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{{Short description|Ruined Armenian Apostolic monastery}}
{{Otheruses|Kaymaklı (disambiguation)}}
{{Other uses|Kaymaklı (disambiguation)}}


{{Infobox religious building
]
|building_name=Monastery of the All-Saviour
|image=Kaymakli.jpg
|caption=Monastery of the All-Saviour<br>on a postcard (1913)
|location=], Turkey
|geo = {{coord|40.981944|39.744833|display=inline,title}}
|map_type = Turkey
|religious_affiliation=]
|rite=]
|functional_status=In ruins
|leadership=
|architecture=yes
|architecture_type=]
|architecture_style=
|founded_by=
|groundbreaking=
|year_completed= 1424
|length=
|width=
|height_max=
|designation1=
|designation1_offname=
|designation1_date=
|designation1_type=
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}}


'''Kaymaklı Monastery''' ({{lang-hy|Ամենափրկիչ Վանք}}; '''Monastery of the All-Saviour''', {{lang-tr|Kaymaklı Manastırı, Amenapırgiç Manastırı}}) is a ruined ] monastery near ], ]. '''Kaymaklı Monastery''' (]: Ամենափրկիչ Վանք ''Amenaprgič Vank'', meaning '''Monastery of the All-Saviour'''; {{langx|tr|Kaymaklı Manastırı, Amenapırgiç Manastırı}}) is a ruined ] monastery near ], ].


The monastery originally included a ], a ] at the northwest corner, and a small ] near the southeast corner. The monastery originally included a ], a ] at the northwest corner, and a small ] near the southeast corner.


== Location, founding and name == == Location, founding and name ==
The monastery is located on top of ], three kilometres southeast of ]<ref></ref>. The site overlooks the ] <ref></ref>, the ancient river Pyxites, along which runs the main trade route into eastern Anatolia and beyond. The exact dates of the monastery's foundation and origin remains unclear. A religious community was present at the site from at least the fifteenth century, and possibly as early as the eleventh. The oldest dated structure, a chapel, was completed in 1424. It was named Ամենափրկիչ Վանք (Amenaprkich Vank) in Armenian, which translates as "Monastery of the Saviour of All". Until 1915 it served as the seat of the Trebizond diocese tied to the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople. <ref name=Koker>{{Cite book The monastery is located on top of ], three kilometres southeast of ] ({{Coord|40.9943|39.74418|display=inline|format=dms|type:landmark_region:TR}}). The site overlooks the ],<ref>{{cite web|last=Trabzon Governorship |url=http://www.trabzon.gov.tr/eng/church/monastery_kaymakli.aspx |title=Kaymaklı Monastery |access-date=2007-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705095754/http://www.trabzon.gov.tr/eng/church/monastery_kaymakli.aspx |archive-date=2007-07-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the ancient river ], along which runs the main trade route into eastern Anatolia and beyond.
| last = Koker
| first = Osman
| title = Armenians in Turkey 100 Years Ago
| date = 2005
}} - page 180</ref>


An Armenian community existed in ] as early as the 7th century.<ref name="sae">Ambart︠s︡umi︠a︡n, ''Haykakan sovetakan hanragitaran'', ''Trapizon'', p. 87</ref> During the ] of the 13th and 14th centuries, numerous Armenian families fled here from ].<ref name="sae" /> However, exact date of the monastery's foundation and origin remains unclear. A religious community was present at the site from at least the fifteenth century, and possibly as early as the eleventh. The oldest structure in the compound is dated to 1424. In 1461 it was pillaged and destroyed by Turks.<ref name="sae" /> In the 16th century, the rebuilt monastery became a center of ].<ref name="sae" />
The Ottoman Sultan ] is said to have eaten a meal at the monastery consisting only of dairy products. He confirmed the monastery's possession of its lands, and the place came to be called in Turkish ], meaning "of clotted cream", in memory of the occasion. Previously it had been called "Yesil Manastir" - the "Green Monastery". <ref name=bryer>{{Cite book

| publisher = Dumbarton Oaks Pub Service
It was named Ամենափրկիչ Վանք (Amenaprgič Vank) in Armenian, which translates as "Monastery of the All-Saviour". The Ottoman Sultan ] is said to have eaten a meal at the monastery consisting only of dairy products. He confirmed the monastery's possession of its lands, and the place came to be called in Turkish ''Kaymaklı'', meaning "with/of ]", in memory of the occasion. Previously it had been called ''Yesil Manastir'' - the ''Green Monastery''.<ref name="bryer">Bryer, ''Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos'', pp. 208-211</ref>
| isbn = 088402122X
| last = Bryer
| first = Anthony
| coauthor = David Winfield
| title = Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos (Dumbarton Oaks Studies,20) Two Volume Set
| date = 1985-03
}} - pages 208-211</ref>


== Buildings == == Buildings ==
The site was a terrace enclosed by a wall 30 x 40m. The wall is now almost completely destroyed. The oldest surviving structure is a small chapel located at the eastern end of the compound. According to an inscription above the door, it was built in ] by Hodja Stephanos Shemsedli. The chapel has reused ] in its walls.<ref name=bryer/><ref></ref><ref></ref> The original complex included a zhamatun, fountain known as the milk fountain, a tower, the mentioned chapel, and an arcaded monastic building.<ref name=bryer/> The site was a terrace enclosed by a wall 30 x 40m. The wall is now almost completely destroyed. The oldest surviving structure is a small chapel located at the eastern end of the compound. According to an inscription above the door, it was built in 1424 by prince Hodja Stephanos Shemsedli (Khoja Stepanos Shemsedin). The chapel has reused ] in its walls.<ref name="bryer" /> The original complex included a zhamatun, fountain known as the milk fountain, a tower, the mentioned chapel, and an arcaded monastic building.<ref name="bryer" />


===Main church=== === Main church ===
The main church is rectangular in form, with three ] and three ]. The main apse is ]. The founding date for the church is not clear, but is believed to have been built on a surviving parts of a 12-13th century ] on the site. The original roof of this structure was destroyed and at some point a replacement roof was installed, but it is unclear whether the church is currently sheltered. There was also a ] or zhamatun at the western end of the church, but this is no longer intact. The main church is rectangular in form, with three ] and three ]. The main apse is ]. The founding date for the church is not clear but is believed to have been built on surviving parts of a 12-13th century ] on the site. The original roof of the main church was made of timber and had fallen-in by 1929. In 1961 a replacement roof, also made of timber, was installed when the church began to be used as a barn. The roof had fallen once again as the weather took its toll in the late 2000s. Currently, the church has a metal roof to protect the interior of the church from the elements. There was a ] or zhamatun at the western end of the church, but it has entirely disappeared.


The inside of the church is decorated with elaborate ] showing various biblical scenes. They are believed to have been painted in the 17-18th centuries. On the west wall is a large fresco on three sections depicting the ]. The inside of the church is decorated with elaborate ]es showing various biblical scenes. They are believed to have been painted in the 17-18th centuries. On the west wall is a large fresco on three sections depicting the ]. North-west of the church are the remains of a ], once an extremely tall structure. South of the church are the remains of a 2-story ] building that had a ] with stone ] on the lower floor.


== Modern times ==
North-west of the church are the remains of a ], once an extremely tall structure.
Until 1915 it served as the seat of the Trebizond diocese tied to the ].<ref name="Koker">Köker, ''Armenians in Turkey 100 Years Ago'', p. 180</ref> At this time, the vibrant Armenian community of the city numbered 30,000.<ref name="sae" /> In 1915, the normal functions of the monastery were interrupted when it was used as a transit camp for Armenians being deported to ] during the ].<ref name="bryer" /> After the ], Armenian monks returned to the monastery, and monks were there until sometime after ],<ref>Ballance, ''The Byzantine Churches of Trebizond'', p. 169</ref> supposedly 1923.<ref>Darke, ''Guide to Eastern Turkey and the Black Sea Coast'', p. 327</ref>


A fire may have partially ruined the site at a later date. By the 1950s, the main church was roofless and most of the bell-tower had been destroyed. In the current day, the Kaymaklı Monastery is a protected building in Trabzon. There have been slight modifications to the building in terms of restorations, like a modern roof made of metal. The monastery is currently not in use but can be visited by anyone who opts to do so.
South of the church are the remains of a 2-story ] building that had a ] with stone ] on the lower floor.


== Modern times == == See also ==
* ]
The monastery operated normally until ], when most of the Armenian population of ](Trebizond) was wiped out as part of the ].<ref>{{Cite news
* ]
| title = 800,000 Armenians Counted Destroyed
* ]
| work = The New York Times

| date = 1915-10-7
== Notes ==
| url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70D1EFF395D16738DDDAE0894D8415B858DF1D3
{{Reflist}}
| access = 2007-05-16

}} - ''"Viscount Bryce Tells House of Lords That Is the Probable Number of Turks' Victims. 10,000 Drowned at Once; Peers Are Told How Entire Christian Population of Trebizond Was Wiped Out."''</ref><ref>{{Cite news
== References ==
| last = Pascal
{{refbegin}}
| first = Julia
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ambart︠s︡umi︠a︡n |first=Victor Amazaspovich |author2=Abel Poghosi Simonyan |author3=Makich‘ Vahani Arzumanyan |year=1986|encyclopedia=] |volume= 12 |location=Yerevan |page=87 |oclc=10431241 |language=hy}}
| title = A People Killed Twice
* {{cite journal | last= Ballance|first=Selina |year=1960|title=The Byzantine Churches of Trebizond |journal=Anatolian Studies |volume=10|doi=10.2307/3642433|pages=141–175 | jstor= 3642433 | publisher= British Institute at Ankara|s2cid=190694842 }}
| work = The Guardian (London)
* {{cite book |last= Bryer |first= Anthony|author2=David Winfield|title=The Byzantine monuments and topography of the Pontos |year=1985 |publisher= Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection|location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=0-88402-122-X}}
| date = 2001-01-27
*{{cite book
}} - ''"Death came in various ways. In Trebizond, local Armenians were pushed on to boats then thrown overboard. Others were hurled off the edge of a gorge. Before 1914, more than two million Armenians lived in Turkey. After the genocide, only 500,000 remained, destined to become refugees in what was to become known as the Armenian diaspora."''</ref><ref name=Annihilation>Photiades, Kostas (1987), '''', University of Tübingen, Germany.</ref> Armenian churches and convents were pillaged, desecrated and destroyed.<ref></ref> In 1915 the monastery was used as a transit camp for Armenians being deported to ]<ref name=bryer/> during the ]. After the Russian capture of Trebizond Armenian monks returned to the monastery, and monks were there until sometime after the First World War.<ref>Anatolian Studies, volume 10, page 169.</ref>
| last = Darke
| first = Diane
| title =Guide to Eastern Turkey and the Black Sea Coast
| publisher = Michael Haag
| year =1987
| location =London
| isbn = 0-902743-66-X}}
*{{Cite book
| last = Köker
| first = Osman
| title = Armenians in Turkey 100 Years Ago
| publisher = Birzamanlar Yayıncılık
| year = 2005
| location = Istanbul
| isbn = 975-6158-00-X
}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last= Bzhshkean |first=Minas |title=Patmutʻiwn Pontosi or ē Seaw tsov|url= https://archive.org/details/patmutiwnpontos00bzhsgoog |year= 1819|publisher= Vans Srboyn Ghazaru|location= Venice, Italy|oclc=42517266 |language=hy}}
* {{cite book |last=Kévorkian |first=Raymond H |author2=Paul B Paboudjian |title=Les Arméniens dans l'Empire Ottoman à la veille du génocide|year= 1992|publisher= Editions d'art et d'histoire|location= Paris |isbn=2-906755-09-5|language=fr |page=187}}
* {{cite book |last= Sinclair|first= Thomas Alan |title=Eastern Turkey: An Architectural and Archaeological Survey |year= 1989|publisher= Pindar Press |location= London |isbn=0-907132-34-0}}
* {{cite journal |last= Winfield|first=David|author2=June Wainwright|title= Some Byzantine Churches from the Pontus|year=1962|journal=Anatolian Studies |volume=12 |pages=131–161|doi= 10.2307/3642521 |jstor= 3642521 |publisher= British Institute at Ankara|s2cid=164102811 }}
{{refend}}


==Gallery==
A fire may have partially ruined the site at a later date. By the 1950s the main church was roofless and most of the bell-tower was destroyed. A farm now utilizes the remaining buildings of the Kaymaklı monastery.
<gallery>
File:Kaymakli monastery front.JPG|Kaymaklı Monastery front view
File:Kaymakli-chapel.jpg|Kaymaklı Monastery Chapel
File:Trabzon Kaymakli manastiri 93 124.jpg|Kaymaklı Manastırı Apse
File:Trabzon Kaymakli manastiri 93 118.jpg|Kaymaklı Manastırı Roofless chapel
File:Trabzon Kaymakli manastiri 93 112.jpg|Kaymaklı Manastırı
File:Trabzon Kaymakli manastiri 93 111.jpg|Kaymaklı Manastırı
File:Trabzon Kaymakli manastiri 93 106.jpg|Kaymaklı Manastırı
File:Trabzon Kaymakli manastiri 93 109.jpg|Kaymaklı Manastırı
File:Trabzon Kaymakli manastiri 93 110.jpg|Kaymaklı Manastırı
File:Trabzon Kaymakli manastiri 93 120.jpg|Kaymaklı Manastırı
</gallery>


== External links ==
==References==
{{commons category|Kaymakli monastery}}
*Sinclair, T.A. (1987-90). ''Eastern Turkey: An Architectural and Archaeological Survey.'' ]
* {{cite web
*Kévorkian,Raymond.(1992) ''Les Arméniens''. p. 187, nos. 305-6. Paris
|publisher=Kara Lahana
*Anthony Bryer and David Winfield, ''The Byzantine Monument and Topography of the Pontos'', Washington, Dumbarton Oaks, 1985, 2 vols, pp. 208-211, figs. 45-6, plates 154-160
|last=Kara Lahana
|title=Part 7:Boztepe
|url=http://www.karalahana.com/english/archive/trabzon7.html
|access-date=2007-08-24
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927232052/http://www.karalahana.com/english/archive/trabzon7.html
|archive-date=2007-09-27
}}
*
*
*


==References==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references/>
</div>


==See also==
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]


{{Armenian Churches}}
==External links==
*
*
===Photos===


{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaymakli Monastery}}
{{CoorHeader|40|59|42|N|39|44|34.08|E|scale:30000}}


] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]

Latest revision as of 06:15, 11 December 2024

Ruined Armenian Apostolic monastery For other uses, see Kaymaklı (disambiguation).
Monastery of the All-Saviour
Monastery of the All-Saviour
on a postcard (1913)
Religion
AffiliationArmenian Apostolic Church
RiteArmenian
StatusIn ruins
Location
LocationTrebizond, Turkey
Kaymaklı Monastery is located in TurkeyKaymaklı MonasteryShown within Turkey
Geographic coordinates40°58′55″N 39°44′41″E / 40.981944°N 39.744833°E / 40.981944; 39.744833
Architecture
TypeMonastery
Completed1424

Kaymaklı Monastery (hye: Ամենափրկիչ Վանք Amenaprgič Vank, meaning Monastery of the All-Saviour; Turkish: Kaymaklı Manastırı, Amenapırgiç Manastırı) is a ruined Armenian Apostolic monastery near Trabzon, Turkey.

The monastery originally included a church, a bell tower at the northwest corner, and a small chapel near the southeast corner.

Location, founding and name

The monastery is located on top of Boztepe hill, three kilometres southeast of Trabzon (40°59′39″N 39°44′39″E / 40.9943°N 39.74418°E / 40.9943; 39.74418). The site overlooks the Değirmendere Valley, the ancient river Pyxites, along which runs the main trade route into eastern Anatolia and beyond.

An Armenian community existed in Trabzon as early as the 7th century. During the Mongol invasions of the 13th and 14th centuries, numerous Armenian families fled here from Ani. However, exact date of the monastery's foundation and origin remains unclear. A religious community was present at the site from at least the fifteenth century, and possibly as early as the eleventh. The oldest structure in the compound is dated to 1424. In 1461 it was pillaged and destroyed by Turks. In the 16th century, the rebuilt monastery became a center of Armenian manuscript production.

It was named Ամենափրկիչ Վանք (Amenaprgič Vank) in Armenian, which translates as "Monastery of the All-Saviour". The Ottoman Sultan Murad III is said to have eaten a meal at the monastery consisting only of dairy products. He confirmed the monastery's possession of its lands, and the place came to be called in Turkish Kaymaklı, meaning "with/of kaymak", in memory of the occasion. Previously it had been called Yesil Manastir - the Green Monastery.

Buildings

The site was a terrace enclosed by a wall 30 x 40m. The wall is now almost completely destroyed. The oldest surviving structure is a small chapel located at the eastern end of the compound. According to an inscription above the door, it was built in 1424 by prince Hodja Stephanos Shemsedli (Khoja Stepanos Shemsedin). The chapel has reused khachkars in its walls. The original complex included a zhamatun, fountain known as the milk fountain, a tower, the mentioned chapel, and an arcaded monastic building.

Main church

The main church is rectangular in form, with three naves and three apses. The main apse is pentagonal. The founding date for the church is not clear but is believed to have been built on surviving parts of a 12-13th century Greek church on the site. The original roof of the main church was made of timber and had fallen-in by 1929. In 1961 a replacement roof, also made of timber, was installed when the church began to be used as a barn. The roof had fallen once again as the weather took its toll in the late 2000s. Currently, the church has a metal roof to protect the interior of the church from the elements. There was a narthex or zhamatun at the western end of the church, but it has entirely disappeared.

The inside of the church is decorated with elaborate frescoes showing various biblical scenes. They are believed to have been painted in the 17-18th centuries. On the west wall is a large fresco on three sections depicting the Last Judgment. North-west of the church are the remains of a bell tower, once an extremely tall structure. South of the church are the remains of a 2-story monastic building that had a portico with stone columns on the lower floor.

Modern times

Until 1915 it served as the seat of the Trebizond diocese tied to the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople. At this time, the vibrant Armenian community of the city numbered 30,000. In 1915, the normal functions of the monastery were interrupted when it was used as a transit camp for Armenians being deported to Syria during the Armenian genocide. After the Russian capture of Trebizond, Armenian monks returned to the monastery, and monks were there until sometime after World War I, supposedly 1923.

A fire may have partially ruined the site at a later date. By the 1950s, the main church was roofless and most of the bell-tower had been destroyed. In the current day, the Kaymaklı Monastery is a protected building in Trabzon. There have been slight modifications to the building in terms of restorations, like a modern roof made of metal. The monastery is currently not in use but can be visited by anyone who opts to do so.

See also

Notes

  1. Trabzon Governorship. "Kaymaklı Monastery". Archived from the original on 2007-07-05. Retrieved 2007-08-24.
  2. ^ Ambart︠s︡umi︠a︡n, Haykakan sovetakan hanragitaran, Trapizon, p. 87
  3. ^ Bryer, Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos, pp. 208-211
  4. Köker, Armenians in Turkey 100 Years Ago, p. 180
  5. Ballance, The Byzantine Churches of Trebizond, p. 169
  6. Darke, Guide to Eastern Turkey and the Black Sea Coast, p. 327

References

  • Ambart︠s︡umi︠a︡n, Victor Amazaspovich; Abel Poghosi Simonyan; Makich‘ Vahani Arzumanyan (1986). Haykakan sovetakan hanragitaran (in Armenian). Vol. 12. Yerevan. p. 87. OCLC 10431241. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Ballance, Selina (1960). "The Byzantine Churches of Trebizond". Anatolian Studies. 10. British Institute at Ankara: 141–175. doi:10.2307/3642433. JSTOR 3642433. S2CID 190694842.
  • Bryer, Anthony; David Winfield (1985). The Byzantine monuments and topography of the Pontos. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. ISBN 0-88402-122-X.
  • Darke, Diane (1987). Guide to Eastern Turkey and the Black Sea Coast. London: Michael Haag. ISBN 0-902743-66-X.
  • Köker, Osman (2005). Armenians in Turkey 100 Years Ago. Istanbul: Birzamanlar Yayıncılık. ISBN 975-6158-00-X.

Further reading

  • Bzhshkean, Minas (1819). Patmutʻiwn Pontosi or ē Seaw tsov (in Armenian). Venice, Italy: Vans Srboyn Ghazaru. OCLC 42517266.
  • Kévorkian, Raymond H; Paul B Paboudjian (1992). Les Arméniens dans l'Empire Ottoman à la veille du génocide (in French). Paris: Editions d'art et d'histoire. p. 187. ISBN 2-906755-09-5.
  • Sinclair, Thomas Alan (1989). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural and Archaeological Survey. London: Pindar Press. ISBN 0-907132-34-0.
  • Winfield, David; June Wainwright (1962). "Some Byzantine Churches from the Pontus". Anatolian Studies. 12. British Institute at Ankara: 131–161. doi:10.2307/3642521. JSTOR 3642521. S2CID 164102811.

Gallery

  • Kaymaklı Monastery front view Kaymaklı Monastery front view
  • Kaymaklı Monastery Chapel Kaymaklı Monastery Chapel
  • Kaymaklı Manastırı Apse Kaymaklı Manastırı Apse
  • Kaymaklı Manastırı Roofless chapel Kaymaklı Manastırı Roofless chapel
  • Kaymaklı Manastırı Kaymaklı Manastırı
  • Kaymaklı Manastırı Kaymaklı Manastırı
  • Kaymaklı Manastırı Kaymaklı Manastırı
  • Kaymaklı Manastırı Kaymaklı Manastırı
  • Kaymaklı Manastırı Kaymaklı Manastırı
  • Kaymaklı Manastırı Kaymaklı Manastırı

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