Misplaced Pages

Main chain of the Alps: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 22:07, 5 July 2007 edit71.106.191.188 (talk) nonsense← Previous edit Latest revision as of 02:50, 9 August 2024 edit undoBD2412 (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, IP block exemptions, Administrators2,453,189 editsm clean up spacing around commas and other punctuation, replaced: , → ,Tag: AWB 
(108 intermediate revisions by 68 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Central line of mountains that forms the divide of the Alps}}
⚫ The '''main chain of the Alps''' is the central line of mountains that forms the ] of the range. Main chains of ]s are traditionally designated in this way, and generally include the highest ]s of a range; the ] are something of an unusual case in that several significant groups of mountains are separated from the main chain by sizable distances. Among these groups are the ], the Eastern and Western ]s, the entire ], the ], ] and ] groups, the ] and ] ranges, and the ] of ], not to speak of the lower ] of ], ] and ].


]
==Description of main features of alpine chain==
⚫ The Alps are generally divided into ] and ], cutted along a line between ] and ], following the ] valley. The Western Alps are higher, but their central chain is shorter and much curved; they are located in ], ] and ].


⚫ The '''main chain of the Alps''', also called the '''Alpine divide''' is the central line of mountains that forms the ] of the range. Main chains of ]s are traditionally designated in this way, and generally include the highest ]s of a range. The ] are something of an unusual case in that several significant groups of mountains are separated from the main chain by sizable distances. Among these groups are the ], the Eastern and Western ]s, the entire ], the ], ] and ] groups, the ] and ] ranges, and the ] of ] and ], as well as the lower ] of ], Bavaria, and ].
⚫ The Eastern Alps (main ] elongated and broad) belong to ], ], ], ] and ]. The highest peak of the Western Alps is ] (4810 m), in the Eastern Alps ], 4052 meters.


=== Western Alps === ==Main features==
The Alpine Divide is defined for much of its distance by the watershed between the drainage basin of the ] in Italy on one side, with the other side of the divide being formed by the ], the ] and the ]. Further east, the watershed is between the ] and the ], before heading into Austria and draining on both sides into the Danube. For much of its distance the watershed lies on or close to the Italian border, although there are numerous deviations, notably, the Swiss canton of ] which lies south of the range in the Po river basin.
⚫ Starting from the ] or di ] (west of ]), the main chain extends first south-west, then north-west to the ], though nowhere rising much beyond the zone of coniferous trees. Beyond the Col de Tenda the direction is first roughly west, then north-west to the ] (2840 m), just south of the ] (2932 m), several peaks of about 3000 metres rising on the ], though the highest of all, the ] (3265 m) stands a little way to its north. From the Rocher des Trois Eveques the water divide runs due north for a long distance, though of the two loftiest peaks of this region one, the ] (3373 m), is just to the west, and the other, the ] (3813 m), is just to the east of the divide. From the head of the ] the main chain runs north-west, and diminishes much in average height until it reaches the ] (3157 m), which forms the apex of a salient angle which the main chain here presents towards.the west. From here the divide extends eastwards, culminating in the ] (3478 m), but makes a great curve to the north-west and back to the south-east before rising in the ] (3509 m). From there the direction taken is north as far as the eastern summit (3536 m) of the ], the divide rising in a series of snowy peaks, though the loftiest point of the region, the ] (3730 m), stands a little to the west. Once more the chain bends to the north-west, rising in several lofty peaks (the highest is the ], 3726 m), before attaining the considerable depression of the ].


For only a small portion of its total distance does the Alpine divide form a part of the main ], in the central section where the watershed is between the Po and the Rhine.
⚫ The divide then briefly turns north to the ], and then north-east along the crest of the Mont Blanc chain, which culminates in the peak of ''']''' (4807 m), the loftiest in the Alps. A number of high peaks line the divide before it attains the ] (3793 m). From there, after a short dip to the south-east, the chain takes, near the ], the generally eastern direction that it maintains until it reaches ], whence it bends northwards, making one small dip to the east as far as the ]. It is in the portion of the watershed between the Grande St Bernard Pass and the Simplon that the main chain maintains a greater average height than in any other part. But, though it rises in a number of lofty peaks, such as the ] (3736 m), the ] (4470 m), the ] (4502 m), the Nord End of ] (4575 m), and the ] (4000 m), many of the highest points of the region, such as the ] (4283 m), the ] (4330 m), the ] (4477 m), the true summit or ] (4602 m) of '''Monte Rosa''' itself, and the ] (4518 m), all rise on its northern slope and not on the main chain. On the other hand the chain between the Grande St Bernard and the Simplon sinks at barely half a dozen points below a level of 3000 metres. The ] corresponds to what may be called a dislocation of the main chain. From there to the ] the divide runs north-east, all the higher summits (including the ], 3533 metres, and the ], 3172 m) rising on it, a curious contrast to the long stretch just described. From the St Gotthard to the ] the watershed between the basins of the ] and ] runs in an easterly direction as a whole, though making two great dips towards the south, first to near the ] (3220 m) and again to near the ] (3085 m), so that it presents a broken and irregular appearance. But all the loftiest peaks rise on it: ] (3175 m), ] (3178 m), the ] (3371 m), the ] (3250 m) and ] (3176 m).

The Alps are generally divided into ] and ], cut along a line between ] and ], following the ] valley.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwJ7ekNVh6QC | title=Climate Change in the European Alps | publisher=] | year=2007 | pages=18 | isbn=9789264031692 |quote=They are generally divided into the Western Alps and the Eastern Alps, separated by Rhine and the Splügen pass in eastern Switzerland.}}</ref>

⚫ * The Eastern Alps (main ] elongated and broad) belong to ], ], ], ], and ].
⚫ * The Western Alps are higher, but their central chain is shorter and much curved; they are located in ], Italy, and Switzerland.

] (4,049 metres) is the highest peak of the Eastern Alps while the highest peak of the Western Alps is ] (4,810.45 metres).<ref name="smc4810.45">{{cite web |title=Mont Blanc shrinks by 45cm in two years |date=2009-11-05 |website=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214082228/https://www.smh.com.au/environment/mont-blanc-shrinks-by-45cm-in-two-years-20091106-i0kk.html |archive-date=2023-02-14 |url-status=live |url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/mont-blanc-shrinks-by-45cm-in-two-years-20091106-i0kk.html}}</ref>


=== Eastern Alps === === Eastern Alps ===
]) in the Hohe Tauern range]]
⚫ From the ] the main watershed dips to the south-east for a short distance, and then runs eastwards and nearly over the highest summit of the ], ''']''' (4049 m), to the ]. Then to the ] the main chain is ill-defined, though on it rises the ] (3305 m), beyond which it runs slightly north-east past the sources of the ] and the ], sinks to form the depression of the ], soon heads north and rises once more in the ] (3221 m).


⚫ From the ] (1,815 m) the main watershed dips to the south-east for a short distance, and then runs eastwards and nearly over the highest summit of the ], ] (4,049 m), to the ]. From here the main chain is less well defined, it rises to ] (3,302 m), beyond which it runs slightly north-east, east of the Italian resort of ], past ] (1,952 m) and the source of the ], traverses ] (3,180 m) and ], where is the tripoint between the Danube, Po and ] basins,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://s.geo.admin.ch/9720cdf776 | title=Monte Forcola on the Swiss National Map | publisher=] | accessdate=4 April 2022}}</ref> then falls to the ] (2,149 m), soon heads north and rises once more in ] (3,204 m).
⚫ The break in the continuity of the Alpine chain marked by the deep valley, the ], of the upper ] (Etsch) is one of the most remarkable features in the orography of the Alps. The little ], which forms the chief source of the Adige is only 4 metres below the Reschen Scheideck Pass (1494 m), and by it is but 5 miles (8 km) from the ] valley. Eastward of this pass, the main chain runs north-east to the ] along the snowy crest of the ] and ], the loftiest point on it being the ] (3746 m, Ötztal), for the highest summits both of the Ötztal and of the Stubai districts, the ] (3774 m) and the ] (3511 m) stand a little to the north.


⚫ The ] (1,504 m) marks a break in the continuity of the Alpine chain. The deep valley, the ] of the upper Adige, is one of the most remarkable features in the orography of the Alps. The little ], which forms the chief source of the Adige, is only 4 metres below the Pass, and 8&nbsp;km from the ] valley. Eastward of this pass, the main chain runs north-east to the ] along the snowy crest of the ], the highest point being the ] (3,739 m), then crossing the ] (2,474 m) and rising again in ] Both the highest summits of the Ötztal and the Stubai, the ] (3,774 m) and the ] (3,505 m), stand a little to the north.
⚫ The ] (1370 m) is almost the lowest of all the great Carriage-road passes across the main chain, and has always been the chief means of communication between ] and Italy. For some way beyond it the watershed runs eastwards over the highest crest of the ], which attains 3523 metres in the ]. But, a little farther, at the ] (3505 m), the chain splits, and it is unclear whether the higher peaks branching off to the south or the smaller divide that continues on the same eastward path as the earlier mountains should be considered the main chain.


⚫ The ] (1,370 m) is the lowest of all the great road passes across the core part of the main chain and has always been the chief means of communication between Germany and Italy. For some way beyond it, the watershed runs eastwards over the highest crest of the ], which attains 3,510 metres in the ]. But, a little farther, at the ] (3,499 m), the chain splits: the main watershed between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean heads south, along the ] to the ], and ].
⚫ ==Glaciers==

⚫ The main chain has more glaciers and eternal snow than the independent or external ranges. The longest of these are both 9¼ miles, the ] at ] and the ] at ]. In the Eastern Alps the longest glacier is the ] (rather over 6¼ miles), which is not near the true main watershed, though it clings to the slope of the ] range, east of the ]. But the next two longest glaciers in the Eastern Alps (the ], 6½ miles, and the ], 6 miles) are both in the Ötztal Alps, and so close to the true main watershed.
The main alpine divide head east, traversing the ] range, crossing the ] (3,666 m), passing just north of Austria's highest peak (the ]), traversing ] (3,252 m), before curving northern across the ], traversing its highest peak, ] (2,863 m) in the ] and then continuing on the same eastward path up to the ] in ]. The ] further runs eastwards through the ], ending at "] Gate", the steep slopes of the ] (425 m) high above the ] water gap and the ].

=== Western Alps ===
⚫ Starting from the ] or di ] (west of ]), the main chain extends first south-west, then north-west to the ], though nowhere rising much beyond the zone of coniferous trees. Beyond the ] the direction is first roughly west, then north-west to the ] (2,840 m), just south of the ] (2,955 m), several peaks of about 3,000 metres rising on the ], though the highest of all, the ] (3,297 m) stands a little way to its north. From the Rocher des Trois Eveques the drainage divide runs due north for a long distance, though of the two loftiest peaks of this region one, the ] (3,412 m), is just to the west, and the other, the ] (3,841&nbsp;m), is just to the east of the divide. From the head of the ] the main chain runs north-west and diminishes much in average height until it reaches the ] (3,178 m), which forms the apex of a salient angle which the main chain here presents towards the west. From here the divide extends eastwards, culminating in the ] (3,505 m), but makes a great curve to the north-west and back to the south-east before rising in the ] (3,509 m). From there the direction taken is north as far as the eastern summit (3,619 m) of the ], the divide rising in a series of snowy peaks, though the loftiest point of the region, the ] (3,760 m), stands a little to the west. Once more the chain bends to the north-west, rising in several lofty peaks (the highest is the ], 3,751 m), before attaining the considerable depression of the ].

] with the tripoint between the Rhone, Rhine, and Po basins (center left)]]

⚫ The divide then briefly turns north to the ], and then north-east along the crest of the Mont Blanc chain, which culminates in the peak of ] (4,810 m),<ref name="smc4810.45" /> the highest in the Alps. A number of high peaks line the divide, notably the ] (4,208 m) before it reaches ] (3,823 m), where France, Italy and Switzerland meet. From there, after a short dip to the south-east, the chain takes, near the ], a generally eastern direction that it maintains until it reaches ], where it bends northwards, making one small dip to the east to the ]. It is in the portion of the watershed between the Grande St Bernard Pass and the Simplon that the main chain maintains a greater average height than in any other part. But, though it rises in a number of lofty peaks, such as the ] (3,727 m), the ] (4,478 m), the ] (4,533 m), the Nord End of ] (4,575 m), and the ] (4,023 m), many of the highest points of the region, such as the ] (4,314 m), the ] (4,357 m), the ] (4,505 m), the true summit or ] (4,634 m) of Monte Rosa itself, and the ] (4,545 m), all rise on its northern slope and not on the main chain. On the other hand, the chain between the Grande St Bernard and the Simplon sinks at barely half a dozen points below a level of 3,000 metres.

The ] (1.994 m) corresponds to a change in the main chain: the peaks and passes are lower, but as far as the Splugenpass, all the highest summits rise on the divide. From there to the ] (2,106 m) the divide runs north-east, crossing ] (3,533 m), and ] (3,192 m). Near the ] is the point where the basin of the Po, the Rhine and the Rhone meet, and the European Watershed joins the Alpine divide. From the St. Gotthard to the ] the watershed between the basins of the ] and ] runs in a generally easterly direction. It goes over ] (1,915 m), across ] (3,200 m), ] (3,210 m) and ] (3,149 m), where it turns towards the south to the ] (3,402&nbsp;m). Here the divide veers back east over the ] (3,220 m) to the San Bernardino Pass (2,067 m), then over the ] (3,279 m), the ] (2,114 m) and ] (3,209 m). From here the divide heads south again to ] (3,163 m) and then east over ] (3,107 m), to where, near the ], it reaches the main triple divide of the Alps: where water can flow to the Atlantic, the Mediterranean or the Black Sea. The main ] leaves the Alpine divide here, heading north, while the divide continues east to the ] (1,815 m).

⚫ == Glaciers ==
⚫ The main chain has more ]s and eternal snow than the independent or external ]. The longest of these were both {{convert|9+1/4|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=off}} a century ago, the ] at ] (now {{convert|4+3/4|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on|disp=or}}) and the ] at ] (now {{convert|7+3/4|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on|disp=or}}). In the ] the longest glacier was the ] ({{convert|5+1/4|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on|disp=or}} in 1911), which is not near the true main watershed, though it clings to the slope of the ] (3,798 m) in the Hohe Tauern range east of the Dreiherrenspitze. But two other long glaciers in the Eastern Alps (the ], and the ]) are both in the Ötztal Alps, and so are close to the true main ].


==See also== ==See also==
*] *]
**]
**]
*] *]
*]


==References==
{{1911}}
{{EB1911 |wstitle=Alps |volume=1 |pages=737–754 |first1=Philip |last1=Lake |author-link=Philip Lake |first2=Howard |last2=Knox |first3=W. A. B. |last3=Coolidge|author-link3=W. A. B. Coolidge}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
⚫ ]
* on ''GeoFinder.ch''


⚫ ]
]

Latest revision as of 02:50, 9 August 2024

Central line of mountains that forms the divide of the Alps
Main chain of the Alps

The main chain of the Alps, also called the Alpine divide is the central line of mountains that forms the drainage divide of the range. Main chains of mountain ranges are traditionally designated in this way, and generally include the highest peaks of a range. The Alps are something of an unusual case in that several significant groups of mountains are separated from the main chain by sizable distances. Among these groups are the Dauphine Alps, the Eastern and Western Graians, the entire Bernese Alps, the Tödi, Albula and Silvretta groups, the Ortler and Adamello ranges, and the Dolomites of Veneto and South Tyrol, as well as the lower Alps of Vorarlberg, Bavaria, and Salzburg.

Main features

The Alpine Divide is defined for much of its distance by the watershed between the drainage basin of the Po in Italy on one side, with the other side of the divide being formed by the Rhone, the Rhine and the Danube. Further east, the watershed is between the Adige and the Danube, before heading into Austria and draining on both sides into the Danube. For much of its distance the watershed lies on or close to the Italian border, although there are numerous deviations, notably, the Swiss canton of Ticino which lies south of the range in the Po river basin.

For only a small portion of its total distance does the Alpine divide form a part of the main European watershed, in the central section where the watershed is between the Po and the Rhine.

The Alps are generally divided into Eastern Alps and Western Alps, cut along a line between Lake Como and Lake Constance, following the Rhine valley.

Piz Bernina (4,049 metres) is the highest peak of the Eastern Alps while the highest peak of the Western Alps is Mont Blanc (4,810.45 metres).

Eastern Alps

Main ridge (Fuscherkarkopf) in the Hohe Tauern range

From the Maloja Pass (1,815 m) the main watershed dips to the south-east for a short distance, and then runs eastwards and nearly over the highest summit of the Bernina Range, Piz Bernina (4,049 m), to the Bernina Pass. From here the main chain is less well defined, it rises to Piz Paradisin (3,302 m), beyond which it runs slightly north-east, east of the Italian resort of Livigno, past Fraele Pass (1,952 m) and the source of the Adda, traverses Piz Murtarol (3,180 m) and Monte Forcola, where is the tripoint between the Danube, Po and Adige basins, then falls to the Ofen Pass (2,149 m), soon heads north and rises once more in Piz Sesvenna (3,204 m).

The Reschen Pass (1,504 m) marks a break in the continuity of the Alpine chain. The deep valley, the Vinschgau of the upper Adige, is one of the most remarkable features in the orography of the Alps. The little Reschen Lake, which forms the chief source of the Adige, is only 4 metres below the Pass, and 8 km from the Inn valley. Eastward of this pass, the main chain runs north-east to the Brenner Pass along the snowy crest of the Ötztal, the highest point being the Weißkugel (3,739 m), then crossing the Timmelsjoch (2,474 m) and rising again in Stubai Alps Both the highest summits of the Ötztal and the Stubai, the Wildspitze (3,774 m) and the Zuckerhütl (3,505 m), stand a little to the north.

The Brenner (1,370 m) is the lowest of all the great road passes across the core part of the main chain and has always been the chief means of communication between Germany and Italy. For some way beyond it, the watershed runs eastwards over the highest crest of the Zillertal Alps, which attains 3,510 metres in the Hochfeiler. But, a little farther, at the Dreiherrnspitze (3,499 m), the chain splits: the main watershed between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean heads south, along the Rieserferner Group to the Dolomites, and Julian Alps.

The main alpine divide head east, traversing the High Tauern range, crossing the Grossvenediger (3,666 m), passing just north of Austria's highest peak (the Grossglockner), traversing Ankogel (3,252 m), before curving northern across the Lower Tauern, traversing its highest peak, Hochgolling (2,863 m) in the Schladming Tauern and then continuing on the same eastward path up to the Schober Pass in Styria. The drainage divide further runs eastwards through the Northern Limestone Alps, ending at "Vienna Gate", the steep slopes of the Leopoldsberg (425 m) high above the Danube water gap and the Vienna Basin.

Western Alps

Starting from the Bocchetta di Altare or di Colle di Cadibona (west of Savona), the main chain extends first south-west, then north-west to the Col de Tenda, though nowhere rising much beyond the zone of coniferous trees. Beyond the Col de Tenda the direction is first roughly west, then north-west to the Rocca dei Tre Vescovi (2,840 m), just south of the Enciastraia (2,955 m), several peaks of about 3,000 metres rising on the watershed, though the highest of all, the Punta dell'Argentera (3,297 m) stands a little way to its north. From the Rocher des Trois Eveques the drainage divide runs due north for a long distance, though of the two loftiest peaks of this region one, the Aiguille de Chambeyron (3,412 m), is just to the west, and the other, the Monviso (3,841 m), is just to the east of the divide. From the head of the Val Pellice the main chain runs north-west and diminishes much in average height until it reaches the Mont Thabor (3,178 m), which forms the apex of a salient angle which the main chain here presents towards the west. From here the divide extends eastwards, culminating in the Aiguille de Scolette (3,505 m), but makes a great curve to the north-west and back to the south-east before rising in the Rocciamelone (3,509 m). From there the direction taken is north as far as the eastern summit (3,619 m) of the Levanna, the divide rising in a series of snowy peaks, though the loftiest point of the region, the Pointe de Charbonnel (3,760 m), stands a little to the west. Once more the chain bends to the north-west, rising in several lofty peaks (the highest is the Aiguille de la Grande Sassière, 3,751 m), before attaining the considerable depression of the Little St Bernard Pass.

View of the Witenwasserenstock with the tripoint between the Rhone, Rhine, and Po basins (center left)

The divide then briefly turns north to the Col de la Soigne, and then north-east along the crest of the Mont Blanc chain, which culminates in the peak of Mont Blanc (4,810 m), the highest in the Alps. A number of high peaks line the divide, notably the Grandes Jorasses (4,208 m) before it reaches Mont Dolent (3,823 m), where France, Italy and Switzerland meet. From there, after a short dip to the south-east, the chain takes, near the Great St. Bernard Pass, a generally eastern direction that it maintains until it reaches Monte Rosa, where it bends northwards, making one small dip to the east to the Simplon Pass. It is in the portion of the watershed between the Grande St Bernard Pass and the Simplon that the main chain maintains a greater average height than in any other part. But, though it rises in a number of lofty peaks, such as the Mont Vélan (3,727 m), the Matterhorn (4,478 m), the Lyskamm (4,533 m), the Nord End of Monte Rosa (4,575 m), and the Weissmies (4,023 m), many of the highest points of the region, such as the Grand Combin (4,314 m), the Dent Blanche (4,357 m), the Weisshorn (4,505 m), the true summit or Dufourspitze (4,634 m) of Monte Rosa itself, and the Dom (4,545 m), all rise on its northern slope and not on the main chain. On the other hand, the chain between the Grande St Bernard and the Simplon sinks at barely half a dozen points below a level of 3,000 metres.

The Simplon Pass (1.994 m) corresponds to a change in the main chain: the peaks and passes are lower, but as far as the Splugenpass, all the highest summits rise on the divide. From there to the St. Gotthard pass (2,106 m) the divide runs north-east, crossing Monte Leone (3,533 m), and Pizzo Rotondo (3,192 m). Near the Witenwasserenstock is the point where the basin of the Po, the Rhine and the Rhone meet, and the European Watershed joins the Alpine divide. From the St. Gotthard to the Maloja the watershed between the basins of the Rhine and Po runs in a generally easterly direction. It goes over Passo del Lucomagno (1,915 m), across Scopi (3,200 m), Piz Medel (3,210 m) and Piz Terri (3,149 m), where it turns towards the south to the Rheinwaldhorn (3,402 m). Here the divide veers back east over the Vogelberg (3,220 m) to the San Bernardino Pass (2,067 m), then over the Pizzo Tambo (3,279 m), the Splugenpass (2,114 m) and Piz Timun (3,209 m). From here the divide heads south again to Pizzo Stella (3,163 m) and then east over Pizz Gallagiun (3,107 m), to where, near the Lunghin pass, it reaches the main triple divide of the Alps: where water can flow to the Atlantic, the Mediterranean or the Black Sea. The main European watershed leaves the Alpine divide here, heading north, while the divide continues east to the Maloja Pass (1,815 m).

Glaciers

The main chain has more glaciers and eternal snow than the independent or external ranges. The longest of these were both 14.9 kilometres (9+1⁄4 miles) a century ago, the Mer de Glace at Chamonix (now 7.6 km or 4+3⁄4 mi) and the Gorner Glacier at Zermatt (now 12.5 km or 7+3⁄4 mi). In the Eastern Alps the longest glacier was the Pasterze Glacier (8.4 km or 5+1⁄4 mi in 1911), which is not near the true main watershed, though it clings to the slope of the Grossglockner (3,798 m) in the Hohe Tauern range east of the Dreiherrenspitze. But two other long glaciers in the Eastern Alps (the Hintereis, and the Gepatsch) are both in the Ötztal Alps, and so are close to the true main watershed.

See also

References

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lake, Philip; Knox, Howard; Coolidge, W. A. B. (1911). "Alps". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 737–754.

  1. Climate Change in the European Alps. OECD. 2007. p. 18. ISBN 9789264031692. They are generally divided into the Western Alps and the Eastern Alps, separated by Rhine and the Splügen pass in eastern Switzerland.
  2. ^ "Mont Blanc shrinks by 45cm in two years". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2009-11-05. Archived from the original on 2023-02-14.
  3. "Monte Forcola on the Swiss National Map". Federal Office of Topography. Retrieved 4 April 2022.

External links

Category: