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			{{Short description\|Writing system from the Brahmic family of scripts}}
	{{Infobox Writing system		{{Infobox Writing system
	\|name = Telugu		\| name = Telugu script
			\| altname = తెలుగు లిపి
	\|type = ]
			\| type = ]
	\|unicode=
			\| time = {{Circa\|1300 CE}}–present<ref name=epigraphy/>
	\|iso15924 = Telu
			\| languages = ]<br />]<br />]<br />]<br />]<br />]<br />]
			\| fam1 = ]
			\| fam2 = ]
			\| fam3 = ]
			\| fam4 = ]
			\| fam5 = ]
			\| fam6 = ]<ref>{{cite news \| url=http://www.engr.mun.ca/~adluri/telugu/language/script/script1d.html \| title=Evolution of Telugu Character Graphs \| access-date=2013-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.engr.mun.ca/~adluri/telugu/language/script/chart.jpg \|title=chart \|access-date=2020-06-15 \|archive-date=2020-07-24 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724101434/http://www.engr.mun.ca/~adluri/telugu/language/script/chart.jpg \|url-status=dead }}</ref>
			\| footnotes =
			\| sisters = ]
			\| unicode =
			\| iso15924 = Telu
			\| sample = Shukla Telugu Lipi.svg
			\| caption = The word 'Telugu Lipi' in Telugu script
			\| imagesize = 200px
	}}		}}
			{{brahmic}}
	'''Telugu script''', an ] from the ] of scripts, is used to write ], a ] found in the ]n state of ] as well as several other neighboring states. The Telugu script is derived from ]-] script which is also known as ] and developed independently at the same time as modern ] which is why it has strong resemblance with it. <ref name="Telugu script">{{cite web \|title=Origins of Telugu Script\|url=http://www.engr.mun.ca/~adluri/telugu/language/script/script1a.html\|author=Adluri, Seshu Madhava Rao Parachuri, Sreenivas\|publisher=\|work=\|accessdate=2007-02-22}}</ref><ref name="Old Kannada script">{{cite web \|title=Old Kannada \|url=http://www.ancientscripts.com/old_kannada.html \|author=Lawrence Lo \|publisher=Lawrence Lo \|work=Ancient Scripts \|accessdate=2007-02-22}}</ref>
			{{Contains special characters\|Indic}}

			'''Telugu script''' ({{langx\|te\|తెలుగు లిపి\|Telugu lipi}}), an ] from the ] of scripts, is used to write the ], a ] language spoken in the ]n states of ] and ] as well as several other neighbouring states. It is one of the ]. The Telugu script is also widely used for writing ] texts and to some extent the ]. It gained prominence during the ] also known as Vengi Chalukya era. It also shares extensive similarities with the ].
	==General characteristics==
	]
	Telugu is a ] language. Similar to most languages of India, each symbol in Telugu ] represents a complete ]. There is very little scope for confusion and spelling problems In that sense, it is a ] script. This form of script is considered to be the most scientific by the linguists. This syllabic script has been achieved by the use of a set of basic symbols, a set of modifier symbols and rules for modification. Officially, there are eighteen vowels, thirty-six consonants, and three dual symbols. Of these, thirteen vowels, thirty five consonants are in common usage There are two alternate symbols, viz., ''nakāra pollu'' and ''valapala gilaka (giraka)'' for ‘n’ and ‘r’ consonant sounds, respectively. In addition, symbols used in ] such as the ] are also permitted. Although rare in modern ], use of one symbol from ] ('zh') was also allowed. Each basic letter has at least one more symbol of union to be used when it is a subordinate sound to one or more consonants. Telugu uses the same decimal system that is commonly referred to as the ]. It has its own symbols for numerals. Most often however, modern numerals are used in place of traditional numeric symbols.
	{{original research}}
	{{Unreferenced\|date=February 2007}}

			==History==
	Telugu script has the capability to represent almost the entire phonetic spectrum of all Indian (and most world) languages.{{Fact\|date=February 2007}} For example, the only sound of the ] not represented fully in Telugu (in a theoretical sense) is the ‘a’ sound as in ‘apple.’{{Fact\|date=February 2007}} However, the sound is common in some commonly spoken words such as ''vaccaanu'', ''veLLaanu'', etc. Of the sounds indigenous to ], the current Telugu script does not represent the ‘zh’ (]) sound of tamiL (tamizh) properly. Centuries ago, this sound was a regular part of Telugu pronunciation. The associated sound however, has subsequently merged with ] Da or ] La .<ref>Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003) ''The Dravidian Languages'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-77111-0 at p. 152-153.</ref> Theoretically, it is also the closest sound to the ] letter ra/Da as in sarak/saDak. The European/Middle Eastern sound ‘F’ as in ‘father’ is not part of the original Telugu script. But the script has adapted itself to an almost seamless representation of this sound using ‘Pha.’ It must be pointed out that each living linguistic tradition includes several sounds and nuances that are not entirely represented by the rigid written script. However, all the sounds and nuances are familiar to the practitioners of that language and will not cause any problems. The ease with which the sounds and their corresponding character associations can be identified defines the ‘soundness’ of the script{{Fact\|date=February 2007}}. In that sense, Telugu stands as one of the best scripts in the world while maintaining an extensive sound base{{Fact\|date=February 2007}}.
			The ] used by ] kings eventually reached the ] delta and would give rise to the ] found on an urn purported to contain Lord ]'s relics.<ref>Antiquity of Telugu language and script: http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/20/stories/2007122054820600.htm</ref><ref> {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930085421/http://www.buddhavihara.in/ancient.htm \|date=2007-09-30 }}</ref> ] spread to ] from the nearby ports of ] and ] (ancient Maisolos of ] and Masalia of ]).<ref></ref> ] developed by the Kadamba dynasty was derived from the ] and later evolved into the ] after the 7th century.<ref name="epigraphy" /><ref name="Florian Coulmas p. 228">The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems by Florian Coulmas, p. 228</ref><ref name="Akshara Orthography 2019 p. 29">Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride (2019), p. 29</ref> The Telugu and Kannada scripts then separated by around 1300 CE.<ref name=epigraphy>Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in the Indo-Aryan Languages, by Richard Solomon, Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 35, 40–41, {{ISBN\|0-19-509984-2}}</ref><ref name="Murthy">{{cite web \|last1=Murthy \|first1=K.N. \|last2=Rao \|first2=G.U. \|date=April 2002 \|title=Telugu Script \|url=http://www.tdil.meity.gov.in/pdf/Vishwabharat/5/4.5.pdf\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218210257/http://www.tdil.meity.gov.in/pdf/Vishwabharat/5/4.5.pdf \|archive-date=2018-02-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Diringer \|first1=David \|title=The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind \|date=1948 \|page=381 \|author-link=David Diringer}}</ref> The Muslim historian and scholar ] referred to both the Telugu language as well as its script as "Andhri".<ref>
			{{cite book
			\|author=Al-biruni
			\|author-link=Al-biruni
			\|title=English translation of 'Kitab-ul Hind'
			\|publisher=National Book Trust
			\|location=New Delhi}}
			</ref>

			==Vowels==
	Since all ] have descended from ], the similarities between modern ] and telugu scripts will become apparent upon close observation. For example, the ] (Hindi) letter ‘ka’ if turned by 90 degrees on the side will resemble ‘ka’ in kannaDa. If the central bar in this symbol is omitted, it becomes telugu ‘ka.’ The top bar in ] is replaced by short bar with a curl at the end in ]. It becomes a full-fledged tick mark in telugu. Many such simple comparisons can be made. During this process of assimilating braahmee script, telugu took in all the symbolic representations of ]. It also retained its original sounds that are common to ] linguistic family. These include the short forms of vowels ‘e’ and ‘o’ and consonants 'La' and '~ra' (banDi ra) among other things. For completeness sake, Telugu also invented a couple of letters not generally listed in ] (long forms of vowels ‘R’ and 'alu'){{Fact\|date=February 2007}} although they are not being used commonly at the present time.
			Telugu uses sixteen ]s, each of which has both an independent form and a ] form used with ] to create ]s. The language makes a distinction between ].

			{\| class="wikitable"
	Telugu ] has a basic tendency towards circular forms. All the letters and their modifiers can be derived by a combination of parts of circles.
			\|- align="center"
			! Independent \|\| With {{lang\|te\|క}} ({{transl\|te\|ISO\|k}}) \|\| ] \|\| ]
			! Independent \|\| With {{lang\|te\|క}} ({{transl\|te\|ISO\|k}}) \|\| ] \|\| ]
			\|- align="center"
			\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|అ}} \|\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|క}} \|\| a \|\| {{IPA\|/a/}}
			\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|ఆ}} \|\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|కా}} \|\| ā \|\| {{IPA\|/aː/}}
			\|- align="center"
			\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|ఇ}} \|\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|కి}} \|\| i \|\| {{IPA\|/i/}}
			\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|ఈ}} \|\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|కీ}} \|\| ī \|\| {{IPA\|/iː/}}
			\|- align="center"
			\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|ఉ}} \|\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|కు}} \|\| u \|\| {{IPA\|/u/}}
			\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|ఊ}} \|\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|కూ}} \|\| ū \|\| {{IPA\|/uː/}}
			\|- align="center"
			\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|ఋ}} \|\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|కృ}} \|\| r̥ \|\| {{IPA\|/ɾu/}}
			\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|ౠ}}{{efn-lr\|name=archaic\|Not in modern use.}} \|\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|కౄ}} \|\| r̥̄ \|\| {{IPA\|/ɾuː/}}
			\|- align="center"
			\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|ఌ}}{{efn-lr\|name=archaic}} \|\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|కౢ}} \|\| l̥ \|\| {{IPA\|/lu/}}
			\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|ౡ}}{{efn-lr\|name=archaic}} \|\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|కౣ}} \|\| l̥̄ \|\| {{IPA\|/luː/}}
			\|- align="center"
			\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|ఎ}} \|\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|కె}} \|\| e \|\| {{IPA\|/e/}}
			\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|ఏ}} \|\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|కే}} \|\| ē \|\| {{IPA\|/eː/}}
			\|- align="center"
			\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|ఐ}} \|\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|కై}} \|\| ai \|\| {{IPA\|/aj/}}
			\|- align="center"
			\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|ఒ}} \|\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|కొ}} \|\| o \|\| {{IPA\|/o/}}
			\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|ఓ}} \|\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|కో}} \|\| ō \|\| {{IPA\|/oː/}}
			\|- align="center"
			\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|ఔ}} \|\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|కౌ}} \|\| au \|\| {{IPA\|/aw/}}
			\|}
			{{notelist-lr}}

			The independent form is used when the vowel occurs at the beginning of a word or syllable, or is a complete syllable in itself (example: a, u, o). The diacritic form is added to consonants (represented by the dotted circle) to form a consonant-vowel syllable (example: ka, kr̥, mo). {{lang\|te\|అ}} does not have a diacritic form, because this vowel is already inherent in all of the consonants. The other diacritic vowels are added to consonants to change their pronunciation to that of the vowel.
	==Brahmi script and Telugu==
	]
	The Nanda kings (and ] emperors who succeeded them) at ] adopted a script inspired by it for all their official communications. From this developed the ] and eventually the modern day ]. The figures below show the early brahmi script.

			Examples:
	The Andhra (]) dynasty introduced the brahmi to the present day ] and ] regions. The earliest inscriptions found in the ] land belong to more or less the same period. A number of early ] coins and other remains were found in ]. It is therefore reasonable to assume that ] introduced the script to the Tamil country also. The ] were, for some time, ] of the Mauryan Empire. Mauryan Emperor ] the great (reign: 269-232 BCE) and the rise of ] played stellar roles in championing this spread of writing. Thus, Telugu and all the other south Indian languages had their scripts descended from the brahmi. There are direct or indirect references to 'lipi', 'likh', 'lekha', 'likhita' etc., in the literature belonging to the periods before this perceived spread of brahmi.
			{\| style="background:transparent;"
			\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|ఖ}} + {{lang\|te\|ఈ}} ({{lang\|te\|ీ}}) → {{lang\|te\|ఖీ}} \|\| {{IPA\|/kʰa/}} + {{IPA\|/iː/}} → {{IPA\|/kʰiː/}}</tr>

			\| style="font-size:18pt;" \| {{lang\|te\|జ}} + {{lang\|te\|ఉ}} ({{lang\|te\|ు}}) → {{lang\|te\|జు}} \|\| {{IPA\|/dʒa/}} + {{IPA\|/u/}} → {{IPA\|/dʒu/}}</tr>
	==Evolution of alphabet==
			\|}
	] was the official language of communication used by the ] Kings who were also referred to as the Saatakarnis and Andhras (Andhra BhRtya) in the ]. There is some evidence that the kings used a mother tongue that is different from the official language. It is highly likely that this tongue was a mixture of the precursor to modern Telugu and derivatives from other languages such as ]. The official Prakrit dialect was based on ]. But several pure Telugu words had crept into it. In fact, many ] texts such as 'gaathaa sapta Sati', 'vajjaa laggam' etc., had many Telugu words. This ] was originally written in the northern Brahmi.

			==Consonants==
	This script was quickly subjected to change to accommodate the writing practices and additional sounds of south Indian languages. The evolution of the alphabet in the Telugu land over the centuries is given in the two figures below:
	]
	]

			{\| class="wikitable"
	The first row in each figure represents current Telugu alphabets. (Modern Telugu has fifty-six primary characters.) The second row gives the ] ] from the third century BCE. This is the script used to proclaim the imperial edicts about Buddhist principles of compassion and empathy.
			\|- align="center"
			! Character \|\| Subscript \|\| ] \|\| ]
			! Character \|\| Subscript \|\| ] \|\| ]
			! Character \|\| Subscript \|\| ] \|\| ]
			! Character \|\| Subscript \|\| ] \|\| ]
			! Character \|\| Subscript \|\| ] \|\| ]
			\|- align="center"
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| క \|\| ్క \|\| ka \|\| {{IPA\|/ka/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| ఖ \|\| ్ఖ\|\| kha \|\| {{IPA\|/kʰa/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| గ \|\| ్గ \|\| ga \|\| {{IPA\|/ɡa/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| ఘ \|\| ్ఘ \|\| gha \|\| {{IPA\|/ɡʱa/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| ఙ \|\| ్ఙ \|\| ṅa \|\| {{IPA\|/ŋa/}}
			\|- align="center"
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| చ \|\| ్చ \|\| ca \|\| {{IPA\|/t͡ʃa/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| ఛ \|\| ్ఛ \|\| cha \|\| {{IPA\|/t͡ʃʰa/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| జ \|\| ్జ \|\| ja \|\| {{IPA\|/d͡ʒa/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| ఝ \|\| ్ఝ \|\| jha \|\| {{IPA\|/d͡ʒʱa/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| ఞ \|\| ్ఞ \|\| ña \|\| {{IPA\|/ɲa/}}
			\|- align="center"
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| ట \|\| ్ట \|\| ṭa \|\| {{IPA\|/ʈa/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| ఠ \|\| ్ఠ \|\|ṭha \|\| {{IPA\|/ʈʰa/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| డ \|\| ్డ \|\| ḍa \|\| {{IPA\|/ɖa/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| ఢ \|\| ్ఢ \|\| ḍha \|\| {{IPA\|/ɖʱa/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| ణ \|\| ్ణ \|\| ṇa \|\| {{IPA\|/ɳa/}}
			\|- align="center"
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| త \|\| ్త \|\| ta \|\| {{IPA\|/t̪a/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| థ \|\| ్థ \|\| tha \|\| {{IPA\|/t̪ʰa/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| ద \|\| ్ద \|\| da \|\| {{IPA\|/d̪a/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| ధ \|\| ్ధ \|\| dha \|\| {{IPA\|/d̪ʱa/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| న \|\| ్న \|\| na \|\| {{IPA\|/n̪a/}}
			\|- align="center"
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| ప \|\| ్ప \|\| pa \|\| {{IPA\|/pa/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| ఫ \|\| ్ఫ \|\| pha \|\| {{IPA\|/pʰa/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| బ \|\| ్బ \|\| ba \|\| {{IPA\|/ba/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| భ \|\| ్భ \|\| bha \|\| {{IPA\|/bʱa/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| మ \|\| ్మ \|\| ma \|\| {{IPA\|/ma/}}
			\|- align="center"
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| య \|\| ్య \|\| ya \|\| {{IPA\|/ja/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| ర \|\| ్ర \|\| ra \|\| {{IPA\|/ra/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| ల \|\| ్ల \|\| la \|\| {{IPA\|/la/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| వ \|\| ్వ \|\| va \|\| {{IPA\|/ʋa/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| ళ \|\| ్ళ \|\| ḷa \|\| {{IPA\|/ɭa/}}
			\|- align="center"
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| శ \|\| ్శ \|\| śa \|\| {{IPA\|/ʃa/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| ష \|\| ్ష \|\| ṣa \|\| {{IPA\|/ʂa/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| స \|\| ్స \|\| sa \|\| {{IPA\|/sa/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| హ \|\| ్హ \|\| ha \|\| {{IPA\|/ɦa/}}
			\|}

			Subscript letters are used in consonant clusters and geminate consonants.
	Row three in figure T1 is the third century BCE script found on the urn containing a portion of Buddha's mortal remains. The urn was the central object at the great monastery in Bhattiprolu in central ]. There were other such famous sacred containers housing Buddha's teeth or bones at Amaravati, Nagarjuna Konda, Danta Puram and other Stupas. Some of these Stupas were constructed by the Naga kings of Andhra even before the ] and ] rule.

	Row four in figue T1 describes the first century CE script used by ], Maharashtri Prakrit, and other southern dialects under the ] dynasty. This dynasty ruled modern day ] and parts of ] and ] between the fourth and third century BCE. Several kings of this dynasty had Maharashtrian wives among others. In the example below notice the reference to Kshatrapa king Nahapana. Kshatrapa (Kshatrava) was the title of ] kings. This particular Saka king was defeated by ] (reigned 78-102 CE). Kings of this dynasty performed several acts of religious merit. Among those was the creation of cave dwellings for Buddhist monks. Several such caves are found in ] (e.g., undavalli, mogalrājapuram-]) and ] (e.g., ] and Kanheri-]).

			===Marginal and archaic consonants===
	==Telugu inscriptions==
			* Additionally there are ౘ (ĉa) and ౙ (ẑa) for /t͡sa, d͡za/ which are rarely used, letters for <c, j> are commonly used instead.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://omniglot.com/writing/telugu.htm\|title=Telugu alphabet, pronunciation and language}}</ref> They are referred in Telugu as '''dantya ca''' and '''dantya ja''' respectively. During the last century, ఱ (ṟa) known as '''banḍi ra''' in Telugu has been dropped. This letter is referred to as '''banḍi ra''' as opposed to ర (ra) which is referred to as '''repha'''.
	===Asokan Brahmi inscription===
			{\| class="wikitable"
	]
			\|+ Archaic letters
	Figure S1 shows an example of Asokan inscriptions from ''rumminde''. The reference to ''devānapiyena piyadasina'' indicates ashoka (devānāmpriya, priyadarśi) and sakyamuni refers to ]. Similar inscriptions have been found in ] of ].
			\|- align="center"
			! Character \|\| ] \|\| ]
			! Character \|\| ] \|\| ]
			! Character \|\| ] \|\| ]
			\|- align="center"
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| ఴ \|\| ḻa \|\| {{IPA\|/ɻa/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| ఱ \|\| ṟa \|\| {{IPA\|/ra/}}
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| ౚ \|\| ḏa \|\| {{IPA\|/da/}}
			\|}

			The letter for a voiced alveolar plosive is found in some inscriptions, it is thought to have been distinguished from the trill ఱ (ṟa) intervocalically rarely; its mostly found after a nasal as in మూన్ౚు (mūnḏu).<ref>{{Cite web \| url=https://unicode.org/L2/L2012/12016-telugu-rrra-proposal.pdf \| title=Proposal to encode 0C5A TELUGU LETTER RRRA \| date=2012}}</ref>
	===Satavahana cave inscription===
	]
	After 218 CE, the ] dynasty was succeeded by its vassals, the ], whose script is shown in row 5 of figure T1. Although only three kings ruled in this dynasty, they commanded the love and affection of the people. Even today, anything very old is referred by ] as 'that from the time of ].'

			==Other diacritics==
	===Ikshvaku inscription===
	]
	The sixth row of figure T1 shows the north Indian ] used by the ] in the fourth century CE. Although the northern and southern scripts are still very similar, we can notice the divergence from this point onwards.

			There are also several other diacritics used in the Telugu script. ] mutes the vowel of a consonant, so that only the consonant is pronounced. ] and ] nasalize the vowels or syllables to which they are attached. ] adds a voiceless breath after the vowel or syllable it is attached to.
	===Salankayana Nandivarma inscription===
	The ] script of the fifth Century is given in the seventh row of figure T1. ] and ] were two of the many dynasties that succeeded the Ikshvakus. From their time, the script for Telugu and ] languages began clearly separating from that of the other south Indian and north Indian dialects. The following is an example of ] inscription from fourth century CE. They ruled between 300 CE and 420 CE with ] as the capital. Both ] and ] were ] under pallava kings who ruled from southern Telugu and northern Tamil lands. Notice the change over from ] to ] during this time.

			{\| class="wikitable"
	]
			\|- align="center"
	] were succeeded by ] kings from ]. In fact, ] is a Sanskritized name for ]. They ruled three or four central coastal districts between 420 and 611 CE from ], ] and ]. They seem to have patronized the great ] (c.686?-c.745?) who propounded ]' philosophy and his disciple Prabhakara Pandita. An inscription from their time is given below. Notice the reference to Lord Parvata Swami (of kOTappa konDa) and eleven Asvamedha yajnas. These kings followed the lead of ] kings in performing the Horse sacrifices. The ] also followed the same lead.
			! Character \|\| ]
			! Character \|\| ]
			! Character \|\| ]
			! Character \|\| ]
			\|- align="center"
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| ం \|\| ṁ
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| ఁ \|\| n̆
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| ః \|\| ḥ
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| ్ \|\|
			\|}

			Examples:
	===Vishnukundina inscription===
			{\|
	]
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" width="150px" \| క + ్ → క్ {{nbsp\|2}} \|\| {{transl\|te\|ISO\|ka}} + ∅ → {{transl\|te\|ISO\|k}}</tr>
	Around the time of ], a development of great significance in the history of ] took place in the modern day ]. All the royal inscriptions till that day used either ] or ]. This was in spite of the fact that there was a well developed local language in the ] land. Beginning with the ], the Royal courts started to increasingly replace Prakrit for its predecessor, the Sanskrit. By the time of ] dynasty, ] had gained a pre-eminent status. This powerful trend towards increasing Sanskritization was reversed by the ] kings who ruled from renaadu. This corresponds roughly to the modern day ], Eastern ], Southern ] and surrounding areas). They were vassals under the southern ] kings. They broke with the prevailing fashion and introduced the tradition of writing Royal proclamations in the local (Telugu) language. The earliest available inscription containing Telugu sentences comes from these ] kings and is dated to 573-576 CE. These Telugu ] kings had eventually gained prominence and filled the vacuum left by the end of ] dynasty. During the next fifty years, Telugu inscriptions appeared in the neighboring ] and all the surrounding regions. Their act of patronizing Telugu over ] had caught on and other kings in the Telugu land had begun to follow their lead. The first available Telugu inscription in the coastal ] comes from about 633 CE. Around the same time, the ] kings of ] also started using Telugu for inscriptions.
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| క + ఁ → కఁ \|\| {{transl\|te\|ISO\|ka}} + {{transl\|te\|ISO\|n̆}} → {{transl\|te\|ISO\|kan̆}}</tr>
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| క + ం → కం \|\| {{transl\|te\|ISO\|ka}} + {{transl\|te\|ISO\|ṁ}} → {{transl\|te\|ISO\|kaṁ}}</tr>
			\| style="font-size:14pt;" \| క + ః → కః \|\| {{transl\|te\|ISO\|ka}} + {{transl\|te\|ISO\|ḥ}} → {{transl\|te\|ISO\|kaḥ}}</tr>
			\|}

			===Marginal and archaic diacritics and signs===
	===Pallava Narasimha Varma I inscription===
			◌఼: Telugu nuqta.
	]
	In the meantime, ] were gaining prominence in the Tamil country. The origin of ] is still a subject of speculation. They were perhaps the descendents of the Saka ] warriors from ancient ]. Over the centuries, they wandered over western ] and sporadically waged wars with many dynasties. ] kings subdued them around the time of Christ. They might then have settled in the northern ] of ]. This area is still referred to as ] or Pallava Nadu and is the scene of one the central events in Telugu history (the twelfth century war of ]). These Telugu ] eventually gained prominence and set up small kingdoms. As they grew more powerful, a branch of these Pallavas had migrated to the Tamil country. There they had established one of the most cherished kingdoms in Tamil history. Their capitol was ], close the border between Tamil and Telugu lands. Although they were responsible for the destruction of much of the composite ]-]-] legacy of ] kings in terms of education, fine arts and architecture, they also took on the ] zeal for building and sculpture and evolved their own styles. The earliest available inscriptions with Tamil content were from the time of the rise of ] influence. By the time ] moved to the Tamil country from Telugu lands, ] gained its prominence in ] and displaced ]. The Pallavas took this newfound interest to ] and patronized some of the most illustrious Sanskrit poets like ] and ]. At that time, ] (and ] in the Tamil land) used to be written in the "pallava grantham" script. Row 8 of figure T1 lists this script. Modern ] eventually descended from it. A great number of south-east Asian languages including ] and ] had adapted variants of this grantham script and Telugu script over the centuries. A detailed example is given below. The language used is ].

			ఽ: Telugu avagraha.
	===Later developments===
	Although ] evolved from the southern sub-family of old ] and hence has a greater affinity with Tamil than Telugu, the scripts of the two languages were tied together for over two thousand years. This was mainly possible because ''telugu nadu'' and its neighbor ''karri nadu'' (mostly consisting of the present day states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh) were ruled by several kings for over two thousand years who owed their origins and/or allegiance jointly to both regions. The ] influenced the northern ] region for a long time before and after Christ. In fact, the earliest references to ] occur at the border between the modern day ] and ] States. ], ] and ] districts seem to be the first home of these kings. This region was the first to be referred to as Andhraapatha. Between the 5th and 9th Centuries, ] who ruled from ] and parts of northern Karnataka dominated the Telugu land for brief periods of time. In the sixth century, ] began their ascent over ] country and eventually over Telugu lands. From many indications, it appears that the present day ] in ] was the first home of ]. As early as 1st Century CE, they were mentioned as being the vassals and chieftains under the ] rule. Their place of residence at that time was the ] area. They apparently migrated to the northern ] area after suffering loses at the hands of ] kings. They eventually established one of the most brilliant and powerful empires of South Indian history. At their peak, they controlled the better part of western and southern India. They re-entered the Telugu land via the present day ]. This region was their strong hold for over six centuries. Although they tended to favor ] in the beginning, it is in ] that they re-learned Telugu. When the dynasty had branched off into Western and Eastern kingdoms, the eastern branch(es) had completely become Telugu speaking. Both branches continued to patronize Telugu and ]. The 'trinity' (ratna traya) of early Kannada literature ], ] and ] all lived in Telugu lands far from the border (because of their origin or patronage). More than any single ruling clan, it is the ] who influenced the modern form of Telugu script and its affinity with modern ].

			ౝ: Nakaara pollu.
	]
	Rows 9, 10 and 11 of figure T1 show the Chalukya scripts from the seventh, tenth and eleventh centuries. The later two are traditionally referred as the Vengi script, after the capital of the ] kingdom in modern day ]. Examples of this script were found all over the Telugu Nadu. Figures below give detailed samples.

			ఀ: The combining candrabindu nasal vowel diacritic of the Telugu script.
	]
	Figure S8 gives the script at the time when the great poet ] was composing Maha Bharatam at the court of ].

			ఄ: Combining anusvara above.
	The period of the twelfth to fourteenth centuries was a glorious era in Telugu history. It was the time of the ] that spread from ] in ] to control all of the Telugu land directly or indirectly. The Kakatiya emperors presided over a multi fold flowering of arts and literature. Row 12 of figure T1 shows the script they used. The detail below comes from the time when the greatest of Telugu writers, ] somayaji was composing Maha Bharatam.

			౷: Siddham sign.
	]
	After the demise of the ], Telugu was ably supported by the Reddi kingdoms in central coastal districts during the fourteenth and fifteenth Centuries. To them belongs the credit of nurturing the great ] and the incomparable ]. The scripts of that time are shown in rows 13 and 14 of figure T1. (Notice the Telugu idiom of figure S11.)

			౿: Tuumu sign.
	]
	]
	The end of the ] also sowed the seeds for the rise of the finest Empire in the South Indian history at ]. This empire over saw the development of all the four southern languages for several centuries. Much has been written about this period. The script used for Telugu and ] during this time is shown in the last row of figure T1. This is very similar to the modern day written script.

			==Places of articulation {{anchor\|Consonants}}==
	]
			There are five classifications of passive articulations:
	The figure below shows one of the first instances of Christian Missionary writings in Telugu. It was published by Rev. Benjamin Schultze in Halle/Magdeburg (modern Germany). About half a dozen Telugu works were published in ] at that time. Tamil had Christian writing and Bible translations from an even earlier time.
			: '''Kaṇṭhya''': ]
			: '''Tālavya''': ]
			: '''Mūrdhanya''': ]
			: '''Dantya''': ]
			: '''Ōshtya''': ]

			Apart from that, other places are combinations of the above five:
	]
			: '''Dantōsthya''': ] (E.g.: v)
	The only major change after this time is the regularization of the letters with the advent of modern printing.
			: '''Kantatālavya''': E.g.: ] e
			: '''Kantōsthya''': labial-velar (E.g.: Diphthong o)

			There are three places of active articulation:
	]
			: '''Jihvāmūlam''': ], for ]
	Over the years, several subtle changes took place in the Telugu character graphs and spelling patterns.
			: '''Jihvāmadhyam''': ], for ]

			: '''Jihvāgram''': ], for ] and ]
	], an English employee of the ] and eminent scholar played a significant role in adapting Telugu to the printing press. He and some others introduced changes in the script to better reflect the pronunciation patterns.
			: '''{{IAST\|Adhōṣṭa}}''': ], for ]

			The attempt of articulation of consonants ('''Uccāraṇa Prayatnam''') is of two types,
	In addition to the above examples of formal script, written form of Telugu included a continuous writing style called "golusu kattu" akin to English hand writing where each letter of a word is combined with the previous letter in one continuous stroke of the pen. This form, although very popular till about the middle of the 20th century, is not used any more.
			: '''Bāhya Prayatnam''': External effort
			:: '''Spṛṣṭa''': ]
			:: '''Īshat Spṛṣṭa''': ]
			:: '''Īshat Saṃvṛta''': ]
			: '''Abhyantara Prayatnam''': Internal effort
			:: '''Alpaprānam''': ]
			:: '''Mahāprānam''': ]
			:: '''Śvāsa''': ]
			:: '''Nādam''': ]

			=== Articulation of consonants ===
	== Vowels ==
			Articulation of consonants is the logical combination of components in the two prayatnams. The below table gives a view upon articulation of consonants.
	Telugu uses fourteen ], each of which has both a singular form and a diacritic form used with ] to create ]. It is important to note that this language '''does''' make a distinction between ].

			{\|class="wikitable"
	{\| class="wikitable" summary="Telugu Characters and their Pronunciations (indicated using the International Phonetic Alphabet)"
			\|+ Telugu Vyanjana Ucchārana Pattika<ref>"Telugulo Chandoviseshaalu", Page 127 (In Telugu).</ref>
	\|- style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
	! scope="row" \| Vowel (singular form)
	\| అ \|\| ఆ \|\| ఇ \|\| ఈ \|\| ఉ \|\| ఊ \|\| ఋ \|\| ౠ \|\| ఎ \|\| ఏ \|\| ఐ \|\| ఒ \|\| ఓ \|\| ఔ
	\|-		\|-
	! ~~scope~~="~~row~~" \| ~~Vowel~~ ~~(diacritic form)~~		! colspan="4" \| Prayatna Niyamāvalī
			! ]<br /> (jihvāmūlam)
	\| \|\| ా \|\| ి \|\| ీ \|\| ు \|\| ూ \|\| ృ \|\| ౄ \|\| ె \|\| ే \|\| ై \|\| ొ \|\| ో \|\| ౌ
			! ]<br /> (jihvāmadhyam)
	\|- class="IPA"
			! ]<br /> (jihvāgram)
	! scope="row" \| Pronunciation (])
			! ]<br /> (jihvāgram)
	\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\|
			! ]
			! ]<br />(adhōṣṭa)
			\|-
			! rowspan="5" \| '']''
			! rowspan="2" \|]
			! colspan="2" \|]
			\| '''ka (క)'''
			\| '''ca (చ)'''
			\| '''ṭa (ట)'''
			\| '''ta (త)'''
			\| —
			\| '''pa (ప)'''
			\|-
			! colspan="2" \|]
			\| '''kha (ఖ)'''
			\| '''cha (ఛ)'''
			\| '''ṭha (ఠ)'''
			\| '''tha (థ)'''
			\| —
			\| '''pha (ఫ)'''
			\|-
			! rowspan="2" \|]
			! colspan="2" \|]
			\| '''ga (గ)'''
			\| '''ja (జ)'''
			\| '''ḍa (డ)'''
			\| '''da (ద''')
			\| —
			\| '''ba (బ)'''
			\|-
			! colspan="2" \|]
			\| '''gha (ఘ)'''
			\| '''jha (ఝ)'''
			\| '''ḍha (ఢ)'''
			\| '''dha (ధ)'''
			\| —
			\| '''bha (భ)'''
			\|-
			!]
			! rowspan="2" \|], ],
			]
			! rowspan="4" \|]
			\| '''ṅa (ఙ)'''
			\| '''ña (ఞ)'''
			\| '''ṇa (ణ)'''
			\| '''na (న)'''
			\| —
			\| '''ma (మ)'''
			\|-
			! colspan="2" \| '']''
			\| —
			\| '''ya (య)'''
			\| '''ra (ర)'''<br />(])<br />'''ḷa (ళ)'''<br />(])
			\| '''la (ల)'''<br />(])<br />'''ṟa (ఱ)'''<br />(Kampita)<br />
			\| '''va (వ)'''
			\| —
			\|-
			! rowspan="2" \| '']''
			!]
			! rowspan="2" \|]
			\| ]
			\| '''śa (శ)'''
			\| '''ṣa (ష)'''
			\| '''sa (స)'''
			\| —
			\| —
			\|-
			!]
			\| '''ha (హ)'''
			\| —
			\| —
			\| —
			\| —
			\| —
	\|}		\|}

			The Telugu script has generally regular conjuncts, with trailing consonants taking a subjoined form, often losing the talakattu (the v-shaped headstroke). The following table shows all two-consonant conjuncts and one three-consonant conjunct, but individual conjuncts may differ between fonts. These are referred in Telugu as '''vattulu''' (వత్తులు).
	The singular form is used when the vowel occurs at the beginning of a word or syllable, or is a complete syllable in itself (example: a, u, o). The diacritic form is added to consonants (represented by the dotted circle) to form a consonant-vowel syllable (example: ka, kru, mo). It should be noted that అ does not have a diacritic form, because this vowel is already inherent in all of the consonants. The other diacritic vowels are added to consonants to change their pronunciation to that of the vowel.

			{\| class=wikitable align=center style="font-size:12pt"
	Examples:
			\|-
	{\| style="background:transparent;"
			! !! క !! ఖ !! గ !! ఘ !! ఙ !! చ !! ఛ !! జ !! ఝ !! ఞ !! ట !! ఠ !! డ !! ఢ !! ణ !! త !! థ !! ద !! ధ !! న !! ప !! ఫ !! బ !! భ !! మ !! య !! ర !! ల !! వ !! శ !! ష !! స !! హ !! ళ !! క్ష !! ఱ
	\|width="110px"\| ఖ + ఈ (ీ) → ఖీ \|\| {{IPA\|}} + → {{IPA\|}}</tr>
			\|-
	\| జ + ఉ (ు) → జు \|\| {{IPA\|}} + → {{IPA\|}}</tr>
			! క
			\| క్క \|\| క్ఖ \|\| క్గ \|\| క్ఘ \|\| క్ఙ \|\| క్చ \|\| క్ఛ \|\| క్జ \|\| క్ఝ \|\| క్ఞ \|\| క్ట \|\| క్ఠ \|\| క్డ \|\| క్ఢ \|\| క్ణ \|\| క్త \|\| క్థ \|\| క్ద \|\| క్ధ \|\| క్న \|\| క్ప \|\| క్ఫ \|\| క్బ \|\| క్భ \|\| క్మ \|\| క్య \|\| క్ర \|\| క్ల \|\| క్వ \|\| క్శ \|\| క్ష \|\| క్స \|\| క్హ \|\| క్ళ \|\| క్క్ష \|\| క్ఱ
			\|-
			! ఖ
			\| ఖ్క \|\| ఖ్ఖ \|\| ఖ్గ \|\| ఖ్ఘ \|\| ఖ్ఙ \|\| ఖ్చ \|\| ఖ్ఛ \|\| ఖ్జ \|\| ఖ్ఝ \|\| ఖ్ఞ \|\| ఖ్ట \|\| ఖ్ఠ \|\| ఖ్డ \|\| ఖ్ఢ \|\| ఖ్ణ \|\| ఖ్త \|\| ఖ్థ \|\| ఖ్ద \|\| ఖ్ధ \|\| ఖ్న \|\| ఖ్ప \|\| ఖ్ఫ \|\| ఖ్బ \|\| ఖ్భ \|\| ఖ్మ \|\| ఖ్య \|\| ఖ్ర \|\| ఖ్ల \|\| ఖ్వ \|\| ఖ్శ \|\| ఖ్ష \|\| ఖ్స \|\| ఖ్హ \|\| ఖ్ళ \|\| ఖ్క్ష \|\| ఖ్ఱ
			\|-
			! గ
			\| గ్క \|\| గ్ఖ \|\| గ్గ \|\| గ్ఘ \|\| గ్ఙ \|\| గ్చ \|\| గ్ఛ \|\| గ్జ \|\| గ్ఝ \|\| గ్ఞ \|\| గ్ట \|\| గ్ఠ \|\| గ్డ \|\| గ్ఢ \|\| గ్ణ \|\| గ్త \|\| గ్థ \|\| గ్ద \|\| గ్ధ \|\| గ్న \|\| గ్ప \|\| గ్ఫ \|\| గ్బ \|\| గ్భ \|\| గ్మ \|\| గ్య \|\| గ్ర \|\| గ్ల \|\| గ్వ \|\| గ్శ \|\| గ్ష \|\| గ్స \|\| గ్హ \|\| గ్ళ \|\| గ్క్ష \|\| గ్ఱ
			\|-
			! ఘ
			\| ఘ్క \|\| ఘ్ఖ \|\| ఘ్గ \|\| ఘ్ఘ \|\| ఘ్ఙ \|\| ఘ్చ \|\| ఘ్ఛ \|\| ఘ్జ \|\| ఘ్ఝ \|\| ఘ్ఞ \|\| ఘ్ట \|\| ఘ్ఠ \|\| ఘ్డ \|\| ఘ్ఢ \|\| ఘ్ణ \|\| ఘ్త \|\| ఘ్థ \|\| ఘ్ద \|\| ఘ్ధ \|\| ఘ్న \|\| ఘ్ప \|\| ఘ్ఫ \|\| ఘ్బ \|\| ఘ్భ \|\| ఘ్మ \|\| ఘ్య \|\| ఘ్ర \|\| ఘ్ల \|\| ఘ్వ \|\| ఘ్శ \|\| ఘ్ష \|\| ఘ్స \|\| ఘ్హ \|\| ఘ్ళ \|\| ఘ్క్ష \|\| ఘ్ఱ
			\|-
			! ఙ
			\| ఙ్క \|\| ఙ్ఖ \|\| ఙ్గ \|\| ఙ్ఘ \|\| ఙ్ఙ \|\| ఙ్చ \|\| ఙ్ఛ \|\| ఙ్జ \|\| ఙ్ఝ \|\| ఙ్ఞ \|\| ఙ్ట \|\| ఙ్ఠ \|\| ఙ్డ \|\| ఙ్ఢ \|\| ఙ్ణ \|\| ఙ్త \|\| ఙ్థ \|\| ఙ్ద \|\| ఙ్ధ \|\| ఙ్న \|\| ఙ్ప \|\| ఙ్ఫ \|\| ఙ్బ \|\| ఙ్భ \|\| ఙ్మ \|\| ఙ్య \|\| ఙ్ర \|\| ఙ్ల \|\| ఙ్వ \|\| ఙ్శ \|\| ఙ్ష \|\| ఙ్స \|\| ఙ్హ \|\| ఙ్ళ \|\| ఙ్క్ష \|\| ఙ్ఱ
			\|-
			! చ
			\| చ్క \|\| చ్ఖ \|\| చ్గ \|\| చ్ఘ \|\| చ్ఙ \|\| చ్చ \|\| చ్ఛ \|\| చ్జ \|\| చ్ఝ \|\| చ్ఞ \|\| చ్ట \|\| చ్ఠ \|\| చ్డ \|\| చ్ఢ \|\| చ్ణ \|\| చ్త \|\| చ్థ \|\| చ్ద \|\| చ్ధ \|\| చ్న \|\| చ్ప \|\| చ్ఫ \|\| చ్బ \|\| చ్భ \|\| చ్మ \|\| చ్య \|\| చ్ర \|\| చ్ల \|\| చ్వ \|\| చ్శ \|\| చ్ష \|\| చ్స \|\| చ్హ \|\| చ్ళ \|\| చ్క్ష \|\| చ్ఱ
			\|-
			! ఛ
			\| ఛ్క \|\| ఛ్ఖ \|\| ఛ్గ \|\| ఛ్ఘ \|\| ఛ్ఙ \|\| ఛ్చ \|\| ఛ్ఛ \|\| ఛ్జ \|\| ఛ్ఝ \|\| ఛ్ఞ \|\| ఛ్ట \|\| ఛ్ఠ \|\| ఛ్డ \|\| ఛ్ఢ \|\| ఛ్ణ \|\| ఛ్త \|\| ఛ్థ \|\| ఛ్ద \|\| ఛ్ధ \|\| ఛ్న \|\| ఛ్ప \|\| ఛ్ఫ \|\| ఛ్బ \|\| ఛ్భ \|\| ఛ్మ \|\| ఛ్య \|\| ఛ్ర \|\| ఛ్ల \|\| ఛ్వ \|\| ఛ్శ \|\| ఛ్ష \|\| ఛ్స \|\| ఛ్హ \|\| ఛ్ళ \|\| ఛ్క్ష \|\| ఛ్ఱ
			\|-
			! జ
			\| జ్క \|\| జ్ఖ \|\| జ్గ \|\| జ్ఘ \|\| జ్ఙ \|\| జ్చ \|\| జ్ఛ \|\| జ్జ \|\| జ్ఝ \|\| జ్ఞ \|\| జ్ట \|\| జ్ఠ \|\| జ్డ \|\| జ్ఢ \|\| జ్ణ \|\| జ్త \|\| జ్థ \|\| జ్ద \|\| జ్ధ \|\| జ్న \|\| జ్ప \|\| జ్ఫ \|\| జ్బ \|\| జ్భ \|\| జ్మ \|\| జ్య \|\| జ్ర \|\| జ్ల \|\| జ్వ \|\| జ్శ \|\| జ్ష \|\| జ్స \|\| జ్హ \|\| జ్ళ \|\| జ్క్ష \|\| జ్ఱ
			\|-
			! ఝ
			\| ఝ్క \|\| ఝ్ఖ \|\| ఝ్గ \|\| ఝ్ఘ \|\| ఝ్ఙ \|\| ఝ్చ \|\| ఝ్ఛ \|\| ఝ్జ \|\| ఝ్ఝ \|\| ఝ్ఞ \|\| ఝ్ట \|\| ఝ్ఠ \|\| ఝ్డ \|\| ఝ్ఢ \|\| ఝ్ణ \|\| ఝ్త \|\| ఝ్థ \|\| ఝ్ద \|\| ఝ్ధ \|\| ఝ్న \|\| ఝ్ప \|\| ఝ్ఫ \|\| ఝ్బ \|\| ఝ్భ \|\| ఝ్మ \|\| ఝ్య \|\| ఝ్ర \|\| ఝ్ల \|\| ఝ్వ \|\| ఝ్శ \|\| ఝ్ష \|\| ఝ్స \|\| ఝ్హ \|\| ఝ్ళ \|\| ఝ్క్ష \|\| ఝ్ఱ
			\|-
			! ఞ
			\| ఞ్క \|\| ఞ్ఖ \|\| ఞ్గ \|\| ఞ్ఘ \|\| ఞ్ఙ \|\| ఞ్చ \|\| ఞ్ఛ \|\| ఞ్జ \|\| ఞ్ఝ \|\| ఞ్ఞ \|\| ఞ్ట \|\| ఞ్ఠ \|\| ఞ్డ \|\| ఞ్ఢ \|\| ఞ్ణ \|\| ఞ్త \|\| ఞ్థ \|\| ఞ్ద \|\| ఞ్ధ \|\| ఞ్న \|\| ఞ్ప \|\| ఞ్ఫ \|\| ఞ్బ \|\| ఞ్భ \|\| ఞ్మ \|\| ఞ్య \|\| ఞ్ర \|\| ఞ్ల \|\| ఞ్వ \|\| ఞ్శ \|\| ఞ్ష \|\| ఞ్స \|\| ఞ్హ \|\| ఞ్ళ \|\| ఞ్క్ష \|\| ఞ్ఱ
			\|-
			! ట
			\| ట్క \|\| ట్ఖ \|\| ట్గ \|\| ట్ఘ \|\| ట్ఙ \|\| ట్చ \|\| ట్ఛ \|\| ట్జ \|\| ట్ఝ \|\| ట్ఞ \|\| ట్ట \|\| ట్ఠ \|\| ట్డ \|\| ట్ఢ \|\| ట్ణ \|\| ట్త \|\| ట్థ \|\| ట్ద \|\| ట్ధ \|\| ట్న \|\| ట్ప \|\| ట్ఫ \|\| ట్బ \|\| ట్భ \|\| ట్మ \|\| ట్య \|\| ట్ర \|\| ట్ల \|\| ట్వ \|\| ట్శ \|\| ట్ష \|\| ట్స \|\| ట్హ \|\| ట్ళ \|\| ట్క్ష \|\| ట్ఱ
			\|-
			! ఠ
			\| ఠ్క \|\| ఠ్ఖ \|\| ఠ్గ \|\| ఠ్ఘ \|\| ఠ్ఙ \|\| ఠ్చ \|\| ఠ్ఛ \|\| ఠ్జ \|\| ఠ్ఝ \|\| ఠ్ఞ \|\| ఠ్ట \|\| ఠ్ఠ \|\| ఠ్డ \|\| ఠ్ఢ \|\| ఠ్ణ \|\| ఠ్త \|\| ఠ్థ \|\| ఠ్ద \|\| ఠ్ధ \|\| ఠ్న \|\| ఠ్ప \|\| ఠ్ఫ \|\| ఠ్బ \|\| ఠ్భ \|\| ఠ్మ \|\| ఠ్య \|\| ఠ్ర \|\| ఠ్ల \|\| ఠ్వ \|\| ఠ్శ \|\| ఠ్ష \|\| ఠ్స \|\| ఠ్హ \|\| ఠ్ళ \|\| ఠ్క్ష \|\| ఠ్ఱ
			\|-
			! డ
			\| డ్క \|\| డ్ఖ \|\| డ్గ \|\| డ్ఘ \|\| డ్ఙ \|\| డ్చ \|\| డ్ఛ \|\| డ్జ \|\| డ్ఝ \|\| డ్ఞ \|\| డ్ట \|\| డ్ఠ \|\| డ్డ \|\| డ్ఢ \|\| డ్ణ \|\| డ్త \|\| డ్థ \|\| డ్ద \|\| డ్ధ \|\| డ్న \|\| డ్ప \|\| డ్ఫ \|\| డ్బ \|\| డ్భ \|\| డ్మ \|\| డ్య \|\| డ్ర \|\| డ్ల \|\| డ్వ \|\| డ్శ \|\| డ్ష \|\| డ్స \|\| డ్హ \|\| డ్ళ \|\| డ్క్ష \|\| డ్ఱ
			\|-
			! ఢ
			\| ఢ్క \|\| ఢ్ఖ \|\| ఢ్గ \|\| ఢ్ఘ \|\| ఢ్ఙ \|\| ఢ్చ \|\| ఢ్ఛ \|\| ఢ్జ \|\| ఢ్ఝ \|\| ఢ్ఞ \|\| ఢ్ట \|\| ఢ్ఠ \|\| ఢ్డ \|\| ఢ్ఢ \|\| ఢ్ణ \|\| ఢ్త \|\| ఢ్థ \|\| ఢ్ద \|\| ఢ్ధ \|\| ఢ్న \|\| ఢ్ప \|\| ఢ్ఫ \|\| ఢ్బ \|\| ఢ్భ \|\| ఢ్మ \|\| ఢ్య \|\| ఢ్ర \|\| ఢ్ల \|\| ఢ్వ \|\| ఢ్శ \|\| ఢ్ష \|\| ఢ్స \|\| ఢ్హ \|\| ఢ్ళ \|\| ఢ్క్ష \|\| ఢ్ఱ
			\|-
			! ణ
			\| ణ్క \|\| ణ్ఖ \|\| ణ్గ \|\| ణ్ఘ \|\| ణ్ఙ \|\| ణ్చ \|\| ణ్ఛ \|\| ణ్జ \|\| ణ్ఝ \|\| ణ్ఞ \|\| ణ్ట \|\| ణ్ఠ \|\| ణ్డ \|\| ణ్ఢ \|\| ణ్ణ \|\| ణ్త \|\| ణ్థ \|\| ణ్ద \|\| ణ్ధ \|\| ణ్న \|\| ణ్ప \|\| ణ్ఫ \|\| ణ్బ \|\| ణ్భ \|\| ణ్మ \|\| ణ్య \|\| ణ్ర \|\| ణ్ల \|\| ణ్వ \|\| ణ్శ \|\| ణ్ష \|\| ణ్స \|\| ణ్హ \|\| ణ్ళ \|\| ణ్క్ష \|\| ణ్ఱ
			\|-
			! త
			\| త్క \|\| త్ఖ \|\| త్గ \|\| త్ఘ \|\| త్ఙ \|\| త్చ \|\| త్ఛ \|\| త్జ \|\| త్ఝ \|\| త్ఞ \|\| త్ట \|\| త్ఠ \|\| త్డ \|\| త్ఢ \|\| త్ణ \|\| త్త \|\| త్థ \|\| త్ద \|\| త్ధ \|\| త్న \|\| త్ప \|\| త్ఫ \|\| త్బ \|\| త్భ \|\| త్మ \|\| త్య \|\| త్ర \|\| త్ల \|\| త్వ \|\| త్శ \|\| త్ష \|\| త్స \|\| త్హ \|\| త్ళ \|\| త్క్ష \|\| త్ఱ
			\|-
			! థ
			\| థ్క \|\| థ్ఖ \|\| థ్గ \|\| థ్ఘ \|\| థ్ఙ \|\| థ్చ \|\| థ్ఛ \|\| థ్జ \|\| థ్ఝ \|\| థ్ఞ \|\| థ్ట \|\| థ్ఠ \|\| థ్డ \|\| థ్ఢ \|\| థ్ణ \|\| థ్త \|\| థ్థ \|\| థ్ద \|\| థ్ధ \|\| థ్న \|\| థ్ప \|\| థ్ఫ \|\| థ్బ \|\| థ్భ \|\| థ్మ \|\| థ్య \|\| థ్ర \|\| థ్ల \|\| థ్వ \|\| థ్శ \|\| థ్ష \|\| థ్స \|\| థ్హ \|\| థ్ళ \|\| థ్క్ష \|\| థ్ఱ
			\|-
			! ద
			\| ద్క \|\| ద్ఖ \|\| ద్గ \|\| ద్ఘ \|\| ద్ఙ \|\| ద్చ \|\| ద్ఛ \|\| ద్జ \|\| ద్ఝ \|\| ద్ఞ \|\| ద్ట \|\| ద్ఠ \|\| ద్డ \|\| ద్ఢ \|\| ద్ణ \|\| ద్త \|\| ద్థ \|\| ద్ద \|\| ద్ధ \|\| ద్న \|\| ద్ప \|\| ద్ఫ \|\| ద్బ \|\| ద్భ \|\| ద్మ \|\| ద్య \|\| ద్ర \|\| ద్ల \|\| ద్వ \|\| ద్శ \|\| ద్ష \|\| ద్స \|\| ద్హ \|\| ద్ళ \|\| ద్క్ష \|\| ద్ఱ
			\|-
			! ధ
			\| ధ్క \|\| ధ్ఖ \|\| ధ్గ \|\| ధ్ఘ \|\| ధ్ఙ \|\| ధ్చ \|\| ధ్ఛ \|\| ధ్జ \|\| ధ్ఝ \|\| ధ్ఞ \|\| ధ్ట \|\| ధ్ఠ \|\| ధ్డ \|\| ధ్ఢ \|\| ధ్ణ \|\| ధ్త \|\| ధ్థ \|\| ధ్ద \|\| ధ్ధ \|\| ధ్న \|\| ధ్ప \|\| ధ్ఫ \|\| ధ్బ \|\| ధ్భ \|\| ధ్మ \|\| ధ్య \|\| ధ్ర \|\| ధ్ల \|\| ధ్వ \|\| ధ్శ \|\| ధ్ష \|\| ధ్స \|\| ధ్హ \|\| ధ్ళ \|\| ధ్క్ష \|\| ధ్ఱ
			\|-
			! న
			\| న్క \|\| న్ఖ \|\| న్గ \|\| న్ఘ \|\| న్ఙ \|\| న్చ \|\| న్ఛ \|\| న్జ \|\| న్ఝ \|\| న్ఞ \|\| న్ట \|\| న్ఠ \|\| న్డ \|\| న్ఢ \|\| న్ణ \|\| న్త \|\| న్థ \|\| న్ద \|\| న్ధ \|\| న్న \|\| న్ప \|\| న్ఫ \|\| న్బ \|\| న్భ \|\| న్మ \|\| న్య \|\| న్ర \|\| న్ల \|\| న్వ \|\| న్శ \|\| న్ష \|\| న్స \|\| న్హ \|\| న్ళ \|\| న్క్ష \|\| న్ఱ
			\|-
			! ప
			\| ప్క \|\| ప్ఖ \|\| ప్గ \|\| ప్ఘ \|\| ప్ఙ \|\| ప్చ \|\| ప్ఛ \|\| ప్జ \|\| ప్ఝ \|\| ప్ఞ \|\| ప్ట \|\| ప్ఠ \|\| ప్డ \|\| ప్ఢ \|\| ప్ణ \|\| ప్త \|\| ప్థ \|\| ప్ద \|\| ప్ధ \|\| ప్న \|\| ప్ప \|\| ప్ఫ \|\| ప్బ \|\| ప్భ \|\| ప్మ \|\| ప్య \|\| ప్ర \|\| ప్ల \|\| ప్వ \|\| ప్శ \|\| ప్ష \|\| ప్స \|\| ప్హ \|\| ప్ళ \|\| ప్క్ష \|\| ప్ఱ
			\|-
			! ఫ
			\| ఫ్క \|\| ఫ్ఖ \|\| ఫ్గ \|\| ఫ్ఘ \|\| ఫ్ఙ \|\| ఫ్చ \|\| ఫ్ఛ \|\| ఫ్జ \|\| ఫ్ఝ \|\| ఫ్ఞ \|\| ఫ్ట \|\| ఫ్ఠ \|\| ఫ్డ \|\| ఫ్ఢ \|\| ఫ్ణ \|\| ఫ్త \|\| ఫ్థ \|\| ఫ్ద \|\| ఫ్ధ \|\| ఫ్న \|\| ఫ్ప \|\| ఫ్ఫ \|\| ఫ్బ \|\| ఫ్భ \|\| ఫ్మ \|\| ఫ్య \|\| ఫ్ర \|\| ఫ్ల \|\| ఫ్వ \|\| ఫ్శ \|\| ఫ్ష \|\| ఫ్స \|\| ఫ్హ \|\| ఫ్ళ \|\| ఫ్క్ష \|\| ఫ్ఱ
			\|-
			! బ
			\| బ్క \|\| బ్ఖ \|\| బ్గ \|\| బ్ఘ \|\| బ్ఙ \|\| బ్చ \|\| బ్ఛ \|\| బ్జ \|\| బ్ఝ \|\| బ్ఞ \|\| బ్ట \|\| బ్ఠ \|\| బ్డ \|\| బ్ఢ \|\| బ్ణ \|\| బ్త \|\| బ్థ \|\| బ్ద \|\| బ్ధ \|\| బ్న \|\| బ్ప \|\| బ్ఫ \|\| బ్బ \|\| బ్భ \|\| బ్మ \|\| బ్య \|\| బ్ర \|\| బ్ల \|\| బ్వ \|\| బ్శ \|\| బ్ష \|\| బ్స \|\| బ్హ \|\| బ్ళ \|\| బ్క్ష \|\| బ్ఱ
			\|-
			! భ
			\| భ్క \|\| భ్ఖ \|\| భ్గ \|\| భ్ఘ \|\| భ్ఙ \|\| భ్చ \|\| భ్ఛ \|\| భ్జ \|\| భ్ఝ \|\| భ్ఞ \|\| భ్ట \|\| భ్ఠ \|\| భ్డ \|\| భ్ఢ \|\| భ్ణ \|\| భ్త \|\| భ్థ \|\| భ్ద \|\| భ్ధ \|\| భ్న \|\| భ్ప \|\| భ్ఫ \|\| భ్బ \|\| భ్భ \|\| భ్మ \|\| భ్య \|\| భ్ర \|\| భ్ల \|\| భ్వ \|\| భ్శ \|\| భ్ష \|\| భ్స \|\| భ్హ \|\| భ్ళ \|\| భ్క్ష \|\| భ్ఱ
			\|-
			! మ
			\| మ్క \|\| మ్ఖ \|\| మ్గ \|\| మ్ఘ \|\| మ్ఙ \|\| మ్చ \|\| మ్ఛ \|\| మ్జ \|\| మ్ఝ \|\| మ్ఞ \|\| మ్ట \|\| మ్ఠ \|\| మ్డ \|\| మ్ఢ \|\| మ్ణ \|\| మ్త \|\| మ్థ \|\| మ్ద \|\| మ్ధ \|\| మ్న \|\| మ్ప \|\| మ్ఫ \|\| మ్బ \|\| మ్భ \|\| మ్మ \|\| మ్య \|\| మ్ర \|\| మ్ల \|\| మ్వ \|\| మ్శ \|\| మ్ష \|\| మ్స \|\| మ్హ \|\| మ్ళ \|\| మ్క్ష \|\| మ్ఱ
			\|-
			! య
			\| య్క \|\| య్ఖ \|\| య్గ \|\| య్ఘ \|\| య్ఙ \|\| య్చ \|\| య్ఛ \|\| య్జ \|\| య్ఝ \|\| య్ఞ \|\| య్ట \|\| య్ఠ \|\| య్డ \|\| య్ఢ \|\| య్ణ \|\| య్త \|\| య్థ \|\| య్ద \|\| య్ధ \|\| య్న \|\| య్ప \|\| య్ఫ \|\| య్బ \|\| య్భ \|\| య్మ \|\| య్య \|\| య్ర \|\| య్ల \|\| య్వ \|\| య్శ \|\| య్ష \|\| య్స \|\| య్హ \|\| య్ళ \|\| య్క్ష \|\| య్ఱ
			\|-
			! ర
			\| ర్క \|\| ర్ఖ \|\| ర్గ \|\| ర్ఘ \|\| ర్ఙ \|\| ర్చ \|\| ర్ఛ \|\| ర్జ \|\| ర్ఝ \|\| ర్ఞ \|\| ర్ట \|\| ర్ఠ \|\| ర్డ \|\| ర్ఢ \|\| ర్ణ \|\| ర్త \|\| ర్థ \|\| ర్ద \|\| ర్ధ \|\| ర్న \|\| ర్ప \|\| ర్ఫ \|\| ర్బ \|\| ర్భ \|\| ర్మ \|\| ర్య \|\| ర్ర \|\| ర్ల \|\| ర్వ \|\| ర్శ \|\| ర్ష \|\| ర్స \|\| ర్హ \|\| ర్ళ \|\| ర్క్ష \|\| ర్ఱ
			\|-
			! ల
			\| ల్క \|\| ల్ఖ \|\| ల్గ \|\| ల్ఘ \|\| ల్ఙ \|\| ల్చ \|\| ల్ఛ \|\| ల్జ \|\| ల్ఝ \|\| ల్ఞ \|\| ల్ట \|\| ల్ఠ \|\| ల్డ \|\| ల్ఢ \|\| ల్ణ \|\| ల్త \|\| ల్థ \|\| ల్ద \|\| ల్ధ \|\| ల్న \|\| ల్ప \|\| ల్ఫ \|\| ల్బ \|\| ల్భ \|\| ల్మ \|\| ల్య \|\| ల్ర \|\| ల్ల \|\| ల్వ \|\| ల్శ \|\| ల్ష \|\| ల్స \|\| ల్హ \|\| ల్ళ \|\| ల్క్ష \|\| ల్ఱ
			\|-
			! వ
			\| వ్క \|\| వ్ఖ \|\| వ్గ \|\| వ్ఘ \|\| వ్ఙ \|\| వ్చ \|\| వ్ఛ \|\| వ్జ \|\| వ్ఝ \|\| వ్ఞ \|\| వ్ట \|\| వ్ఠ \|\| వ్డ \|\| వ్ఢ \|\| వ్ణ \|\| వ్త \|\| వ్థ \|\| వ్ద \|\| వ్ధ \|\| వ్న \|\| వ్ప \|\| వ్ఫ \|\| వ్బ \|\| వ్భ \|\| వ్మ \|\| వ్య \|\| వ్ర \|\| వ్ల \|\| వ్వ \|\| వ్శ \|\| వ్ష \|\| వ్స \|\| వ్హ \|\| వ్ళ \|\| వ్క్ష \|\| వ్ఱ
			\|-
			! శ
			\| శ్క \|\| శ్ఖ \|\| శ్గ \|\| శ్ఘ \|\| శ్ఙ \|\| శ్చ \|\| శ్ఛ \|\| శ్జ \|\| శ్ఝ \|\| శ్ఞ \|\| శ్ట \|\| శ్ఠ \|\| శ్డ \|\| శ్ఢ \|\| శ్ణ \|\| శ్త \|\| శ్థ \|\| శ్ద \|\| శ్ధ \|\| శ్న \|\| శ్ప \|\| శ్ఫ \|\| శ్బ \|\| శ్భ \|\| శ్మ \|\| శ్య \|\| శ్ర \|\| శ్ల \|\| శ్వ \|\| శ్శ \|\| శ్ష \|\| శ్స \|\| శ్హ \|\| శ్ళ \|\| శ్క్ష \|\| శ్ఱ
			\|-
			! ష
			\| ష్క \|\| ష్ఖ \|\| ష్గ \|\| ష్ఘ \|\| ష్ఙ \|\| ష్చ \|\| ష్ఛ \|\| ష్జ \|\| ష్ఝ \|\| ష్ఞ \|\| ష్ట \|\| ష్ఠ \|\| ష్డ \|\| ష్ఢ \|\| ష్ణ \|\| ష్త \|\| ష్థ \|\| ష్ద \|\| ష్ధ \|\| ష్న \|\| ష్ప \|\| ష్ఫ \|\| ష్బ \|\| ష్భ \|\| ష్మ \|\| ష్య \|\| ష్ర \|\| ష్ల \|\| ష్వ \|\| ష్శ \|\| ష్ష \|\| ష్స \|\| ష్హ \|\| ష్ళ \|\| ష్క్ష \|\| ష్ఱ
			\|-
			! స
			\| స్క \|\| స్ఖ \|\| స్గ \|\| స్ఘ \|\| స్ఙ \|\| స్చ \|\| స్ఛ \|\| స్జ \|\| స్ఝ \|\| స్ఞ \|\| స్ట \|\| స్ఠ \|\| స్డ \|\| స్ఢ \|\| స్ణ \|\| స్త \|\| స్థ \|\| స్ద \|\| స్ధ \|\| స్న \|\| స్ప \|\| స్ఫ \|\| స్బ \|\| స్భ \|\| స్మ \|\| స్య \|\| స్ర \|\| స్ల \|\| స్వ \|\| స్శ \|\| స్ష \|\| స్స \|\| స్హ \|\| స్ళ \|\| స్క్ష \|\| స్ఱ
			\|-
			! హ
			\| హ్క \|\| హ్ఖ \|\| హ్గ \|\| హ్ఘ \|\| హ్ఙ \|\| హ్చ \|\| హ్ఛ \|\| హ్జ \|\| హ్ఝ \|\| హ్ఞ \|\| హ్ట \|\| హ్ఠ \|\| హ్డ \|\| హ్ఢ \|\| హ్ణ \|\| హ్త \|\| హ్థ \|\| హ్ద \|\| హ్ధ \|\| హ్న \|\| హ్ప \|\| హ్ఫ \|\| హ్బ \|\| హ్భ \|\| హ్మ \|\| హ్య \|\| హ్ర \|\| హ్ల \|\| హ్వ \|\| హ్శ \|\| హ్ష \|\| హ్స \|\| హ్హ \|\| హ్ళ \|\| హ్క్ష \|\| హ్ఱ
			\|-
			! ళ
			\| ళ్క \|\| ళ్ఖ \|\| ళ్గ \|\| ళ్ఘ \|\| ళ్ఙ \|\| ళ్చ \|\| ళ్ఛ \|\| ళ్జ \|\| ళ్ఝ \|\| ళ్ఞ \|\| ళ్ట \|\| ళ్ఠ \|\| ళ్డ \|\| ళ్ఢ \|\| ళ్ణ \|\| ళ్త \|\| ళ్థ \|\| ళ్ద \|\| ళ్ధ \|\| ళ్న \|\| ళ్ప \|\| ళ్ఫ \|\| ళ్బ \|\| ళ్భ \|\| ళ్మ \|\| ళ్య \|\| ళ్ర \|\| ళ్ల \|\| ళ్వ \|\| ళ్శ \|\| ళ్ష \|\| ళ్స \|\| ళ్హ \|\| ళ్ళ \|\| ళ్క్ష \|\| ళ్ఱ
			\|-
			! క్ష
			\| క్ష్క \|\| క్ష్ఖ \|\| క్ష్గ \|\| క్ష్ఘ \|\| క్ష్ఙ \|\| క్ష్చ \|\| క్ష్ఛ \|\| క్ష్జ \|\| క్ష్ఝ \|\| క్ష్ఞ \|\| క్ష్ట \|\| క్ష్ఠ \|\| క్ష్డ \|\| క్ష్ఢ \|\| క్ష్ణ \|\| క్ష్త \|\| క్ష్థ \|\| క్ష్ద \|\| క్ష్ధ \|\| క్ష్న \|\| క్ష్ప \|\| క్ష్ఫ \|\| క్ష్బ \|\| క్ష్భ \|\| క్ష్మ \|\| క్ష్య \|\| క్ష్ర \|\| క్ష్ల \|\| క్ష్వ \|\| క్ష్శ \|\| క్ష్ష \|\| క్ష్స \|\| క్ష్హ \|\| క్ష్ళ \|\| క్ష్క్ష \|\| క్ష్ఱ
			\|-
			! ఱ
			\| ఱ్క \|\| ఱ్ఖ \|\| ఱ్గ \|\| ఱ్ఘ \|\| ఱ్ఙ \|\| ఱ్చ \|\| ఱ్ఛ \|\| ఱ్జ \|\| ఱ్ఝ \|\| ఱ్ఞ \|\| ఱ్ట \|\| ఱ్ఠ \|\| ఱ్డ \|\| ఱ్ఢ \|\| ఱ్ణ \|\| ఱ్త \|\| ఱ్థ \|\| ఱ్ద \|\| ఱ్ధ \|\| ఱ్న \|\| ఱ్ప \|\| ఱ్ఫ \|\| ఱ్బ \|\| ఱ్భ \|\| ఱ్మ \|\| ఱ్య \|\| ఱ్ర \|\| ఱ్ల \|\| ఱ్వ \|\| ఱ్శ \|\| ఱ్ష \|\| ఱ్స \|\| ఱ్హ \|\| ఱ్ళ \|\| ఱ్క్ష \|\| ఱ్ఱ
	\|}		\|}

			===Consonants with vowel diacritics===
	There are also several other diacritics used in the Telugu script. {{Unicode\|్}} mutes the vowel of a consonant, so that only the consonant is pronounced. {{Unicode\|ం}} and {{Unicode\|ఁ}} nasalize the vowels or syllables to which they are attached. {{Unicode\|ః}} adds a voiceless breath after the vowel or syllable it is attached to.
			The consonants with vowel diacritics are referred to in the Telugu language as '''guṇintālu''' ({{lang\|te\|గుణింతాలు}}). The word ''Guṇita'' refers to 'multiplying oneself'. Therefore, each consonant sound can be multiplied with vowel sounds to produce vowel diacritics. The vowel diacritics along with their symbols and names are given below.<ref name="Peddabalasikha1901_reference">{{cite web\|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.372995/page/n5/mode/2up\|title= Pedda Balasiksha\|publisher= Poomagal Vilasam Mudraksharasala, Madras\|author=Rangaswami Modalari\|year=1901\|language=Telugu}}</ref>
			{\|class="wikitable"
			\|-
			!Diacritic symbol!!Vowel letter!!Diacritic name !!Example
			\|-
			\|none \|\|<small>(అ, a)</small>\|\|{{lang\|te\|తలకట్టు}} ({{transliteration\|te\|ISO\|talakaṭṭu}})\|\|క
			\|-
			\|ా \|\|<small>(ఆ, ā)</small>\|\|{{lang\|te\|దీర్ఘం}} ({{transliteration\|te\|ISO\|dīrgham}})\|\|కా
			\|-
			\|ి \|\|<small>(ఇ, i)</small>\|\|{{lang\|te\|గుడి}} ({{transliteration\|te\|ISO\|guḍi}})\|\|కి
			\|-
			\|ీ \|\|<small>(ఈ, ī)</small>\|\|{{lang\|te\|గుడి దీర్ఘం}} ({{transliteration\|te\|ISO\|guḍi dīrgham}})\|\|కీ
			\|-
			\|ు \|\|<small>(ఉ, u)</small>\|\|{{lang\|te\|కొమ్ము}} ({{transliteration\|te\|ISO\|kommu}})\|\|కు
			\|-
			\|ూ \|\|<small>(ఊ, ū)</small>\|\|{{lang\|te\|కొమ్ము దీర్ఘం}} ({{transliteration\|te\|ISO\|kommu dīrgham}})\|\|కూ
			\|-
			\|ృ \|\|<small>(ఋ, ṛ)</small>\|\|{{lang\|te\|వట్రసుడి}} ({{transliteration\|te\|ISO\|vaṭrasuḍi}})\|\|కృ
			\|-
			\|ౄ \|\|<small>(ౠ, ṝ)</small>\|\|{{lang\|te\|వట్రసుడి దీర్ఘం}} ({{transliteration\|te\|ISO\|vaṭrasuḍi dīrgham}})\|\|కౄ
			\|-
			\|ౢ \|\|<small>(ఌ, ḷ)</small>\|\|{{lang\|te\|ఌత్వం}} ({{transliteration\|te\|ISO\|ḷtvam}})\|\|కౢ
			\|-
			\|ౣ \|\|<small>(ౡ, ḹ)</small>\|\|{{lang\|te\|ఌత్వ దీర్ఘం}} ({{transliteration\|te\|ISO\|ḷtva dīrgham}})\|\|కౣ
			\|-
			\|ె \|\|<small>(ఎ, e)</small>\|\|{{lang\|te\|ఎత్వం}} ({{transliteration\|te\|ISO\|etvam}})\|\|కె
			\|-
			\|ే \|\|<small>(ఏ, ē)</small>\|\|{{lang\|te\|ఏత్వం}} ({{transliteration\|te\|ISO\|ētvam}})\|\|కే
			\|-
			\|ై \|\|<small>(ఐ, ai)</small>\|\|{{lang\|te\|ఐత్వం}} ({{transliteration\|te\|ISO\|aitvam}})\|\|కై
			\|-
			\|ొ \|\|<small>(ఒ, o)</small>\|\|{{lang\|te\|ఒత్వం}} ({{transliteration\|te\|ISO\|otvam}})\|\|కొ
			\|-
			\|ో \|\|<small>(ఓ, ō)</small>\|\|{{lang\|te\|ఓత్వం}} ({{transliteration\|te\|ISO\|ōtvam}})\|\|కో
			\|-
			\|ౌ \|\|<small>(ఔ, au)</small>\|\|{{lang\|te\|ఔత్వం}} ({{transliteration\|te\|ISO\|autvam}})\|\|కౌ
			\|-
			\|ం \|\|<small>(అం, am)</small>\|\|{{lang\|te\|సున్నా}} ({{transliteration\|te\|ISO\|sunnā}})\|\|కం
			\|-
			\|ః \|\|<small>(అః, aha)</small>\|\|{{lang\|te\|విసర్గ}} ({{transliteration\|te\|ISO\|visarga}})\|\|కః
			\|-
			\|ఁ \|\|<small>(అఁ, an̆)</small>\|\|{{lang\|te\|అరసున్నా}} ({{transliteration\|te\|ISO\|arasunnā}})\|\|కఁ
			\|-
			\|్ \|\|<small>—</small>\|\|{{lang\|te\|పొల్లు}} ({{transliteration\|te\|ISO\|pollu}})\|\|క్
			\|-
			\|}
			The following table contains the consonants with vowel diacritics in the Telugu language.
			{\| class="wikitable" style="width:auto;text-align:center;font-size:120%" lang="te"
			!style="width:6.25%"\| అ
			!style="width:6.25%"\| ఆ
			!style="width:6.25%"\| ఇ
			!style="width:6.25%"\| ఈ
			!style="width:6.25%"\| ఉ
			!style="width:6.25%"\| ఊ
			!style="width:6.25%"\| ఋ
			!style="width:6.25%"\| ౠ
			!style="width:6.25%"\| ఌ
			!style="width:6.25%"\| ౡ
			!style="width:6.25%"\| ఎ
			!style="width:6.25%"\| ఏ
			!style="width:6.25%"\| ఐ
			!style="width:6.25%"\| ఒ
			!style="width:6.25%"\| ఓ
			!style="width:6.25%"\| ఔ
			!style="width:6.25%"\| అఁ
			!style="width:6.25%"\| అం
			!style="width:6.25%"\| అః
			!style="width:6.25%"\| —
			\|-
			\| క
			\| కా
			\| కి
			\| కీ
			\| కు
			\| కూ
			\| కృ
			\| కౄ
			\| కౢ
			\| కౣ
			\| కె
			\| కే
			\| కై
			\| కొ
			\| కో
			\| కౌ
			\| కఁ
			\| కం
			\| కః
			\| క్
			\|-
			\| ఖ
			\| ఖా
			\| ఖి
			\| ఖీ
			\| ఖు
			\| ఖూ
			\| ఖృ
			\| ఖౄ
			\| ఖౢ
			\| ఖౣ
			\| ఖె
			\| ఖే
			\| ఖై
			\| ఖొ
			\| ఖో
			\| ఖౌ
			\| ఖఁ
			\| ఖం
			\| ఖః
			\| ఖ్
			\|-
			\| గ
			\| గా
			\| గి
			\| గీ
			\| గు
			\| గూ
			\| గృ
			\| గౄ
			\| గౢ
			\| గౣ
			\| గె
			\| గే
			\| గై
			\| గొ
			\| గో
			\| గౌ
			\| గఁ
			\| గం
			\| గః
			\| గ్
			\|-
			\| ఘ
			\| ఘా
			\| ఘి
			\| ఘీ
			\| ఘు
			\| ఘూ
			\| ఘృ
			\| ఘౄ
			\| ఘౢ
			\| ఘౣ
			\| ఘె
			\| ఘే
			\| ఘై
			\| ఘొ
			\| ఘో
			\| ఘౌ
			\| ఘఁ
			\| ఘం
			\| ఘః
			\| ఘ్
			\|-
			\| ఙ
			\| ఙా
			\| ఙి
			\| ఙీ
			\| ఙు
			\| ఙూ
			\| ఙృ
			\| ఙౄ
			\| ఙౢ
			\| ఙౣ
			\| ఙె
			\| ఙే
			\| ఙై
			\| ఙొ
			\| ఙో
			\| ఙౌ
			\| ఙఁ
			\| ఙం
			\| ఙః
			\| ఙ్
			\|-
			\| చ
			\| చా
			\| చి
			\| చీ
			\| చు
			\| చూ
			\| చృ
			\| చౄ
			\| చౢ
			\| చౣ
			\| చె
			\| చే
			\| చై
			\| చొ
			\| చో
			\| చౌ
			\| చఁ
			\| చం
			\| చః
			\| చ్
			\|-
			\| ఛ
			\| ఛా
			\| ఛి
			\| ఛీ
			\| ఛు
			\| ఛూ
			\| ఛృ
			\| ఛౄ
			\| ఛౢ
			\| ఛౣ
			\| ఛె
			\| ఛే
			\| ఛై
			\| ఛొ
			\| ఛో
			\| ఛౌ
			\| ఛఁ
			\| ఛం
			\| ఛః
			\| ఛ్
			\|-
			\| జ
			\| జా
			\| జి
			\| జీ
			\| జు
			\| జూ
			\| జృ
			\| జౄ
			\| జౢ
			\| జౣ
			\| జె
			\| జే
			\| జై
			\| జొ
			\| జో
			\| జౌ
			\| జఁ
			\| జం
			\| జః
			\| జ్
			\|-
			\| ఝ
			\| ఝా
			\| ఝి
			\| ఝీ
			\| ఝు
			\| ఝూ
			\| ఝృ
			\| ఝౄ
			\| ఝౢ
			\| ఝౣ
			\| ఝె
			\| ఝే
			\| ఝై
			\| ఝొ
			\| ఝో
			\| ఝౌ
			\| ఝఁ
			\| ఝం
			\| ఝః
			\| ఝ్
			\|-
			\| ఞ
			\| ఞా
			\| ఞి
			\| ఞీ
			\| ఞు
			\| ఞూ
			\| ఞృ
			\| ఞౄ
			\| ఞౢ
			\| ఞౣ
			\| ఞె
			\| ఞే
			\| ఞై
			\| ఞొ
			\| ఞో
			\| ఞౌ
			\| ఞఁ
			\| ఞం
			\| ఞః
			\| ఞ్
			\|-
			\| ట
			\| టా
			\| టి
			\| టీ
			\| టు
			\| టూ
			\| టృ
			\| టౄ
			\| టౢ
			\| టౣ
			\| టె
			\| టే
			\| టై
			\| టొ
			\| టో
			\| టౌ
			\| టఁ
			\| టం
			\| టః
			\| ట్
			\|-
			\| ఠ
			\| ఠా
			\| ఠి
			\| ఠీ
			\| ఠు
			\| ఠూ
			\| ఠృ
			\| ఠౄ
			\| ఠౢ
			\| ఠౣ
			\| ఠె
			\| ఠే
			\| ఠై
			\| ఠొ
			\| ఠో
			\| ఠౌ
			\| ఠఁ
			\| ఠం
			\| ఠః
			\| ఠ్
			\|-
			\| డ
			\| డా
			\| డి
			\| డీ
			\| డు
			\| డూ
			\| డృ
			\| డౄ
			\| డౢ
			\| డౣ
			\| డె
			\| డే
			\| డై
			\| డొ
			\| డో
			\| డౌ
			\| డఁ
			\| డం
			\| డః
			\| డ్
			\|-
			\| ఢ
			\| ఢా
			\| ఢి
			\| ఢీ
			\| ఢు
			\| ఢూ
			\| ఢృ
			\| ఢౄ
			\| ఢౢ
			\| ఢౣ
			\| ఢె
			\| ఢే
			\| ఢై
			\| ఢొ
			\| ఢో
			\| ఢౌ
			\| ఢఁ
			\| ఢం
			\| ఢః
			\| ఢ్
			\|-
			\| ణ
			\| ణా
			\| ణి
			\| ణీ
			\| ణు
			\| ణూ
			\| ణృ
			\| ణౄ
			\| ణౢ
			\| ణౣ
			\| ణె
			\| ణే
			\| ణై
			\| ణొ
			\| ణో
			\| ణౌ
			\| ణఁ
			\| ణం
			\| ణః
			\| ణ్
			\|-
			\| త
			\| తా
			\| తి
			\| తీ
			\| తు
			\| తూ
			\| తృ
			\| తౄ
			\| తౢ
			\| తౣ
			\| తె
			\| తే
			\| తై
			\| తొ
			\| తో
			\| తౌ
			\| తఁ
			\| తం
			\| తః
			\| త్
			\|-
			\| థ
			\| థా
			\| థి
			\| థీ
			\| థు
			\| థూ
			\| థృ
			\| థౄ
			\| థౢ
			\| థౣ
			\| థె
			\| థే
			\| థై
			\| థొ
			\| థో
			\| థౌ
			\| థఁ
			\| థం
			\| థః
			\| థ్
			\|-
			\| ద
			\| దా
			\| ది
			\| దీ
			\| దు
			\| దూ
			\| దృ
			\| దౄ
			\| దౢ
			\| దౣ
			\| దె
			\| దే
			\| దై
			\| దొ
			\| దో
			\| దౌ
			\| దఁ
			\| దం
			\| దః
			\| ద్
			\|-
			\| ధ
			\| ధా
			\| ధి
			\| ధీ
			\| ధు
			\| ధూ
			\| ధృ
			\| ధౄ
			\| ధౢ
			\| ధౣ
			\| ధె
			\| ధే
			\| ధై
			\| ధొ
			\| ధో
			\| ధౌ
			\| ధఁ
			\| ధం
			\| ధః
			\| ధ్
			\|-
			\| న
			\| నా
			\| ని
			\| నీ
			\| ను
			\| నూ
			\| నృ
			\| నౄ
			\| నౢ
			\| నౣ
			\| నె
			\| నే
			\| నై
			\| నొ
			\| నో
			\| నౌ
			\| నఁ
			\| నం
			\| నః
			\| న్
			\|-
			\| ప
			\| పా
			\| పి
			\| పీ
			\| పు
			\| పూ
			\| పృ
			\| పౄ
			\| పౢ
			\| పౣ
			\| పె
			\| పే
			\| పై
			\| పొ
			\| పో
			\| పౌ
			\| పఁ
			\| పం
			\| పః
			\| ప్
			\|-
			\| ఫ
			\| ఫా
			\| ఫి
			\| ఫీ
			\| ఫు
			\| ఫూ
			\| ఫృ
			\| ఫౄ
			\| ఫౢ
			\| ఫౣ
			\| ఫె
			\| ఫే
			\| ఫై
			\| ఫొ
			\| ఫో
			\| ఫౌ
			\| ఫఁ
			\| ఫం
			\| ఫః
			\| ఫ్
			\|-
			\| బ
			\| బా
			\| బి
			\| బీ
			\| బు
			\| బూ
			\| బృ
			\| బౄ
			\| బౢ
			\| బౣ
			\| బె
			\| బే
			\| బై
			\| బొ
			\| బో
			\| బౌ
			\| బఁ
			\| బం
			\| బః
			\| బ్
			\|-
			\| భ
			\| భా
			\| భి
			\| భీ
			\| భు
			\| భూ
			\| భృ
			\| భౄ
			\| భౢ
			\| భౣ
			\| భె
			\| భే
			\| భై
			\| భొ
			\| భో
			\| భౌ
			\| భఁ
			\| భం
			\| భః
			\| భ్
			\|-
			\| మ
			\| మా
			\| మి
			\| మీ
			\| ము
			\| మూ
			\| మృ
			\| మౄ
			\| మౢ
			\| మౣ
			\| మె
			\| మే
			\| మై
			\| మొ
			\| మో
			\| మౌ
			\| మఁ
			\| మం
			\| మః
			\| మ్
			\|-
			\| య
			\| యా
			\| యి
			\| యీ
			\| యు
			\| యూ
			\| యృ
			\| యౄ
			\| యౢ
			\| యౣ
			\| యె
			\| యే
			\| యై
			\| యొ
			\| యో
			\| యౌ
			\| యఁ
			\| యం
			\| యః
			\| య్
			\|-
			\| ర
			\| రా
			\| రి
			\| రీ
			\| రు
			\| రూ
			\| రృ
			\| రౄ
			\| రౢ
			\| రౣ
			\| రె
			\| రే
			\| రై
			\| రొ
			\| రో
			\| రౌ
			\| రఁ
			\| రం
			\| రః
			\| ర్
			\|-
			\| ల
			\| లా
			\| లి
			\| లీ
			\| లు
			\| లూ
			\| లృ
			\| లౄ
			\| లౢ
			\| లౣ
			\| లె
			\| లే
			\| లై
			\| లొ
			\| లో
			\| లౌ
			\| లఁ
			\| లం
			\| లః
			\| ల్
			\|-
			\| వ
			\| వా
			\| వి
			\| వీ
			\| వు
			\| వూ
			\| వృ
			\| వౄ
			\| వౢ
			\| వౣ
			\| వె
			\| వే
			\| వై
			\| వొ
			\| వో
			\| వౌ
			\| వఁ
			\| వం
			\| వః
			\| వ్
			\|-
			\| శ
			\| శా
			\| శి
			\| శీ
			\| శు
			\| శూ
			\| శృ
			\| శౄ
			\| శౢ
			\| శౣ
			\| శె
			\| శే
			\| శై
			\| శొ
			\| శో
			\| శౌ
			\| శఁ
			\| శం
			\| శః
			\| శ్
			\|-
			\| ష
			\| షా
			\| షి
			\| షీ
			\| షు
			\| షూ
			\| షృ
			\| షౄ
			\| షౢ
			\| షౣ
			\| షె
			\| షే
			\| షై
			\| షొ
			\| షో
			\| షౌ
			\| షఁ
			\| షం
			\| షః
			\| ష్
			\|-
			\| స
			\| సా
			\| సి
			\| సీ
			\| సు
			\| సూ
			\| సృ
			\| సౄ
			\| సౢ
			\| సౣ
			\| సె
			\| సే
			\| సై
			\| సొ
			\| సో
			\| సౌ
			\| సఁ
			\| సం
			\| సః
			\| స్
			\|-
			\| హ
			\| హా
			\| హి
			\| హీ
			\| హు
			\| హూ
			\| హృ
			\| హౄ
			\| హౢ
			\| హౣ
			\| హె
			\| హే
			\| హై
			\| హొ
			\| హో
			\| హౌ
			\| హఁ
			\| హం
			\| హః
			\| హ్
			\|-
			\| ళ
			\| ళా
			\| ళి
			\| ళీ
			\| ళు
			\| ళూ
			\| ళృ
			\| ళౄ
			\| ళౢ
			\| ళౣ
			\| ళె
			\| ళే
			\| ళై
			\| ళొ
			\| ళో
			\| ళౌ
			\| ళఁ
			\| ళం
			\| ళః
			\| ళ్
			\|-
			\| క్ష
			\| క్షా
			\| క్షి
			\| క్షీ
			\| క్షు
			\| క్షూ
			\| క్షృ
			\| క్షౄ
			\| క్షౢ
			\| క్షౣ
			\| క్షె
			\| క్షే
			\| క్షై
			\| క్షొ
			\| క్షో
			\| క్షౌ
			\| క్షఁ
			\| క్షం
			\| క్షః
			\| క్ష్
			\|-
			\| ఱ
			\| ఱా
			\| ఱి
			\| ఱీ
			\| ఱు
			\| ఱూ
			\| ఱృ
			\| ఱౄ
			\| ఱౢ
			\| ఱౣ
			\| ఱె
			\| ఱే
			\| ఱై
			\| ఱొ
			\| ఱో
			\| ఱౌ
			\| ఱఁ
			\| ఱం
			\| ఱః
			\| ఱ్
			\|}

			==Numerals==
	Examples:

	{\| style="background:transparent;"
			{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
	\|width="90px"\| క + {{unicode\|్}} → క్ {{nbsp\|2}} \|\| + → </tr>
			\|- style="font-size:50%"
	\| క + {{unicode\|ఁ}} → కఁ \|\| + → </tr>
			!0 \|\| 1 \|\| 2 \|\| 3 \|\| 4 \|\| 5 \|\| 6 \|\| 7 \|\| 8 \|\| 9
	\| క + {{unicode\|ం}} → కం \|\| + → </tr>
			\|-
	\| క + {{unicode\|ః}} → కః \|\| + → </tr>
			\| ౦ \|\| ౧\|\| ౨\|\| ౩\|\| ౪\|\| ౫\|\| ౬\|\| ౭\|\| ౮\|\| ౯
			\|}
			{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
			\|- style="font-size:50%"
			!{{frac\|0\|4}} \|\| {{frac\|1\|4}} \|\| {{frac\|2\|4}} \|\| {{frac\|3\|4}} \|\| {{frac\|0\|16}} \|\| {{frac\|1\|16}} \|\| {{frac\|2\|16}} \|\| {{frac\|3\|16}}
			\|-
			\| ౸ \|\| ౹ \|\| ౺ \|\| ౻ \|\| ౦ \|\| ౼ \|\| ౽ \|\| ౾
	\|}		\|}
			NOTE: {{lang\|te\|౹}}, {{lang\|te\|౺}}, and {{lang\|te\|౻}} are used also for {{frac\|1\|64}}, {{frac\|2\|64}}, {{frac\|3\|64}}, {{frac\|1\|1024}}, etc. and {{lang\|te\|౼}}, {{lang\|te\|౽}}, and {{lang\|te\|౾}} are also used for {{frac\|1\|256}}, {{frac\|2\|256}}, {{frac\|3\|256}}, {{frac\|1\|4096}}, etc.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3156.pdf\|title=Telugu Measures and Arithmetic Marks\|author=Nāgārjuna Venna\|work=JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3156\|publisher=International Organization for Standardization\|access-date=July 29, 2012}}</ref>

	== ~~Consonants~~ ==		==Unicode==
	{{Expand-section\|date=January 2007}}

	== Telugu in Unicode ==		{{Main\|Telugu (Unicode block)}}
	The ] range for Telugu is U+0C00 to U+0C7F.

			Telugu script was added to the ] Standard in October, 1991 with the release of version 1.0.
	{\| style="background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:20px;"
	\|- align="center"
	\| \|\| \|\|0\|\|1\|\|2\|\|3\|\|4\|\|5\|\|6\|\|7\|\|8\|\|9\|\|A\|\|B\|\|C\|\|D\|\|E\|\|F
	\|- align="center"
	\|C00\|\| \|\| \|\|ఁ\|\|ం\|\|ః\|\| \|\|అ\|\|ఆ\|\|ఇ\|\|ఈ\|\|ఉ\|\|ఊ\|\|ఋ\|\|ఌ\|\| \|\|ఎ\|\|ఏ
	\|- align="center"
	\|C10\|\| \|\|ఐ\|\| \|\|ఒ\|\|ఓ\|\|ఔ\|\|క\|\|ఖ\|\|గ\|\|ఘ\|\|ఙ\|\|చ\|\|ఛ\|\|జ\|\|ఝ\|\|ఞ\|\|ట
	\|- align="center"
	\|C20\|\| \|\|ఠ\|\|డ\|\|ఢ\|\|ణ\|\|త\|\|థ\|\|ద\|\|ధ\|\|న\|\| \|\|ప\|\|ఫ\|\|బ\|\|భ\|\|మ\|\|య
	\|- align="center"
	\|C30\|\| \|\|ర\|\|ఱ\|\|ల\|\|ళ\|\| \|\|వ\|\|శ\|\|ష\|\|స\|\|హ\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\|ా\|\|ి
	\|- align="center"
	\|C40\|\| \|\|ీ\|\|ు\|\|ూ\|\|ృ\|\|ౄ\|\| \|\|ె\|\|ే\|\|ై\|\| \|\|ొ\|\|ో\|\|ౌ\|\|్\|\| \|\|
	\|- align="center"
	\|C50\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\|ౕ\|\|ౖ\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\|
	\|- align="center"
	\|C60\|\| \|\|ౠ\|\|ౡ\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\|౦\|\|౧\|\|౨\|\|౩\|\|౪\|\|౫\|\|౬\|\|౭\|\|౮\|\|౯
	\|- align="center"
	\|C70\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\|
	\|}

			The Unicode block for Telugu is U+0C00–U+0C7F:
	In contrast to a ] script such as ], where one ] ] represents the ] for one ], Telugu combines multiple ]s to generate the ] for one ], using complex font rendering rules. <ref>{{cite web \| title=Developing OpenType Fonts for Telugu Script\| url=http://www.microsoft.com/typography/OpenType%20Dev/telugu/intro.mspx}}</ref>
	<ref>{{cite web \| title=Unicode 4.0.0: South Asian Scripts\| url=http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.0/ch09.pdf}}</ref>

			{{Unicode chart Telugu}}
	==Notes==

	<div class="references-small">
			In contrast to a ] script such as ], where one Unicode ] represents the ] for one syllable, Telugu combines multiple ]s to generate the glyph for one syllable, using complex font rendering rules.<ref>{{cite web \| title=Developing OpenType Fonts for Telugu Script \| date=February 8, 2018 \| url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/script-development/telugu \|website=Microsoft Learn \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506111604/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/script-development/telugu \|archive-date= May 6, 2022 }}</ref><!-- Original url=http://www.microsoft.com/typography/OpenType%20Dev/telugu/intro.mspx --><ref>{{cite book \| title=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0: Chapter 9, South Asian Scripts-I \|isbn=978-0-321-48091-0 \| url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.0.0/ch09.pdf \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128051416/http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.0.0/ch09.pdf \|archive-date= Nov 28, 2023 \|date=2007 \|publisher=Addison-Wesley }}</ref>
	<references/>

	</div>
			== iOS character crash bug ==
			On February 12, 2018, a bug in the ] operating system was reported that caused iOS devices to crash if a particular Telugu character was displayed.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.openradar.me/37458268\|title=rdar://37458268: iOS and Mac OS System can't render symbol and has crashed\|website=Open Radar \|author=i.bulyga \|date=February 12, 2018 \|access-date=2018-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/apple-iphone-crash-glitch-indian-symbol-telugu-ios-devices-a8213201.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216064902/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/apple-iphone-crash-glitch-indian-symbol-telugu-ios-devices-a8213201.html \|archive-date=2018-02-16 \|url-status=live\|title=iPhones, iPads and Macs crashed by Indian Telugu character sent via SMS, WhatsApp and other apps \|first1=Chelsea \|last1=Ritschel \|date=2018-02-15\|work=The Independent\|access-date=2018-02-16\|language=en-GB}}</ref> The character is a combination of the characters "జ", "్", "ఞ", "ా" and The Zero-Width Non-Joiner character which looks combined like this "జ్ఞా". Apple confirmed a fix for iOS 11.3 and macOS 10.13.4.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2018/02/15/apple-telugu-bug-fix-minor-ios-update/ \|website=MacRumors \|date=February 15, 2018 \|first1=Juli \|last1=Clover \|title=Apple to Fix Telugu Character Bug Causing Devices to Crash in Minor iOS Update\|access-date=2018-03-12\|language=en}}</ref>

			==See also==
			* ]
			*]
			*]
			*]
			*]

	==References==		==References==
			{{Reflist\|2}}
	1. tirumala raamacaMdra (1916-1997). "mana lipi puTTu poorvOttaraalu"


			{{commons category\|Telugu script}}
	2. paMcaagnula aadinaarayana Saastri (1890-1951). "aaMdhra lipi pariNaamaM"

	==External links==		==External links==
	*		*
			*
	*
			*
	*		*
	*		*
			*
	*
	<!--Categories-->
	<!--Other languages-->

			{{list of writing systems}}
	]

	]		{{DEFAULTSORT:Telugu Alphabet}}
			]
	]
			]
	]

Latest revision as of 07:04, 22 December 2024

Writing system from the Brahmic family of scripts

Telugu script తెలుగు లిపి
The word 'Telugu Lipi' in Telugu script
Script type	Abugida
Time period	c. 1300 CE–present
Direction	Left-to-right
Languages	Telugu Lambadi Gondi Koya Konda Sanskrit Saurashtra
Related scripts
Parent systems	Egyptian Proto-Sinaitic Phoenician Aramaic Brahmi script Telugu-Kannada script Telugu script
Sister systems	Kannada
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Telu (340), Telugu
Unicode
Unicode alias	Telugu
Unicode range	U+0C00–U+0C7F
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Brahmic scripts
The Brahmi script and its descendants
Northern Brahmic Gupta Sharada Landa Gurmukhi Khojki Khudabadi Multani Mahajani Takri Dogri Siddham Nagari Devanagari Gujarati Modi Nandinagari Kaithi Sylheti Nagri Gaudi Bengali–Assamese Bengali Assamese Tirhuta Odia Nepalese Bhujimol Ranjana Soyombo Pracalit Tibetan Meitei Lepcha Limbu Khema Phagspa Zanabazar square Marchen Marchung Pungs-chen Pungs-chung Drusha Tamyig Kalinga Bhaiksuki Tocharian
Southern Brahmic Bhattiprolu Tamil-Brahmi Pallava Tamil Grantha Malayalam Tigalari Dhives Akuru Saurashtra Sinhala Khmer Khom Thai Proto-Tai script Sukhothai Thai Fakkham Thai Noi Lao Tai Viet Dai Don Lai Tay Lai Pao Cham Kawi Balinese Batak Buda Javanese Old Sundanese Sundanese Lontara Makasar Ulu scripts Incung Lampung Lembak Ogan Pasemah Rejang Serawai Baybayin Buhid Hanunoo Tagbanwa Kulitan Mon–Burmese Burmese Chakma S'gaw Karen Shan Tanchangya Lik-Tai scripts Ahom Khamti Tai Le Modern Mon Tai Tham New Tai Lue Pyu Vatteluttu Kolezhuthu Malayanma Kadamba Telugu-Kannada Kannada Goykanadi Telugu
v t e

This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.

Telugu script (Telugu: తెలుగు లిపి, romanized: Telugu lipi), an abugida from the Brahmic family of scripts, is used to write the Telugu language, a Dravidian language spoken in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana as well as several other neighbouring states. It is one of the official scripts of the Indian Republic. The Telugu script is also widely used for writing Sanskrit texts and to some extent the Gondi language. It gained prominence during the Eastern Chalukyas also known as Vengi Chalukya era. It also shares extensive similarities with the Kannada script.

History

The Brahmi script used by Mauryan kings eventually reached the Krishna River delta and would give rise to the Bhattiprolu script found on an urn purported to contain Lord Buddha's relics. Buddhism spread to East Asia from the nearby ports of Ghantasala and Masulipatnam (ancient Maisolos of Ptolemy and Masalia of Periplus). Kadamba script developed by the Kadamba dynasty was derived from the Brahmi script and later evolved into the Telugu-Kannada script after the 7th century. The Telugu and Kannada scripts then separated by around 1300 CE. The Muslim historian and scholar Al-Biruni referred to both the Telugu language as well as its script as "Andhri".

Vowels

Telugu uses sixteen vowels, each of which has both an independent form and a diacritic form used with consonants to create syllables. The language makes a distinction between short and long vowels.

Independent	With క (k)	ISO	IPA	Independent	With క (k)	ISO	IPA
అ	క	a	/a/	ఆ	కా	ā	/aː/
ఇ	కి	i	/i/	ఈ	కీ	ī	/iː/
ఉ	కు	u	/u/	ఊ	కూ	ū	/uː/
ఋ	కృ	r̥	/ɾu/	ౠ	కౄ	r̥̄	/ɾuː/
ఌ	కౢ	l̥	/lu/	ౡ	కౣ	l̥̄	/luː/
ఎ	కె	e	/e/	ఏ	కే	ē	/eː/
ఐ	కై	ai	/aj/
ఒ	కొ	o	/o/	ఓ	కో	ō	/oː/
ఔ	కౌ	au	/aw/

^ Not in modern use.

The independent form is used when the vowel occurs at the beginning of a word or syllable, or is a complete syllable in itself (example: a, u, o). The diacritic form is added to consonants (represented by the dotted circle) to form a consonant-vowel syllable (example: ka, kr̥, mo). అ does not have a diacritic form, because this vowel is already inherent in all of the consonants. The other diacritic vowels are added to consonants to change their pronunciation to that of the vowel.

Examples:

ఖ + ఈ (ీ) → ఖీ	/kʰa/ + /iː/ → /kʰiː/
జ + ఉ (ు) → జు	/dʒa/ + /u/ → /dʒu/

Consonants

Character	Subscript	ISO	IPA	Character	Subscript	ISO	IPA	Character	Subscript	ISO	IPA	Character	Subscript	ISO	IPA	Character	Subscript	ISO	IPA
క	్క	ka	/ka/	ఖ	్ఖ	kha	/kʰa/	గ	్గ	ga	/ɡa/	ఘ	్ఘ	gha	/ɡʱa/	ఙ	్ఙ	ṅa	/ŋa/
చ	్చ	ca	/t͡ʃa/	ఛ	్ఛ	cha	/t͡ʃʰa/	జ	్జ	ja	/d͡ʒa/	ఝ	్ఝ	jha	/d͡ʒʱa/	ఞ	్ఞ	ña	/ɲa/
ట	్ట	ṭa	/ʈa/	ఠ	్ఠ	ṭha	/ʈʰa/	డ	్డ	ḍa	/ɖa/	ఢ	్ఢ	ḍha	/ɖʱa/	ణ	్ణ	ṇa	/ɳa/
త	్త	ta	/t̪a/	థ	్థ	tha	/t̪ʰa/	ద	్ద	da	/d̪a/	ధ	్ధ	dha	/d̪ʱa/	న	్న	na	/n̪a/
ప	్ప	pa	/pa/	ఫ	్ఫ	pha	/pʰa/	బ	్బ	ba	/ba/	భ	్భ	bha	/bʱa/	మ	్మ	ma	/ma/
య	్య	ya	/ja/	ర	్ర	ra	/ra/	ల	్ల	la	/la/	వ	్వ	va	/ʋa/	ళ	్ళ	ḷa	/ɭa/
శ	్శ	śa	/ʃa/	ష	్ష	ṣa	/ʂa/	స	్స	sa	/sa/	హ	్హ	ha	/ɦa/

Subscript letters are used in consonant clusters and geminate consonants.

Marginal and archaic consonants

Additionally there are ౘ (ĉa) and ౙ (ẑa) for /t͡sa, d͡za/ which are rarely used, letters for <c, j> are commonly used instead. They are referred in Telugu as dantya ca and dantya ja respectively. During the last century, ఱ (ṟa) known as banḍi ra in Telugu has been dropped. This letter is referred to as banḍi ra as opposed to ర (ra) which is referred to as repha.

Archaic letters
Character	ISO	IPA	Character	ISO	IPA	Character	ISO	IPA
ఴ	ḻa	/ɻa/	ఱ	ṟa	/ra/	ౚ	ḏa	/da/

The letter for a voiced alveolar plosive is found in some inscriptions, it is thought to have been distinguished from the trill ఱ (ṟa) intervocalically rarely; its mostly found after a nasal as in మూన్ౚు (mūnḏu).

Other diacritics

There are also several other diacritics used in the Telugu script. ్ mutes the vowel of a consonant, so that only the consonant is pronounced. ం and ఁ nasalize the vowels or syllables to which they are attached. ః adds a voiceless breath after the vowel or syllable it is attached to.

Character	ISO	Character	ISO	Character	ISO	Character	ISO
ం	ṁ	ఁ	n̆	ః	ḥ	్

Examples:

క + ్ → క్	ka + ∅ → k
క + ఁ → కఁ	ka + n̆ → kan̆
క + ం → కం	ka + ṁ → kaṁ
క + ః → కః	ka + ḥ → kaḥ

Marginal and archaic diacritics and signs

◌఼: Telugu nuqta.

ఽ: Telugu avagraha.

ౝ: Nakaara pollu.

ఀ: The combining candrabindu nasal vowel diacritic of the Telugu script.

ఄ: Combining anusvara above.

౷: Siddham sign.

౿: Tuumu sign.

Places of articulation

There are five classifications of passive articulations:

Kaṇṭhya: Velar

Tālavya: Palatal

Mūrdhanya: Retroflex

Dantya: Dental

Ōshtya: Labial

Apart from that, other places are combinations of the above five:

Dantōsthya: Labio-dental (E.g.: v)

Kantatālavya: E.g.: Diphthong e

Kantōsthya: labial-velar (E.g.: Diphthong o)

There are three places of active articulation:

Jihvāmūlam: tongue root, for velar

Jihvāmadhyam: tongue body, for palatal

Jihvāgram: tip of tongue, for cerebral and dental

Adhōṣṭa: lower lip, for labial

The attempt of articulation of consonants (Uccāraṇa Prayatnam) is of two types,

Bāhya Prayatnam: External effort

Spṛṣṭa: Plosive

Īshat Spṛṣṭa: Approximant

Īshat Saṃvṛta: Fricative

Abhyantara Prayatnam: Internal effort

Alpaprānam: Unaspirated

Mahāprānam: Aspirated

Śvāsa: Unvoiced

Nādam: Voiced

Articulation of consonants

Articulation of consonants is the logical combination of components in the two prayatnams. The below table gives a view upon articulation of consonants.

Telugu Vyanjana Ucchārana Pattika
Prayatna Niyamāvalī				Kanthya (jihvāmūlam)	Tālavya (jihvāmadhyam)	Mūrdhanya (jihvāgram)	Dantya (jihvāgram)	Dantōṣṭya	Ōshtya (adhōṣṭa)
Sparśa	Śvāsa	Alpaprānam		ka (క)	ca (చ)	ṭa (ట)	ta (త)	—	pa (ప)
	Śvāsa	Mahāprānam		kha (ఖ)	cha (ఛ)	ṭha (ఠ)	tha (థ)	—	pha (ఫ)
	Nāda	Alpaprānam		ga (గ)	ja (జ)	ḍa (డ)	da (ద)	—	ba (బ)
	Nāda	Mahāprānam		gha (ఘ)	jha (ఝ)	ḍha (ఢ)	dha (ధ)	—	bha (భ)
	Anunāsikam	Nādam, Alpaprānam, Dravam	Avyāhata	ṅa (ఙ)	ña (ఞ)	ṇa (ణ)	na (న)	—	ma (మ)
Antastha		Nādam, Alpaprānam, Dravam		—	ya (య)	ra (ర) (Lunṭhita) ḷa (ళ) (Pārśvika)	la (ల) (Pārśvika) ṟa (ఱ) (Kampita)	va (వ)	—
Ūṣman	Śvāsa	Mahāprāṇam		Visarga	śa (శ)	ṣa (ష)	sa (స)	—	—
Ūṣman	Nādam	Mahāprāṇam		ha (హ)	—	—	—	—	—

The Telugu script has generally regular conjuncts, with trailing consonants taking a subjoined form, often losing the talakattu (the v-shaped headstroke). The following table shows all two-consonant conjuncts and one three-consonant conjunct, but individual conjuncts may differ between fonts. These are referred in Telugu as vattulu (వత్తులు).

	క	ఖ	గ	ఘ	ఙ	చ	ఛ	జ	ఝ	ఞ	ట	ఠ	డ	ఢ	ణ	త	థ	ద	ధ	న	ప	ఫ	బ	భ	మ	య	ర	ల	వ	శ	ష	స	హ	ళ	క్ష	ఱ
క	క్క	క్ఖ	క్గ	క్ఘ	క్ఙ	క్చ	క్ఛ	క్జ	క్ఝ	క్ఞ	క్ట	క్ఠ	క్డ	క్ఢ	క్ణ	క్త	క్థ	క్ద	క్ధ	క్న	క్ప	క్ఫ	క్బ	క్భ	క్మ	క్య	క్ర	క్ల	క్వ	క్శ	క్ష	క్స	క్హ	క్ళ	క్క్ష	క్ఱ
ఖ	ఖ్క	ఖ్ఖ	ఖ్గ	ఖ్ఘ	ఖ్ఙ	ఖ్చ	ఖ్ఛ	ఖ్జ	ఖ్ఝ	ఖ్ఞ	ఖ్ట	ఖ్ఠ	ఖ్డ	ఖ్ఢ	ఖ్ణ	ఖ్త	ఖ్థ	ఖ్ద	ఖ్ధ	ఖ్న	ఖ్ప	ఖ్ఫ	ఖ్బ	ఖ్భ	ఖ్మ	ఖ్య	ఖ్ర	ఖ్ల	ఖ్వ	ఖ్శ	ఖ్ష	ఖ్స	ఖ్హ	ఖ్ళ	ఖ్క్ష	ఖ్ఱ
గ	గ్క	గ్ఖ	గ్గ	గ్ఘ	గ్ఙ	గ్చ	గ్ఛ	గ్జ	గ్ఝ	గ్ఞ	గ్ట	గ్ఠ	గ్డ	గ్ఢ	గ్ణ	గ్త	గ్థ	గ్ద	గ్ధ	గ్న	గ్ప	గ్ఫ	గ్బ	గ్భ	గ్మ	గ్య	గ్ర	గ్ల	గ్వ	గ్శ	గ్ష	గ్స	గ్హ	గ్ళ	గ్క్ష	గ్ఱ
ఘ	ఘ్క	ఘ్ఖ	ఘ్గ	ఘ్ఘ	ఘ్ఙ	ఘ్చ	ఘ్ఛ	ఘ్జ	ఘ్ఝ	ఘ్ఞ	ఘ్ట	ఘ్ఠ	ఘ్డ	ఘ్ఢ	ఘ్ణ	ఘ్త	ఘ్థ	ఘ్ద	ఘ్ధ	ఘ్న	ఘ్ప	ఘ్ఫ	ఘ్బ	ఘ్భ	ఘ్మ	ఘ్య	ఘ్ర	ఘ్ల	ఘ్వ	ఘ్శ	ఘ్ష	ఘ్స	ఘ్హ	ఘ్ళ	ఘ్క్ష	ఘ్ఱ
ఙ	ఙ్క	ఙ్ఖ	ఙ్గ	ఙ్ఘ	ఙ్ఙ	ఙ్చ	ఙ్ఛ	ఙ్జ	ఙ్ఝ	ఙ్ఞ	ఙ్ట	ఙ్ఠ	ఙ్డ	ఙ్ఢ	ఙ్ణ	ఙ్త	ఙ్థ	ఙ్ద	ఙ్ధ	ఙ్న	ఙ్ప	ఙ్ఫ	ఙ్బ	ఙ్భ	ఙ్మ	ఙ్య	ఙ్ర	ఙ్ల	ఙ్వ	ఙ్శ	ఙ్ష	ఙ్స	ఙ్హ	ఙ్ళ	ఙ్క్ష	ఙ్ఱ
చ	చ్క	చ్ఖ	చ్గ	చ్ఘ	చ్ఙ	చ్చ	చ్ఛ	చ్జ	చ్ఝ	చ్ఞ	చ్ట	చ్ఠ	చ్డ	చ్ఢ	చ్ణ	చ్త	చ్థ	చ్ద	చ్ధ	చ్న	చ్ప	చ్ఫ	చ్బ	చ్భ	చ్మ	చ్య	చ్ర	చ్ల	చ్వ	చ్శ	చ్ష	చ్స	చ్హ	చ్ళ	చ్క్ష	చ్ఱ
ఛ	ఛ్క	ఛ్ఖ	ఛ్గ	ఛ్ఘ	ఛ్ఙ	ఛ్చ	ఛ్ఛ	ఛ్జ	ఛ్ఝ	ఛ్ఞ	ఛ్ట	ఛ్ఠ	ఛ్డ	ఛ్ఢ	ఛ్ణ	ఛ్త	ఛ్థ	ఛ్ద	ఛ్ధ	ఛ్న	ఛ్ప	ఛ్ఫ	ఛ్బ	ఛ్భ	ఛ్మ	ఛ్య	ఛ్ర	ఛ్ల	ఛ్వ	ఛ్శ	ఛ్ష	ఛ్స	ఛ్హ	ఛ్ళ	ఛ్క్ష	ఛ్ఱ
జ	జ్క	జ్ఖ	జ్గ	జ్ఘ	జ్ఙ	జ్చ	జ్ఛ	జ్జ	జ్ఝ	జ్ఞ	జ్ట	జ్ఠ	జ్డ	జ్ఢ	జ్ణ	జ్త	జ్థ	జ్ద	జ్ధ	జ్న	జ్ప	జ్ఫ	జ్బ	జ్భ	జ్మ	జ్య	జ్ర	జ్ల	జ్వ	జ్శ	జ్ష	జ్స	జ్హ	జ్ళ	జ్క్ష	జ్ఱ
ఝ	ఝ్క	ఝ్ఖ	ఝ్గ	ఝ్ఘ	ఝ్ఙ	ఝ్చ	ఝ్ఛ	ఝ్జ	ఝ్ఝ	ఝ్ఞ	ఝ్ట	ఝ్ఠ	ఝ్డ	ఝ్ఢ	ఝ్ణ	ఝ్త	ఝ్థ	ఝ్ద	ఝ్ధ	ఝ్న	ఝ్ప	ఝ్ఫ	ఝ్బ	ఝ్భ	ఝ్మ	ఝ్య	ఝ్ర	ఝ్ల	ఝ్వ	ఝ్శ	ఝ్ష	ఝ్స	ఝ్హ	ఝ్ళ	ఝ్క్ష	ఝ్ఱ
ఞ	ఞ్క	ఞ్ఖ	ఞ్గ	ఞ్ఘ	ఞ్ఙ	ఞ్చ	ఞ్ఛ	ఞ్జ	ఞ్ఝ	ఞ్ఞ	ఞ్ట	ఞ్ఠ	ఞ్డ	ఞ్ఢ	ఞ్ణ	ఞ్త	ఞ్థ	ఞ్ద	ఞ్ధ	ఞ్న	ఞ్ప	ఞ్ఫ	ఞ్బ	ఞ్భ	ఞ్మ	ఞ్య	ఞ్ర	ఞ్ల	ఞ్వ	ఞ్శ	ఞ్ష	ఞ్స	ఞ్హ	ఞ్ళ	ఞ్క్ష	ఞ్ఱ
ట	ట్క	ట్ఖ	ట్గ	ట్ఘ	ట్ఙ	ట్చ	ట్ఛ	ట్జ	ట్ఝ	ట్ఞ	ట్ట	ట్ఠ	ట్డ	ట్ఢ	ట్ణ	ట్త	ట్థ	ట్ద	ట్ధ	ట్న	ట్ప	ట్ఫ	ట్బ	ట్భ	ట్మ	ట్య	ట్ర	ట్ల	ట్వ	ట్శ	ట్ష	ట్స	ట్హ	ట్ళ	ట్క్ష	ట్ఱ
ఠ	ఠ్క	ఠ్ఖ	ఠ్గ	ఠ్ఘ	ఠ్ఙ	ఠ్చ	ఠ్ఛ	ఠ్జ	ఠ్ఝ	ఠ్ఞ	ఠ్ట	ఠ్ఠ	ఠ్డ	ఠ్ఢ	ఠ్ణ	ఠ్త	ఠ్థ	ఠ్ద	ఠ్ధ	ఠ్న	ఠ్ప	ఠ్ఫ	ఠ్బ	ఠ్భ	ఠ్మ	ఠ్య	ఠ్ర	ఠ్ల	ఠ్వ	ఠ్శ	ఠ్ష	ఠ్స	ఠ్హ	ఠ్ళ	ఠ్క్ష	ఠ్ఱ
డ	డ్క	డ్ఖ	డ్గ	డ్ఘ	డ్ఙ	డ్చ	డ్ఛ	డ్జ	డ్ఝ	డ్ఞ	డ్ట	డ్ఠ	డ్డ	డ్ఢ	డ్ణ	డ్త	డ్థ	డ్ద	డ్ధ	డ్న	డ్ప	డ్ఫ	డ్బ	డ్భ	డ్మ	డ్య	డ్ర	డ్ల	డ్వ	డ్శ	డ్ష	డ్స	డ్హ	డ్ళ	డ్క్ష	డ్ఱ
ఢ	ఢ్క	ఢ్ఖ	ఢ్గ	ఢ్ఘ	ఢ్ఙ	ఢ్చ	ఢ్ఛ	ఢ్జ	ఢ్ఝ	ఢ్ఞ	ఢ్ట	ఢ్ఠ	ఢ్డ	ఢ్ఢ	ఢ్ణ	ఢ్త	ఢ్థ	ఢ్ద	ఢ్ధ	ఢ్న	ఢ్ప	ఢ్ఫ	ఢ్బ	ఢ్భ	ఢ్మ	ఢ్య	ఢ్ర	ఢ్ల	ఢ్వ	ఢ్శ	ఢ్ష	ఢ్స	ఢ్హ	ఢ్ళ	ఢ్క్ష	ఢ్ఱ
ణ	ణ్క	ణ్ఖ	ణ్గ	ణ్ఘ	ణ్ఙ	ణ్చ	ణ్ఛ	ణ్జ	ణ్ఝ	ణ్ఞ	ణ్ట	ణ్ఠ	ణ్డ	ణ్ఢ	ణ్ణ	ణ్త	ణ్థ	ణ్ద	ణ్ధ	ణ్న	ణ్ప	ణ్ఫ	ణ్బ	ణ్భ	ణ్మ	ణ్య	ణ్ర	ణ్ల	ణ్వ	ణ్శ	ణ్ష	ణ్స	ణ్హ	ణ్ళ	ణ్క్ష	ణ్ఱ
త	త్క	త్ఖ	త్గ	త్ఘ	త్ఙ	త్చ	త్ఛ	త్జ	త్ఝ	త్ఞ	త్ట	త్ఠ	త్డ	త్ఢ	త్ణ	త్త	త్థ	త్ద	త్ధ	త్న	త్ప	త్ఫ	త్బ	త్భ	త్మ	త్య	త్ర	త్ల	త్వ	త్శ	త్ష	త్స	త్హ	త్ళ	త్క్ష	త్ఱ
థ	థ్క	థ్ఖ	థ్గ	థ్ఘ	థ్ఙ	థ్చ	థ్ఛ	థ్జ	థ్ఝ	థ్ఞ	థ్ట	థ్ఠ	థ్డ	థ్ఢ	థ్ణ	థ్త	థ్థ	థ్ద	థ్ధ	థ్న	థ్ప	థ్ఫ	థ్బ	థ్భ	థ్మ	థ్య	థ్ర	థ్ల	థ్వ	థ్శ	థ్ష	థ్స	థ్హ	థ్ళ	థ్క్ష	థ్ఱ
ద	ద్క	ద్ఖ	ద్గ	ద్ఘ	ద్ఙ	ద్చ	ద్ఛ	ద్జ	ద్ఝ	ద్ఞ	ద్ట	ద్ఠ	ద్డ	ద్ఢ	ద్ణ	ద్త	ద్థ	ద్ద	ద్ధ	ద్న	ద్ప	ద్ఫ	ద్బ	ద్భ	ద్మ	ద్య	ద్ర	ద్ల	ద్వ	ద్శ	ద్ష	ద్స	ద్హ	ద్ళ	ద్క్ష	ద్ఱ
ధ	ధ్క	ధ్ఖ	ధ్గ	ధ్ఘ	ధ్ఙ	ధ్చ	ధ్ఛ	ధ్జ	ధ్ఝ	ధ్ఞ	ధ్ట	ధ్ఠ	ధ్డ	ధ్ఢ	ధ్ణ	ధ్త	ధ్థ	ధ్ద	ధ్ధ	ధ్న	ధ్ప	ధ్ఫ	ధ్బ	ధ్భ	ధ్మ	ధ్య	ధ్ర	ధ్ల	ధ్వ	ధ్శ	ధ్ష	ధ్స	ధ్హ	ధ్ళ	ధ్క్ష	ధ్ఱ
న	న్క	న్ఖ	న్గ	న్ఘ	న్ఙ	న్చ	న్ఛ	న్జ	న్ఝ	న్ఞ	న్ట	న్ఠ	న్డ	న్ఢ	న్ణ	న్త	న్థ	న్ద	న్ధ	న్న	న్ప	న్ఫ	న్బ	న్భ	న్మ	న్య	న్ర	న్ల	న్వ	న్శ	న్ష	న్స	న్హ	న్ళ	న్క్ష	న్ఱ
ప	ప్క	ప్ఖ	ప్గ	ప్ఘ	ప్ఙ	ప్చ	ప్ఛ	ప్జ	ప్ఝ	ప్ఞ	ప్ట	ప్ఠ	ప్డ	ప్ఢ	ప్ణ	ప్త	ప్థ	ప్ద	ప్ధ	ప్న	ప్ప	ప్ఫ	ప్బ	ప్భ	ప్మ	ప్య	ప్ర	ప్ల	ప్వ	ప్శ	ప్ష	ప్స	ప్హ	ప్ళ	ప్క్ష	ప్ఱ
ఫ	ఫ్క	ఫ్ఖ	ఫ్గ	ఫ్ఘ	ఫ్ఙ	ఫ్చ	ఫ్ఛ	ఫ్జ	ఫ్ఝ	ఫ్ఞ	ఫ్ట	ఫ్ఠ	ఫ్డ	ఫ్ఢ	ఫ్ణ	ఫ్త	ఫ్థ	ఫ్ద	ఫ్ధ	ఫ్న	ఫ్ప	ఫ్ఫ	ఫ్బ	ఫ్భ	ఫ్మ	ఫ్య	ఫ్ర	ఫ్ల	ఫ్వ	ఫ్శ	ఫ్ష	ఫ్స	ఫ్హ	ఫ్ళ	ఫ్క్ష	ఫ్ఱ
బ	బ్క	బ్ఖ	బ్గ	బ్ఘ	బ్ఙ	బ్చ	బ్ఛ	బ్జ	బ్ఝ	బ్ఞ	బ్ట	బ్ఠ	బ్డ	బ్ఢ	బ్ణ	బ్త	బ్థ	బ్ద	బ్ధ	బ్న	బ్ప	బ్ఫ	బ్బ	బ్భ	బ్మ	బ్య	బ్ర	బ్ల	బ్వ	బ్శ	బ్ష	బ్స	బ్హ	బ్ళ	బ్క్ష	బ్ఱ
భ	భ్క	భ్ఖ	భ్గ	భ్ఘ	భ్ఙ	భ్చ	భ్ఛ	భ్జ	భ్ఝ	భ్ఞ	భ్ట	భ్ఠ	భ్డ	భ్ఢ	భ్ణ	భ్త	భ్థ	భ్ద	భ్ధ	భ్న	భ్ప	భ్ఫ	భ్బ	భ్భ	భ్మ	భ్య	భ్ర	భ్ల	భ్వ	భ్శ	భ్ష	భ్స	భ్హ	భ్ళ	భ్క్ష	భ్ఱ
మ	మ్క	మ్ఖ	మ్గ	మ్ఘ	మ్ఙ	మ్చ	మ్ఛ	మ్జ	మ్ఝ	మ్ఞ	మ్ట	మ్ఠ	మ్డ	మ్ఢ	మ్ణ	మ్త	మ్థ	మ్ద	మ్ధ	మ్న	మ్ప	మ్ఫ	మ్బ	మ్భ	మ్మ	మ్య	మ్ర	మ్ల	మ్వ	మ్శ	మ్ష	మ్స	మ్హ	మ్ళ	మ్క్ష	మ్ఱ
య	య్క	య్ఖ	య్గ	య్ఘ	య్ఙ	య్చ	య్ఛ	య్జ	య్ఝ	య్ఞ	య్ట	య్ఠ	య్డ	య్ఢ	య్ణ	య్త	య్థ	య్ద	య్ధ	య్న	య్ప	య్ఫ	య్బ	య్భ	య్మ	య్య	య్ర	య్ల	య్వ	య్శ	య్ష	య్స	య్హ	య్ళ	య్క్ష	య్ఱ
ర	ర్క	ర్ఖ	ర్గ	ర్ఘ	ర్ఙ	ర్చ	ర్ఛ	ర్జ	ర్ఝ	ర్ఞ	ర్ట	ర్ఠ	ర్డ	ర్ఢ	ర్ణ	ర్త	ర్థ	ర్ద	ర్ధ	ర్న	ర్ప	ర్ఫ	ర్బ	ర్భ	ర్మ	ర్య	ర్ర	ర్ల	ర్వ	ర్శ	ర్ష	ర్స	ర్హ	ర్ళ	ర్క్ష	ర్ఱ
ల	ల్క	ల్ఖ	ల్గ	ల్ఘ	ల్ఙ	ల్చ	ల్ఛ	ల్జ	ల్ఝ	ల్ఞ	ల్ట	ల్ఠ	ల్డ	ల్ఢ	ల్ణ	ల్త	ల్థ	ల్ద	ల్ధ	ల్న	ల్ప	ల్ఫ	ల్బ	ల్భ	ల్మ	ల్య	ల్ర	ల్ల	ల్వ	ల్శ	ల్ష	ల్స	ల్హ	ల్ళ	ల్క్ష	ల్ఱ
వ	వ్క	వ్ఖ	వ్గ	వ్ఘ	వ్ఙ	వ్చ	వ్ఛ	వ్జ	వ్ఝ	వ్ఞ	వ్ట	వ్ఠ	వ్డ	వ్ఢ	వ్ణ	వ్త	వ్థ	వ్ద	వ్ధ	వ్న	వ్ప	వ్ఫ	వ్బ	వ్భ	వ్మ	వ్య	వ్ర	వ్ల	వ్వ	వ్శ	వ్ష	వ్స	వ్హ	వ్ళ	వ్క్ష	వ్ఱ
శ	శ్క	శ్ఖ	శ్గ	శ్ఘ	శ్ఙ	శ్చ	శ్ఛ	శ్జ	శ్ఝ	శ్ఞ	శ్ట	శ్ఠ	శ్డ	శ్ఢ	శ్ణ	శ్త	శ్థ	శ్ద	శ్ధ	శ్న	శ్ప	శ్ఫ	శ్బ	శ్భ	శ్మ	శ్య	శ్ర	శ్ల	శ్వ	శ్శ	శ్ష	శ్స	శ్హ	శ్ళ	శ్క్ష	శ్ఱ
ష	ష్క	ష్ఖ	ష్గ	ష్ఘ	ష్ఙ	ష్చ	ష్ఛ	ష్జ	ష్ఝ	ష్ఞ	ష్ట	ష్ఠ	ష్డ	ష్ఢ	ష్ణ	ష్త	ష్థ	ష్ద	ష్ధ	ష్న	ష్ప	ష్ఫ	ష్బ	ష్భ	ష్మ	ష్య	ష్ర	ష్ల	ష్వ	ష్శ	ష్ష	ష్స	ష్హ	ష్ళ	ష్క్ష	ష్ఱ
స	స్క	స్ఖ	స్గ	స్ఘ	స్ఙ	స్చ	స్ఛ	స్జ	స్ఝ	స్ఞ	స్ట	స్ఠ	స్డ	స్ఢ	స్ణ	స్త	స్థ	స్ద	స్ధ	స్న	స్ప	స్ఫ	స్బ	స్భ	స్మ	స్య	స్ర	స్ల	స్వ	స్శ	స్ష	స్స	స్హ	స్ళ	స్క్ష	స్ఱ
హ	హ్క	హ్ఖ	హ్గ	హ్ఘ	హ్ఙ	హ్చ	హ్ఛ	హ్జ	హ్ఝ	హ్ఞ	హ్ట	హ్ఠ	హ్డ	హ్ఢ	హ్ణ	హ్త	హ్థ	హ్ద	హ్ధ	హ్న	హ్ప	హ్ఫ	హ్బ	హ్భ	హ్మ	హ్య	హ్ర	హ్ల	హ్వ	హ్శ	హ్ష	హ్స	హ్హ	హ్ళ	హ్క్ష	హ్ఱ
ళ	ళ్క	ళ్ఖ	ళ్గ	ళ్ఘ	ళ్ఙ	ళ్చ	ళ్ఛ	ళ్జ	ళ్ఝ	ళ్ఞ	ళ్ట	ళ్ఠ	ళ్డ	ళ్ఢ	ళ్ణ	ళ్త	ళ్థ	ళ్ద	ళ్ధ	ళ్న	ళ్ప	ళ్ఫ	ళ్బ	ళ్భ	ళ్మ	ళ్య	ళ్ర	ళ్ల	ళ్వ	ళ్శ	ళ్ష	ళ్స	ళ్హ	ళ్ళ	ళ్క్ష	ళ్ఱ
క్ష	క్ష్క	క్ష్ఖ	క్ష్గ	క్ష్ఘ	క్ష్ఙ	క్ష్చ	క్ష్ఛ	క్ష్జ	క్ష్ఝ	క్ష్ఞ	క్ష్ట	క్ష్ఠ	క్ష్డ	క్ష్ఢ	క్ష్ణ	క్ష్త	క్ష్థ	క్ష్ద	క్ష్ధ	క్ష్న	క్ష్ప	క్ష్ఫ	క్ష్బ	క్ష్భ	క్ష్మ	క్ష్య	క్ష్ర	క్ష్ల	క్ష్వ	క్ష్శ	క్ష్ష	క్ష్స	క్ష్హ	క్ష్ళ	క్ష్క్ష	క్ష్ఱ
ఱ	ఱ్క	ఱ్ఖ	ఱ్గ	ఱ్ఘ	ఱ్ఙ	ఱ్చ	ఱ్ఛ	ఱ్జ	ఱ్ఝ	ఱ్ఞ	ఱ్ట	ఱ్ఠ	ఱ్డ	ఱ్ఢ	ఱ్ణ	ఱ్త	ఱ్థ	ఱ్ద	ఱ్ధ	ఱ్న	ఱ్ప	ఱ్ఫ	ఱ్బ	ఱ్భ	ఱ్మ	ఱ్య	ఱ్ర	ఱ్ల	ఱ్వ	ఱ్శ	ఱ్ష	ఱ్స	ఱ్హ	ఱ్ళ	ఱ్క్ష	ఱ్ఱ

Consonants with vowel diacritics

The consonants with vowel diacritics are referred to in the Telugu language as guṇintālu (గుణింతాలు). The word Guṇita refers to 'multiplying oneself'. Therefore, each consonant sound can be multiplied with vowel sounds to produce vowel diacritics. The vowel diacritics along with their symbols and names are given below.

Diacritic symbol	Vowel letter	Diacritic name	Example
none	(అ, a)	తలకట్టు (talakaṭṭu)	క
ా	(ఆ, ā)	దీర్ఘం (dīrgham)	కా
ి	(ఇ, i)	గుడి (guḍi)	కి
ీ	(ఈ, ī)	గుడి దీర్ఘం (guḍi dīrgham)	కీ
ు	(ఉ, u)	కొమ్ము (kommu)	కు
ూ	(ఊ, ū)	కొమ్ము దీర్ఘం (kommu dīrgham)	కూ
ృ	(ఋ, ṛ)	వట్రసుడి (vaṭrasuḍi)	కృ
ౄ	(ౠ, ṝ)	వట్రసుడి దీర్ఘం (vaṭrasuḍi dīrgham)	కౄ
ౢ	(ఌ, ḷ)	ఌత్వం (ḷtvam)	కౢ
ౣ	(ౡ, ḹ)	ఌత్వ దీర్ఘం (ḷtva dīrgham)	కౣ
ె	(ఎ, e)	ఎత్వం (etvam)	కె
ే	(ఏ, ē)	ఏత్వం (ētvam)	కే
ై	(ఐ, ai)	ఐత్వం (aitvam)	కై
ొ	(ఒ, o)	ఒత్వం (otvam)	కొ
ో	(ఓ, ō)	ఓత్వం (ōtvam)	కో
ౌ	(ఔ, au)	ఔత్వం (autvam)	కౌ
ం	(అం, am)	సున్నా (sunnā)	కం
ః	(అః, aha)	విసర్గ (visarga)	కః
ఁ	(అఁ, an̆)	అరసున్నా (arasunnā)	కఁ
్	—	పొల్లు (pollu)	క్

The following table contains the consonants with vowel diacritics in the Telugu language.

అ	ఆ	ఇ	ఈ	ఉ	ఊ	ఋ	ౠ	ఌ	ౡ	ఎ	ఏ	ఐ	ఒ	ఓ	ఔ	అఁ	అం	అః	—
క	కా	కి	కీ	కు	కూ	కృ	కౄ	కౢ	కౣ	కె	కే	కై	కొ	కో	కౌ	కఁ	కం	కః	క్
ఖ	ఖా	ఖి	ఖీ	ఖు	ఖూ	ఖృ	ఖౄ	ఖౢ	ఖౣ	ఖె	ఖే	ఖై	ఖొ	ఖో	ఖౌ	ఖఁ	ఖం	ఖః	ఖ్
గ	గా	గి	గీ	గు	గూ	గృ	గౄ	గౢ	గౣ	గె	గే	గై	గొ	గో	గౌ	గఁ	గం	గః	గ్
ఘ	ఘా	ఘి	ఘీ	ఘు	ఘూ	ఘృ	ఘౄ	ఘౢ	ఘౣ	ఘె	ఘే	ఘై	ఘొ	ఘో	ఘౌ	ఘఁ	ఘం	ఘః	ఘ్
ఙ	ఙా	ఙి	ఙీ	ఙు	ఙూ	ఙృ	ఙౄ	ఙౢ	ఙౣ	ఙె	ఙే	ఙై	ఙొ	ఙో	ఙౌ	ఙఁ	ఙం	ఙః	ఙ్
చ	చా	చి	చీ	చు	చూ	చృ	చౄ	చౢ	చౣ	చె	చే	చై	చొ	చో	చౌ	చఁ	చం	చః	చ్
ఛ	ఛా	ఛి	ఛీ	ఛు	ఛూ	ఛృ	ఛౄ	ఛౢ	ఛౣ	ఛె	ఛే	ఛై	ఛొ	ఛో	ఛౌ	ఛఁ	ఛం	ఛః	ఛ్
జ	జా	జి	జీ	జు	జూ	జృ	జౄ	జౢ	జౣ	జె	జే	జై	జొ	జో	జౌ	జఁ	జం	జః	జ్
ఝ	ఝా	ఝి	ఝీ	ఝు	ఝూ	ఝృ	ఝౄ	ఝౢ	ఝౣ	ఝె	ఝే	ఝై	ఝొ	ఝో	ఝౌ	ఝఁ	ఝం	ఝః	ఝ్
ఞ	ఞా	ఞి	ఞీ	ఞు	ఞూ	ఞృ	ఞౄ	ఞౢ	ఞౣ	ఞె	ఞే	ఞై	ఞొ	ఞో	ఞౌ	ఞఁ	ఞం	ఞః	ఞ్
ట	టా	టి	టీ	టు	టూ	టృ	టౄ	టౢ	టౣ	టె	టే	టై	టొ	టో	టౌ	టఁ	టం	టః	ట్
ఠ	ఠా	ఠి	ఠీ	ఠు	ఠూ	ఠృ	ఠౄ	ఠౢ	ఠౣ	ఠె	ఠే	ఠై	ఠొ	ఠో	ఠౌ	ఠఁ	ఠం	ఠః	ఠ్
డ	డా	డి	డీ	డు	డూ	డృ	డౄ	డౢ	డౣ	డె	డే	డై	డొ	డో	డౌ	డఁ	డం	డః	డ్
ఢ	ఢా	ఢి	ఢీ	ఢు	ఢూ	ఢృ	ఢౄ	ఢౢ	ఢౣ	ఢె	ఢే	ఢై	ఢొ	ఢో	ఢౌ	ఢఁ	ఢం	ఢః	ఢ్
ణ	ణా	ణి	ణీ	ణు	ణూ	ణృ	ణౄ	ణౢ	ణౣ	ణె	ణే	ణై	ణొ	ణో	ణౌ	ణఁ	ణం	ణః	ణ్
త	తా	తి	తీ	తు	తూ	తృ	తౄ	తౢ	తౣ	తె	తే	తై	తొ	తో	తౌ	తఁ	తం	తః	త్
థ	థా	థి	థీ	థు	థూ	థృ	థౄ	థౢ	థౣ	థె	థే	థై	థొ	థో	థౌ	థఁ	థం	థః	థ్
ద	దా	ది	దీ	దు	దూ	దృ	దౄ	దౢ	దౣ	దె	దే	దై	దొ	దో	దౌ	దఁ	దం	దః	ద్
ధ	ధా	ధి	ధీ	ధు	ధూ	ధృ	ధౄ	ధౢ	ధౣ	ధె	ధే	ధై	ధొ	ధో	ధౌ	ధఁ	ధం	ధః	ధ్
న	నా	ని	నీ	ను	నూ	నృ	నౄ	నౢ	నౣ	నె	నే	నై	నొ	నో	నౌ	నఁ	నం	నః	న్
ప	పా	పి	పీ	పు	పూ	పృ	పౄ	పౢ	పౣ	పె	పే	పై	పొ	పో	పౌ	పఁ	పం	పః	ప్
ఫ	ఫా	ఫి	ఫీ	ఫు	ఫూ	ఫృ	ఫౄ	ఫౢ	ఫౣ	ఫె	ఫే	ఫై	ఫొ	ఫో	ఫౌ	ఫఁ	ఫం	ఫః	ఫ్
బ	బా	బి	బీ	బు	బూ	బృ	బౄ	బౢ	బౣ	బె	బే	బై	బొ	బో	బౌ	బఁ	బం	బః	బ్
భ	భా	భి	భీ	భు	భూ	భృ	భౄ	భౢ	భౣ	భె	భే	భై	భొ	భో	భౌ	భఁ	భం	భః	భ్
మ	మా	మి	మీ	ము	మూ	మృ	మౄ	మౢ	మౣ	మె	మే	మై	మొ	మో	మౌ	మఁ	మం	మః	మ్
య	యా	యి	యీ	యు	యూ	యృ	యౄ	యౢ	యౣ	యె	యే	యై	యొ	యో	యౌ	యఁ	యం	యః	య్
ర	రా	రి	రీ	రు	రూ	రృ	రౄ	రౢ	రౣ	రె	రే	రై	రొ	రో	రౌ	రఁ	రం	రః	ర్
ల	లా	లి	లీ	లు	లూ	లృ	లౄ	లౢ	లౣ	లె	లే	లై	లొ	లో	లౌ	లఁ	లం	లః	ల్
వ	వా	వి	వీ	వు	వూ	వృ	వౄ	వౢ	వౣ	వె	వే	వై	వొ	వో	వౌ	వఁ	వం	వః	వ్
శ	శా	శి	శీ	శు	శూ	శృ	శౄ	శౢ	శౣ	శె	శే	శై	శొ	శో	శౌ	శఁ	శం	శః	శ్
ష	షా	షి	షీ	షు	షూ	షృ	షౄ	షౢ	షౣ	షె	షే	షై	షొ	షో	షౌ	షఁ	షం	షః	ష్
స	సా	సి	సీ	సు	సూ	సృ	సౄ	సౢ	సౣ	సె	సే	సై	సొ	సో	సౌ	సఁ	సం	సః	స్
హ	హా	హి	హీ	హు	హూ	హృ	హౄ	హౢ	హౣ	హె	హే	హై	హొ	హో	హౌ	హఁ	హం	హః	హ్
ళ	ళా	ళి	ళీ	ళు	ళూ	ళృ	ళౄ	ళౢ	ళౣ	ళె	ళే	ళై	ళొ	ళో	ళౌ	ళఁ	ళం	ళః	ళ్
క్ష	క్షా	క్షి	క్షీ	క్షు	క్షూ	క్షృ	క్షౄ	క్షౢ	క్షౣ	క్షె	క్షే	క్షై	క్షొ	క్షో	క్షౌ	క్షఁ	క్షం	క్షః	క్ష్
ఱ	ఱా	ఱి	ఱీ	ఱు	ఱూ	ఱృ	ఱౄ	ఱౢ	ఱౣ	ఱె	ఱే	ఱై	ఱొ	ఱో	ఱౌ	ఱఁ	ఱం	ఱః	ఱ్

Numerals

0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
౦	౧	౨	౩	౪	౫	౬	౭	౮	౯

0⁄4	1⁄4	2⁄4	3⁄4	0⁄16	1⁄16	2⁄16	3⁄16
౸	౹	౺	౻	౦	౼	౽	౾

NOTE: ౹, ౺, and ౻ are used also for 1⁄64, 2⁄64, 3⁄64, 1⁄1024, etc. and ౼, ౽, and ౾ are also used for 1⁄256, 2⁄256, 3⁄256, 1⁄4096, etc.

Unicode

Main article: Telugu (Unicode block)

Telugu script was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 1991 with the release of version 1.0.

The Unicode block for Telugu is U+0C00–U+0C7F:

Telugu
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

U+0C0x

ఀ

ఁ

ం

ః

ఄ

అ

ఆ

ఇ

ఈ

ఉ

ఊ

ఋ

ఌ

ఎ

ఏ

U+0C1x

ఐ

ఒ

ఓ

ఔ

క

ఖ

గ

ఘ

ఙ

చ

ఛ

జ

ఝ

ఞ

ట

U+0C2x

ఠ

డ

ఢ

ణ

త

థ

ద

ధ

న

ప

ఫ

బ

భ

మ

య

U+0C3x

ర

ఱ

ల

ళ

ఴ

వ

శ

ష

స

హ

఼

ఽ

ా

ి

U+0C4x

ీ

ు

ూ

ృ

ౄ

ె

ే

ై

ొ

ో

ౌ

్

U+0C5x

ౕ

ౖ

ౘ

ౙ

ౚ

ౝ

U+0C6x

ౠ

ౡ

ౢ

ౣ

౦

౧

౨

౩

౪

౫

౬

౭

౮

౯

U+0C7x

౷

౸

౹

౺

౻

౼

౽

౾

౿

Notes

1. As of Unicode version 16.0

2. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

In contrast to a syllabic script such as katakana, where one Unicode code point represents the glyph for one syllable, Telugu combines multiple code points to generate the glyph for one syllable, using complex font rendering rules.

iOS character crash bug

On February 12, 2018, a bug in the iOS operating system was reported that caused iOS devices to crash if a particular Telugu character was displayed. The character is a combination of the characters "జ", "్", "ఞ", "ా" and The Zero-Width Non-Joiner character which looks combined like this "జ్ఞా". Apple confirmed a fix for iOS 11.3 and macOS 10.13.4.

References

^ Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in the Indo-Aryan Languages, by Richard Solomon, Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 35, 40–41, ISBN 0-19-509984-2
"Evolution of Telugu Character Graphs". Retrieved 2013-07-22.
"chart". Archived from the original on 2020-07-24. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
Antiquity of Telugu language and script: http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/20/stories/2007122054820600.htm
Ananda Buddha Vihara Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
The Great Stupa at Nagarjunakonda in Southern India-【佛学研究网】佛教文化网中国佛教网中国佛学网佛教信息网佛教研究佛学讲座禅学讲座吴言生说禅
The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems by Florian Coulmas, p. 228
Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride (2019), p. 29
Murthy, K.N.; Rao, G.U. (April 2002). "Telugu Script" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-02-18.
Diringer, David (1948). The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind. p. 381.
Al-biruni. English translation of 'Kitab-ul Hind'. New Delhi: National Book Trust.
"Telugu alphabet, pronunciation and language".
"Proposal to encode 0C5A TELUGU LETTER RRRA" (PDF). 2012.
"Telugulo Chandoviseshaalu", Page 127 (In Telugu).
Rangaswami Modalari (1901). "Pedda Balasiksha" (in Telugu). Poomagal Vilasam Mudraksharasala, Madras.
Nāgārjuna Venna. "Telugu Measures and Arithmetic Marks" (PDF). JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3156. International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
"Developing OpenType Fonts for Telugu Script". Microsoft Learn. February 8, 2018. Archived from the original on May 6, 2022.
The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0: Chapter 9, South Asian Scripts-I (PDF). Addison-Wesley. 2007. ISBN 978-0-321-48091-0. Archived (PDF) from the original on Nov 28, 2023.
i.bulyga (February 12, 2018). "rdar://37458268: iOS and Mac OS System can't render symbol and has crashed". Open Radar. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
Ritschel, Chelsea (2018-02-15). "iPhones, iPads and Macs crashed by Indian Telugu character sent via SMS, WhatsApp and other apps". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2018-02-16. Retrieved 2018-02-16.
Clover, Juli (February 15, 2018). "Apple to Fix Telugu Character Bug Causing Devices to Crash in Minor iOS Update". MacRumors. Retrieved 2018-03-12.

External links

Types of writing systems

Overview	History of writing Grapheme
Lists	Writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed Languages by writing system / by first written accounts

Types

Abjads

Numerals

Aramaic
- Hatran
Arabic
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Egyptian hieroglyphs
Elymaic
Hebrew
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Tifinagh
Mandaic
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Ancient North Arabian
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Pegon
Phoenician
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Pitman shorthand
Proto-Sinaitic
Punic
Samaritan
South Arabian
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Sogdian
Syriac
- ʾEsṭrangēlā
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Teeline Shorthand
Ugaritic

Abugidas

Brahmic

Northern

Bengali–Assamese
Bhaiksuki
Brahmi script
Devanagari
Dogri
Gujarati
Gupta
Gurmukhi
Kaithi
Kalinga
Khema
Khojki
Khudabadi
Laṇḍā
Lepcha
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Marchen
Meitei
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Nepalese scripts
- Bhujimol
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ʼPhags-pa
Sharada
Siddhaṃ
Soyombo
Sylheti Nagri
Takri
Tibetan
- Uchen
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Tocharian
Zanabazar square

Southern

Ahom
Balinese
Batak
Baybayin
Bhattiprolu
Buda
Buhid
Chakma
Cham
Fakkham
Grantha
Goykanadi
Hanunoo
Javanese
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Kannada
Karen
Kawi
Khmer
- Khom Thai
Kulitan
Lanna
Langdi
Lao
Leke
Lontara
- Bilang-bilang
Makasar
Malayalam
Old Maldivian
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- Eveyla Akuru
Mon–Burmese
Pallava
Pyu
Saurashtra
Shan
Sinhala
Sukhothai
Sundanese
- Old Sundanese
Tagbanwa
Tai Le
New Tai Lue
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Tai Viet
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Tamil
Tamil-Brahmi
Tanchangya
Telugu
Thai
Tigalari
Ulu scripts
- Incung
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- Serawai
Vatteluttu
- Kolezhuthu
- Malayanma

Others

Bharati
Boyd's syllabic shorthand
Canadian syllabics
- Blackfoot
- Déné syllabics
Dham
Fox I
Geʽez
Gunjala Gondi
Japanese Braille
Sarati
Jenticha
Kharosthi
Mandombe
Masaram Gondi
Meroitic
Miao
Mwangwego
Pahawh Hmong
Sorang Sompeng
Tengwar
Thaana
Thomas Natural Shorthand
Warang Citi
Mwangwego
Rma

Alphabets

Linear

Adlam
Ariyaka
Armenian
Avestan
- Pazend
Avoiuli
Bassa Vah
Carian
Caucasian Albanian
Cirth
Coelbren
Coorgi–Cox alphabet
Coptic
Cyrillic
- Bosnian
- Early
Deseret
Duployan shorthand
- Chinook
Eclectic shorthand
Elbasan
Enochian
Etruscan
Formosan
Fox II
Fraser
Gabelsberger shorthand
Gadabuursi
Garay alphabet
Georgian
- Asomtavruli
- Nuskhuri
- Mkhedruli
Veso Bey
Glagolitic
Gothic
Gregg shorthand
Greek (Archaic)
Greco-Iberian alphabet
Hangul
Hanifi
Jenticha
Kaddare
Kayah Li
Klingon
Latin
- Beneventan
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- Fraktur
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- Visigothic
Luo
Lycian
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Manchu
Medefaidrin
Molodtsov
Mru
Mundari Bani
N'Ko
Ogham
Ol Chiki
Old Hungarian
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Old Uyghur
- Mongolian
  - Evenki
  - Galik alphabet
  - Manchu
  - Oirat
  - Vagindra
Ol Onal
Osage
Osmanya
Pau Cin Hau
Phrygian
Pisidian
Runic
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- Gothic
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Shavian
Sidetic
Sorang Sompeng
Sunuwar
Tifinagh
Todhri
Tolong Siki
Vellara
Visible Speech
Vithkuqi
Wancho
Warang Citi
Yezidi
Zaghawa

Non-linear

Ideograms
Adinkra Aztec Blissymbols Dongba Ersu Shaba Emoji Isotype Kaidā Miꞌkmaw Mixtec New Epoch Notation Painting Nsibidi Anishinaabewibii'iganan Olmec Siglas poveiras Testerian Yerkish Zapotec

Logograms

Chinese family of scripts

Chinese characters	Simplified Traditional Oracle bone script Bronze scripts Seal script large small bird-worm Hanja Kanji Chữ Nôm Sawndip Bowen
Chinese-influenced	Jurchen Khitan large script Sui Tangut

Cuneiform

Other logosyllabic

Logoconsonantal

Numerals

Other

Sitelen Pona

Semi-syllabaries

Full	Linear Elamite Celtiberian Northeastern Iberian Southeastern Iberian Khom Dunging
Redundant	Espanca script Pahawh Hmong Khitan small script Southwest Paleohispanic Bopomofo Quốc Âm Tân Tự

Sign languages
ASLwrite SignWriting si5s Stokoe notation

Syllabaries
Afaka Bamum Bété Byblos Canadian Aboriginal Cherokee Cypriot Cypro-Minoan Ditema tsa Dinoko Eskayan Geba Great Lakes Algonquian Iban Idu Kana Hiragana Katakana Man'yōgana Hentaigana Sōgana Jindai moji Kikakui Kpelle Linear B Linear Elamite Lisu Loma Nüshu Nwagu Aneke script Old Persian cuneiform Sumerian Vai Woleai Yi Yugtun

Braille ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑

Braille cell

Braille scripts

French-ordered

Albanian
Azerbaijani
Cantonese
Catalan
Chinese (mainland Mandarin) (largely reassigned)
Czech
Dutch
English (Unified English)
Esperanto
French
German
Ghanaian
Guarani
Hawaiian
Hungarian
Iñupiaq
IPA
Irish
Italian
Latvian
Lithuanian
Luxembourgish (extended to 8-dot)
Maltese
Māori
Navajo
Nigerian
Philippine
Polish
Portuguese
Romanian
Samoan
Slovak
South African
Spanish
Taiwanese Mandarin (largely reassigned)
Turkish
Vietnamese
Welsh
Yugoslav
Zambian

Nordic family	Estonian Faroese Icelandic Scandinavian Danish Finnish Greenlandic Northern Sámi Norwegian Swedish
Russian lineage family i.e. Cyrillic-mediated scripts	Belarusian Bulgarian Kazakh Kyrgyz Mongolian Russian Tatar Ukrainian
Egyptian lineage family i.e. Arabic-mediated scripts	Arabic Persian Urdu (Pakistan)
Indian lineage family i.e. Bharati Braille	Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali) Bengali (Bangla / Assamese) Gujarati Kannada Malayalam Odia Punjabi Sinhala Tamil Telugu Urdu (India)
Other scripts	Amharic Armenian Burmese Dzongkha (Bhutanese) Georgian Greek Hebrew Inuktitut (reassigned vowels) Khmer Thai and Lao (Japanese vowels) Tibetan

Reordered

Algerian Braille (obsolete)

Frequency-based

American Braille (obsolete)

Independent

Eight-dot

Symbols in braille

Braille music
Canadian currency marks
Computer Braille Code
Gardner–Salinas braille codes (science; GS8/GS6)
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
Nemeth braille code

Braille technology

People

Organisations

Other tactile alphabets

Latest revision as of 07:04, 22 December 2024

History

Vowels

Consonants

Marginal and archaic consonants

Other diacritics

Marginal and archaic diacritics and signs

Places of articulation

Articulation of consonants

Consonants with vowel diacritics

Numerals

Unicode

iOS character crash bug

See also

References

External links