| vitB6_mg =
| folate_ug = 280
| vitB12_ug =
| choline_mg =
| vitC_mg = 42
| vitD_ug =
| vitD_iu =
| vitE_mg =
| vitE_iu = 24
| vitK_ug =
| calcium_mg = 40
| iron_mg =
| magnesium_mg =
| manganese_mg =
| phosphorus_mg =
| potassium_mg =
| sodium_mg = 10
| zinc_mg =
| opt1n =
| opt1v =
| opt2n =
| opt2v =
| opt3n =
| opt3v =
| opt4n =
| opt4v =
| note =
| source = ConsumerLab.com<ref>{{cite web|title=ConsumerLab Multivitamin and Multimineral Supplements Review - Ingredient Comparison Tables| url=https://www.consumerlab.com/ingredients/multivitamin_multimineral_supplements/multivitamins/| date=15 June 2011| access-date= 18 August 2011}}{{subscription required}}</ref>
| source_usda = 0
| noRDA =
| float =
}}


'''Juice Plus''' is a ]ed line of ]s. It is produced by ] of ], for '''National Safety Associates''' ('''NSA'''; ]). Introduced in 1993,<ref name=mlmw2/> the supplements are distributed by NSA via ]. Juice Plus supplements contain fruit and vegetable juice extracts with added vitamins and nutrients.
==Product description==
There are several Juice Plus products, with the primary ones being '''Orchard Blend''' and '''Garden Blend''' capsules, which are sold together in 4-month supplies at a cost, in 2007, of approximately $160 USD.<ref name=jphome/> Nutrients are purchased from third-party suppliers<ref name=wise>{{cite journal | title = Changes in plasma carotenoid, alpha-tocopherol, and lipid peroxide levels in response to supplementation with concentrated fruit and vegetable extracts: A pilot study | author= Wise JA, Morin RJ, Sanderson R, Blum K | year = 1996 | journal = Curr Ther Res | volume = 57 | issue = 6 | pages = 445-61}}</ref> and added as fortifiers to the product's plant powders.<ref name=watzl/><ref name=samman2/> According to the manufacturer, the additives are used to restore the levels of micronutrients lost during processing and to ensure uniformity.<ref name=samman2>{{cite journal | author = Samman, S. | yeacr = 2003 | title = Letter to the Editor:Reply to Watzl and Bub | journal = J Nutr | volume = 133 | issue = 7 | pages = 3726 | url = http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/133/11/3726 | format = pdf}}</ref>


There is no good evidence that Juice Plus offers health benefits. Many marketing claims made about Juice Plus products are false or misleading.<ref name=ucbwl2/><ref name=ksu/>
Juice Plus Gummies, a candy-like supplement for children, were shown to consist of 85% corn syrup and 10% beef gelatin, plus the additional nutrients. The recommended regimen is 6 gummies per day.<ref name=stewart/>


==History== == History ==
===Foundation and early marketing===
National Safety Associates was founded in 1970 by Jay Martin, a schoolteacher-turned-entrepreneur, who continued as CEO as of 2012.<ref> (archived 2013-10-13)</ref> NSA initially sold home fire-protection equipment via door-to-door salespeople. In the late 1970s, they expanded into ] products. In 1986, they began using ],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Walsh|first1=James|title=You Can't Cheat an Honest Man: How Ponzi Schemes and Pyramid Frauds Work and Why They're More Common Than Ever|date=2009|publisher=Silver Lake Publishing|pages=186–7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xSVQEobDdMC|isbn=9781563431692}}</ref> then expanding their product line to ]s and educational games for pre-schoolers.<ref name=CommercialAppeal>{{cite journal| title = Marketing—education is NSA's new game| journal = The Commercial Appeal | date = June 30, 1991 }}</ref> In 1991, it was claimed that their sales structure constituted a ].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Grady|first1=Bill|last2=Goozner|first2=Merrill|last3=O`Brien|first3=John|title=Case Could Drain A Marketing Pool|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1991/02/19/case-could-drain-a-marketing-pool/|access-date=20 January 2018|work=Chicago Tribune|date=19 February 1991|language=en}}</ref>


In 1993, the ]'s office followed up on complaints that the company was deceptively requiring new distributors to make large upfront purchases of air and water filters. Each of the 32,000 distributors in Florida purchased an average of $7,000 worth of water filters, and many of these distributors were unable to sell all of them. The company's business in the United States decreased that year, requiring the layoff of dozens of employees.<ref>{{cite news |title= NSA returns to marketing focus, trims Memphis staff |work=] |location= Memphis |date=August 31, 1993 |author= Campbell, Laurel}}</ref>
Juice Plus is manufactured by Natural Alternatives International in ] and distributed by ] (NSA; ]) via direct or ]. NSA itself was founded in 1970, and before Juice Plus, was known for products such as ] and ]s, also sold through multi-level marketing. The company's business in the U.S. had decreased in 1993, requiring the layoff of dozens of employees,<ref>{{cite news|title=Corporate - NSA returns to marketing focus, trims Memphis staff|publisher='']''|date=August 31, 1993|author=Laurel Campbell}}</ref> but according to company representatives, Juice Plus, introduced in January 1993, rapidly achieved sales of $6 million per month,<ref name=union-1995>{{cite news|publisher='']''|date=February 22, 1995|author=Frank Green|title=O.J. plug is a plus. The prosecution mentions Juice Plus, and sales are up.}}</ref> becoming NSA's most successful new product.<ref name=union-1993>{{cite news|publisher='']''|date=June 19, 1993|author=Rod Riggs|title=Olympics may mean gold for San Marcos firm}}</ref> In January 1994, NSA signed athlete ] as the company's official celebrity endorser, on a multi-year six-figure contract. However, after Simpson's arrest for the murder of his wife a few months later, NSA suspended Simpson's contract. For the year of 1994, NAI reported sales of $34 million and net income of $1.9 million, with a total of 250 distributors.<ref name=union-1995/> The Juice Plus product was brought up during Simpson's ] in 1995, as the defense had claimed that Simpson could not have performed the murder because of an ] condition. However, jurors were shown a videotape of Simpson giving a motivational speech at a Juice Plus rally in Dallas in March 1994, a few months before his arrest. In the video, Simpson was heard saying that Juice Plus had cured his arthritis pain and improved his ] game.<ref>{{cite news|publisher='']''|date=July 19, 1995|author=Linda Deutsch|title=Simpson exercise video shown in murder trial. Defendant jokes about punching wives.}}</ref> The resulting publicity further increased sales.<ref name=union-1995/>


NSA later expanded its business outside the United States, and according to the company, was selling products in 33 countries as of 2000.<ref>{{cite news|work= Jefferson City News-Tribune |date=November 26, 2000 |title=Business notes}}</ref> NSA stopped manufacturing and marketing its water filter product line in 2007.
The product is marketed via distributors who receive a 30 percent cut of retail sales, and a 20 percent cut of wholesale sales.<ref name=union-1995/>


===Supplement products===
== Product research ==
Juice Plus was NSA's first product, launched in 1993. The primary products in the Juice Plus line include "Orchard Blend" (a fruit juice powder-based supplement) and "Garden Blend" (vegetable juice powder-based) capsules, which are sold together in a four-month pack at a cost of approximately US$167 (2009).{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} Other supplement products available in the Juice Plus line as of 2011 included Vineyard Blend (grape/berry juice powder-based) capsules, Juice Plus Complete (meal replacement powder), Juice Plus Chewables (Orchard and Garden Blends), and Juice Plus Chewables (Vineyard Blend).<ref name=CurrentProds>{{cite web|url=https://www.juiceplus.com/nsa/content/OtherProducts.soa|title=Other Juice Plus+® Products|access-date=2011-08-08|publisher=juiceplus.com}}</ref> Discontinued products include Juice Plus Gummies, Juice Plus Thins (wafers), chewable tablets,<ref name=JPproducts>{{cite web|url=http://www.juiceplus.com/nsa/pages/OtherProducts.soa|title=Other Juice Plus+® Products|access-date=2011-06-01|publisher=juiceplus.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051130015231/http://www.juiceplus.com/nsa/pages/OtherProducts.soa |archive-date=2005-11-30}}</ref> and a vitamin formulation for dogs and cats.<ref name=catsanddogs>{{cite web|url=https://nsaag.nsaonline.com/images/petsbrochure.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324210325/https://nsaag.nsaonline.com/images/petsbrochure.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-03-24|title=Juice Plus+® for Dogs/Juice Plus+® for Cats|access-date=2011-06-01|publisher=nsaonline.com}}</ref>


In 2024, Juice Plus+’s launched Luminate, which claims to support mental clarity and cognitive health, along with overall well-being. While it uses scientifically validated ingredients, the product statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Juice Plus+ Luminate {{!}} Prepared Foods |url=https://www.preparedfoods.com/articles/129279-juice-plus-luminate |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=www.preparedfoods.com |language=en}}</ref>
Juice Plus is marketed as a dietary supplement that can provide some of the nutritional benefits of fruits and vegetables; however, multiple studies of varying standards have produced conflicting results as to the truth of these claims.


=== Philanthropy ===
Of the published ] studies on Juice Plus products, seven were funded and/or authored by the manufacturer, NAI,<ref name=plotnick/><ref name=wise/><ref name=leeds/><ref name=kiefer/><ref name=smith/><ref name=inserra/><ref name=samman>{{cite journal | author = Samman S., et al. | year = 2003 | title = A mixed fruit and vegetable concentrate increases plasma antioxidant vitamins and folate and lowers plasma homocysteine in men | volume = 133 | issue = 7 | pages = 2188-93 | url = http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/133/7/2188 | format = pdf}}</ref> three were funded by the main distributor, NSA, <ref name=kiefer/><ref name=bloomer>{{cite journal | title = Oxidative stress response to aerobic exercise: comparison of antioxidant supplements | author= Bloomer RJ, et al. | date = 2006 | journal = Med Sci Sports Exerc | volume=38 | pages= 1098-1105}}</ref><ref name=nantz>{{cite journal | title = Immunity and antioxidant capacity in humans is enhanced by consumption of a dried, encapsulated fruit and vegetable juice concentrate | author= Nantz MP, Rowe CA, Nieves C Jr, Percival SS. | date = 2006 | journal = J Nutr | volume=136 | pages= 2606-10 }}</ref> two were funded by individual Juice Plus distributors,<ref name=bamonti>{{cite journal | title=Increased free malondialdehyde concentrations in smokers normalise with a mixed fruit and vegetable juice concentrate: a pilot study | author=Bamonti F, et al. | year=2006 | journal=Clin Chem Lab Med | volume=44 | issue=4 | pages= 391-6 }}</ref><ref name=panunzio>{{cite journal | title = Supplementation with fruit and vegetable concentrate decreases plasma homocysteine levels in a dietary controlled trial | author=Panunzio MF, et al. | date = 2003 | journal = Nutr Res | volume=23 | pages= 1221-8 }}</ref> and two studies were conducted independently.<ref name=chambers/><ref name=stewart/>
Juice Plus+ will serve as the presenting sponsor at the 2024 St. Jude Memphis Marathon Weekend, a fundraiser for ]. The company has supported this event for 23 years and last year raised over $143,000 in support of pediatric cancer research and treatment. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-15 |title=Juice Plus+ Supports St. Jude Memphis Fundraiser - Direct Selling News |url=https://www.directsellingnews.com/2024/10/15/juice-plus-supports-st-jude-memphis-fundraiser/ |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=www.directsellingnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>


== Manufacturing ==
The products examined in the majority of the studies were Garden Blend and Orchard Blend; three studies were performed on Vineyard Blend taken in combination with Garden and Orchard Blend,<ref name=plotnick/><ref name=nantz/><ref name=houston/> and one study was on Juice Plus Gummies.<ref name=stewart/>
]
The main ingredients in Juice Plus Orchard Blend and Garden Blend capsules (vegetable and fruit juices) are reduced to powder through a proprietary process by an unrelated supplier,<ref name= NSA10K>{{cite web|url=http://sec.edgar-online.com/1996/07/30/00/0000950144-96-004677/Section2.asp|title=NSA International, Inc. Form 10-K (7/30/1996)|access-date=2007-09-15|publisher= | website= sec.edgar-online.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213220901/http://sec.edgar-online.com/1996/07/30/00/0000950144-96-004677/Section2.asp|archive-date=2008-02-13}}</ref> and then blended and encapsulated by NAI, which produces the finished product. Juice Plus capsules are "enriched with pure β-], ], ], and ]".<ref name=watzl/> Two NAI-sponsored studies <ref name= wise>{{cite journal | title = Changes in plasma carotenoid, alpha-tocopherol, and lipid peroxide levels in response to supplementation with concentrated fruit and vegetable extracts: A pilot study |vauthors= Wise JA, Morin RJ, Sanderson R, Blum K | year = 1996 | journal = Curr Ther Res | volume = 57 | issue = 6 | pages = 445–461 | doi = 10.1016/S0011-393X(96)80053-1}}</ref> mention that the fruit and vegetable powders in Juice Plus include standardized levels of natural β-carotene derived from '']'' and soy-derived ] (vitamin E), which are supplied by the Henkel Corporation (now doing business as ]),<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to Cognis |url=http://www.cognis.com/framescout.html?/nutritionandhealth/home.htm| website= cognis.com |publisher= Cognis |access-date=20 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820110543/http://www.cognis.com/framescout.html?%2Fnutritionandhealth%2Fhome.htm |archive-date=20 August 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name= yahoocognis>{{cite web|url=http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/108/108557.html|title=Yahoo Finance: Cognis Corporation Company Profile |access-date=2007-09-16|publisher=| website= biz.yahoo.com}}</ref> and ascorbic acid derived from ], which is supplied by Schweizerhall Pharma.<ref>{{cite web|title=Schweizerhall Pharma homepage|url=http://www.schweizerhall.com/html/?id=100&L=1|publisher=Schweizerhall Pharma| website= schweizerhall.com |access-date=20 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611192119/http://www.schweizerhall.com/html/?id=100&L=1|archive-date=11 June 2008}}</ref>


== ConsumerLab product testing==
=== Nutrient absorption ===
Juice Plus+ Garden Blend was tested by ] in their ''Multivitamin and Multimineral Supplements Review'' of 38 of the leading multivitamin/multimineral products sold in the U.S. and Canada. Testing included amounts of selected index elements, their ability to disintegrate in solution per ] guidelines, lead contamination threshold set in ], and meeting U.S. ] (FDA) labeling requirements.<ref>{{cite web| title=ConsumerLab Multivitamin and Multimineral Supplements Review - Testing Method| url=https://www.consumerlab.com/howtested/review_multivitamin_compare/multivitamins/| date=15 June 2011| access-date=18 August 2011}}</ref>


Garden Blend failed ConsumerLab's test as it contained only 76.4% of its claimed calcium, which was noted was low to start (labeled as just 4% of the ] per serving.) On 23 June 2011, ConsumerLab was informed of misinformation circulated by a Juice Plus distributor incorrectly stating the variation was due to the analytical method used. ConsumerLab responded that their analytic method used was ICP-MS (]), a "highly precise and sensitive method of testing calcium". ConsumerLab also noted that the calcium deficiency in Juice Plus was confirmed with this method in two independent laboratories prior to publication of their Review.<ref>{{cite web| title=ConsumerLab Multivitamin and Multimineral Supplements Review - Main Review| url=https://www.consumerlab.com/reviews/Multivitamin_Multimineral_Supplements/multivitamins/| date=15 June 2011| access-date=18 August 2011}}{{subscription required}}</ref>
Though Juice Plus contains some nutrients, concerns have been raised that these nutrients may not be ], meaning not effectively absorbed by the human body, and that some of the nutrients claimed to be in the products may not be present in significant amounts.<ref name=watzl/><ref name=stewart/> Studies on nutrient absorption showed that subjects taking Juice Plus had elevated blood levels of folate and beta-carotene<ref name=kiefer>{{cite journal | title = Supplementation with mixed fruit and vegetable juice concentrates increased serum antioxidants and folate in healthy adults | author=Kiefer I, Prock P, Lawrence C, Wise J, Bieger W, Bayer P, Rathmanner T, Kunze M, Rieder A | date = 2004 | journal = J Am Coll Nutr | volume=23 | issue=3 | pages= 205-11 | url=http://www.jacn.org/cgi/reprint/23/3/205.pdf | format=pdf}}</ref><ref name=smith>{{cite journal | title = Supplementation with fruit and vegetable extracts may decrease DNA damage in the peripheral lymphocytes of an elderly population | author= Smith MJ, Inserra PF, Watson RR, Wise JA, O'Neill KL | date = 1999 | journal = Nutr Res | volume=19 | issue = 10 | pages= 1507-18}}</ref> <ref name=samman>{{cite journal | author = Samman S., et al. | year = 2003 | title = A mixed fruit and vegetable concentrate increases plasma antioxidant vitamins and folate and lowers plasma homocysteine in men | journal = J Nutr | volume = 133 | issue = 7 | pages = 2188-93 | url = http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/133/7/2188 | format = pdf}}</ref> but the effects on blood levels of vitamin E and vitamin C were inconsistent. Some studies have shown significant increases in vitamin E<ref name=wise>{{cite journal | title = Changes in plasma carotenoid, alpha-tocopherol, and lipid peroxide levels in response to supplementation with concentrated fruit and vegetable extracts: A pilot study | author= Wise JA, Morin RJ, Sanderson R, Blum K | year = 1996 | journal = Curr Ther Res | volume = 57 | issue = 6 | pages = 445-61}}</ref><ref name=kiefer/> and C levels,<ref name=wise/><ref name=kiefer/><ref name=leeds/> while other studies have shown much weaker effects on vitamin E<ref name=leeds/><ref name=samman/> and C levels<ref name=samman/>, and that the levels of the two vitamins are not significantly increased.<ref name=smith/><ref name=bloomer>{{cite journal | title = Oxidative stress response to aerobic exercise: comparison of antioxidant supplements | author= Bloomer RJ, et al. | date = 2006 | journal = Med Sci Sports Exerc | volume=38 | pages= 1098-1105}}</ref> Studies have also found that Juice Plus does not raise the blood levels of other key phytonutrients from fresh fruits and vegetables, such as ],<ref name=smith/><ref name=samman/> ],<ref name=smith/><ref name=samman/> ],<ref name=smith/><ref name=samman/><ref name=nantz>{{cite journal | title = Immunity and antioxidant capacity in humans is enhanced by consumption of a dried, encapsulated fruit and vegetable juice concentrate | author= Nantz MP, Rowe CA, Nieves C Jr, Percival SS. | date = 2006 | journal = J Nutr | volume=136 | pages= 2606-10 }}</ref> and beta-cryptoxanthin.<ref name=smith/><ref name=inserra>{{cite journal | author = Inserra PF, Jiang S, Solkoff D, Lee J, Zhang Z, Xu M, Hesslink R, Wise J, Watson RR | year = 1999 | title = Immune function in elderly smokers and nonsmokers improves during supplementation with fruit and vegetable extracts | journal = Integr Med | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 3-10 }}</ref><ref name=samman/><ref name=nantz/>


=== Antioxidant activity === == Sales ==
Juice Plus products are marketed by individual distributors who receive sales commissions ranging from 6% (for enrolling five customers in 30 days) to 14% (for enrolling 20 customers in 30 days).<ref name=yahoobiz>{{cite web|url=http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/120/120429.html|title=NSA Inc. Company Profile|access-date=2007-09-15|publisher=biz.yahoo.com|archive-date=June 3, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603235708/http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/120/120429.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Detailed sales figures for Juice Plus are not publicly available, but NSA representatives claimed that Juice Plus achieved monthly sales of $6 million in 1993<ref name=union-1995>{{cite news|newspaper=]|date=February 22, 1995|author=Green, Frank|title=O.J. plug is a plus. The prosecution mentions Juice Plus, and sales are up.}}</ref> and that it was the company's most successful new product.<ref name=union-1993>{{cite news|work=] |date=June 19, 1993|author=Riggs, Rod|title=Olympics may mean gold for San Marcos firm}}</ref> According to NSA vice-president John Blair, sales of Juice Plus in 2008 were "approaching $300 million but have leveled off due to economic factors."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://subscribers.nutritionbusinessjournal.com/direct/0501-juice-plus-uses-childrens-market/wall.html?return=http://subscribers.nutritionbusinessjournal.com/direct/0501-juice-plus-uses-childrens-market/index.html| title=MLM company reports sales of Juice Plus+| access-date=2009-05-01| publisher=NutritionalBusinessJournal.com}}{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref>


== Product research ==
NSA claims that Juice Plus is an effective antioxidant, and quotes a study, funded by the manufacturer, which showed a 75% reduction in lipid peroxidation (an ] marker) after 7 to 28 days.<ref name=wise/> Other studies sponsored by the manufacturer have also reported reductions in lipid peroxidation<ref name=leeds>{{cite journal | title=Availability of micronutrients from dried, encapsulated fruit and vegetable preparations: a study in healthy volunteers | author=Leeds AR, et al. | year = 2000 | journal = J Hum Nutr Diet | volume=13 | pages=21-7 }}</ref> and DNA oxidation.<ref name=smith/> These studies were not blinded or placebo-controlled, included few participants (in one case no more than 15), and did not include monitoring or control of the participants' food intake. One such study<ref name=wise/> was criticized as “a particularly poor study” by Rosemary Stanton in the Australian journal, '']''.<ref name=stanton/>
Doubts have been raised about the advertised benefits of Juice Plus by ], University of California Berkeley, ], and other sources.<ref name=mlmw2>{{cite web | last = Barrett| first = Stephen | author-link = Stephen Barrett| title = Juice Plus: A Critical Look |publisher = MLM Watch| url = http://www.mlmwatch.org/04C/NSA/juiceplus.html | access-date = 2009-08-21}}</ref><ref name=ksu>{{cite web | last = Maruyama| first = Fudeko T. |author2=Mary P. Clarke| title = Juice Plus, Food or Supplement
| publisher = Kansas State University, Dept. of Human Nutrition|date=January 1995| url = http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/humannutrition/_timely/JUICE.HTM | access-date = 2007-07-22 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060206033026/http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/humannutrition/_timely/JUICE.HTM |archive-date = 2006-02-06}}</ref><ref name=watzl>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Watzl B, Bub A |title=Fruit and vegetable concentrate or vitamin supplement? |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=133 |issue=11 |pages=3725; author reply 3726 |date=November 2003|pmid=14608104 |url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14608104|doi=10.1093/jn/133.11.3725 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=mscc>{{cite web | title = Juice Plus| publisher = Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center | url = https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/juice-plus| date = November 27, 2012 | access-date = May 1, 2013 }}</ref><ref name=ucbwl1>{{cite web | title = Juice Plus—and minus | publisher = University of California Berkeley Wellness Letter | url = http://www.berkeleywellness.com/subCorner/pdf/2000/0011.pdf | access-date = 2006-10-15 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928123613/http://www.berkeleywellness.com/subCorner/pdf/2000/0011.pdf | archive-date = 2007-09-28 }}</ref><ref name=goodwin>{{cite web | last = Goodwin | first = Kathy | title = Dietary supplements: facts about Juice Plus | publisher = The Diet Channel | url = http://www.thedietchannel.com/Dietary-Supplements-Facts-About-Juice-Plus.htm | access-date = 2006-10-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061120021027/http://www.thedietchannel.com/Dietary-Supplements-Facts-About-Juice-Plus.htm | archive-date = 2006-11-20 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=stanton>{{cite journal|title=Nutrition: who can you believe? |author=Stanton R|year=2000 |journal=] |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=23–7 |url=http://www.skeptics.com.au/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/theskeptic/2000/4.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509182300/http://www.skeptics.com.au/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/theskeptic/2000/4.pdf |archive-date=2012-05-09 }}</ref><ref name=tufts>{{cite journal | title = The minuses of Juice Plus | year = 2006 | journal = Tufts University Health & Nutrition Letter |issn=1526-0143 | volume=24 | issue=6 | pages= S1,4 }}</ref> The product has been criticized on the basis that: its marketing is unsupported by research data, it contains too little fruit and vegetable powder to offer significant clinical benefits,<ref name=ucbwl1/> its effects can be attributed to the inclusion of added ] vitamins and micronutrients, and it is excessively priced relative to its potential benefits.<ref name=mlmw2/><ref name=ucbwl2/><ref name=ksu/><ref name=mscc/><ref name=stanton/><ref name=SLPD>{{cite news|date=January 15, 2007|newspaper=]|title=Nutritional shortcut bypasses benefits of eating the real thing|author=Schontz, Lori}}</ref> Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Clinic referred to Juice Plus as a "pricey supplement" that is "distributed through a multi-tiered marketing scheme with exaggerated value and cost."<ref name=mscc/>


===Nutrients and phytochemicals===
Three other studies which were conducted under more rigorous conditions, meaning ], ], ]-controlled studies, longer in duration and with more subjects, found no significant reductions in lipid peroxidation,<ref name=samman/><ref name=bloomer/> DNA oxidation, <ref name=bloomer/><ref name=kiefer/><ref name=nantz/> or other markers of oxidative stress.<ref name=samman/><ref name=bamonti/>
Concerns have been raised that the nutrients in Juice Plus+ capsules may not be ] or effectively absorbed by the human body, and that some of the nutrients claimed to be in the products may not be present in significant amounts.<ref name=watzl/> Studies on nutrient absorption showed that subjects taking Juice Plus had elevated blood levels of ] and ],<ref name=kiefer>{{Cite journal |author=Kiefer I |title=Supplementation with mixed fruit and vegetable juice concentrates increased serum antioxidants and folate in healthy adults |journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=205–11 |date=June 2004 |pmid=15190044 |url=http://www.jacn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15190044 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415033250/http://www.jacn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15190044 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-04-15 |name-list-style=vanc |author2=Prock P |author3=Lawrence C |display-authors=3 |last4=Wise |first4=J |last5=Bieger |first5=W |last6=Bayer |first6=P |last7=Rathmanner |first7=T |last8=Kunze |first8=M |last9=Rieder |first9=A |doi=10.1080/07315724.2004.10719362 |s2cid=41881983 }}</ref><ref name=smith>{{cite journal | title = Supplementation with fruit and vegetable extracts may decrease DNA damage in the peripheral lymphocytes of an elderly population |vauthors=Smith MJ, Inserra PF, Watson RR, Wise JA, O'Neill KL | year = 1999 | journal = Nutr Res | volume=19 | issue = 10 | pages= 1507–1518 | doi = 10.1016/S0271-5317(99)00107-4}}</ref> but the effects on blood levels of ] and ] were inconsistent. Some studies have shown significant increases in vitamin E<ref name="wise"/><ref name=kiefer/> and C levels,<ref name=wise/><ref name=kiefer/> while other studies have shown much weaker effects on vitamin E and C levels, and that the levels of vitamin E<ref name=smith/> and vitamin C<ref name=smith/> are not significantly increased. Juice Plus was found to increase blood ] levels in several studies,<ref name = wise/> while other studies have indicated that Juice Plus does not raise blood levels of lycopene<ref name=smith/> or other phytochemicals in fresh fruits and vegetables such as ],<ref name=smith/> ],<ref name=smith/> and ].<ref name=smith/><ref name=inserra>{{cite journal |vauthors=Inserra PF, Jiang S, Solkoff D, Lee J, Zhang Z, Xu M, Hesslink R, Wise J, Watson RR | year = 1999 | title = Immune function in elderly smokers and nonsmokers improves during supplementation with fruit and vegetable extracts | journal = Integr Med | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–10 | doi = 10.1016/S1096-2190(99)00010-4 }}</ref>


===Conflicts of interest in studies===
One study, which used an ] test of ] activity, found that 1 g of Juice Plus Garden Blend/Orchard Blend powder had the corresponding antioxidant capacity to approximately 10 g (fresh weight) of fruit or vegetable, amounting to 30 g (roughly one-third of a serving) per 4 capsules.<ref name=chambers>{{cite journal | author = Chambers SJ, et al.| year = 1996| title = Evaluation of the antioxidant properties of a methanolic extract from ‘Juice Plus fruit’ and ‘Juice Plus vegetable’ (dietary supplements) | journal = Food Chem | volume = 57 | issue = | pages = 271-274 }}</ref>
In a critique of Juice Plus,<ref name=mlmw2/> consumer health advocate and alternative medicine critic ] of ] remarked upon the previous association between two authors of a 1996 Juice Plus research study <ref name=wise/> and ] (USAI), a multilevel marketing company that sold vitamin supplements with illegal claims that they could prevent many diseases.<ref name=mlmw3>{{cite web | last = Barrett| first = Stephen | author-link = Stephen Barrett| title = The Rise and Fall of United Sciences of America |publisher = MLM Watch| url = http://www.mlmwatch.org/04C/USA/usa.html | access-date = 2007-07-27}}</ref><ref name=stare>{{cite journal | author = Stare, F.J. | year = 1986 | title = Marketing a nutritional "revolutionary breakthrough". Trading on names | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 315 | issue = 15 | pages = 971–973 |pmid=3762604 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198610093151518}}</ref><ref name=young>{{cite journal | author = Young, E.A. |author2=Schenker, S. |author3=Weser, E. | year = 1987 | title = United Sciences of America, Incorporated: an "optimal" diet? | journal = Ann Intern Med | volume = 107 | issue = 1 | pages = 101–3 | pmid = 3592422 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-107-1-101}}</ref><ref name=renner>{{cite journal | author = Renner, J.H. | year = 1986 | title = Science or scam? | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 315 | issue = 15 | pages = 971 | pmid=3762603 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198610093151517 }}</ref><ref name=holden>{{cite journal | author = Holden, C. | year = 1986 | title = Scientists get flak over marketing plan | journal = Science | volume = 234 | issue = 4780 | pages = 1063–1064 |doi=10.1126/science.3775374 | pmid = 3775374 | bibcode = 1986Sci...234.1063H }}</ref><ref name=money>{{cite journal | year = 1987 | title = USA: The strange rise and fall of one MLM | journal = Money | issue = June 1 | url = https://money.cnn.com/magazines/moneymag/moneymag_archive/1987/06/01/83881/index.htm }}</ref> In 1986, lead author ], who later co-authored several other Juice Plus research studies,<ref name=kiefer/><ref name=smith/><ref name=inserra/> was USAI's Executive Vice-president of Research and Development; and second author Robert J. Morin was a scientific advisor who helped design the products. State and federal enforcement actions<ref name=mlmw3/><ref name=stare/><ref name=young/><ref name=renner/><ref name=holden/><ref name=money/> drove USAI out of business in 1987.<ref name=mlmw3/><ref name=young/><ref name=money/> Wise became a consultant to Natural Alternatives International (NAI) in 1987 and a company executive (vice-president of Research and Development) in 1992. Barrett noted that Wise was also an NAI shareholder and that production of Juice Plus for National Safety Associates (NSA) was responsible for 16% of NAI's sales in 1999.


NSAs Juice Plus website cites various research articles in support of the company's marketing claims about the biological effects of Juice Plus, maintaining that these "studies were conducted by independent researchers" at various universities.<ref name=JPresearchshows>{{cite web| title = Results of Juice Plus Clinical Research| publisher = ]| url = https://www.juiceplus.com/nsa/content/ResearchShows.soa| access-date = 2011-06-01| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110713124533/https://www.juiceplus.com/nsa/content/ResearchShows.soa| archive-date = 2011-07-13| url-status = dead}}</ref> Several of the studies were co-authored by Wise<ref name=wise/><ref name=smith/><ref name=inserra/><ref name=wiseijfsn>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wise JA, Kaats GR, Preuss HG, Morin RJ |title=β-Carotene and α-tocopherol in healthy overweight adults; depletion kinetics are correlated with adiposity |journal=Int J Food Sci Nutr|volume=60|issue=s3 |pages=65–75|year=2009|doi=10.1080/09637480902852553|pmid=19391032 |s2cid=28262943 }}</ref> and Morin.<ref name=wise/><ref name=wiseijfsn/>
One ]-controlled study conducted in 2002 found that Juice Plus Gummie candies did not significantly improve the ] status of children, as indicated by negative results from 6 different antioxidant tests.<ref name=stewart>{{cite journal | author = Stewart, R.J. et al.| year = 2002 | month=November | title = Antioxidant status of young children: Response to an antioxidant supplement | journal = ] | volume = 102 | issue = 11 | pages = 1652-7}}</ref> The authors explained this by saying it was possible that the supplement did not contain enough of the proper antioxidants to make a significant difference or that the antioxidants extracted in the fruit/vegetable extract were not ].


=== Cardiovascular effects === == Advertising violations ==
In 2019, companies trading under the Juice Plus brand name in ], ], and the ] were levied a €1 million penalty by Italy's Competition and Market Authority (AGCM) for deceptive marketing practices in breach of ] advertising law. The AGCM cited evidence that the companies were posting fake user testimonials alleging that the products could help with weight loss and disease treatment. The parties involved had previously been the subject of an investigation on the Italian television program ''Patti Chiari'' that looked into the sales tactics used by distributors to market the products, and which revealed the use of secret ] groups where distributors were posing as satisfied customers.<ref name="BIT2020">{{cite news |last1=Scozzari |first1=Carlotta |title=Juice Plus, 1 milione di multa dall'Antitrust per i venditori di diete miracolose che si fingevano consumatori su Facebook |url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=it&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fit.businessinsider.com%2Fjuice-plus-sanzione-agcm-vendite-scorrette-social-network%2F&anno=2&sandbox=1 |access-date=February 20, 2020 |publisher=] |date=April 16, 2019}}</ref><ref name="RS2019">{{cite news |title=Juice Plus+, multa milionaria per pratica commerciale scorretta |url=https://www.rsi.ch/la1/programmi/informazione/patti-chiari/le-segnalazioni/Juice-Plus-multa-milionaria-per-pratica-commerciale-scorretta-11661154.html |access-date=February 20, 2020 |publisher=] |date=April 16, 2019}}</ref><ref name="NI2019">{{cite news |last1=Chu |first1=Will |title=Juice Plus + fined €1m for illegal supplement selling on 'secret' Facebook groups |url=https://www.nutraingredients.com/Article/2019/04/24/Juice-Plus-fined-1m-for-illegal-supplement-selling-on-secret-Facebook-groups |access-date=February 20, 2020 |agency=William Reed Business Media |publisher=Nutraingredients.com |date=April 25, 2019}}</ref>


In February 2020, the company that markets Juice Plus in ] was hit with a $37,800 penalty by the Australian ] (TGA) subsequent to the issuance of three infringement notices relating to the promotion of Juice Plus vitamin products for medical conditions, and to the use of endorsements by health professionals, in violation of the Therapeutic Goods Advertising Code.<ref name="TGA2020">{{cite web |title=Multi-level marketing company fined $37,800 for alleged advertising breaches |url=https://www.tga.gov.au/media-release/multi-level-marketing-company-fined-37800-alleged-advertising-breaches |publisher=] |access-date=February 20, 2020 |date=February 18, 2020}}</ref>
Several studies have examined the effects of Juice Plus capsules on biochemical parameters associated with ] function, again with conflicting results.


In June 2020, the ] (FTC) issued a warning letter to the Juice Plus Company for making unlawful claims that the company's products could treat or prevent ], as well as misleading claims that business opportunity participants were likely to earn substantial income.<ref name="FTC2020">{{cite web |title=Warning Regarding Health and Earnings Claims Related to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) |url=https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/warning-letters/covid-19-letter_to_juice_plus.pdf |publisher=] |access-date=June 6, 2020 |date=June 5, 2020}}</ref>
One non-controlled study found a 37% decrease in ] levels.<ref name=panunzio>{{cite journal | title = Supplementation with fruit and vegetable concentrate decreases plasma homocysteine levels in a dietary controlled trial | author=Panunzio MF, et al. | date = 2003 | journal = Nutr Res | volume=23 | pages= 1221-8 }}</ref>


== O. J. Simpson ==
Other more rigorous studies, including two that were ], double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, found that ] levels were not reduced<ref name=plotnick/><ref name=bamonti>{{cite journal | title=Increased free malondialdehyde concentrations in smokers normalise with a mixed fruit and vegetable juice concentrate: a pilot study | author=Bamonti F, et al. | year=2006 | journal=Clin Chem Lab Med | volume=44 | issue=4 | pages= 391-6 }}</ref> or were reduced only marginally (7%).<ref name=samman/>
University of California Berkeley Wellness Letter<ref name=ucbwl1/> and MLMWatch<ref name=mlmw2/> commented on the unreliability of Juice Plus testimonials provided by former professional athlete ]. Simpson, known commonly as "O. J." and "The Juice",<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823152242/http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/simpson/oj.htm |date=August 23, 2016 }}</ref> signed a multi-year six-figure contract with NSA in January 1994 and became an official celebrity endorser of Juice Plus. In March 1994, Simpson was videotaped telling 4,000 Juice Plus distributors at a sales meeting that the product had cured his arthritis, improved his golf game, and freed him from using anti-arthritic drugs.<ref name=mlmw2/><ref name=RogerFriedman>{{cite news|publisher=]|date=November 21, 2006|author=Friedman, Roger|title=If O.J. Simpson did it, this is how| url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,231034,00.html| access-date = 2007-09-15}}</ref><ref name=deutsch>{{cite news|newspaper=]|date=July 19, 1995|author=Deutsch, Linda|author-link=Linda Deutsch |title=Simpson exercise video shown in murder trial. Defendant jokes about punching wives}}</ref><ref name=sjmn>{{cite news|newspaper=]|date=February 17, 1995|title=Simpson said capsules killed his arthritis pain|access-date = 2007-09-15|pages = 15A|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SJ&s_site=mercurynews&p_multi=SJ&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB71E1D6BE78109&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM}}</ref> However, regarding the ] of his ex-wife ] and her friend, ], for which Simpson was tried and acquitted, Simpson claimed in his defence that he was too incapacitated by arthritis to have committed the murders<ref name=mlmw2/><ref name=ucbwl1/> and had continued to take the anti-inflammatory drug ].<ref name=mlmw2/><ref name=morrison>{{cite news|newspaper=]|date=September 14, 2007|author=Morrison, Patt|title=Book review: After 'yuck,' the farce of O. J. Simpson's book -- 'If I Did It' reads like a self-absorbed counseling session| url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-sep-14-et-book14-story.html| access-date = 2011-06-25}}</ref><ref name=RogerFriedman2>{{cite news| publisher=]| date=June 3, 2004| author=Friedman, Roger|title=O.J. defense doctor: 'some guilty people are set free'| url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,121622,00.html| access-date = 2007-09-15}}</ref><ref name=cnntranscript>{{cite news|publisher=] |date=October 24, 1995 |title=Partial transcript of Simpson civil trial (Regina D. Chavez official reporter) |url=http://www.cnn.com/US/OJ/simpson.civil.trial/transcripts.october/10.24.transcript.html |access-date=2007-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208184410/http://www.cnn.com/US/OJ/simpson.civil.trial/transcripts.october/10.24.transcript.html |archive-date=February 8, 2007 }}</ref><ref name=cnntranscript2>{{cite news|publisher=] |date=January 6, 1997 |title=Simpson civil trial transcript (Regina D. Chavez official reporter) |url=http://www.cnn.com/US/OJ/simpson.civil.trial/transcripts.january/01.06.transcript.html |access-date=2007-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209051548/http://www.cnn.com/US/OJ/simpson.civil.trial/transcripts.january/01.06.transcript.html |archive-date=February 9, 2007 }}</ref> As a result of the controversy surrounding Simpson, NSA cancelled his endorsement contract and stopped using the Simpson videotape to promote Juice Plus.<ref name=mscc/><ref name=ucbwl1/>

Two randomized, double-blind placebo controlled studies have examined the effect of Juice Plus on serum cholesterol and ] levels. One study found that Juice Plus had no significant effects;<ref name=samman/> the other found slight decreases in cholesterol (6%) and LDL (9%) in subjects that took Orchard/Garden Blend, but no reductions among subjects who took Juice Plus Vineyard blend in addition.<ref name=plotnick/>

One study found that Juice Plus had no effect on ] in healthy subjects.<ref name=plotnick/> This study also reported that a combined regimen of Juice Plus Orchard Blend and Garden Blend significantly decreased the impairment of brachial artery vasoactivity caused by a high-fat meal; however, the addition of Vineyard Blend to this regimen had no additional effect on brachial artery vasoactivity and led to an increase in total and low-density lipoprotein.<ref name=freeman>{{cite journal | title = High-fat diets and cardiovascular disease. Are nutritional supplements useful? | author=Freedman JE. | date = 2003 | journal = J Am Coll Cardiol | volume=41 | pages= 1750-2 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6T18-48MY548-K-1&_cdi=4884&_user=10&_orig=search&_coverDate=05%2F21%2F2003&_sk=999589989&view=c&wchp=dGLbVtb-zSkWb&md5=a6fb191bfaaafb167556efa7ff7e4a25&ie=/sdarticle.pdf | format = pdf }}</ref>

=== Adverse effects ===
Adverse effects of Juice Plus have been mentioned in three studies, none of which were randomized, blinded, or placebo-controlled. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center noted<ref name=mscc/> that in one of the studies,<ref name=inserra/> some subjects who took Orchard Blend and Garden Blend developed a hive-like rash, however MSKCC also noted that it was a poorly-designed study. Another study in 2000 reported adverse effects (upper-respiratory tract, urinary, and musculoskeletal) in roughly a third of the participants who took the products for 7 days. However, these events resolved spontaneously and were deemed by the researchers to be unrelated to treatment.<ref name=leeds/> In a third study from 2007, some subjects withdrew due to gastrointestinal distress, but it was unconfirmed as to whether or not this was caused by the Juice Plus regimen (a combination of Orchard Blend, Garden Blend, and Vineyard Blend).<ref name=houston>{{cite journal | title = Juice powder concentrate and systemic blood pressure, progression of coronary artery calcium and antioxidant status in hypertensive subjects: a pilot study | author= Houston MC, Cooil B, Olafsson BJ, Raggi P. | date = 2007 | journal = eCAM| volume=| issue= | pages= | url= http://ecam.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/nel108v1 | format=pdf}}</ref>


== Juice Plus Children's Research Foundation == == Juice Plus Children's Research Foundation ==
The Juice Plus Children's Research Foundation (JPCRF),<ref name=nsajpcrf>{{cite web | title = Juice Plus Children's Research Foundation homepage | publisher = National Safety Associates | url = http://www.childrensresearch.org | access-date = 2006-10-15 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20000409010009/http://www.childrensresearch.org/ | archive-date = 2000-04-09 }}</ref> founded in 1997, is a non-profit medical research organization (] code H99).<ref name=Gstar>{{cite web | title =Juice Plus Children's Research Foundation | publisher =Guidestar.org | url =http://www2.guidestar.org/ReportNonProfit.aspx?ein=62-1797852&Mode=NonGx&lid=746180&dl=True | access-date =2009-08-21 | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150101214641/http://www2.guidestar.org/ReportNonProfit.aspx?ein=62-1797852&Mode=NonGx&lid=746180&dl=True | archive-date =2015-01-01 }}</ref> Its stated goal is to promote better health in children. The foundation is chaired by executives of National Safety Associates and operates from the company's head office in ]. In fiscal year 2007, the majority of funds donated to the foundation were disbursed to ] (a faith-based social welfare organization) and to the ] of ].<ref name=IRS9902008>{{cite web | title = IRS990 2008: Juice Plus Children's Research Foundation| publisher = ]| date = March 6, 2009 | url =http://www.guidestar.org/FinDocuments/2008/621/797/2008-621797852-04d74810-9.pdf | access-date = 2011-08-10}}{{registration required}}</ref>


The Foundation's website shows results of an ongoing customer survey (The Juice Plus Children's Health Study) which suggests a link between Juice Plus consumption and a general improvement in diet and lifestyle habits. The ] Wellness Letter and ] of ] questioned the survey's scientific value, and claimed that the Foundation is being used mainly as a marketing gimmick to get families to buy Juice Plus products.<ref name=ucbwl2>{{cite web|title=Juice Up and Dried Out |publisher=University of California Berkeley Wellness Letter |url=http://www.berkeleywellness.com/html/ds/dsJuicePlus.php |format=PDF |access-date=December 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051013065658/http://www.berkeleywellness.com/html/ds/dsJuicePlus.php |archive-date=October 13, 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=jpcrf>{{cite web | last =Barrett | first = Stephen | author-link = Stephen Barrett | title =Questionable Research by the Juice Plus Children's Research Foundation | publisher = MLM Watch | url =http://www.mlmwatch.org/04C/NSA/crf.html | access-date = 2007-02-05}}</ref> Barrett's organization ] includes the JPCRF among its list of "Questionable 'Research' Entities".<ref name=jpcrfQW>{{cite web | last =Barrett | first = Stephen | author-link = Stephen Barrett | title =Questionable Organizations: An Overview | publisher = QuackWatch | url =http://www.quackwatch.com/04ConsumerEducation/nonrecorg.html| access-date = 2009-09-21}}</ref>
The Juice Plus Children's Research Foundation,<ref name=nsajpcrf>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Juice Plus Children's Research Foundation homepage | work = | publisher = National Safety Associates | date = | url = http://www.childrensresearch.org | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2006-10-15}}</ref> founded in 1997, is a non-profit organization whose stated goal is to initiate and/or support programs that advance the principle that improved nutrition leads to healthier lifestyle and overall better health in children. The foundation is chaired by executives of National Safety Associates and operates from the company's head office in ].


== See also ==
As of 2007, no research had been published by the Foundation, but it does conduct an ongoing survey which seems to link Juice Plus consumption to a general improvement in diet and lifestyle habits. Critics, including the ] Wellness Letter and Dr. ] of MLMWatch, question the survey's scientific value, and state that the Foundation is being used mainly as a marketing gimmick to get families to buy Juice Plus products.<ref name=jpcrf>{{cite web | last =Barrett | first = Stephen | authorlink = Stephen Barrett | title =Questionable Research by the Juice Plus Children's Research Foundation | publisher = MLM Watch | date = | url =http://www.mlmwatch.org/04C/NSA/crf.html | accessdate = 2007-02-05}}</ref><ref name=ucbwl2>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Juiced Up and Dried Out | work = | publisher = University of California Berkeley Wellness Letter | date = | url = http://www.berkeleywellness.com/html/ds/dsJuicePlus.php | format = pdf | doi = | accessdate = 2006-10-15}}</ref>
*]

== Criticism ==

According to '']'', in 2005, National Safety Associates used advertising featuring ], which implied that Juice Plus Gummies are low in sugar and a nutritional alternative to fruits and vegetables. This claim resulted in consumer complaints to the ]'s National Advertising Division (NAD). The BBB issued a complaint that NSA's claims were misleading, and as a result, NSA promised to modify its ads and stop calling Gummies “the next best thing to fruits and vegetables”.<ref name=consumerreports>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = How Product Testimonials Bend The Rules | work = | publisher = '']'' | date = | url = http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/personal-finance/producttestimonialtricks-of-the-trade-106.htm | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2006-10-15}}</ref> However, as of 2007, the Juice Plus homepage still advertises that the products are “the next best thing to fruits and vegetables”, though not specifically in reference to the Gummies.<ref name=jphome>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Juice Plus homepage | work = | publisher = National Safety Associates | date = | url = http://www.juiceplus.com | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2006-10-15}}</ref>

Concerns have also been raised about the accuracy of product labeling. Three studies which included chemical analyses of Juice Plus have indicated nutrient amounts that differ from the amounts listed on the product labels.<ref Name=plotnick>; Corretti MC, Vogel RA, Hesslink, Jr. R, Wise JA. (2003). "" (pdf). ''J Am Coll Cardiol'' '''41''' (10): 1744-9.</ref><ref name=environmental> {{cite news | title=EN Squeezes the Raw Truth Out of Juice Plus Claims | date = March 2002 | publisher= Environmental Nutrition | url = http://www.environmentalnutrition.com/pub/25_3/asken/150372-1.html}}</ref><ref name=Consumerlab> {{cite news | title=Multivitamin/multimineral product review: ingredient comparison tables | date = 2006 | publisher= Consumer Lab}}</ref> An unpublished chemical analysis of Juice Plus reported by ] International, a competing supplement company, is claimed to have shown that Juice Plus Orchard/Garden Blend did not contain detectable levels of alpha-carotene, lycopene, or lutein.<ref name=GNLD> {{cite news | title = Are all antioxidants what they claim to be? | date = | publisher= GNLD International | url = http://ww1.gnld.com/pages/businessguide_cd1005/gnldbustools_web/content/pdf/YouDecide/2001/YouDecide_Feb_01.pdf | format = pdf}}</ref>

Doubts have been raised about the benefits of Juice Plus by the ], the ] and other critics. Specific criticisms include: the product’s marketing being unsupported by research data, the product contains too little fruit and vegetable powder to offer significant clinical benefits, concerns that the effects can be attributed to the inclusion of added ] vitamins and micronutrients, and complaints that the products are excessively priced relative to their potential benefits.<ref name=watzl>{{cite journal | author = Watzl, B. | coauthors=Bub, A. | yeacr = 2003 | title = Letter to the Editor:Fruit and Vegetable Concentrate or Vitamin Supplement? | journal = J Nutr | volume = 133 | issue = 7 | pages = 3725 | url = http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/133/11/3725 | format = pdf}}</ref><ref name=mscc>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Juice Plus| work = | publisher = Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center | date = | url = http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/11571.cfm?RecordID=637&tab=HC | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2006-10-15}}</ref><ref name=ucbwl1>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Juice Plus—and minus | work = | publisher = University of California Berkeley Wellness Letter | date = | url = http://www.berkeleywellness.com/subCorner/pdf/2000/0011.pdf | format = pdf | doi = | accessdate = 2006-10-15}}</ref><ref name=ucbwl2/><ref name=goodwin>{{cite web | last = Goodwin | first = Kathy | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Dietary supplements: facts about Juice Plus | work = | publisher = The Diet Channel | date = | url = http://www.thedietchannel.com/Dietary-Supplements-Facts-About-Juice-Plus.htm | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2006-10-15}}</ref><ref name=stanton>{{cite journal | title = Nutrition: who can you believe?| author= | date = 2000 | journal = ]| volume=20 | issue=4 | pages= 23-7 | url = http://www.skeptics.com.au/journal/2000/4_nutrition.pdf}}</ref><ref name=mlmw2>{{cite web | last = Barrett| first = Stephen | authorlink = Stephen Barrett| coauthors = | title = Juice Plus: A Critical Look | work = | publisher = MLM Watch| date = | url = http://www.mlmwatch.org/04C/NSA/juiceplus.html | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2006-10-15}}</ref>

Juice Plus has drawn criticism as a result of connections with the now-bankrupt supplement company ] (USAI).<ref name=mlmw2/> Several of the research articles published on Juice Plus were authored by ],<ref name=plotnick/><ref name=kiefer/><ref name=smith/><ref name=inserra/><ref name=wise/> who is the Chief Science Officer and a shareholder of the company that manufactures Juice Plus (Natural Alternatives International; NAI). Immediately prior to joining NAI in 1987, Wise had served as Executive vice-President of Research & Development for USAI. In October 1986, USAI was the subject of an expose produced by ], which revealed the company’s use of fraudulent scientific claims and deceptive advertising.<ref name=farley>{{cite journal | author = Farley, Dixie | year = 1987| title = The eyes of Texas were upon them - and FDA - United Sciences of America Inc | journal = FDA Consumer | volume = | issue = October | pages = | url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1370/is_v21/ai_5273121/pg_1 | format = }}</ref>
The FDA subsequently investigated USAI for pyramid-scheming, the use of false and misleading promotional materials, and for making prohibited disease treatment claims. Attorneys General in California, New York and Texas simultaneously filed lawsuits ordering USAI to change its marketing plan and sales claims. In response, USAI filed for bankruptcy and ceased operations in 1987, at which time John A. Wise began employment with NAI. USAI’s deceptive sales and marketing tactics were reviewed in several articles published in 1986-1987.<ref name=stare>{{cite journal | author = Stare, F.J. | coauthors=. | year = 1986 | title = Marketing a nutritional "revolutionary breakthrough". Trading on names. | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 315 | issue = 15 | pages = 971-3 | url = | format = }}</ref><ref name=young>{{cite journal | author = Young, E.A. | coauthors= Schenker, S., Weser, E. | year = 1987 | title = United Sciences of America, Incorporated: an "optimal" diet? | journal = Ann Intern Med. | volume = 107 | issue = 1 | pages = 101-3 | url = | format = }}</ref><ref name=renner>{{cite journal | author = Renner, J.H. | coauthors= | year = 1986 | title = Science or scam? | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 315 | issue = 15 | pages = 971 | url = | format = }}</ref><ref name=holden>{{cite journal | author = Holden, C. | coauthors= | year = 1986 | title = Scientists get flak over marketing plan | journal = Science | volume = 234 | issue = 4780 | pages = 1063-4 | url = | format = }}</ref><ref name=money>{{cite journal | author = | coauthors= | year = 1987 | title = USA: The strange rise and fall of one MLM | journal = Money | volume = | issue = June 1 | pages = | url = http://money.cnn.com/magazines/moneymag/moneymag_archive/1987/06/01/83881/index.htm | format = }}</ref>


== References == == References ==
{{reflist}} {{reflist|2}}


== External links == == External links ==
* – official website
* - BBC (video)
* , a home carbonation system formerly produced by NSA


{{Multi-level marketing}}
*



] ]
] ]

Latest revision as of 06:27, 14 December 2024

Line of dietary supplements

Juice Plus+ Garden Blend
Juice Plus+ Orchard & Garden Blend
Nutritional value per 2 capsules (1.5g)
Energy21 kJ (5.0 kcal)
Carbohydrates1 g
Sugars<1 g
Dietary fiber<1 g
Protein<1 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity %DV
Vitamin A as
beta-Carotene		140% 7000 IU
Folate (B9)70% 280 μg
Vitamin C47% 42 mg
Vitamin E109% 24 IU
MineralsQuantity %DV
Calcium3% 40 mg
Sodium0% 10 mg
Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.
Source: ConsumerLab.com

Juice Plus is a branded line of dietary supplements. It is produced by Natural Alternatives International of San Marcos, California, for National Safety Associates (NSA; Collierville, Tennessee). Introduced in 1993, the supplements are distributed by NSA via multi-level marketing. Juice Plus supplements contain fruit and vegetable juice extracts with added vitamins and nutrients.

There is no good evidence that Juice Plus offers health benefits. Many marketing claims made about Juice Plus products are false or misleading.

History

Foundation and early marketing

National Safety Associates was founded in 1970 by Jay Martin, a schoolteacher-turned-entrepreneur, who continued as CEO as of 2012. NSA initially sold home fire-protection equipment via door-to-door salespeople. In the late 1970s, they expanded into water filtration products. In 1986, they began using multi-level marketing, then expanding their product line to air filters and educational games for pre-schoolers. In 1991, it was claimed that their sales structure constituted a Ponzi scheme.

In 1993, the United States Attorney General's office followed up on complaints that the company was deceptively requiring new distributors to make large upfront purchases of air and water filters. Each of the 32,000 distributors in Florida purchased an average of $7,000 worth of water filters, and many of these distributors were unable to sell all of them. The company's business in the United States decreased that year, requiring the layoff of dozens of employees.

NSA later expanded its business outside the United States, and according to the company, was selling products in 33 countries as of 2000. NSA stopped manufacturing and marketing its water filter product line in 2007.

Supplement products

Juice Plus was NSA's first product, launched in 1993. The primary products in the Juice Plus line include "Orchard Blend" (a fruit juice powder-based supplement) and "Garden Blend" (vegetable juice powder-based) capsules, which are sold together in a four-month pack at a cost of approximately US$167 (2009). Other supplement products available in the Juice Plus line as of 2011 included Vineyard Blend (grape/berry juice powder-based) capsules, Juice Plus Complete (meal replacement powder), Juice Plus Chewables (Orchard and Garden Blends), and Juice Plus Chewables (Vineyard Blend). Discontinued products include Juice Plus Gummies, Juice Plus Thins (wafers), chewable tablets, and a vitamin formulation for dogs and cats.

In 2024, Juice Plus+’s launched Luminate, which claims to support mental clarity and cognitive health, along with overall well-being. While it uses scientifically validated ingredients, the product statements have not been evaluated by the FDA.

Philanthropy

Juice Plus+ will serve as the presenting sponsor at the 2024 St. Jude Memphis Marathon Weekend, a fundraiser for St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital. The company has supported this event for 23 years and last year raised over $143,000 in support of pediatric cancer research and treatment.

Manufacturing

Juice Plus+ pills

The main ingredients in Juice Plus Orchard Blend and Garden Blend capsules (vegetable and fruit juices) are reduced to powder through a proprietary process by an unrelated supplier, and then blended and encapsulated by NAI, which produces the finished product. Juice Plus capsules are "enriched with pure β-carotene, ascorbic acid, vitamin E, and folic acid". Two NAI-sponsored studies mention that the fruit and vegetable powders in Juice Plus include standardized levels of natural β-carotene derived from Dunaliella salina and soy-derived d-α-tocopherol (vitamin E), which are supplied by the Henkel Corporation (now doing business as Cognis Corporation), and ascorbic acid derived from acerola cherry, which is supplied by Schweizerhall Pharma.

ConsumerLab product testing

Juice Plus+ Garden Blend was tested by ConsumerLab.com in their Multivitamin and Multimineral Supplements Review of 38 of the leading multivitamin/multimineral products sold in the U.S. and Canada. Testing included amounts of selected index elements, their ability to disintegrate in solution per United States Pharmacopeia guidelines, lead contamination threshold set in California Proposition 65, and meeting U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) labeling requirements.

Garden Blend failed ConsumerLab's test as it contained only 76.4% of its claimed calcium, which was noted was low to start (labeled as just 4% of the Daily Value per serving.) On 23 June 2011, ConsumerLab was informed of misinformation circulated by a Juice Plus distributor incorrectly stating the variation was due to the analytical method used. ConsumerLab responded that their analytic method used was ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry), a "highly precise and sensitive method of testing calcium". ConsumerLab also noted that the calcium deficiency in Juice Plus was confirmed with this method in two independent laboratories prior to publication of their Review.

Sales

Juice Plus products are marketed by individual distributors who receive sales commissions ranging from 6% (for enrolling five customers in 30 days) to 14% (for enrolling 20 customers in 30 days). Detailed sales figures for Juice Plus are not publicly available, but NSA representatives claimed that Juice Plus achieved monthly sales of $6 million in 1993 and that it was the company's most successful new product. According to NSA vice-president John Blair, sales of Juice Plus in 2008 were "approaching $300 million but have leveled off due to economic factors."

Product research

Doubts have been raised about the advertised benefits of Juice Plus by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, University of California Berkeley, Center for Science in the Public Interest, and other sources. The product has been criticized on the basis that: its marketing is unsupported by research data, it contains too little fruit and vegetable powder to offer significant clinical benefits, its effects can be attributed to the inclusion of added exogenous vitamins and micronutrients, and it is excessively priced relative to its potential benefits. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Clinic referred to Juice Plus as a "pricey supplement" that is "distributed through a multi-tiered marketing scheme with exaggerated value and cost."

Nutrients and phytochemicals

Concerns have been raised that the nutrients in Juice Plus+ capsules may not be bioavailable or effectively absorbed by the human body, and that some of the nutrients claimed to be in the products may not be present in significant amounts. Studies on nutrient absorption showed that subjects taking Juice Plus had elevated blood levels of folate and β-carotene, but the effects on blood levels of vitamin E and vitamin C were inconsistent. Some studies have shown significant increases in vitamin E and C levels, while other studies have shown much weaker effects on vitamin E and C levels, and that the levels of vitamin E and vitamin C are not significantly increased. Juice Plus was found to increase blood lycopene levels in several studies, while other studies have indicated that Juice Plus does not raise blood levels of lycopene or other phytochemicals in fresh fruits and vegetables such as lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin.

Conflicts of interest in studies

In a critique of Juice Plus, consumer health advocate and alternative medicine critic Stephen Barrett of MLM Watch remarked upon the previous association between two authors of a 1996 Juice Plus research study and United Sciences of America, Inc. (USAI), a multilevel marketing company that sold vitamin supplements with illegal claims that they could prevent many diseases. In 1986, lead author John A. Wise, who later co-authored several other Juice Plus research studies, was USAI's Executive Vice-president of Research and Development; and second author Robert J. Morin was a scientific advisor who helped design the products. State and federal enforcement actions drove USAI out of business in 1987. Wise became a consultant to Natural Alternatives International (NAI) in 1987 and a company executive (vice-president of Research and Development) in 1992. Barrett noted that Wise was also an NAI shareholder and that production of Juice Plus for National Safety Associates (NSA) was responsible for 16% of NAI's sales in 1999.

NSAs Juice Plus website cites various research articles in support of the company's marketing claims about the biological effects of Juice Plus, maintaining that these "studies were conducted by independent researchers" at various universities. Several of the studies were co-authored by Wise and Morin.

Advertising violations

In 2019, companies trading under the Juice Plus brand name in Italy, Germany, and the United Kingdom were levied a €1 million penalty by Italy's Competition and Market Authority (AGCM) for deceptive marketing practices in breach of European Union advertising law. The AGCM cited evidence that the companies were posting fake user testimonials alleging that the products could help with weight loss and disease treatment. The parties involved had previously been the subject of an investigation on the Italian television program Patti Chiari that looked into the sales tactics used by distributors to market the products, and which revealed the use of secret Facebook groups where distributors were posing as satisfied customers.

In February 2020, the company that markets Juice Plus in Australia was hit with a $37,800 penalty by the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) subsequent to the issuance of three infringement notices relating to the promotion of Juice Plus vitamin products for medical conditions, and to the use of endorsements by health professionals, in violation of the Therapeutic Goods Advertising Code.

In June 2020, the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) issued a warning letter to the Juice Plus Company for making unlawful claims that the company's products could treat or prevent COVID-19, as well as misleading claims that business opportunity participants were likely to earn substantial income.

O. J. Simpson

University of California Berkeley Wellness Letter and MLMWatch commented on the unreliability of Juice Plus testimonials provided by former professional athlete O. J. Simpson. Simpson, known commonly as "O. J." and "The Juice", signed a multi-year six-figure contract with NSA in January 1994 and became an official celebrity endorser of Juice Plus. In March 1994, Simpson was videotaped telling 4,000 Juice Plus distributors at a sales meeting that the product had cured his arthritis, improved his golf game, and freed him from using anti-arthritic drugs. However, regarding the murder of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend, Ronald Goldman, for which Simpson was tried and acquitted, Simpson claimed in his defence that he was too incapacitated by arthritis to have committed the murders and had continued to take the anti-inflammatory drug sulfasalazine. As a result of the controversy surrounding Simpson, NSA cancelled his endorsement contract and stopped using the Simpson videotape to promote Juice Plus.

Juice Plus Children's Research Foundation

The Juice Plus Children's Research Foundation (JPCRF), founded in 1997, is a non-profit medical research organization (NTEE code H99). Its stated goal is to promote better health in children. The foundation is chaired by executives of National Safety Associates and operates from the company's head office in Collierville, Tennessee. In fiscal year 2007, the majority of funds donated to the foundation were disbursed to Volunteers of America (a faith-based social welfare organization) and to the Boys & Girls Clubs of Memphis.

The Foundation's website shows results of an ongoing customer survey (The Juice Plus Children's Health Study) which suggests a link between Juice Plus consumption and a general improvement in diet and lifestyle habits. The University of California Berkeley Wellness Letter and Stephen Barrett of MLM Watch questioned the survey's scientific value, and claimed that the Foundation is being used mainly as a marketing gimmick to get families to buy Juice Plus products. Barrett's organization Quackwatch includes the JPCRF among its list of "Questionable 'Research' Entities".

See also

References

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  2. United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
  3. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). "Chapter 4: Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". In Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. 120–121. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
  4. ^ Barrett, Stephen. "Juice Plus: A Critical Look". MLM Watch. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
  5. ^ "Juice Up and Dried Out". University of California Berkeley Wellness Letter. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 13, 2005. Retrieved December 15, 2009.
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  7. Partial company history as of 2012 (archived 2013-10-13)
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