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'''Nikola Tesla''' was of unusual ] brilliance. ] and theoretical work still form the basis for modern ] ] (AC) systems including the ] ] system. Tesla helped usher in the ]. His legacy can been seen across ].

==Additional biographical information==

===Early years===

]s in 2004. Photo courtesy of ] ()]]
Tesla was born "at the stroke of midnight" with lightning striking during a summer storm. He was born in ] near ], ], (the ] of the ], now in ]). The midwife commented, "He'll be a child of the storm," to which his mother replied, "No, of light." Tesla was ] in the Old Slavonic Church rite. His Baptism Certificate reports that he was born on June 28 (]; July 10 in the ]) ], and christened by the Serbian orthodox ], Toma Oklobd&#382;ija.

His father was ] ], a ] priest in the ] which gathered the Serbs of the "Greek-rite" as they were legally referred to in ] at the time. His father's church in ] was destroyed in the ]. His mother was ], a housewife talented in making home craft tools. Nikola was one of five children, having one brother and three sisters. His ], ], was a Captain in the Krajina army. His family moved to Gospi&#263; in ]. Tesla went to school in ] (then Austria-Hungary), then studied electrical engineering at the ] in ], ] (]). While there, he studied the uses of alternating current. He also developed a ] ] (or ]) and studied the uses of alternating current. . Tesla was fascinated by the ], believeing that it was a most wonderful invention.

In ] he moved to ] to work for the ] company, ]. On the opening of the ] exchange in Budapest, 1881, Tesla became the chief electrician to the company, later engineer to the ] government and the country's first telephone system. He also developed a ] ] (or ]). Tesla invented a precursor to modern ], known as a telephone repeater (or sometimes an amplifier). The device could act as an ] ] (not an audio ]).

The device had its ] tuned to a particular ] of other repeaters to communicate between each. In ], Tesla described the prior developed audio transducers. According to Tesla, it was the "... ''implest ways ] ...] the low frequency gave audible notes. placed a ], a wire or a coil, and then Tesla would get a note characteristics of the audible note''". The audible sounds were of the quality of the telephones diaphragms of that period of time. The invention was never patented nor released publicly (till years later by Tesla himself). The device also contained the characteristics of modern wireless telephones.

For a while he stayed in ]. He was employed at his first job as an assistant engineer. Tesla suffered a nervous breakdown during this time. In ] he moved to ] to work as an engineer for the ]. He worked designing improvements to electric equipment. In the same year, Tesla conceived of the induction motor and began developing various devices that use rotating ]s (for which he received patents in ]). Tesla visualized the rotating fields and thereby designed the induction motor. Tesla hastened from Paris to his mother's side as she lay dying, arriving hours before her death in ]. Her last words to him were, "You've arrived, Nidzo, my pride." After her death, Tesla fell ill. He spent two to three weeks recuperating in Gospi&#263; and the village of ] near Gra&#269;ac, the birthplace of his mother. All his life, Tesla kept a home-spun embroidered travel bag from his mother.

In ], Tesla formed his own company, '']''. The initial financial ]s disagreed with Tesla on his plan for an alternating current motor and eventually relieved him of his duties at the company.

====Early employment====

When Tesla first arrived in the United States, he had a letter of recommendation from ] to Thomas Edison which read simply "I know two great men, and you are one of them. This young man is the other". Tesla's work for Edison began with simple electrical engineering. Eventually Tesla earned the respect of Edison and offered to undertake a complete re-design of the Edison company's DC ]s. After Tesla described the nature of the benefits from his proposed modifications, Edison offered him ]50,000 if they were successfully completed.

Tesla worked nearly a year to redesign them and gave the Edison company several enormously profitable new patents in the process. When Tesla inquired about the $50,000, Edison replied to him, "Tesla, you don't understand our American humor", and reneged on his agreement, offering a raise in Tesla's salary of $10 per week as a compromise - at which rate it would have taken almost 100 years to earn the money Edison had originally promised. Tesla resigned on the spot. In some accounts of the final confrontation, Tesla did not say a single word to Edison but simply turned his back on the inventor and walked off the premises. Edison would receive {{US patent|328572}} for an improved ] and, later, would gain {{US patent|373584}} for a ] (which includes an '']'' and utilizes a '']'') among other patents which Tesla may be responsible for.

Tesla worked in New York as a common laborer from ] to ] to feed himself and raise capital for his next project. In ], he constructed the initial ]less alternate-current ], which he demonstrated to the ''American Institute of Electrical Engineers'' (now ]) in ]. In the same year, he developed the principles of his ] and began working with ] at Westinghouse's ] labs. Westinghouse listened to his ideas for ]s which would allow transmission of ] electricity over large distances.


===Colorado Springs===
In ], Tesla decided to move and began research in ], where he could have room for his high-voltage high-frequency experiments. He chose this location primarily because of the frequent thunderstorms, the high altitude (where the air, being at a lower pressure, had a lower dielectric breakdown strength, making it easier to ionize), and the dryness of the air (minimizing leakage of electric charge through insulators). Also, the property was free and electric power available from the ]. Today, magnetic intensity charts also show that the ground around his lab possesses a denser magnetic field than the surrounding area. Tesla reached Colorado Springs on ], 1899. Upon his arrival he told reporters that he was conducting experiments transmitting signals from ] to ].

Tesla kept a ] of his experiments in the Colorado Springs lab where he spent nearly nine months. It consists of 500 pages of handwritten notes and nearly 200 drawings, recorded chronologically between ], 1899 and ], ], as the work occurred, containing explanations of his experiments. He was developing a system for ], telephony and the transmission of power, experimented with high-voltage electricity and the possibility of wireless transmitting and distributing large amounts of electrical energy over long distances. He also conceived a system for geophysical exploration--]--which he called '']'', based on his reciprocating mechanical oscillator patented in ], and explained that a long sequence of small explosions could be used to find ] and create ]s large enough to destroy the ]. He did not experiment with this as he felt there would not be "a desirable outcome".

====Laboratory construction====
Tesla, a local contractor, and several assistants commenced the construction of the laboratory shortly after arriving in Colorado Springs. The lab was established on ], east of the ] and one mile (1.6 km) east of downtown. Its primary purposes were experiments with high frequency electricity and other phenomena, and secondary--research into wireless transmission of electrical power. Tesla's design of the lab was a building fifty feet by sixty feet (15 by 18 m) with eighty-foot (24 m) ceilings. A one-hundred-forty-two foot (43 m) conducting aerial with a thirty-inch (76 cm) ]-] covered ]en ] was erected on the ]. The roof was rolled back to prevent fire from sparks and other dangerous effects of the experiments. The laboratory had sensitive instruments and equipment.

====Magnifying transmitter====
''Main article'': ]
].)]]

====Tuned circuits====

Tesla also constructed many smaller resonance transformers and discovered the concept of ]s. He also developed a number of ]s for separating and perceiving electromagnetic waves and designed rotating ]s which he used to detect the unique types of electromagnetic phenomenon he observed. They had a mechanism of geared wheels driven by a coiled spring-drive mechanism which rotated small glass cylinders. These experiments were the final stage of years of work on synchronized tuned electrical circuits.

These ]s were constructed to demonstrate how ]s could be "tuned in". Tesla logged in his diary on ], ] that a separate resonance transformer tuned to the same high frequency as a larger high-voltage resonance transformer would transceive energy from the larger coil, acting as a ''transmitter'' of wireless energy, which was used to confirm Tesla's patent for radio during later disputes in the courts. These air core high-frequency resonate coils were the predecessors of systems from radio to ] and ] ] devices.

====Propagation and resonance====

On ], 1899, Tesla discovered ] ]s within the earth. He demonstrated that the Earth behaves as a smooth polished conductor and possesses electrical vibrations. He experimented with waves characterized by a lack of vibration at points, between which areas of maximum vibration occur periodically. These standing waves were produced by confining waves within constructed conductive boundaries. Tesla demonstrated that the Earth could respond at predescribed frequencies of electrical vibrations. At this time, Tesla realized that it was possible to transceive power around the globe. A few years later, ] stopped funding Tesla's research when Tesla showed him that he could offer free electricity to the whole world by simply "ramming a stick in the earth in your backyard". Westinghouse said he would go bankrupt if that happened.

Tesla conducted experiments contributing to the understanding of electromagnetic propagation and the Earth's resonance. It is well documented (from various photos from the time) that he lit hundreds of lamps wirelessly at a distance of up to twenty-five miles (40 km). He transmitted signals several kilometres and lit neon tubes conducting through the ground. He researched ways to transmit energy wirelessly over long distances (utilizing the ] and the ] via ]s, to a lesser extent, and, more readily, ]s). He transmitted extremely low frequencies through the ground as well as between the earth's surface and the ]. He recieved patents on wireless that developed ]s by this method. In his experiments, he made mathematical calculations and computations based on his experiments and discovered that the resonant frequency of the Earth was approximately 8 Hz (]). In the ], researchers confirmed ] was in this range (interesting to note, ] ] also cycle in this range).

====Cosmic waves====

In the Colorado Springs lab, Tesla recorded what he concluded were ] radio signals and announced his findings in some of the scientific journals of the time. His announcements and data were rejected by the scientific community who did not believe him. He notes measurements of repetitive signals from his receiver which are substantially different from the signals he had noted from storms and earth noise. Specifically, he later recalled that the signals appeared in groups of clicks 1, 2, 3, and 4 clicks together. He stated in the article "A Giant Eye to See Round the World", of ] ], that:

:"''Twenty-two years ago, while experimenting in Colorado with a wireless power plant, I obtained extraordinary experimental evidence of the existence of life on Mars. I had perfected a wireless receiver of extraordinary sensitiveness, far beyond anything known, and I caught signals which I interpreted as meaning 1--2--3--4. I believe the Martians used numbers for communication because numbers are universal''." ''Albany Telegram &#8212; ] ]''

Clearly, Tesla felt the signal groups originated on the planet ]. In 1996 Corum and Corum published an analysis of ] ] signals which indicate that there was a correspondence between the setting of Mars at Colorado Springs, and the cessation of signals from Jupiter in the summer of 1899 when Tesla was there. Further, analysis by the Corums indicate that Tesla's transceiver was sensitive in the 18 kHz gap in the ] which would have allowed that reception from Jupiter. Therefore, there is evidence the signals Tesla noticed came from ], among other possible sources. Tesla spent the latter part of his life trying to signal Mars.

It is important to recognize that when he says he "recorded" these signals, it is meant that he wrote down the data and his impressions of what he had heard. He did release reports at the time. Tesla&#8217;s initial announcement of the existence of extraterrestrial radio signals was in 1899. In March of 1907, Tesla wrote about signaling to Mars in Harvard Magazine and how it was a problem of electrical engineering. Additional descriptions come from remembrances twenty years later. All this was met with resistance and disbelief by his contemporaries.

====Colorado departure====

Tesla left Colorado Springs on ], ]. The lab was torn down, broken up, and its contents sold to pay debts. The Colorado experiments prepared Tesla for his next project, the establishment of a wireless power transmission facility that would be known as Wardenclyffe. On ], ], Tesla was granted US685012 ] for the means for increasing the intensity of electrical oscillations. The United States Patent Office classification system currently denotes that this patent pretains to superconductivity technology (Class 505/825).

===Fight for radio patent===

''Main article'' : ]

In ], the US Patent Office reversed its decision and awarded ] the patent for ]. Tesla began his fight to re-acquire his radio patent. Later in ], Marconi was awarded the ] for radio. Tesla was deeply resentful. So in ], Tesla filed a ] against Marconi.

Tesla always disputed the claim that ] invented radio and he gave a simple reason for this position. It was that radio is not an invention: "It was evident to me in ] that wireless transmission of energy, if it could ever be accomplished, is not an invention; it is an art. Bell's telephone, Edison's phonograph, or my ] were inventions, but the wireless transmission of energy is an art that requires a great many inventions in combination.", (Nikola Tesla, 1916, in Ed. Anderson, Leland, 'Nikola Tesla On His Work With Alternating Currents And Their Application to Wireless Telegraphy, Telephony, and Transmission of Energy, Published 1992). Seen in this context, some believe that it is Tesla's lecture and patent record from 1888 onwards that contains the fundamental information on the '....great many inventions...' that form the basis for modern radio and wireless technology.

An ongoing lawsuit regarding the patent battle was finally resolved in Tesla's favor in ], one year after his death. This decision was based on the facts of the prior work existing before the establishment of Marconi's patent. At the time, the ] was involved in a patent infringement lawsuit with Marconi regarding radio, leading some to posit that the government granted Tesla and others the formal recognition in order to nullify any claims Marconi would have to compensation (as the earlier award to Marconi nullified any claims Tesla would have for compensation).

===Nobel rumors===

Due to the fact that the ] was awarded to Marconi for radio in ], it was believed that Tesla and Edison were to share the ] (or 1915; some accounts differ). Tesla's rumored nomination for the Nobel Prize in Physics was primarily for his experiments with tuned circuits using high-voltage high-frequency resonant transformers. It was possible that Tesla was told of the plans of the physics award committee and let it be known that he would not share the award with Edison.

===Later years===

Prior to the ], Tesla looked overseas for investors to fund his research. When the war started, Tesla lost funding he was receiving from his ] patents. Wardenclyffe Tower was also demolished towards the end of WWI. Tesla had predicted the relevant issues of the post-] environment (a war which theoretically ended) in a printed article (], ]). Tesla believed that the ] was not a remedy for the times and issues. In ], Tesla filed a lawsuit against Marconi attempting, unsuccessfully, to obtain a court injunction against the claims of Marconi. Around ], Tesla filed for ] because he owed so much in back taxes. He was living in poverty.

Tesla started to exhibit pronounced symptoms of ] in the years following. He became obsessed with the number three. He often felt compelled to walk around a block three times before entering a building, demanded a stack of three folded cloth napkins beside his plate at every meal, etc. The nature of OCD was little understood at the time and no treatments were available, so his symptoms were considered by some to be evidence of partial ] and this probably hurt what was left of his reputation. This obsessive-compulsive behavior may have originated from the observations over repeated ]s in nature that Tesla researched.

At this time, he was staying at the ], renting in an arrangement for deferred payments. Eventually, the Wardenclyffe deed was turned over to ], proprietor of the Waldorf-Astoria to pay a $20,000 debt. In ], around the time that the Wardenclyffe Tower was demolished by Boldt to make the land a more viable real estate asset, Tesla received ]'s highest honor, the ]. The irony of this honor was probably not lost on Tesla.

====Radar development====
''Main article'': ]

Tesla, in ] ], first established principles regarding frequency and power level for the first primitive ] units in ]. ], working with the first ] radar systems, stated he was building radar systems "''conceived according to the principles stated by Tesla''". By the ], Tesla was reportedly negotiating with the ] government under Prime Minister ] about a ray system. Tesla had also stated that efforts had been made to steal the "death ray" (though they had failed). The Chamberlain government was removed, though, before any final negotiations occurred. The incoming ] government found no use for Tesla's suggestions and ended negotiations.

====1930s====

On Tesla's seventy-fifth ] in ], ] put him on its cover. The cover caption noted his contribution to electrical power generation. In ], many of Marconi's patents relating to the radio were declared invalid by the ]. The Court of Claims decided that the prior work of Tesla (specifically US645576 and US649621) had anticipated Marconi's later works. Tesla got his last patent in ] on ], an apparatus for aerial transportation which was the first instance of ] ]. In ], Tesla wrote to consul Jankovi&#263; of his homeland. The letter contained the message of gratitude to ] who initiated a donation scheme by which American companies could support Tesla. Tesla refused the assistance, and chose to live by a modest pension received from ] and to continue researching.

===Field theories===

When he was eighty-one, Tesla stated he had completed a ]. He stated that it was "''worked out in all details''" and hoped to give to the world the theory soon. <small><sub></sub></small> The theory was never ]ed. At the time of his announcement, it was considered by the scientific establishment to exceed the bounds of reason. Some believe that Tesla never fully developed the Unified Field Theory, nor that any physicist in the years since it was first postulated.

While Tesla had "worked out a dynamic theory of gravity" that he soon hoped to give to the world, he died before he publicized any details. Few details were revealed by Tesla about his theory in the announcement. Tesla's critique in the announcement was the opening clash between him and modern experimental physics. Tesla may have viewed his principles in such a manner as to not be in conflict with other modern theories (besides Einstein's).Tesla's theory is ignored by some ]ers (and mainly disregaurded by ]s).

The bulk of the theory was developed between ] and ], during the period that he was conducting experiments for with ] and high ] electromagnetism and patenting devices for thier ultilization. It was completed, according to Tesla, by the end of the 1930s. Tesla's theory explained gravity using ] consisting of ]s (to a lesser extent) and ]s (for the majority).

The bulk of the theory was developed between ] and ], during the period that he was conducting experiments for with ] and high ] electromagnetism and patenting devices for thier ultilization. It was completed, according to Tesla, by the end of the 1930s. Tesla's theory explained gravity using ] consisting of ]s (to a lesser extent) and ]s (for the majority). Reminiscent of ], Tesla stated in 1925 that,

: ''There is no thing endowed with life - from man, who is enslaving the elements, to the nimblest creature - in all this world that does not sway in it's turn. Whenever action is born from force, though it be infinitesimal, the cosmic balance is upset and the universal motion results.''

Tesla, concerning ]'s ], stated that '...the relativity theory, by the way, is much older than its present proponents. It was advanced over 200 years ago by my illustrious countryman ], the great philospher, who, not withstanding other and multifold obligations, wrote a thousand volumes of excellent literature on a vast variety of subjects. ] dealt with relativity, including the so-called time-space continuum...', (1936 unpublished interview, quoted in Anderson, L, ed. Nikola Tesla: Lecture Before the New York Academy of Sciences: The Streams of Lenard and Roentgen and Novel Apparatus for Their Production, ] ], reconstructed 1994).

Tesla was critical of Einstein's relativity work, '... magnificent mathematical garb which fascinates, dazzles and makes people blind to the underlying errors. The theory is like a beggar clothed in purple whom ignorant people take for a king...., its exponents are brilliant men but they are metaphysicists rather than scientists...', (New York Times, ] ], p23, c.8).

Tesla also stated that 'I hold that space cannot be curved, for the simple reason that it can have no properties. It might as well be said that God has properties. He has not, but only attributes and these are of our own making. Of properties we can only speak when dealing with matter filling the space. To say that in the presence of large bodies space becomes curved is equivalent to stating that something can act upon nothing. I, for one, refuse to subscribe to such a view.', (New York Hearald Tribune, ] ])

===Death and afterwards===

Tesla died alone in the hotel ] of ], some time between the evening of ] and the morning of ], ]. Despite selling his AC electricity patents, he was essentially destitute and died with significant debts.

At the time of his death, Tesla had been working on some form of '']'' weapon, or '']'', the secrets of which he had offered to the ] on the morning of ]. It appears that his proposed death ray was related to his research into ] and ]. He was found dead three days later and, after the FBI was contacted by the War Department, his papers were declared to be top secret.

Immediately after Tesla's death became known, the ] instructed the ] to take possession of his papers and property, despite his US citizenship. All of his personal effects were seized on the advice of presidential advisors. ] declared the case "most secret", because of the nature of Tesla's inventions and patents. Tesla's Serbian-Orthodox family and the Yugoslav embassy struggled with American authorities to gain these items after his death due to the potential significance of some of his research. Eventually, his nephew, Sava Kosanovich, got possession of some of his personal effects (which are now housed in the ] in ]). Tesla's ] took place on ], ] at the ] in ], ].

In ], a ] statue of Tesla was placed at Niagara Falls.
A similar statue was also erected in the Tesla's hometown of Gospic in the 1981. The statue in Gospic was dynamited by the Croatian forces in 1991.

Perhaps because of Tesla's personal eccentricity and the dramatic nature of his demonstrations, ] about applications of his work persist. The common Hollywood stereotype of the "]" mirrors Tesla's real-life persona, or at least a caricature of it&mdash;which may be no accident considering that many of the earliest such movies (including the first movie version of ]'s ]) were produced by Tesla's old rival, Thomas Edison. There are at least two films describing Tesla's life. In the first, arranged for TV, Tesla was portrayed by ]. In ], ] produced a ]n film named ''Tajna Nikole Tesle'' (The Secret of Nikola Tesla), in which Welles himself played the part of Tesla's patron, ].

===Seized records ===

According to ] acquired via ] request, the sum of Tesla's possessions ("consisting of about two truckloads of material... approximately thirty barrels and bundles") were seized, upon his death in ], by agents of the (now defunct) ]. One document states that " is reported to have some 80 trunks in different places containing transcripts and plans having to do with his experiments... "

===Views on war===

Tesla believed that ] could not be avoided until the cause for its recurrence was removed, but was opposed to wars in general. He possessed a hatred of war, from his parents and homeland, and sought to end warfare scientifically by devising protective measures that would prevent wars. He found exceptions and some justifiable situations where conflict was necessary. He envisioned wars of machines, not of humans, and of more terrible weapons in the future. He sought to reduce distance, such as in communication (for better understanding), transportation, and transmission of energy, as a means to insure friendly international relations. A system for "Projecting Concentrated Non-Dispersive Energy Through Natural Media" known as '']'' was reportedly developed later in his life. Teleforce was supposed to have been a type of defensive particle-beam weapon.

==See also==

* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

==Quotations ==
{{Wikiquote}}
*"I have harnessed the cosmic rays and caused them to operate a motive device."

*"Today's scientists have substituted mathematics for experiments, and they wander off through equation after equation, and eventually build a structure which has no relation to reality."

*"So astounding are the facts in this connection, that it would seem as though the Creator, himself had electrically designed this planet..."

*"Tesla has contributed more to electrical science than any man up to his time." &mdash;]

*"Science is but a perversion of itself unless it has as its ultimate goal the betterment of humanity"

*"The world, I think, will wait a long time for Nikola Tesla's equal in achievement and imagination." - ]

*"Tesla is entitled to the enduring gratitude of mankind." &mdash;]

*"We think of his contribution much oftener than that of ] and ] ... the ] and our ] are enduring monuments to Nikola Tesla." &mdash; Dr. ]

* In his speech presenting Tesla with the Edison medal, Vice President Behrend of the Institute of Electrical Engineers eloquently expressed the following: "Were we to seize and eliminate from our industrial world the result of Mr. Tesla's work, the wheels of industry would cease to turn, our electric cars and trains would stop, our towns would be dark and our mills would be idle and dead. His name marks an epoch in the advance of electrical science." Mr. Behrend ended his speech with a paraphrase of Pope's lines on Newton: "Nature and nature's laws lay hid by night. God said: 'Let Tesla be' and all was light."

==External links and resources==
* - Tesla Museum
* , New York state
* , aim to reuse ]. (], ], ])
* - (Hungarian - original images of text)
* - Master of Lightning
* Tesla Entry
* Yale's of Nikola Tesla
* Fred Walters' hand-scanned (PDFs)
* at the Smithsonian
*
*
* : Books and Online Files About Nikola Tesla.
*
* : Tells more about Tesla and Edison.
* : Tesla reportedly said of this biographer "You understand me better than any man alive."
* Lomas, Robert, "''''", Spark of genius. Independent Magazine, ] ].
* Lomas, Robert, "''''". Lecture to South Western Branch of Instititute of Physics.
* Germano, Frank, "''''". Frank.Germano.com.
* Seifer, Marc J., and Michael Behar, , Wired Magazine, ] ].
* Science Friday, "''''", ], ]
* Science Friday, "''''", ], ]
* works at ]
*
*
*
* Penner, John R.H. '''', corrupted version of My Inventions.
*Adachi, Ken, "'' - Unraveling Tesla&#8217;s Greatest Secret''". ] ]
* - Focus on Tesla's Earth current power transmission ideas (but not on ]s nor ]s). It's main focus is ]s.
* - Information on the Tunguska event (Date on ] and date of Tesla experiment's in question).
* Mrkich, D., "''''", Serb National Federation.
* Tesla, Nikola, '''', Unknown date.
* Tesla, Nikola, "''The Problem of Increasing Human Energy''", The Century Illustrated Magazine.
* Secor, H.W., "''Tesla's Views on Electricity and the War''", The Electrical Experimenter, Volume 5, Number 4, ], ].
* Hebert, Rex,"''''". Silkworx Site Designs.

]

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