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{{Infobox Bruckner Symphony {{Infobox musical composition
| title = Symphony No. 1 in C minor | title = Symphony No. 1
| image = Bruckner final years.jpg | composer = ]
| dedication = University of Vienna | image = Bruckner circa 1860.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Anton Bruckner, {{circa|1860}}
| composition_began = 1865
| dedication = ]
| composition_ended = 1891
| key = ]
| first_performance = Bruckner conducting, 9 May 1868, Linz
| catalogue = ] 101
| first_published = 1893
| movements = 4
| other_editions = ed. Robert Haas, 1935 <br> ed. Leopold Nowak, 1953 <br> ed. Günther Brosche, 1980 <br> ed. William Carragan
| composed = {{plainlist|
| first_recording = ], ], 1950
* 1865–1866 {{nowrap|(Linz version)}}
* 1890–1891 (Vienna version)}}
}} }}
]'s '''Symphony No. 1 in C minor''' was the first symphony the composer thought worthy of performing, and bequeathing to the Vienna national library. Chronologically, it comes after the ] and ''before'' ]. The first version of the ] was completed after No. 0.


]'s '''Symphony No. 1''' in ], ] 101, was the first symphony the composer thought worthy of performing and bequeathing to the ]. Chronologically it comes after the ] in F minor and before the "nullified" ]. (] was completed after the "nullified" Symphony in D minor.) The composer gave it the nickname ''Das kecke Beserl'' (The Saucy Maid), and conducted its 1868 premiere. Much later, after Bruckner was granted an honorary ] doctorate in 1891, he dedicated the 1890–1891 version of the work to that institution.
The Symphony No. 1 was premiered under Bruckner in ]. It was dedicated to the ], after Bruckner was granted an honorary doctorate in ].


== Structure ==
Bruckner gave it the nickname "das kecke Beserl", roughly translated as "saucy maid".
The symphony has four ]:


{{ordered list|list_style_type=upper-roman
==Description==
|Allegro (])
The symphony has four ].
:]
:]
'''NB:''' The first ], that was not yet present in 1868, was added in the revision of 1877
<br/>


|Adagio (])
# Allegro (])
:]
# Adagio (])
# Scherzo: Lebhaft (]) – Trio: Langsam (])
# Finale: Bewegt und feurig (])


|Scherzo: ''Schnell'' (fast; ])—Trio: ''Langsamer'' (slower; ])
The choice of keys for the first two movements mirrors ]'s choice for his ], but Bruckner has the timpani retune to A flat and E flat.
:]


|Finale: ''Bewegt, feurig'' (moving, fiery; C minor, ending in ])
==Versions==
:]
===1866 Version===
}}
The first version of the symphony, written by Bruckner in ]. Sometimes known as the ''unrevised Linz version'', this is available in an edition by ]. It has been recorded by ] as well as by ] in an early recording with the ].


The choices of key for the first two movements mirror ]'s for his ], but Bruckner has the timpani retune to A{{flat}} and E{{flat}}.
===1877 Version===
Although often called the "Linz" version, this was in fact made in ]. It is available in editions by ] (published 1935) and ] (published 1953). The vast majority of recordings, including the famous one featuring ] conducting the ], are of one of these two editions.


===1891 Version=== == Versions ==
Known as the "Vienna" version, this is considerably different from the 1877 and 1866 versions. It is available in an edition by ], published in 1980. It has been recorded by ], ] and ].


===1893 first published edition=== === Early Adagio and Scherzo ===
Before completing the symphony in April 1866, Bruckner composed other forms of the Adagio and the Scherzo.
Edited by ], this has very few differences from the 1891 version. It has been recorded by ], ] and ] (scherzo only).


The Adagio was first conceived in classical ], with development, not the ternary structure with elaborate middle section. The ] and the ] are similar to that of the Linz version. In the beginning of its central section a third Schumanesque motif is introduced, which will be partially re-used as accompaniment of the oboe solo of the middle section of the Linz version.<ref>William Carragan, p. 33</ref> This early version of the Adagio (manuscript Mus.Hs.40400) was partially orchestrated, without ]s or ]s. The recapitulation of the first motif is played by the strings and decorated by the winds. The recapitulation of the second subject, which was sketched only by the second violins and the ], breaks off at ] 154. Thereafter, five bars were left unwritten before the – on the contrary – fully orchestrated close of the movement.
==Instrumentation==

The score calls for a pair each of ]s, ]s, ]s, ]s, four ]s, two ]s, three ]s, ], and ].
The originally conceived Scherzo was not fully orchestrated either, lacking trumpets and trombones, but its Trio was carried over unchanged in 1866.<ref name="Complete Edition" /> The scherzo of this draft version exhibits many irregular phrase rhythms which Bruckner evened out in later versions.<ref>J. Kraus, p. 279</ref> This early Scherzo (manuscript Mus.Hs.6019) is very short and quite distant in character from what Bruckner eventually used in the Linz version.<ref>William Carragan, p. 34</ref> In the leaflet for his recording of the symphony, Tintner writes that "the earlier very short Scherzo, which Bruckner discarded before 1866 (because of its brevity?), with chromatic syncopation, is perhaps more interesting ."

A recording of these early (uncomplete) Adagio and Scherzo by ] is available in the Bruckner Archive.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abruckner.com/brucknerarchive/|title=Bruckner Archive – Anton Bruckner|website=www.abruckner.com}}</ref>

In 1995 Wolfgang Grandjean edited the earlier Adagio and Scherzo as a study score (I/1a-STP).<ref name="Complete Edition"/> For performance purposes, Grandjean filled in the missing bars of the Adagio using the corresponding musical material in the 1866 score (Doblinger 74 014).<ref name="Complete Edition">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mwv.at/english/TextBruckner/Katalog/symph01.htm|title=Anton Bruckner – I. SYMPHONIE c-Moll|website=www.mwv.at}}</ref>

In his transcription for chamber orchestra, Ricardo Luna completed the five missing bars of the recapitulation of the Adagio by using the corresponding material of the Linz version. Because the music of the preceding seven incomplete bars (with only melodic elements) is not identical to that of the Linz version, he had to make some adjustments to arrange the rhythms where they were not given in the accompanying voices.<ref>Leaflet of the CD ''Bruckner unknown''</ref><br/>An electronic recreation of the early Adagio and Scherzo by Joan Schukking can be heard and downloaded at John Berky's website.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abruckner.com/downloads/downloadofthemonth/july17/|title=July, 2017: The Early Adagio and Scherzo to the Symphony No. 1 – Anton Bruckner|website=www.abruckner.com}}</ref>

=== Linz version, 1866–1868 ===
The first version of the symphony was written in 1866 by Bruckner in ].

Bruckner made some slight adjustments to the score for the 1868 premiere. A score was first published in 1998 by ], using ]'s critical report, and recorded that same year by ] in Glasgow.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abruckner.com/Data/articles/articlesEnglish/carragantimed/symphonyno1/b1_timing_analysis_1866.pdf|title=William Carragan – Time analysis versions 1866 and 1877}}</ref><ref>William Carragan, p. 23</ref> The premiere version has been issued by Thomas Röder in the new edition of the '']''<ref name="Röder">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mwv.at/english/TextBruckner/Katalog/New%20Bruckner%20complete%20edition.htm|title=Briefe von, an und über Anton Bruckner|trans-title=Letters by, to and about Anton Bruckner}}</ref> and has been premiered by the ] under Cornelius Meister during the 2014 ]. The first American performance using Röder's edition, played by the Sam Houston State University Orchestra in 2016 with Jacob Sustaita conducting, can be heard and downloaded at John Berky's website.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abruckner.com/downloads/downloadofthemonth/October16/|title=October 2016: Symphony No. 1 / Jacob Sustaita / Sam Houston State University Orchestra / A US Premiere! – Anton Bruckner|website=www.abruckner.com}}</ref>

=== Revised Linz version, 1877/1884 ===
Although routinely referred to as the “Linz version” and as having been made in 1866, this version, the most frequently performed version of the work, was prepared neither in Linz nor in that year. It was made in 1877 in ] and slightly revised there in 1884. It is available in editions by ] (published 1935) and ] (1953).

=== Vienna version, 1891 ===
The Vienna version, which differs considerably from the earlier 1866 and 1877 versions,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bruckner.webs.com/versions.html#sym1|title=Bruckner Symphony Versions|website=bruckner.webs.com}}</ref> is available in an edition by {{ill|Günter Brosche|de}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mwv.at/english/textbruckner/katalog/symph01.htm|title=The Symphonies: Symphony No. 1 in C minor|work=Musikwissenchaftlicher Verlag|accessdate=18 November 2020}}</ref> published in 1980 as part of the ''Gesamtausgabe''.

== Editions ==
;Doblinger, 1893 : This was the first published edition. Edited by Doblinger under the supervision of Cyrill Hynais, it had few differences from the 1891 version. It has been recorded by ], ] and ] (scherzo only).
;Haas, 1935 : Of the (revised, 1877) "Linz version" and (1891) "Vienna version" in the earlier ''Gesamtausgabe''.
;Nowak, 1953 : Of the (revised, 1877) "Linz version", again under ''Gesamtausgabe'' auspices.
;Brosche, 1980 : Of the (1891) "Vienna version", again as part of the ''Gesamtausgabe''.
;Röder, 2016 : Of the 1868 version, as part of the new ''Bruckner Gesamtausgabe''<ref name="Röder"/>

== Instrumentation ==
The score calls for two ]s, two ]s, two ]s, two ]s, four ], two ]s, three ]s, ], and ], with an extra flute in the Adagio.


== Discography == == Discography ==
The first commercial recording was by ] with the ] in ]. It included only the scherzo, in the 1893 first published version. The first recording of any part of the work was made in 1934 by ] and the ]; it included only the Scherzo, in the 1893 first published edition. The first complete commercial recording of the symphony came in 1950, with ] conducting the ], again using the first published edition.


=== Early drafts ===
The first commercial recording of the entire symphony was by ] with the ] in 1950, also using the first published version.
Available recordings:
* Ricardo Luna, ''Bruckner unknown'' – CD ] PR 91250, 2013 – transcription for chamber orchestra
* ], ] – CD ] C8094, 2024 – Symphony No. 1 (1891 version) and 1865 Scherzo


=== Linz version, 1866–1868 ===
===Notable Recordings===
*] conducting the ], live performance, Tahra, 1956 ''(Haas/1877)'' * ] conducting the ], studio recording, Naxos, 1998 (Carragan ed.)
*] conducting the ], studio recording, Deutsche Grammophon, 1966 ''(Nowak/1866)'' * ] conducting the ], live recording, Profil PH 12022, 2011 (Carragan ed.)
*] conducting the ], studio recording, EMI, 1978 ''(Nowak/1877)'' * ] conducting the ] – Unitel BD LC15762, 2018 (Röder ed.)
*] conducting the ], studio recording, Orfeo, 1984 ''(Haas/1877)''
*] conducting the ], Canyon, 1994 ''(Haas/1877)''
*] conducting the ], studio recording, Arte Nova/Oehms Classics, 1995 ''(Haas/1877)''
*] conducting the ], studio recording, Naxos, 1998 ''(Carragan/1866)''


=== Revised Linz version, 1877/1884 ===
==External links==
'''Haas edition'''
*{{IMSLP2|id=Symphony_No.1_in_C_minor_%28Bruckner%2C_Anton%29|cname=Symphony No. 1}}
* ] conducting the ], live performance, Tahra, 1956
* from the Indiana University school of music
* ] conducting the ], Orfeo, 1984
*
* ] conducting the ], Canyon, 1994
*
'''Nowak edition'''
*
* ] conducting the ], Deutsche Grammophon, 1966
* Eugen Jochum conducting the ], EMI, 1978
* ] conducting the ], DG, 1980 – with the ].
* ] conducting the Frankfurt Radio Symphony, Teldec, 1987
* ] conducting the ], Oehms, 1995
* ] conducting the ], live recording, Oehms OC 633, 2010
* ] conducting the ], Pentatone, 2012


=== Vienna version, 1891 ===
{{Bruckner symphonies}}
'''Doblinger edition'''
* ] conducting the Austria State Symphony Orchestra, Forgotten Records, 1950
* ] conducting the Vienna Orchestra Society, Forgotten Records, 1955
* Hun-Joung Lim conducting the Korean Symphony Orchestra], Decca, 2015
'''Brosche edition'''
* ] conducting the Cologne Radio Symphony Orchestra, EMI, 1981
* ] conducting the ], London/Decca CD 475 331–2, 1987
* ] conducting the American Symphony Orchestra, American Symphony Download, 2003
* ] conducting the ], ACCENTUS Music, 2012
* ] conducting the ], live recording – Profil PH 19084, 2020
* ] conducting the ], Deutsche Grammophon CD 4862083, 2022


== References ==
]
{{reflist}}


== Sources ==
]
* ''Anton Bruckner, Sämtliche Werke, Kritische Gesamtausgabe – Band 1: I. Symphonie c-Moll (Wiener und Linzer Fassung)'', Musikwissenschaftlicher Verlag der internationalen Bruckner-Gesellschaft, ] (dditor), Vienna, 1935
]
* ''Anton Bruckner: Sämtliche Werke: Band I: I. Symphonie c-Moll'', Musikwissenschaftlicher Verlag der Internationalen Bruckner-Gesellschaft, Vienna
]
** I/1: ''Linzer Fassung (1866)'', Leopold Nowak (Editor), 1953
]
** I/1A: ''Adagio ursprüngliche Fassung (1865/66), Fragment – Scherzo ältere Komposition (1865)'', Wolfgang Grandjean (editor), 1995
]
** I/2: ''Wiener Fassung (1890/91)'', {{ill|Günter Brosche|de}} (editor), 1980
]
*''Neue Anton Bruckner Gesamtausgabe: Band I/1: Fassung von 1868 "Linzer Fassung"'', Thomas Röder (editor), Vienna, 2016
* ]. ''Anton Bruckner – Eleven Symphonies''. Bruckner Society of America, Windsor Connecticut, 2020. {{ISBN|978-1-938911-59-0}}.
* Joseph C. Kraus, "Phrase rhythm in Bruckner's early orchestral scherzi", Bruckner Studies, edited by ] and Paul Hawkshaw, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997

== External links ==
*
* {{IMSLP|work=Symphony No.1 in C minor, WAB 101 (Bruckner, Anton)|cname=Symphony No. 1 (Bruckner)}}
* from the Indiana University school of music
*
*

{{Anton Bruckner}}
{{Portal bar|Classical music}}
{{authority control}}

]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 17:10, 28 December 2024

Symphony No. 1
by Anton Bruckner
Portrait of Anton Bruckner, c. 1860
KeyC minor
CatalogueWAB 101
Composed
  • 1865–1866 (Linz version)
  • 1890–1891 (Vienna version)
DedicationUniversity of Vienna
Movements4

Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 1 in C minor, WAB 101, was the first symphony the composer thought worthy of performing and bequeathing to the Austrian National Library. Chronologically it comes after the Study Symphony in F minor and before the "nullified" Symphony in D minor. (Symphony No. 2 in C minor was completed after the "nullified" Symphony in D minor.) The composer gave it the nickname Das kecke Beserl (The Saucy Maid), and conducted its 1868 premiere. Much later, after Bruckner was granted an honorary University of Vienna doctorate in 1891, he dedicated the 1890–1891 version of the work to that institution.

Structure

The symphony has four movements:

  1. Allegro (C minor)

    NB: The first bar, that was not yet present in 1868, was added in the revision of 1877


  2. Adagio (A♭ major)
  3. Scherzo: Schnell (fast; G minor)—Trio: Langsamer (slower; G major)
  4. Finale: Bewegt, feurig (moving, fiery; C minor, ending in C major)

The choices of key for the first two movements mirror Beethoven's for his Fifth Symphony, but Bruckner has the timpani retune to A♭ and E♭.

Versions

Early Adagio and Scherzo

Before completing the symphony in April 1866, Bruckner composed other forms of the Adagio and the Scherzo.

The Adagio was first conceived in classical sonata form, with development, not the ternary structure with elaborate middle section. The exposition and the recapitulation are similar to that of the Linz version. In the beginning of its central section a third Schumanesque motif is introduced, which will be partially re-used as accompaniment of the oboe solo of the middle section of the Linz version. This early version of the Adagio (manuscript Mus.Hs.40400) was partially orchestrated, without trumpets or trombones. The recapitulation of the first motif is played by the strings and decorated by the winds. The recapitulation of the second subject, which was sketched only by the second violins and the woodwinds, breaks off at bar 154. Thereafter, five bars were left unwritten before the – on the contrary – fully orchestrated close of the movement.

The originally conceived Scherzo was not fully orchestrated either, lacking trumpets and trombones, but its Trio was carried over unchanged in 1866. The scherzo of this draft version exhibits many irregular phrase rhythms which Bruckner evened out in later versions. This early Scherzo (manuscript Mus.Hs.6019) is very short and quite distant in character from what Bruckner eventually used in the Linz version. In the leaflet for his recording of the symphony, Tintner writes that "the earlier very short Scherzo, which Bruckner discarded before 1866 (because of its brevity?), with chromatic syncopation, is perhaps more interesting ."

A recording of these early (uncomplete) Adagio and Scherzo by Osmo Vänskä is available in the Bruckner Archive.

In 1995 Wolfgang Grandjean edited the earlier Adagio and Scherzo as a study score (I/1a-STP). For performance purposes, Grandjean filled in the missing bars of the Adagio using the corresponding musical material in the 1866 score (Doblinger 74 014).

In his transcription for chamber orchestra, Ricardo Luna completed the five missing bars of the recapitulation of the Adagio by using the corresponding material of the Linz version. Because the music of the preceding seven incomplete bars (with only melodic elements) is not identical to that of the Linz version, he had to make some adjustments to arrange the rhythms where they were not given in the accompanying voices.
An electronic recreation of the early Adagio and Scherzo by Joan Schukking can be heard and downloaded at John Berky's website.

Linz version, 1866–1868

The first version of the symphony was written in 1866 by Bruckner in Linz.

Bruckner made some slight adjustments to the score for the 1868 premiere. A score was first published in 1998 by William Carragan, using Haas's critical report, and recorded that same year by Georg Tintner in Glasgow. The premiere version has been issued by Thomas Röder in the new edition of the Bruckner Gesamtausgabe and has been premiered by the Vienna Radio Symphony Orchestra under Cornelius Meister during the 2014 Salzburger Festspiele. The first American performance using Röder's edition, played by the Sam Houston State University Orchestra in 2016 with Jacob Sustaita conducting, can be heard and downloaded at John Berky's website.

Revised Linz version, 1877/1884

Although routinely referred to as the “Linz version” and as having been made in 1866, this version, the most frequently performed version of the work, was prepared neither in Linz nor in that year. It was made in 1877 in Vienna and slightly revised there in 1884. It is available in editions by Robert Haas (published 1935) and Leopold Nowak (1953).

Vienna version, 1891

The Vienna version, which differs considerably from the earlier 1866 and 1877 versions, is available in an edition by Günter Brosche [de], published in 1980 as part of the Gesamtausgabe.

Editions

Doblinger, 1893
This was the first published edition. Edited by Doblinger under the supervision of Cyrill Hynais, it had few differences from the 1891 version. It has been recorded by F. Charles Adler, Volkmar Andreae and Fritz Zaun (scherzo only).
Haas, 1935
Of the (revised, 1877) "Linz version" and (1891) "Vienna version" in the earlier Gesamtausgabe.
Nowak, 1953
Of the (revised, 1877) "Linz version", again under Gesamtausgabe auspices.
Brosche, 1980
Of the (1891) "Vienna version", again as part of the Gesamtausgabe.
Röder, 2016
Of the 1868 version, as part of the new Bruckner Gesamtausgabe

Instrumentation

The score calls for two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, four horns, two trumpets, three trombones, timpani, and strings, with an extra flute in the Adagio.

Discography

The first recording of any part of the work was made in 1934 by Fritz Zaun and the Berlin State Opera Orchestra; it included only the Scherzo, in the 1893 first published edition. The first complete commercial recording of the symphony came in 1950, with Volkmar Andreae conducting the Lower Austrian Tonkünstler Orchestra, again using the first published edition.

Early drafts

Available recordings:

Linz version, 1866–1868

Revised Linz version, 1877/1884

Haas edition

Nowak edition

Vienna version, 1891

Doblinger edition

  • Volkmar Andreae conducting the Austria State Symphony Orchestra, Forgotten Records, 1950
  • F. Charles Adler conducting the Vienna Orchestra Society, Forgotten Records, 1955
  • Hun-Joung Lim conducting the Korean Symphony Orchestra], Decca, 2015

Brosche edition

References

  1. William Carragan, p. 33
  2. ^ "Anton Bruckner – I. SYMPHONIE c-Moll". www.mwv.at.
  3. J. Kraus, p. 279
  4. William Carragan, p. 34
  5. "Bruckner Archive – Anton Bruckner". www.abruckner.com.
  6. Leaflet of the CD Bruckner unknown
  7. "July, 2017: The Early Adagio and Scherzo to the Symphony No. 1 – Anton Bruckner". www.abruckner.com.
  8. "William Carragan – Time analysis versions 1866 and 1877" (PDF).
  9. William Carragan, p. 23
  10. ^ "Briefe von, an und über Anton Bruckner" [Letters by, to and about Anton Bruckner].
  11. "October 2016: Symphony No. 1 / Jacob Sustaita / Sam Houston State University Orchestra / A US Premiere! – Anton Bruckner". www.abruckner.com.
  12. "Bruckner Symphony Versions". bruckner.webs.com.
  13. "The Symphonies: Symphony No. 1 in C minor". Musikwissenchaftlicher Verlag. Retrieved 18 November 2020.

Sources

  • Anton Bruckner, Sämtliche Werke, Kritische Gesamtausgabe – Band 1: I. Symphonie c-Moll (Wiener und Linzer Fassung), Musikwissenschaftlicher Verlag der internationalen Bruckner-Gesellschaft, Robert Haas (dditor), Vienna, 1935
  • Anton Bruckner: Sämtliche Werke: Band I: I. Symphonie c-Moll, Musikwissenschaftlicher Verlag der Internationalen Bruckner-Gesellschaft, Vienna
    • I/1: Linzer Fassung (1866), Leopold Nowak (Editor), 1953
    • I/1A: Adagio ursprüngliche Fassung (1865/66), Fragment – Scherzo ältere Komposition (1865), Wolfgang Grandjean (editor), 1995
    • I/2: Wiener Fassung (1890/91), Günter Brosche [de] (editor), 1980
  • Neue Anton Bruckner Gesamtausgabe: Band I/1: Fassung von 1868 "Linzer Fassung", Thomas Röder (editor), Vienna, 2016
  • William Carragan. Anton Bruckner – Eleven Symphonies. Bruckner Society of America, Windsor Connecticut, 2020. ISBN 978-1-938911-59-0.
  • Joseph C. Kraus, "Phrase rhythm in Bruckner's early orchestral scherzi", Bruckner Studies, edited by Timothy L. Jackson and Paul Hawkshaw, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997

External links

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