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{{discrimination2}}
{{About|hatred of, or prejudice towards Hindus|religious persecution of Hindus|Persecution of Hindus}}
'''Anti-Hindu''' prejudice is a negative perception against the practice and practitioners of ]. This ideology is stated to be a form of ]. While stereotyping of Hindus in the West has decreased somewhat as a result of political activism of Hindus,{{Fact|date=April 2007}} it is possible to cultivate a negative perception of Hinduism by carefully conflating social evils as religious evils and portraying Hinduism as an evil religion.
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{{Hinduism |society}}


'''Anti-Hindu sentiment''', sometimes also referred to as '''Hinduphobia''', is a negative perception, sentiment or ] the practitioners or religion of ]. It exists in many contexts in many countries, often due to historical conflict. There is also scholarly debate on what constitutes Hinduphobia in the ].
There are several group within India and in other countries that are specifically anti-Hindu.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} In addition, anti-Hindu sentiments have been expressed by Muslims in ], ], leading to significant ] in those regions, such as the ] by Pakistan, and the recent ] in Malaysia - .


]
==Anti-Hindu stereotypes==
{{Hinduism small}}
Individuals in the Indian diaspora have begun to protest that Western scholars "distort their religion and perpetuate negative stereotypes".<ref name="uchicago">{{cite web | url = http://magazine.uchicago.edu/0412/features/index-print.shtml | author = Braverman, Amy M. | title = The interpretation of gods | date = 2006 | accessdate = 2007-04-01 | publisher = University of Chicago Magazine}}'</ref> Historically, such stereotypes were promulgated during the ] by several ] in South Asia as a means to aggrandize sectarian divisions in Indian society, part of the ] strategy employed by the British.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} Such allegations have seen a rise with the Hindu right using them for ].<ref name="uchicago"/>


==Definitions==
The ], a social stratification system in South Asia which has been criticized for its discriminatory problems, is uniquely blamed on Hindus and the religion of ]. This is a common stereotype, as adherents of other religions such as ] and ] also practice Caste segregations in India (for details, see ]) and is generally regarded in India as a social issue, rather than a religious one.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} Several organizations in India and abroad have been criticized by Hindu advocacy groups for these types of attacks.
Scholar ] defines the term "Hinduphobia" as an irrational aversion of ] or ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Long|first=Jeffery D.|date=December 2017|title=Reflections on Hinduphobia: A Perspective from a Scholar-Practitioner|url=https://www.esamskriti.com/essays/pdf/17%20Reflections%20on%20Hinduphobia%20PDF.pdf|journal=]|volume=122|pages=797–804}}</ref> ], a Professor of Media Studies at the ] agrees.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Juluri|first=Vamsee|title=Ethics, Ethnocentrism and Social Science Research|publisher=Routledge|year=2020|isbn=9780429270260|editor-last=Sharma|editor-first=Divya|chapter="Hindu nationalism" or "Hinduphobia"? : Ethnocentrism, errors, and bias in media and media studies|doi=10.4324/9780429270260-8|s2cid=226346622|chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429270260-8/hindu-nationalism-hinduphobia-vamsee-juluri}}</ref>{{Efn|In a discourse on the related issue of ], Chinnaiah Jangam (Professor of South Asian History at ]) had noted that Juluri did not have any academic training in history, swore by ], and even wrote a book in defense of militant Hindu nationalism.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015-06-05|title=What Is at Stake in Rewriting California School Textbooks?|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2016/29/commentary/what-stake-rewriting-california-school-textbooks.html|journal=]|last=Jangam|first=Chinnaiah|language=en|volume=51|issue=29|pages=7–8}}</ref> Juluri rejected the charges.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015-06-05|title=California Textbooks Issue: A Response|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2016/31/web-exclusives/california-textbooks-issue-response.html|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|last=Juluri|first=Vamsee|language=en|pages=7–8}}</ref>}}


== Examples of anti-Hindu sentiments ==
The devotion to bovine animals (regarded as holy in Hinduism) is also used as a pretext to mock the Hindu people by many in the west.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} In addition, the Hindu tradition of cremating their dead is used to mock the people.{{Fact|date=April 2007}}
According to the religious dialogue activist ], some ] denigrate ] and consider Hindu rituals barbaric, and such attitudes have caused tensions between religious communities.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/10/09/stories/13090244.htm|website=]|title=Who's afraid of dialogue?|date=2001-10-09|access-date=2017-06-02}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoFxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT125|title=Pentecostals, Proselytization, and Anti-Christian Violence in Contemporary India|last=Bauman|first=Chad M.|date=2015-02-02|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190266318|pages=125|language=en}}</ref>


], a leader of the ] party in ], has been charged several times for hate speeches denigrating Hindu gods and inciting violence against Hindus.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/world/asia/indian-muslims-lose-hope-in-national-secular-party.html|title=Indian Muslims Lose Hope in National Secular Party|last=Bagri|first=Neha Thirani|date=2014-11-08|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-06-07|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="bbc08jan2013">{{cite news | date=8 January 2013 | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20942476 | work=] | title=Politician Akbaruddin Owaisi held over 'hate speeches' | access-date=8 January 2013}}</ref>
Anti-Hindu attacks often accuse Hindus of being "Blasphemers" for committing "idolatry" and "polytheism" (] is more accurately described as ] or ] than polytheistic depending on the sect or school of belief involved ). Some Anti-Hindus have a mistaken interpretation of Hinduism, relating it more to Ancient polytheistic religions as opposed to one that relates to enlightenment or ].
A ] preacher apologised for insulting Hinduism in 2014, after an uproar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://m.deccanherald.com/articles.php?name=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/422879/muslim-preacher-apologises-insulting-hinduism.html|title=Muslim preacher apologises for insulting Hinduism|date=31 July 2014|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=2017-06-20|language=en-UK}}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Hindus have historically been, and continue to be, considered ] by some Muslims<ref name=HMP>{{cite journal |last=Engineer |first=Ashghar Ali |date=13–19 February 1999 |title=Hindu-Muslim Problem: An Approach |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=37 |issue=7 |page=397 |jstor=4407649}}</ref> and ], ] or ]ic by some ].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Altman|first=Michael|title=Heathen, Hindoo, Hindu: American Representations of India, 1721-1893|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190654924}}</ref>


== Asia ==
==Historical instances of anti-Hindu views==
{{seealso|Persecution of Hindus}}
===During Islamic Rule in the Indian Subcontinent===
India has historically been subject to Islamic rule from the period of ] to the ] and the ], as well as smaller kingdoms like the ] and ]s kingdom of Mysore. In almost all of those regimes, Hindus have had an inherently inferior status to the Muslim overlords. Hindus were first awarded the status of the "people of the book" (''ahl-al-kitab'') under bin-Qasim. Islamic law demands that when under Muslim rule "polytheists" or "infidels" be treated as ] (from the Arab term) ''ahl-al-dhimma''.<ref>Nicholas F. Gier, FROM MONGOLS TO MUGHALS: RELIGIOUS VIOLENCE IN INDIA 9TH-18TH CENTURIES, Presented at the Pacific Northwest Regional Meeting American Academy of Religion, Gonzaga University, May, 2006</ref>


====Barrani==== === Afghanistan ===
{{See also|Hinduism in Afghanistan}}
Under the reign of ], the Muslim cleric ] wrote several works, such as the ''Fatwa-i-Jahandari'', which contained disparaging statements against Hindus. Barrani has been described as a "fanatical protagonist of ]"<ref name="Das">Das, Arbind, Arthashastra of Kautilya and Fatwa-i-Jahandari of Ziauddin Barrani:an analysis, Pratibha Publications, Delhi 1996, ISBN 81-85268-45-2 pgs 138-139</ref> and wrote that there should be "an all-out struggle against Hinduism", advocating a militant and dogmatic religiosity.<ref name="Verma">Verma, V.P, Ancient and Medieval Indian Political Thought, Lakshmi Narasan Aggarwal Educational Publications, Agra 1986 pgs218-220</ref> He developed a system of religious elitism to that effect.<ref name="Verma"/>
Religious persecution, discrimination of Hindus has caused ] to dwindle.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ruchi |title=The decline of Afghanistan's Hindu and Sikh communities |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/12/decline-afghanistan-hindu-sikh-communities-161225082540860.html |access-date=2020-05-01 |website=aljazeera.com}}</ref> Sikhs and Hindus are continuing to flee from Afghanistan as of July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bagchi |first=Joymala |title=Sikh Afghan Nationals Narrate Their Stories Of Fear, Suppression And Anxiety Faced In Kabul |url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/Sikh-Afghan-nationals-narrate-their-stories-of-fear-suppression-and-anxiety-faced-in-Kabul/26-07-2020-301687/ |access-date=2020-07-27 |website=businessworld.in}}</ref>


The ] government in ], which enforced strict ] (Islamic law), announced plans to require all Hindus (and ]) to wear identifying badges in public in May 2001 as part of the Taliban's campaign to ] and repress "un-Islamic and idolatrous segments" of ].<ref name="TalibantoMark">, CNN (22 May 2001).</ref><ref name="PBS">, '']'', PBS (22 May 2001).</ref> At the time, about 500 Hindus and 2,000 Sikhs remained in Afghanistan.<ref name="Harding">Luke Harding, , ''The Guardian'' (23 May 2001).</ref> The anti-Hindu decree was seen by many as being reminiscent of the ] law which required all ] to wear identifying ]s.<ref name="PBS"/><ref name="Kelley">Jack Kelley, , ''USA Today'' (22 May 2001).</ref><ref name="wired.com">] (22 May 2001). '']''. Retrieved 19 November 2020.</ref> The order prompted international outrage, and it was denounced by the ] and ],<ref name="Harding"/> as well as by ] of the ].<ref name="Kelley"/> Following international pressure, the ] dropped the badge plans in June 2001.<ref>, ] (27 June 2001).</ref>
====Tippu Sultan====
The attitudes of Muslim ruler ] have been criticized as anti-Hindu. While some Marxist historians claim that he had an egalitarian attitude towards Hindus and was harsh towards them only when politically expedient,<ref>Kate Brittlebank ''Tipu Sultan’s Search for Legitimacy: Islam and Kingship in a Hindu domain'' (Delhi: Oxford University Press) 1997</ref> others, including British scholars of the period, noted a systematic hatred of Hindus in Tipu. Newspaper reports from the 1780s confirm that Tippu was a cruel ruler. In the first part of his reign in particular he appears to have been notably more aggressive and religiously doctrinaire than his father, ].<ref>Lewin Bowring ''Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan and the struggle with the Musalman powers of the south'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press) 1893 </ref> There are several historians<ref name=rpersecutor1>{{cite book
| last = Valath
| first = V. V. K.
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| editor =
| others =
| title = Keralathile Sthacharithrangal - Thrissur Jilla
| origdate =
| origyear =
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| url =
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| accessdate =
| accessyear = 2006
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| date =
| year = 1981
| month =
| publisher = Kerala Sahithya Academy
| location =
| language = Malayalam
| id =
| doi =
| pages = 74-79
| chapter =
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| quote =
}}</ref> who claim that Tippu Sultan was a religious persecutor of Hindus. In 1780 CE he declared himself to be the '']'' or Emperor of Mysore, and struck coinage in his own name without reference to the reigning Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. H. D. Sharma writes that in his correspondence with other Islamic rulers such as Shah Zaman of ], Tippu Sultan used this title and declared that he intended to establish an Islamic Empire in the entire country, along the lines of the ] which was at its nadir during the period in question.<ref name="Realtipu">{{cite book
| last = Sharma
| first = H.D
| authorlink = H.D Sharma
| title = The Real Tipu
| date = January 16, 1991
| year =1991
| month = January
| publisher = Rishi Publications, Varanasi
| language = English
}}</ref> His alliance with the French was supposedly aimed at achieving this goal by driving his main rivals, the British, out of the subcontinent.


=== Bangladesh ===
In addition, H.D. Sharma points out that, contrary to the claims of other scholars such as Mohibbul Hasan, he did not carry out the conversions as a punitive measure for rebellion, but as part of a campaign to eradicate Hinduism from his kingdom.<ref name="Realtipu"/> In addition, he cites examples such as Tippu's conquest of Malabar in 1788 CE, when he appointed a "]" in each village to carry out forced conversions in an organized manner. This was primarily done to the well-educated ] Hindus in the region, including those in Coorg, as Tippu perceived their intellect to be a threat to his Islamic rule.<ref name="Realtipu"/> C. K. Kareem also notes that Tippu Sultan issued an edict for the destruction of Hindu temples in ].<ref name="rpersecutor5">{{cite book
{{See also|Persecution_of_Hindus#Bangladesh|l1=Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh}}
| last = Kareem
In ] political leaders frequently face controversy for spreading anti-Hindu sentiment in an attempt to appeal to religious extremists and incite community outrage.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429013645/http://in.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=%2Fnews%2F2005%2Faug%2F13guest1.htm|date=29 April 2007}}</ref> One of the most well known instances of this occurred in 1996 when ] a previous ], and then leader of the opposition, declared that the country was at risk of hearing "]" (a ] custom involving women's ]) from ]s, replacing the ] (Muslim call to prayer).<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Agence-France Press|title=Bangladesh opposition leader accused of hurting religious sentiment |date=18 November 1996}}</ref>
| first = C.K
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| editor =
| others =
| title = Kerala Under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan P187
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| origyear = 1973
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| year = 1973
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| publisher = Kerala History Association : distributors, Paico Pub. House
| location =
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| pages = 322
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}}</ref>


More secular parties, such as the ] have also faced criticism for expressing anti-Hindu sentiment. The current prime minister ], allegedly accused ] leaders in ] of having divided loyalties with "one foot in ] and one in Bangladesh".<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203220945/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/2000/2/2000-2-07.shtml |date=3 February 2009 }}, ''hinduismtoday.com''</ref>
Historians such as Sharma cites letters that Tippu wrote to the ] Sultan in 1792 CE as proof of his claims of Tippu's religious persecution. In the letters Tippu expressed his disdain for Hindus as "polytheists" and "infidels", as well as his intent to Islamize his territories.<ref name="Realtipu"/>Sharma further states that Tippu's disdain for Hindus manifested in the fact that he ranked his army according to Muslim Castes, with the Arab-descended ''Ashraf'' castes at the top ranks, the converted "Ajlaf" castes at the middle ranks, and Hindus at the lowest rank. Mir Hussain Ali Khan Kirmani wrote in his ''Neshan-e Haidari'' that Tippu "developed a great aversion to Brahmins, Hindus and other tribes and he did not consider any but the people of Islam to be his friends, and, therefore, on all accounts, his chief object was to promote and provide for them. At this time he tried to eliminate Hindu worship from his territory. He confiscated funds from the temples being intended to balance the loss of revenue derived so far from intoxicating substances, the production of which he has banned earlier." Tippu also changed the names of towns from Dravidian names to Urdu ones. He destroyed Calicut because it was named after ], then depopulated the surrounding areas to repopulate the renamed town of "Ferozabad". The Hindus "returned jubilant" when the town was liberated.<ref name="Realtipu"/>


The fundamentalists and right-wing parties such as the ] and ] often portray Hindus as being sympathetic to India, making accusations of ] and allegations of transferring economic resources to India, contributing to a widespread perception that Bangladeshi Hindus are disloyal to the state. Also, the right wing parties claim the Hindus to be backing the Awami League.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engASA130062001!Open|title=Amnesty International Report|access-date=21 September 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018043738/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engASA130062001!Open|archive-date=18 October 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Historian Hayavadana C. Rao wrote about Tippu in his encyclopaedic work on the History of Mysore. He asserted that Tippu's "religious fanaticism and the excesses committed in the name of religion, both in Mysore and in the provinces, stand condemned for all time. His bigotry, indeed, was so great that it precluded all ideas of toleration". He further asserts that the acts of Tippu that were constructive towards Hindus were largely political and ostentatious rather than an indication of genuine tolerance.<ref name="Rao">{{cite book
| last = Rao
| first = Hayavadana C.
| authorlink = Hayavadana C. Rao
| title = History of Mysore 1399-1799: Incorporating the latest Epigraphical, Literary and Historical Researches Vol. 3 pgs 1047-53
| publisher = Bangalore Government Press
}}</ref>


On 28 February 2013, the ] sentenced ], the Vice President of the ] to death for the war crimes committed during the ]. Following the sentence, Jamaat-e-Islami activists attacked Hindu communities across the country. Hindu properties were looted and burned down, and temples were desecrated and set on fire.<ref>{{cite web |last=Habib |first=Haroon |title=44 killed in Bangladesh violence |website=The Hindu |date=2013-03-01 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/44-killed-in-bangladesh-violence/article4465210.ece |access-date=2024-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bagerhat Hindu Temple Set on Fire |url=http://dev-bd.bdnews24.com/details.php?id=241410&cid=2 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130407194310/http://dev-bd.bdnews24.com/details.php?id=241410&cid=2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2013 |access-date=20 March 2013 |newspaper=bdnews24.com |date=2 March 2013 }}</ref> While the government has held the Jamaat-e-Islami responsible for the attacks on the minorities, the Jamaat-e-Islami leadership has denied any involvement. The minority leaders have protested the attacks and appealed for justice. The ] has directed the law enforcement to start '']'' investigation into the attacks. ] express concern about attack of Jamaat on Bengali Hindu community.<ref name="US_amb_ds-1">{{cite news|title=US worried at violence|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/us-worried-at-violence/|access-date=12 March 2013|newspaper=]|date=12 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="US_amb_Itt-1">{{cite news|title=Mozena: Violence is not the way to resolution|url=http://www.clickittefaq.com/featured-area/mozena-violence-is-not-the-way-to-resolution/|access-date=12 March 2013|newspaper=]|date=11 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116055856/http://www.clickittefaq.com/featured-area/mozena-violence-is-not-the-way-to-resolution/|archive-date=16 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The violence included the looting of Hindu properties and businesses, the burning of Hindu homes, and ] and destruction of ]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bangladesh: Wave of violent attacks against Hindu minority|url=http://amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/bangladesh-wave-violent-attacks-against-hindu-minority-2013-03-06#.UTeKDSrYyD8.twitter|work=Press releases|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309203359/http://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/bangladesh-wave-violent-attacks-against-hindu-minority-2013-03-06#.UTeKDSrYyD8.twitter|archive-date=9 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to community leaders, more than 50 ] and 1,500 Hindu homes were destroyed in 20 districts.<ref name="bbc09032013-1">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21712655|title=Bangladesh minorities 'terrorised' after mob violence|last=Ethirajan|first=Anbarasan|date=9 March 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=17 March 2013|location=London}}</ref> On 5 May 2014, A mob of almost 3,000 attacked Hindu households and a temple in eastern Bangladesh after two youths from the community allegedly insulted the Islamic prophet, ] on ].<ref>{{cite news |date=5 May 2014 |title=Hindu households, temple attacked in Bangladesh |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/404464/hindu-households-temple-attacked-bangladesh.html |newspaper=Deccan Herald |location=Dhaka |access-date=27 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 May 2014 |title=Mob of 3000 people attacks Hindu households, temple in Bangladesh |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mob-of-3000-people-attacks-hindu-households-temple-in-bangladesh-1985285 |newspaper=DNA India |location=Dhaka |access-date=27 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 May 2014 |title=Mob of 3000 attack Hindu households, temple in Bangladesh |url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/mob-of-3000-attack-hindu-households-temple-in-bangladesh-1509359.html |newspaper=Firstpost |location=Bangladesh |access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref>
Whilst no scholar has denied that, in common with most rulers of his period, Tippu’s campaigns were often characterised by great brutality, some historians claim that this was not exclusively religiously motivated, and did not amount to a consistent anti-Hindu policy. Brittlebank, Hasan, Chetty, Habib and Saletare amongst others argue that stories of Tippu's religious persecution of Hindus and Christians are largely derived from the work of early British authors such as Kirkpatrick<ref>W. Kirkpatrick ''Select Letters of Tippoo Sultan'' (London) 1811</ref> and Wilks,<ref>M. Wilks ''Report on the Interior Administration, Resources and Expenditure of the Government of Mysore under the System prescribed by the Order of the Governor-General in Council dated 4 September 1799'' (Bangalore) 1864 & ''Historical Sketches of the South of India in an Attempt to Trace the History of Mysore'' Ed. M. Hammick (Mysore) 1930 2 Vols.</ref> whom they do not consider to be entirely reliable.<ref>C.C. Davies "Review of ''The History of Tipu Sultan'' by Mohibbul Hasan" in ''The English Historical Review'' Vol.68 №.266 (Jan, 1953) pp144-5</ref> A. S. Chetty argues that Wilks’ account in particular cannot be trusted.<ref>A. Subbaraya Chetty “Tipu’s endowments to Hindus and Hindu institutions” in Habib (Ed.) ''Confronting Colonialism'' p111 </ref> ] and Mohibbul Hasan argue that these early British authors had a strong vested interest in presenting Tippu Sultan as a tyrant from whom the British had "liberated" Mysore.<ref>Irfan Habib "War and Peace. Tippu Sultan's Account of the last Phase of the Second War with the English, 1783-4" ''State and Diplomacy Under Tipu Sultan'' (Delhi) 2001 p5; Mohibbul Hasan writes "The reasons why Tipu was reviled are not far to seek. Englishmen were prejudiced against him because they regarded him as their most formidable rival and an inveterate enemy, and because, unlike other Indian rulers, he refused to become a tributary of the English Company. Many of the atrocities of which he was been accused were allegedly fabricated either by persons embittered and angry on account of the defeats which they had sustained at his hands, or by the prisoners of war who had suffered punishments which they thought they did not deserve. He was also misrepresented by those who were anxious to justify the wars of aggression which the Company's Government had waged against him. Moreover, his achievements were belittled and his character blackened in order that the people of Mysore might forget him and rally round the Raja, thus helping in the consolidation of the new regime" ''The History of Tipu Sultan'' (Delhi) 1971 p368</ref> This assessment is echoed by Brittlebank in her recent work<ref> Brittlebank ''Tipu Sultan’s search for legitimacy'' p10-12. On p2 she writes “it is perhaps ironic that the aggressive Hinduism of some members of the Indian Community in the 1990s should draw upon an image of Tipu which, as we shall see, was initially constructed by the Subcontinent’s colonisers.” </ref>


=== India===
===During Portuguese rule in Goa===
{{See also|Persecution of Hindus#Post-Independence India}}
During the Portuguese rule in Goa , thousands of Hindus were coerced into accepting Christianity by passing laws that made it difficult to practice their faith, harrassing them under false pretenses or petty complaints and giving favourable status to converts and ] in terms of laws and jobs <ref> Saraswati's Children - Alan Machado Prabhu</ref>. It is alleged that during the ], thousands of Goan Hindus were massacred by Portuguese rulers, starting from the year 1560. The inquisition was proposed by ]<ref>{{cite book
{{Expand section|date=February 2021}}
| last = Rao
In 2023, while speaking at a conference organized by the Tamil Nadu Progressive Writers Artists, film producer and Tamil Nadu Cabinet Minister ] said that ] had to be "eradicated" because it was regressive and against equality.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 September 2023 |title=Sanatana is against social justice and has to be eradicated: Udhayanidhi |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sanatana-is-against-social-justice-and-has-to-be-eradicated-udhayanidhi/article67264565.ece |access-date=2023-09-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| first = R.P
| authorlink = R.P Rao
| title = Portuguese Rule in Goa:1510-1961 P43
| publisher = Asia Publishing House
| date = 1963
}}
</ref>


In March-April 2024, a ] in ] came to attention when a video showing that the church's footwalk tiles consisted of sacred Hindu symbols of ] and ] went viral on social media and sparked outrage. Following the backlash, the tiles containing those symbols were removed by the church.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-04 |title=ऊँ और स्वास्तिक के चिन्ह पर पैर रखकर चल रहे थे लोग, चर्च में नफरत वाला काम |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/nation/church-in-andhra-pradesh-using-om-swastik-signs-on-foot-walk-tiles-video-gone-viral-8209684.html |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Commune |first=The |date=2024-04-05 |title=Following Social Media Outcry, Pathway Leading To Church With Tiles Having Hindu Symbols Removed |url=https://thecommunemag.com/following-social-media-outcry-pathway-leading-to-church-with-tiles-having-hindu-symbols-removed/ |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=The Commune |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deliberately hurting Hindu sentiments! Andhra Church uses 'Om' & 'Swastika' tiles for flooring |url=https://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2024/4/3/Andhra-Church-uses-Om-Swastika-tiles-for-flooring.html |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=www.newsbharati.com |language=en}}</ref>
===During the British Raj===
During the ] of the Indian Subcontinent, several evangelical Christian missionaries spread anti-Hindu propaganda in India during the 19th century as a means to convert them to Christianity. Examples include missionaries like Abbe J.A. Dubois, who wrote that, in order to make a "New race of Hindus", the foundations of Hindu civilization have to be undermined, and they be turned into "Atheists and barbarians".{{Fact|date=April 2007}}


On 27th August, 2024, a temple was vandalised in Hyderabad.<ref name="q364">{{cite web | title=Telangana: Hyderabad Police arrests 2 men for vandalising Bhoolaxmi temple idol | website=mint | date=27 August 2024 | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/hyderabad-police-news-vandalise-bhoolaxmi-temple-goddess-chandrayanagutta-telangana-constituency-riyasat-nagar-division-11724731256605.html | access-date=3 September 2024}}</ref> There was a massive protest after the vandalism and there is evidence that the men who vandalised the temple were ]'s men.<ref name="s353">{{cite web | last=Commune | first=The | title="Do Not Dare Touch Our Temples," BJP Leader Madhavi Latha Warns Amidst Vandalism At Hyderabad's Bhoolaxmi Temple, Massive Protests And Tensions Erupt | website=The Commune | date=27 August 2024 | url=https://thecommunemag.com/do-not-dare-touch-our-temples-bjp-leader-madhavi-latha-warns-amidst-vandalism-at-hyderabads-bhoolaxmi-temple-massive-protests-and-tensions-erupt/ | access-date=4 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="e882">{{cite web | title=Telangana: Tensions Erupt After Temple Vandalised In Hyderabad | website=ABP Live | date=27 August 2024 | url=https://news.abplive.com/states/telangana/telangana-temple-vandalised-in-hyderabad-family-claims-accused-mentally-unstable-tensions-erupt-1713033 | access-date=4 September 2024}}</ref>
In ] highly influential "Observations on the ...Asiatic subjects of Great Britain" (1796),<ref>Grant, Charles. (1796) Observations on the state of society among the Asiatic subjects of Great Britain, particularly with respect to morals; and on the means of improving it, written chiefly in the year 1792.</ref> Grant criticized the Orientalists for being too respectful to Indian culture and religion. His work tried to determine the Hindu's "true place in the moral scale", and he alleged that the Hindus are "a people exceedingly depraved".


In September 2024, stones were pelted at Ganesha idol processions in many parts of India.<ref name="y119">{{cite web | last=Ansari | first=Nahid | title=Clashes erupt in UP’s Mahoba after stone pelting during Ganesh idol procession | website=India Today | date=15 September 2024 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/uttar-pradesh-up-mahoba-city-kotwali-clash-stone-pelting-ganesh-idol-procession-2599975-2024-09-15 | access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="y484">{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Umesh | title=SP Lodha transferred following stone-pelting incident during a Ganesh idol procession in MP's Ratlam | website=Deccan Herald | date=11 September 2024 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/madhya-pradesh/sp-lodha-transferred-following-stone-pelting-incident-during-a-ganesh-idol-procession-in-mps-ratlam-3186192 | access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="g631">{{cite web | title=Stones pelted at Ganesh pandal in Surat; 6 arrested | website=The Hindu | date=9 September 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gujarat/stones-pelted-at-ganesh-pandal-in-surat-6-arrested/article68620775.ece | access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="c458">{{cite web | last=Samachar | first=Gujarat | title=After Surat stones pelted at Ganesh Pandal in Kutch | website=GujaratSamachar English | date=11 September 2024 | url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/after-surat-stones-pelted-at-ganesh-pandal-in-kutch | access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="g618">{{cite web | last=Raj | first=Gayathri V | title=Nagamangala Ganesha procession news: Stone pelting, lathi charge during procession in Karnataka's Nagamangala, Section 144 imposed | website=Deccan Herald | date=11 September 2024 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/stone-pelting-lathi-charge-during-ganesha-procession-in-nagamangala-mandya-district-3186911 | access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref> The police were also attacked in many places but managed to seize the swords used to attack the devotees; petrol bombs were also used to set shops on fire.<ref name="d085">{{cite web | title=Ganpati idol stone pelting incident: 52 held, BJP questions arrest of Hindu devotees | website=English.Mathrubhumi | date=12 September 2024 | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/stone-pelting-ganpati-idol-karnataka-police-arrest-bjp-slam-congress-1.9895563 | access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref> In another incident, the Ganesh idol was taken from the demonstrators by the police, who then secured it in an unoccupied police van, the snaps of which went viral online, as well as in newspapers; some claimed it was, "belittling" to do so.<ref name="r570">{{cite web | title=Bengaluru: Viral photo of Ganesh idol in police van sparks outrage | website=The Siasat Daily | date=14 September 2024 | url=https://www.siasat.com/bengaluru-viral-photo-of-ganesh-idol-in-police-van-sparks-outrage-3096126/ | access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="c250">{{cite web | last=Verma | first=Shivam | title=Picture of Lord Ganesha’s idol in police van sparks row in Bengaluru: Here's what we know so far | website=DNA India | date=14 September 2024 | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-picture-of-lord-ganesha-idol-in-police-van-sparks-row-in-bengaluru-here-what-we-know-so-far-3107552 | access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="k658">{{cite web | title=Lord Ganesha murti in Bengaluru police van sparks row: PM Modi says ‘in Congress-ruled Karnataka, even…’ | website=mint | date=15 September 2024 | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/lord-ganesha-murti-in-bengaluru-police-van-sparks-row-pm-modi-says-in-congress-ruled-karnataka-even-11726375067734.html | access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref>
==Contemporary instances of Anti-Hindu views==
==In the West==
]


====Academia==== === Malaysia ===
{{See also|Hinduism in Malaysia|2001 Kampung Medan riots|2009 cow head protests|HINDRAF|2007 HINDRAF rally}}
The ], together with organizations like the ], have worked to counter biases against Hindus and Jews in college campuses like ]. Both groups claim to have identified cases of academic hostility against both minorities.<ref></ref>


In April 2006, local authorities demolished several ]s to make way for developmental projects. Their reason was that these temples were unlicensed and squatting on government land. In April and May 2006, several Hindu temples were demolished by city hall authorities in the country, accompanied by violence against Hindus.<ref>,''malaysiakini.com''</ref> On 21 April 2006, the Malaimel Sri Selva Kaliamman Temple in ] was reduced to rubble after the city hall sent in bulldozers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Free domain sharing - Site not yet configured|url=http://www.gatago.com/talk/politics/mideast/12428067.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104235008/http://www.gatago.com/talk/politics/mideast/12428067.html|archive-date=2006-11-04|work=gatago.com}}</ref>
====Society====
By the late ], fear had already begun in ] over ] supplying cheap labor to lay railroad tracks, mostly in ] and elsewhere in the ]. In ] jargon common in the day, ordinary workers, newspapers, and politicians uniformly opposed this "]". The common cause to eradicate Asians from the workforce gave rise to the ]. When the fledging ] of mostly ]i ]s settled in California, the xenophobia expanded to combat not only the East Asian Yellow Peril, but now the immigrants from ], the '''Turban Tide''', equally referred to as the '''Hindoo Invasion''' (]). Although "]" is the correct spelling , the spelling "Hindoo" was popular at the time.<ref>Chan Sucheng,Asian Americans: An Interpretive History,Twayne 1991</ref><ref>"Shut the gate to the Hindoo invasion", San Francisco examiner, June 6, 1910</ref><ref> by Alicia J. Campi</ref>


The president of the Consumers Association of ] and ] in ] had been helping to organise efforts to stop the local authorities in the ] dominated city of Shah Alam from demolishing a 107-year-old Hindu temple. The growing ] in Malaysia is a cause for concern to many ] who follow minority religions such as Hinduism.<ref>,''BBC''</ref>
The rise of the ] community in the ] has brought about some isolated incidences of attacks on them, as has been the case with many minority groups in the United States. Attacks specific to Hindus in the United States stem from what is often referred to as the "racialization of religion" among Americans, a process that begins when certain phenotypical features associated with a group and attached to race in popular discourse become associated with a particular religion or religions.The racialization of Hinduism in American perception has led to perceiving Hindus as a separate group and contributes to prejudices against them.<ref>Joshi, Khyati, The Racialization of Hinduism, Islam, and Sikhism in the United States,Equity & Excellence in Education, Volume 39, Number 3, August 2006, pp. 211-226(16)</ref>


On 11 May 2006, armed city hall officers from ] forcefully demolished part of a 60-year-old suburban temple that serves more than 1,000 Hindus. The "]", a coalition of several NGO's, have protested these demolitions by lodging complaints with the ].<ref name="Finexp"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704022731/http://www.financialexpress.com/latest_full_story.php?content_id=128069|date=4 July 2007}},''Financial Express''</ref> Many Hindu advocacy groups have protested what they allege is a systematic plan of temple cleansing in ]. The official reason given by the ] has been that the temples were built "illegally". However, several of the temples are centuries old.<ref name="Finexp" />
In addition, there have been anti-Hindu views that are specific to the religion of Hinduism as well as mistaken racial perceptions. Christian televangelists such as ] in the United States has made remarks that are regarded as anti-Hindu, if not racist,<ref></ref> denouncing Hinduism as "demonic" and evoking similar canards against Hinduism. These remarks were widely condemned and rebutted by Indian Americans and many non-partisan advocacy groups.<ref></ref>Other ] evangelicals such as ] have defended the anti-Hindu remarks and made disparaging statements about Hinduism as "satanic", laced together with anti-Buddhist and ] rhetoric.<ref> of satanic power"],''Media Matters''</ref>
According to a lawyer for the Hindu Rights Action Task Force, a Hindu temple is demolished in Malaysia once every three weeks.<ref> Reuters India - 8 November 2007</ref>


A group of Malaysian Muslims protested against the construction of a Hindu temple in a Muslim-majority neighborhood, using a cow's head in the demonstration, sparking concerns about racial and religious tensions in the country.<ref> Associated Press - 28 August 2009</ref>
In 2001, an American talk show host ], made several derogatory anti-Hindu remarks in his talk show on WLS 890 AM that began with the concern among American workers about the influx of software engineers from India. He evoked anti-Hindu canards such as exaggerating the importance of the Caste System in Hinduism, and made patent falsehoods about Human Rights in India. Protests by Indian-American community leaders led to the radio host publicly apologizing for his remarks against Hindus and Hinduism. In his apology, Brown said:


=== Pakistan ===
{{cquote|The statements I made were derived from either books or articles that I read. Still, I had not considered the possibility of bigots using the information to persecute the Hindu minority in this country.That does not excuse me from the pain that I have caused by not being more circumspect.<ref name="Radiohost">, ''rediff.com''</ref>}}
{{See also|Persecution of Hindus#Pakistan 2|Decline of Hinduism in Pakistan|Sectarianism in Pakistan#Hindus|Pakistan studies|Religious discrimination in Pakistan#Hindus}}


In ], Hindus are often regarded as ]s (unbelievers) and blamed for "causing all the problems in Pakistan".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmirherald.com/featuredarticle/democracyinpakistan.html|title=Why democracy didn't take roots in Pakistan?|work=kashmirherald.com}}</ref> On Pakistan Day, the Pakistan Army dropped leaflets in South and North Waziristan warning tribesmen about foreigners and their local supporters, using the term "Yahood Aur Hanood" (Jews and Hindus) to describe the perceived enemies. The leaflets aimed to differentiate between the war on terror and local tribes, urging vigilance against intruders.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817081717/http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/mar2006-daily/24-03-2006/main/main5.htm |date=17 August 2007 }}, ''jang.com.pk''</ref> At the time of ] the 'hostage theory' had been espoused. According to this theory the ] was to be given a fair deal in Pakistan in order to ensure the protection of the ].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5c9ta97GeoC&q=hostage+theory+partition&pg=PA72|title=The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories|last=Zamindar|first=Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780231138475|pages=72|quote=The logic of the ''hostage theory'' tied the treatment of Muslim minorities in India to the treatment meted out to Hindus in Pakistan.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ&q=In+this+regard,+it+repeatedly+stressed+the+hostage+population+theory+that+held+that+%27hostage%27+Hindu+and+Sikh+minorities+inside+Pakistan+would+guarantee+Hindu+India%27s+good+behaviour+towards+its+own+Muslim+minority.&pg=PA19|title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India|last=Dhulipala|first=Venkat|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781316258385|pages=19|quote=Within the subcontinent, ML propaganda claimed that besides liberating the 'majority provinces' Muslims it would guarantee protection for Muslims who would be left behind in Hindu India. In this regard, it repeatedly stressed the hostage population theory that held that 'hostage' Hindu and Sikh minorities inside Pakistan would guarantee Hindu India's good behaviour towards its own Muslim minority.}}</ref>
After his apology, Brown also invited Swami Atmajnanananda of the Washington branch of the ] and an Indian journalist based in Chicago, J V Lakshmana Rao, to participate in the talk show. Atmajnanananda said one must draw a distinction between caste and casteism. He said:


Separate electorates for Hindus and ] were established in 1985—a policy which was originally proposed by Islamist leader ]. Christian and Hindu leaders complained that they felt excluded from the county's political process, but the policy had strong support from ].<ref name="OBJ-31">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistaneyeofsto00benn|url-access=registration|quote=separate electorates for minorities in pakistan.|title=Pakistan: Eye of the Storm|date=2002|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300101473|page=|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett|access-date=9 December 2014}}</ref>
{{cquote|The assumption that Hindus are inherently racists is dangerous.Caste does not play a role in one's occupation any more. One should not use the pitfalls of the Indian culture to attack Hinduism.<ref name="Radiohost"/>}}


The ] (MMA), a coalition of Islamist political parties in Pakistan, calls for the increased ] of the government and society, specifically taking an anti-Hindu stance. The MMA leads the opposition in the ], held a majority in the ] Provincial Assembly, and was part of the ruling coalition in ]. However, some members of the MMA made efforts to eliminate their rhetoric against Hindus.<ref name="USdept2006"> Published by the US Department of State</ref>
Refuting Brown's statement that lower castes were being persecuted in India, Rao spoke of affirmative actions in favor of the lower castes by the Government of India.


The public school curriculum in Pakistan was Islamized during the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71443.htm|title=Pakistan|work=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> The ] claims to undertake a major revision to eliminate such teachings and to remove Islamic teaching from secular subjects.<ref name="USdept2006" /> The bias in Pakistani textbooks was also documented by Y. Rosser (2003). She wrote that
On ],], an article on the ], authored by thoracic and general surgeon and a commentator on National Public Radio in USA Pius Kamau, portrayed the entire Indian community and the Hindus with "bigoted views". Widespread letter-writing and protests from the Indian American community, the Denver post responded by conveying the writer and editor's apologies.<ref name="Denverpost">, ''Indiacause.com''</ref>
{{Blockquote|"in the past few decades, social studies textbooks in Pakistan have been used as locations to articulate the hatred that Pakistani policy makers have attempted to inculcate towards their ] neighbours", and that as a result "in the minds of generations of Pakistanis, indoctrinated by the 'Ideology of Pakistan' are lodged fragments of hatred and suspicion."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mlists.net/sindh-intl/mail/mail_abuseofhistory.htm |title=Abuse of History in Pakistan: Bangladesh to Kargil |access-date=2007-01-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031114223934/http://www.mlists.net/sindh-intl/mail/mail_abuseofhistory.htm |archive-date=14 November 2003 |df=dmy }}, by Dr. Yvette C Rosser</ref>}}


The bias in Pakistani textbooks was studied by ], ], ], ], ], ], Y. Rosser and others.
On ] of that year, Denver Post also published a strong rebuttal to the original article By P.K. Vedanthan titled "Healing ethnic wounds".<ref name="Denverpost"/>


A study by Nayyar & Salim (2003) that was conducted with 30 experts of Pakistan's education system, found that the textbooks contain statements that seek to create hate against Hindus. There was also an emphasis on ], Shahadat, wars and military heroes. The study reported that the textbooks also had a lot of gender-biased stereotypes. Some of the ] cited in the report were:
In 2005, The ] protested against the defamation of Hinduism in an article in the '']'' alleging the false anti-Hindu canard of rape being a "just punishment for criminal behavior". The author removed the statement following the protest.<ref name="SFchronicle">, ''Hindu American Foundation''</ref>
{{Blockquote|"Insensitivity to the existing religious diversity of the nation"; "Incitement to militancy and violence, including encouragement of Jihad and Shahadat"; a "glorification of war and the use of force"; "Inaccuracies of fact and omissions that serve to substantially distort the nature and significance of actual events in our history"; "Perspectives that encourage ], ] and ] towards fellow citizens, especially women and religious minorities, and other towards nations" and "Omission of concepts ... that could encourage critical self awareness among students". (Nayyar & Salim 2003). The Pakistani Curriculum document for classes K-V stated in 1995 that "at the completion of Class-V, the child should be able to "Understand Hindu-Muslim differences and the resultant need for Pakistan. }}


A more recent textbook which was published in Pakistan and titled '']'', edited by ], has been heavily criticized by academic peer-reviewers for anti-Hindu biases and prejudices that are consistent with ], where Hindus are portrayed as "villains" and Muslims as "victims" living under the "disastrous Hindu rule" and "betraying the Muslims to the British", characterizations that academic reviewers found "disquieting" and having a "warped subjectivity".<ref>Lehmann, F., 1968, Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia, pp. 644–645</ref><ref>Calkins, P. B. Pacific Affairs, ], pp. 643–644, 1968</ref><ref name="Ahmed">Ahmed, A., Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia, pp. 645–647, 1968</ref>
In the same year, HAF also protested against an anti-Hindu article published in the ] where the writer, Paul Watson also equates Hinduism with the worship of cows and snakes.<ref name="LAtimes">, ''Hindu American Foundation''</ref>


Ameer Hamza, a leader of the terrorist group ], wrote a highly derogatory book about Hinduism in 1999 called "Hindu Ki Haqeeqat" ("Reality of (a) Hindu"); he was not prosecuted by the Government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35519.htm|title=Pakistan|work=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>
On ], ], The ] conducted it's morning prayer services with a Hindu prayer, a historical first. the prayer was delivered by Rajan Zed, director of interfaith relations at a Hindu temple in ], ]. During the service, three disruptors, named Ante Nedlko Pavkovic, Katherine Lynn Pavkovic and Christian Renee Sugar, from the Fundamentalist Christian activist group ] protested that the Hindu prayer was "an ]", and that they were "Christians and Patriots". They were swiftly arrested and charged with disrupting Congress. The event generated a storm of protest from Fundamentalist Christian groups in the country, with the ] posting lengthy anti-Hindu diatribes on their website. Their representative attacked the proceedings as "gross idolatry"
The chairman of the United States and India Political Action Committee, Sanjay Puri, has circulated a letter to the organization protesting the move as an act of bigotry. He writes:


According to the Sustainable Development Policy Institute report 'Associated with the insistence on the ] has been an essential component of hate against ] and the Hindus. For the upholders of the Ideology of Pakistan, the existence of Pakistan is defined only in relation to Hindus, and hence the Hindus have to be painted as negatively as possible'<ref name=sdpi>Nayyar, A.H. and Salim, A. (eds.)(2003). . Report of the project ''A Civil Society Initiative in Curricula and Textbooks Reform''. Sustainable Development Policy Institute, Islamabad.</ref> A 2005 report by the ] a non profit organization in Pakistan, found that Pakistan Studies textbooks in Pakistan have been used to articulate the hatred that Pakistani policy-makers have attempted to inculcate towards the Hindus. "Vituperative animosities legitimise military and autocratic rule, nurturing a siege mentality. Pakistan Studies textbooks are an active site to represent India as a hostile neighbour", the report stated. "The story of Pakistan's past is intentionally written to be distinct from, and often in direct contrast with, interpretations of history found in India. From the government-issued textbooks, students are taught that Hindus are backward and superstitious." Further the report stated "Textbooks reflect intentional obfuscation. Today's students, citizens of Pakistan and its future leaders are the victims of these partial truths".<ref>, ], 2006-04-25</ref><ref name="LA Times Report: In Pakistan's Public Schools, Jihad Still Part of Lesson Plan - The Muslim nation's public school texts still promote hatred and jihad, reformers say."> By Paul Watson, Times Staff Writer; 18 August 2005; ]. 4 Page article online Retrieved on 2 January 2010</ref><ref name="Outlook India Magazine Report: Primers Of Hate - History or biology, Pakistani students get anti-India lessons in all their textbooks; 'Hindu, Enemy Of Islam' - These are extracts from government-sponsored textbooks approved by the National Curriculum Wing of the Federal Ministry of Education."> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907003427/http://www.outlookindia.com/fullprint.asp?choice=2&fodname=20051010&fname=Pakistan+(F)&sid=1 |date=7 September 2006 }} By AMIR MIR; 10 October 2005; ] Retrieved on 2 January 2010</ref><ref>; by Arindam Banerji; 16 July 2003; ] Retrieved on 2 January 2010</ref>
{{cquote|It is our hope and goal that we can open up this dialogue because we were dismayed to see the communication made to your members that was blatantly offensive and factually erroneous. As a United States organization representing the Indian American community, which includes diverse groups from various religious backgrounds, we hope that you will make efforts to bring people together.}}


An editorial in '']'' discussed a report by '']'' noted that state-run schools, promoted extremism and bigotry. It highlighted that textbooks in Pakistani state schools propagate concepts like jihad, the inferiority of non-Muslims, and hostility towards India, which foster a bigoted and obscurantist mindset.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526140357/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/11-curriculum-of-hatred--03 |date=26 May 2009 }}, '']'', 2009-05-20</ref><ref name="Dawn: ‘School texts spreading more extremism than seminaries’"> By Our Special Correspondent; Tuesday, 19 May 2009; '']''. Retrieved 1 January 2010</ref> According to a study by a US government commission, textbooks in Pakistani schools foster prejudice and intolerance of Hindus and other religious minorities, and most teachers view non-Muslims as enemies of Islam.<ref>{{Cite news|date=November 9, 2011|title=US commission: Pakistan schools teach Hindu hatred|work=]|agency=]|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/world/2011/11/09/commission-pakistan-schools-teach-hindu-hatred/FW7nomQ0jk3H37kFgkkrkI/story.html|access-date=January 26, 2022}}</ref> According to historian Professor ], textbook reform in Pakistan began with ]'s introduction of Pakistan Studies and Islamic Studies in 1971. General ] later intensified ], exploiting these reforms to promote a religiously exclusive narrative, which has contributed to intolerance and extremism. The broader context includes issues with outdated and biased textbook content, with reform efforts struggling to address these problems comprehensively.<ref>, ], 2009-05-18</ref>
Senate majority leader Harry Reid, who had invited Zed to conduct the service, responded to the protest by defending his actions. He said:
{{cquote|If people have any misunderstanding about Indians and Hindus," Reid said, "all they have to do is think of Gandhi," a man "who gave his life for peace.I think it speaks well of our country that someone representing the faith of about a billion people comes here and can speak in communication with our heavenly Father regarding peace,}}


== Outside Asia ==
Barry W. Lynn, executive director of Americans United for Separation of Church and State, said the protest "shows the intolerance of many ] activists. They say they want more religion in the public square, but it’s clear they mean only their religion."
=== Australia ===
In April 2024, a Hindu woman named ''Swastika Chandra'' from ] was banned from using the ] app because it considered her first name (''Swastika'') to be offensive and related to ]. ] is a hindu symbol of divinity and spirituality, however it's perception in other parts of the world is different due to the adoption of the symbol by the ] in the early 20th century. After a period of six months, Uber exempted the ban and apologized for the misunderstanding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A woman called Swastika got an apology from Uber after it banned her because of her name |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/news/a-woman-called-swastika-got-an-apology-from-uber-after-it-banned-her-because-of-her-name/articleshow/109438904.cms |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Business Insider}}</ref>


===In South Asia=== ===Fiji===
{{Unbalanced|date=September 2021}}
====Afghanistan====
By the time ] gained independence from ], Hindus and other ] constituted nearly fifty percent of the total ]. Nevertheless, the colonial-era laws and the first constitution for Fiji, granted special rights to ].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} These laws relegated Hindus as second class citizens of Fiji without full rights. For example, it denied them property rights, such as the ability to buy or own land. Hindus and other ] have since then not enjoyed equal human rights as other Fijians. They can only work as tenant farmers for Fijian landlords.<ref>Vasil, R. K. (1972) 'Communalism and constitution-making in Fiji', in Pacific Affairs 45 (1 & 2):21-41</ref> The difference in human rights has been a continuing source of conflict between "native" Fijians and Indo-Fijians, with native Fijians believing Fiji to be their ancestral land that only they can own, and Indo-Fijians demanding equal rights for all human beings.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}{{Dubious |Dubious sweeping generalizations |reason=There are several hundred thousand indigenous Fijians; sweeping generalization about what they all think are likely to be inaccurate.|date=June 2016}}
The ] regime in ] was known for its extremist attitudes and views on ], including their strict enforcement of ] ] law in the society. The Taliban regime declared that Hindus would be required to wear badges in public identifying themselves as Hindus, ostensibly to "protect them". This was part of the Taliban's plan to segregate "un-Islamic" and "idolatrous" communities from Islamic ones.<ref>,''CNN''</ref>


Beyond land ownership, Hindus have been persecuted in the Fijian communal structure. Spike Boydell states, "the introduced the divisive and unworkable system of communal representation and communal electoral rolls. Thus, different communities were represented by their own kind. This still extends to schooling in a prevailing quasi ] educational system."<ref name=spike>Spike Boydell (2001), Department of Land Management and Development, School of Social and Economic Development, University of the South Pacific</ref>
The decree was regarded as an anti-Hindu one by several lawmakers and congressmen in the ], as well as by the ]n Government.<ref name="cns">,''CNSnews.com''</ref> There were widespread protests against this decree in both India and the United States.In the United States, chairman of the ] ] compared the decree to the practices of ], where ] were required to wear labels identifying them as such.<ref>,''People's Daily''</ref> In the ], congressmen wore yellow badges on the floor of the Senate during the debate as a demonstration of their solidarity with the Hindu minority in Afghanistan.<ref name="cns"/>


During the late 1990s, Fiji witnessed a series of riots by radical native Fijians against Hindus (and other Indo-Fijians). In the spring of 2000, the democratically elected ] led by ] ], who was a Hindu, was held hostage by a group headed by ]. They demanded a ] state exclusively for the native Fijians, thereby legally abolishing any ] the Hindu inhabitants held up until then. Hindu owned shops, Hindu schools and ] were destroyed, vandalized and looted.<ref name="Hindusin">{{cite web |url=http://www.hafsite.org/pdf/hhr_2005_html/fijiislands.htm |title=Hindus in South Asia and the Diaspora: A Survey of Human Rights 2005 |publisher=Hafsite.org |access-date=2013-04-30 |archive-date=12 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712231835/http://www.hafsite.org/pdf/hhr_2005_html/fijiislands.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref></ref>
====Pakistan====
In Pakistan, anti-Hindu sentiments and beliefs are widely held among many sections of the population.
There is a general stereotype against Hindus in Pakistan. Hindus and Jews are regarded as "miserly".<ref>,''Daily times (Pakistan)</ref>
Also,Hindus are often regarded as "Kaffirs" and blamed for "causing all the problems in Pakistan".<ref></ref>Islamic fundamentalist groups operating within Pakistan and neighboring Afghanistan have broadcasted or disseminated anti-Hindu propaganda among the masses,<ref>, ''jang.com.pk''</ref> referring to Hindus as "Hanood" and blaming them for "collaborating with the foreigners" against the people of the region.


The ], and particularly ] who led the ], called for the creation of a ] and endorsed forceful conversion of Hindus after a coup d'état in 1987.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} In 2012, Fiji Methodist Church's president, Tuikilakila Waqairatu, called for Fiji to officially declare ] as the ]; the Hindu community leaders demanded that Fiji be a ] state where religion and state are separate.<ref> Australian Broadcasting Corporation (6 Sep 2012)</ref>
The ] (MMA), a coalition of Islamist political parties in Pakistan, calls for the increased Islamization of the government and society, specifically taking an anti-Hindu stance.The MMA leads the opposition in the national assembly, held a majority in the NWFP Provincial Assembly, and was part of the ruling coalition in Balochistan. However, some members of the MMA made efforts to eliminate their rhetoric against Hindus.<ref name="USdept2006"> Published by the US Department of State</ref>


=== United Kingdom ===
The public school curriculum in Pakistan was Islamized during the 1980s.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} This included the adoption of a number of textbooks that included derogatory remarks against minority religious groups, particularly Hindus and ], and the generalized teaching of religious intolerance as acceptable.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} The government of Pakistan claims to undertake a major revision to eliminate such teachings and to remove Islamic teaching from secular subjects.<ref name="USdept2006"/> The bias in ] was also documented by Y. Rosser (2003). She wrote that {{cquote|in the past few decades, social studies textbooks in Pakistan have been used as locations to articulate the hatred that Pakistani policy makers have attempted to inculcate towards their ] neighbours”, and that as a result "in the minds of generations of Pakistanis, indoctrinated by the 'Ideology of Pakistan' are lodged fragments of hatred and suspicion.}} (Rosser 2003)<ref>,by Dr. Yvette C Rosser</ref>
After the ] in October 2022, Hindu groups were set to boycott a review by Dr. Chris Allen, the review's head, because of perceived lack of impartiality.<ref>{{cite web | last=Watson | first=Greig | title=Leicester disorder: Hindu groups set to boycott review | website=BBC News | date=2022-10-29 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leicestershire-63426507 | access-date=2022-11-01}}</ref>


A national report in the UK found that 51% of Hindu parents reported their children facing Anti-Hindu hate in schools, and found that schools had failed to monitor and address the issues. It also reported several cases of physical assault as well as beef being thrown at a student.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anti-Hindu Hate In Schools|url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/event/anti-hindu-hate-in-schools/}}</ref>
The bias in Pakistani textbooks was studied by Rubina Saigol, Pervez Hoodbhoy, K. K. Aziz, I. A. Rahman, Mubarak Ali, A. H. Nayyar, Ahmed Saleem, Y. Rosser and others.


====Conservative Party====
A study by Nayyar & Salim (2003) that was conducted with 30 experts of Pakistan's education system, found that the textbooks contain statements that seek to create hate against Hindus. There was also an emphasis on ], Shahadat, wars and military heroes. The study reported that the textbooks also had a lot of gender-biased stereotypes. Some of the problems in Pakistani textbooks cited in the report were: {{cquote|Insensitivity to the existing religious diversity of the nation”; "Incitement to militancy and violence, including encouragement of Jehad and Shahadat”; a “glorification of war and the use of force”; "Inaccuracies of fact and omissions that serve to substantially distort the nature and significance of actual events in our history"; “Perspectives that encourage ], ] and ] towards fellow citizens, especially women and religious minorities, and other towards nations” and “Omission of concepts ... that could encourage critical self awareness among students”. (Nayyar & Salim 2003).The Pakistani Curriculum document for classes K-V stated in 1995 that "at the completion of Class-V, the child should be able to "Understand Hindu-Muslim differences and the resultant need for Pakistan.}}
In October 2018, it was reported that ] candidate for the ] ] had written a pamphlet, entitled ''No Man's Land'', for the ]. In it, Bailey argued that accommodating Hindus " ] of its community" and it is also turning the country into a "crime riddled cess pool". He also claimed that ] "bring their culture, their country and any problems they might have, with them" and that this was not a problem within the ] "because we've shared a religion and in many cases a language".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-04|title=Tory London mayoral candidate claimed celebrating Hindu and Muslim festivals has turned Britain into 'cesspool of crime'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/conservative-london-candidate-mayor-shaun-bailey-hindu-muslim-festival-crime-a8566341.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/conservative-london-candidate-mayor-shaun-bailey-hindu-muslim-festival-crime-a8566341.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Independent|language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In the pamphlet, Bailey confused the Hindu religion with the ]: "You don't know what to do. You bring your children to school and they learn far more about ] than ]. I speak to the people who are from ] and they've been having Hindi <small>(sic)</small> days off."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/anti-hindu-muslim-views-return-to-haunt-london-mayor-candidate-shaun-bailey/story-woCY6o4owDF4Yp9lnOxNBM.html|title=Anti-Hindu, Muslim views return to haunt London mayor candidate Shaun Bailey|last=Sonwalkar|first=Prasun|date=4 October 2018|website=]|language=en|access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref>


], the Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party, defended Bailey and suggested that Bailey's remarks were being misconstrued. He implied that black boys were turning to crime due to exposure to other religions rather than focusing on "their own ]." However, the anti-racism organization ] condemned Bailey's comments as "grotesque."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/oct/04/tory-concerns-shaun-bailey-remarks-london-mayoral-race |title=Tory deputy chairman admits concerns about Shaun Bailey remarks |last=Sabbagh |first=Dan |date=4 October 2018 |website=The Guardian |language=en |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref>
A more recent textbook published in Pakistan titled "]" edited by ] has been heavily criticized by academic peer-reviewers for anti-Hindu biases and prejudices that are consistent with ], where Hindus are portrayed as "villains" and Muslims as "victims" living under the "disastrous Hindu rule" and "betraying the Muslims to the British", characterizations that academic reviewers fond "disquieting" and having a "warped subjectivity".<ref>Lehmann, F., 1968, Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia, pp. 644-645</ref><ref> ], pp. 643-644, 1968</ref><ref name="Ahmed"> Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia, pp. 645-647, 1968</ref>


=== United States ===
The Government of Pakistan does not restrict religious publishing; however, the Government restricts the right to freedom of speech with regard to religion.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} Ameer Hamza, a leader of the banned terrorist group ], wrote a highly derogatory book about Hinduism in 1999 called "Hindu Ki Haqeeqat" ("Reality of (a) Hindu"); he was not prosecuted by the Government.<ref></ref>
{{see also|Persecution of Hindus#United States}}


The rise of the ] in the ] has triggered some isolated attacks on them, as has been the case with many minority groups in the United States. Attacks which specifically target ] stem from what is often referred to as the "racialization of religion" among Americans, a process that begins when certain phenotypical features which are associated with a group and attached to race in popular discourse become associated with a particular religion or religions. The racialization of Hinduism in American perception has led Americans to perceive Hindus as belonging to a separate group and this contributes to prejudices against them.<ref>Joshi, Khyati, The Racialization of Hinduism, Islam, and Sikhism in the United States, Equity & Excellence in Education, Volume 39, Number 3, August 2006, pp. 211–226(16)</ref>
Several Islamic clerics in Pakistan have broadcasted anti-Hindu sentiments, such as ], founder of the ] in Pakistan, who has gone so far as to criticize moderate Muslims in the ] for their composite nationalist theory which "exposed Muslim India to the serious dangers of religio-cultural absorption into Hinduism".{{Fact|date=April 2007}}


In 2019, Swaminarayan Temple in ] was vandalised. They sprayed black paint on the deity and sprayed "] is the only God" on the walls. The ] was also spray painted on various walls.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hindu temple vandalised with hate speech in US, hateful words written on walls|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/international/article/hindu-temple-vandalised-with-hate-speech-in-us-hateful-words-written-on-walls/357400|access-date=2021-01-12|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=31 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=August 2021}} In April 2015, a ] in north ] was vandalised when nasty images were spray-painted on its walls. In February 2015, Hindu temples in ] and the ] were also vandalised.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2019-01-31|title=Hindu temple vandalised in U.S.|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/hindu-temple-vandalised-in-us/article26136111.ece|access-date=2021-01-12|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=US: Hindu temple vandalized in Kentucky, deity sprayed black paint|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/us-hindu-temple-vandalized-kentucky-062710369.html|access-date=2021-01-12|website=in.news.yahoo.com|language=en}}</ref>
====Bangladesh====
In Bangladesh, the ruling ] is regarded as an anti-Hindu party, and reportedly encourages anti-Hindu views and sentiments among the Muslim majority.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} Prominent political leaders frequently fall back on "Hindu bashing" in an attempt to appeal to extremist sentiment and to stir up communal passions.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} In one of the most notorious utterances of a mainstream Bangladeshi figure, the current Prime Minister ], while leader of the opposition in 1996, declared that the country was at risk of hearing "uludhhwani" (a Hindu custom involving women's ululation) from mosques, replacing the azaan (Muslim call to prayer) (eg, see Agence-France Press report of 18 November 1996, "Bangladesh opposition leader accused of hurting religious sentiment").


In July 2019, a Hindu priest wearing his religious attire was physically assaulted by Sergio Gouveia in ], New York, just two blocks from Shiv Shakti Peeth Temple in ]. A Senator and the ] have labeled it a ], stating, "If someone is targeted because of religious robe and a couple of blocks from the temple where he resides, it is difficult to believe this was random." However, the ] have not classified it as a hate crime.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pix11.com/2019/07/23/community-leaders-rally-around-hindu-priest-who-was-beaten/|title=Community leaders rally around Hindu priest who was beaten|date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2019/07/23/hindu-priest-assaulted-hate-crime-swami-ji-harish-chander-puri-attorney-general-letitia-james/|title=State Attorney General James Calls Unprovoked Attack On Hindu Priest In Queens A Hate Crime|date=23 July 2019}}</ref>
Even the supposedly secular Awami League is not immune from this kind of scare-mongering. The current leader of the opposition, Sheikh Hasina, while Prime Minister, was alleged to have accused Bangladeshi Hindu leaders in New York of having divided loyalties with "one foot in India and one in Bangladesh". Successive events such as this have contributed to a feeling of tremendous insecurity among the Hindu minority.<ref>, ''hinduismtoday.com''</ref>


==== Pat Robertson ====
The fundamentalists and right-wing parties such as the ] and Jatiya Party often portray Hindus as being sympathetic to India, making accusations of ] and allegations of transferring economic resources to India, contributing to a widespread perception that Bangladeshi Hindus are disloyal to the state. Also, the right wing parties claim the Hindus to be backing the Awami League.<ref></ref>
In addition, anti-Hindu views have been expressed which are specifically based on misperceptions of the religion of Hinduism as well as mistaken racial perceptions. In the United States ] has denounced Hinduism as "]", believing that when Hindus "feel any sort of inspiration, whether it's by a river or under a tree, on top of a hill, they figure that some God or spirit is responsible for that. And so they'll worship that tree, they'll worship that hill or they'll worship anything."<ref>''The 700 Club'', 23 March 2006.</ref> His remarks were widely condemned and disputed by ] and members of many non-partisan advocacy groups.<ref>{{cite web|title=Using TV, Christian Pat Robertson Denounces Hinduism as "Demonic" |url=http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/7027/htoday.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091020024413/http://geocities.com/CapitolHill/7027/htoday.html |archive-date=20 October 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref> ] leader ] defended Robertson's remarks, saying "any belief system, any ], whether it's ] ] or Hinduism or ] for that matter, ], that keeps persons captive and keeps them from coming to faith in the ], yes, is a demonstration of satanic power."<ref>''The O'Reilly Factor'', Fox News Channel. 17 March 2006.</ref>


==== United States Congress ====
As widely documented in international media, Bangladesh authorities have had to increase security to enable Bangladeshi Hindus to worship freely<ref>, ''BBC''</ref> following widespread attacks on places of worship and devotees.
{{Main|Rajan Zed prayer protest}}


In July, 2007, The ] conducted its morning prayer services with a Hindu prayer,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/12/AR2007071202007.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127225107/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/12/AR2007071202007.html|archive-date=2020-01-27|url-status=dead|title=Senate Prayer Led by Hindu Elicits Protest|access-date=2008-12-19 | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=2007-07-13}}</ref> a historical first. During the service, three disruptors, named Ante Nedlko Pavkovic, Katherine Lynn Pavkovic and Christen Renee Sugar, from the Fundamentalist Christian activist group ]<ref name="news.bostonherald.com" /> protested by arguing that the Hindu prayer was "an ]", and they also claimed that they were "Christians and Patriots". They were swiftly arrested and charged with disrupting Congress.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/13/washington/13brfs-AHINDUPRAYER_BRF.html?ex=1341979200&en=851dbe33e5130b8d&ei=5124&partner=digg&exprod=digg | work=The New York Times | title=A Hindu Prayer in the Senate Meets Protest | date=2007-07-13 | access-date=2010-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|EZ9To30Hz7|A link to YouTube video}}</ref>
====India====
Most ]s are ]s who have converted to Buddhism. The centuries-long mistreatment of the Dalits in Indian society are often exploited by Neo-Buddhist leaders to rake up prejudices and hatreds against Hindu people.{{Fact|date=April 2007}}


The event generated a storm of protest by ] groups in the country, with the ] (AFA) opposing the prayer and carrying out a campaign to lobby senators to protest against it.<ref>Michelle Boorstein, , ''Washington Post'' (27 July 2007).</ref><ref>, ''Las Vegas Sun'' (13 July 2007).</ref> Their representative attacked the proceedings as "gross idolatry".<ref name="news.bostonherald.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.bostonherald.com/news/national/politics/view.bg?articleid=1010979|title=Christian protesters disrupt first Senate prayer by a Hindu|date=12 July 2007|work=]|access-date=20 March 2011|location=Washington}}</ref> The AFA sent an "Action Alert" to its members in which it asked them to e-mail, write letters, or call their Senators and ask them to oppose the Hindu prayer, stating that it is "seeking the invocation of a non-monotheistic god."<ref name="Hindu Prayer in Senate Disrupted">"." ] (published on ]). 2007-06-12. Retrieved on 2007-06-15</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afa.net/Petitions/issuedetail.asp?id=257 |title=ActionAlert: Hindu to open Senate with prayer |publisher=American Family Association |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715175738/http://www.afa.net/Petitions/issuedetail.asp?id=257 |archive-date=15 July 2007 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/12/AR2007071202007.html|title=Senate Prayer Led by Hindu Elicits Protest|work=washingtonpost.com}}</ref> The "alert" stated that "since Hindus worship multiple gods, the prayer will be completely outside the American paradigm, flying in the face of the American motto ''].''"<ref>"''Hindu to open Senate with prayer'' AFA Action Alert, July 10, 2007"</ref> The convocation by Zed was in fact disrupted by three protesters in the gallery reportedly shouting "this is an abomination" and other complaints.<ref name="Hindu Prayer in Senate Disrupted" />
Anti-Hindu sentiments also come from ] groups who support ] and ] against Hindus. Islamist groups who have anti-Hindu views include ], terrorist groups like ].{{Fact|date=April 2007}}


], executive director of ], said the protest "shows the intolerance of many ] activists. They say they want more religion in the public square, but it's clear they mean only their religion."<ref name="news.bostonherald.com" />
] missionary organizations spread anti-Hindu propaganda in order to incite people into converting to Christianity.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} In 2006, a ] based Christian evangelist named M.G. Mathew released an anti-Hindu book titled ']' (] for 'reality') and had ] organizations like the All-India Christian Council distribute the text in the Indian state of ]. The book attacked ] and ] beliefs and practices and was widely criticized as a propaganda tool created for missionary purposes.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} The book is presently banned by the Indian government (''for details see'': ]).


==== California Textbook Controversy ====
In addition, extremist fringes within the broader movement for the legitimate emancipation for the ]s, such as ] have expressed anti-Hindu views and sentiments, demanding the eradication of Hindus and expressing support for various ] groups around the world, as well as support for ] ideologies such as ].They have also alleged that ], together with Jews in the west, are engaged in a systematic conspiracy with Hindu ]s in India to "crush Muslims, Blacks and India's surpressed Dalits".<ref>Dalit Voice, 16-1-1993##</ref>
{{Main|California textbook controversy over Hindu history}}


A controversy in the ] of ] concerning the portrayal of ] in history textbooks began in 2005. A protest was led by Vedic Foundation (VF) and the American Hindu Education Foundation (HEF) by complaining to the California's Curriculum Commission, saying the coverage in sixth grade history ] of ] and Hinduism was biased against Hinduism; and points of contention includes a textbook's portrayal of the ], the ], and the ] as the main features of Hinduism.
===Other Countries===
====South Africa====
South Africa is home to a small Hindu minority. In ], the son of a firebrand Islamic cleric named Ahmed Deedat, circulated a DVD that denounced South African Hindus.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} The elder Deedat, former head of the Arab funded "Islamic Propagation Centre International" (IPCI), had previously circulated an anti-Hindu video in the 80's where he said that Indian Muslims were 'fortunate' that their Hindu forefathers 'saw the light' and converted to Islam when Muslim rulers dominated some areas of India.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} His video was widely criticized.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} While Hindus in South Africa have largely ignored the new anti-Hindu DVD circulated by Deedat Junior, he has been severely criticized by local Muslims, including other members of the IPCI.{{Fact|date=April 2007}}The IPCI said in a statement that Yusuf Deedat did not represent the organisation in any way. Deedat Junior, undeterred by the opposition from his own brethren, continues to circulate the material.He has placed advertisements in newspapers inviting anyone to collect a free copy from his residence to see for themselves "what the controversy is about".<ref>,''India Enews''</ref>


The ] (CDE) initially sought to resolve the controversy by appointing Shiva Bajpai, Professor Emeritus at ], as a one-man committee to review revisions proposed by the groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2301/stories/20060127000807700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220161440/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2301/stories/20060127000807700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-02-20|title=A saffron assault abroad|last=flrvs|access-date=2017-02-06}}</ref> ] and others revisited the proposed changed on behalf of the ] and suggested reverting some of the approved changes.<ref name="in.rediff.com">{{Cite news|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/19edu.htm|title=Hindu groups sue California Board of Education|newspaper=Rediff|access-date=2017-02-06}}</ref> In early 2006, the ] sued the State Board over matters of process;<ref name="in.rediff.com" /> the case was settled in 2009.
==Anti-Hindu crimes==
''See Also'': ]


==== Dotbusters ====
Recently, hate crimes against Hindus have risen in European countries such as the ] and ]. In the UK, many Hindus have been assaulted and killed. However, a strong undercurrent of deliberate ] does exist in many radical fringe elements of British society, for example, certain members of the ] and various ] groups that have been classified by advocacy organizations such as the ] as ]. In Russia, hate crimes against Hindus has risen both due to racial ideologies perpetrated by rising Neo-Nazi factions, as well as religious intolerance exhibited by some elements of the ].
{{Main|Dotbusters}}


The ] was a ] in ], that attacked and threatened ] in the fall of 1987.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gutierrez |first1=Elizabeth |title=THE -DOTBUSTER- ATTACKS: HATE CRIME AGAINST ASIAN INDIANS IN JERSEY CITY, NEW JERSEY |url=https://www.overcominghateportal.org/uploads/5/4/1/5/5415260/dotbuster_attacks.pdf |publisher=Geography and Urban Studies Temple UniversitY Philadelphia, PA 19122 |access-date=September 17, 2024 |page=30}}</ref> The name originates from the ] traditionally worn by Hindu women and girls on their forehead. In July 1987, they had a letter published in the '']''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/12/nyregion/in-jersey-city-indians-protest-violence.html|title=In Jersey City, Indians Protest Violence|last=Marriott|first=Michel|date=12 October 1987|work=]|page=1|access-date=20 March 2011}}</ref> stating that they would take any means necessary to drive the Indians out of Jersey City:
Hate crime statistics against Hindus in North American countries are unavailable. However, it is believed that sporadic bouts of communal and institutional hatred against Hindus have occurred, though their frequency may have decreased in recent years. In the late 1980s a ] street gang calling themselves the "]" targeted, threatened and attacked South Asians, specifically Hindus.<ref>, ''hinduismtoday.com''</ref>
<blockquote>I'm writing about your article during july about the abuse of ]. Well I'm here to state the other side. I hate them, if you had to live near them you would also. We are an organization called dot busters. We have been around for 2 years. We will go to any extreme to get Indians to move out of Jersey City. If I'm walking down the street and I see a Hindu and the setting is right, I will hit him or her. We plan some of our most extreme attacks such as breaking windows, breaking car windows, and crashing family parties. We use the phone books and look up the name Patel. Have you seen how many of them there are? Do you even live in Jersey City? Do you walk down Central avenue and experience what its like to be near them: we have and we just don't want it anymore. You said that they will have to start protecting themselves because the police cannot always be there. They will never do anything. They are a weak race physically and mentally. We are going to continue our way. We will never be stopped.<ref name="pluralism">{{cite web|url=http://www.pluralism.org/ocg/CDROM_files/hinduism/dot_busters.php|title=On Common Ground: World Religions in America - The Pluralism Project}}</ref>
</blockquote>


==Resolutions and proclamations recognizing Hinduphobia==
On ], ], The Hindu American Foundation represented Hindus as a part of a coalition of civil rights, educational and religious submitting comments to the Department of Justice on its implementation of the Hate Crime Statistics Act (HCSA). Enacted by Congress in 1990, the HCSA requires the Justice Department to acquire data on crimes which "manifest prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity" from law enforcement agencies across the country and to publish an annual report of its the findings.<ref></ref>
In April 2023, ] became the first state in the United States to pass a resolution condemning Hinduphobia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Now {{!}} |first=Times |date=2023-04-01 |title=Georgia legislature takes aim at attacks on Hinduism, passes resolution against Hinduphobia |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/georgia-legislature-takes-aim-at-attacks-on-hinduism-passes-resolution-against-hinduphobia/videoshow/99165100.cms |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Georgia passes resolution condemning Hinduphobia, becomes first US state to do so |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/us/georgia-passes-resolution-condemning-hinduphobia-becomes-first-us-state-to-do-so20230401123316/ |website=ANI News |access-date=September 17, 2024 |date=April 1, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The resolution was initiated by representatives of Forsyth County as part of Hindu Advocacy Day! |url=https://cohna.org/georgia-state-legislature-passes-the-first-ever-county-resolution-condemning-hinduphobia-and-anti-hindu-hate/ |website=Coalition of Hindus of North America |access-date=September 17, 2024}}</ref> That same month, the city of Fremont, California issued a proclamation acknowledging that "Hindu Americans have been the targets of bullying, discrimination, hate speech, harassment, and bias-motivated crimes."<ref>{{Citation |title=April 18, 2023 City Council Meeting |url=https://fremontca.viebit.com/player.php?hash=SRI3LUx6R0XH |access-date=2023-08-04 |language=en}}</ref>


===HAF report=== ==Criticism==
Some academics question the usage of the term "Hinduphobia" in the West. Brian Collins{{Efn|Collins is the Chair Professor in Indian Religion and Philosophy at ].}} found the tropes of Hinduphobia to be a popular weapon employed by the affluent Hindu diaspora in stifling critical academic discourses on Hinduism—parallels with ] were drawn.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Collins|first=Brian|title=The Head Beneath the Altar: Hindu Mythology and the Critique of Sacrifice|date=2014|publisher=Michigan State University Press|isbn=978-1-61186-116-7|pages=26–28|chapter=Introduction|doi=|jstor=10.14321/j.ctt7zt5hc.4}}</ref> Scholars affiliated to South Asia Scholar Activist Collective (SASAC)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hindutva's threat to academic freedom|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/hindutvas-threat-to-academic-freedom/2021/07/07/476a8128-df73-11eb-a27f-8b294930e95b_story.html|access-date=2021-07-10|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prakash|first=Priyali|title='Targeted by hate': Audrey Truschke on why she helped write a 'Hindutva Harassment Field Manual'|url=https://scroll.in/article/999710/targeted-by-hate-audrey-truschke-on-why-she-helped-write-a-hindutva-harassment-field-manual|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Scroll.in|date=10 July 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> reject "Hinduphobia" as an ahistorical and inappropriate ] employed by the Hindu Right in order to suppress academic inquiry into topics concerned with Hinduism, Hindutva, caste, and Indian State.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Bad Faith Bias Claims|url=https://www.hindutvaharassmentfieldmanual.org/badfaith|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Hindutva Harassment Field Manual|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Glossary|url=https://www.hindutvaharassmentfieldmanual.org/glossary|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Hindutva Harassment Field Manual|language=en-US}}</ref> While racist and anti-Hindu prejudices have been indeed observed, in their view, Hindus have not faced any entrenched systematic oppression in India or United States.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The claimants of Hinduphobia were also accused of engaging in discrimination against Muslims, lower-castes, Dalits, Christians, and progressive Hindus.<ref name=":2" />
The ], an advocacy group for Hindus, released a report in 2005 on the status of the human rights of Hindus, mainly in ], ], and the ] valley. The report attempts to increase awareness of anti-Hindu views propagated and used to justify violations of the human rights of many Hindus in the region. The report introduces as:


== See also ==
{{cquote|
* ]
] are by definition universal. Hence, in an ideal world there would be no need to write a separate report on the human rights of Hindus, or for that matter any other group. In the real world, unfortunately, there is a gaping hole when it comes to the awareness of human rights for Hindus, mainly in Bangladesh, ] and in the ] valley.<ref name="HAFreport"></ref>}}
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


== Notes ==
The 71-page report compiles media coverage and firsthand accounts of human rights violations perpetrated against Hindus because of their religious identity. The incidents are documented, often quoting from well-known international human rights organizations.<ref name="HAFreport"/>The Hindu American Foundation presented the report to the co-chairs of the ]ional Caucus on India and ], Representatives ], a ], and ], a ]. Both of these members of Congress endorsed it.<ref name="Pacislands">
{{notelist|30em}}
Second Annual Report On Hindu Human Rights Released, ''Pacific Magazine''</ref>Rabbi Abraham Cooper, Associate Dean and co-founder of the ], praised the HAF for the report.


== References ==
{{cquote|The Simon Wiesenthal Center welcomes this report which will help the international community and Non-governmental Organizations to have a broader understanding of the human rights situation in that important region of the world.<ref name="Pacislands"/>}}
{{Reflist}}


==Sources==
Several academics on campuses around the U.S. also reviewed this year’s report. Florida International University Professor of religious Studies, Nathan Katz, remarked on the promulgation of various anti-Hindu sentiments recorded in the report:
{{Refbegin}}
<!-- L -->
* {{Citation | last =Long | first =Jeffery D. | year =2011 | title =Historical Dictionary of Hinduism | publisher =Scarecrow Press}}
{{Refend}}


== Further reading ==
{{cquote|“This report by the Hindu American Foundation…is a real eye-opener”.“As a minority in Islamic societies that consider them to be ‘idolaters,’ Hindus in Bangladesh, Pakistan and Afghanistan face unimaginable persecution routinely.<ref name="Pacislands"/>}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Balagangadhara|first1=S.N.|first2=Sarah|last2=Claerhout|date=Spring 2008|title=Are Dialogues Antidotes to Violence? Two Recent Examples From Hinduism Studies|journal=Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies|volume=7|issue=19|pages=118–143|url=http://www.jsri.ro/new/?download=19_balagangadhara_claerhout.pdf|access-date=17 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820023251/http://www.jsri.ro/new/?download=19_balagangadhara_claerhout.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2009|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last1=Benkin|first1= Richard L.|publication-date=1 January 2014|title=A Quiet Case of Ethnic Cleansing - The Murder of Bangladesh's Hindus|year= 2014|place=New Delhi|publisher=Akshaya Prakashan|edition=2nd|isbn=978-8188643523|language=en}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kamra|first1=A. J.|publication-date=2000|title=The prolonged partition and its pogroms: Testimonies on violence against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64|year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MFtuAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Voice of India|isbn= 9788185990637|access-date=23 January 2023}}
* {{cite book|last1=Rosser|first1=Yvette Claire|publication-date=2003|title=Islamization of Pakistani Social Studies Textbooks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tq7rAAAAMAAJ|place=New Delhi|publisher=Rupa & Co|isbn= 9788129102218 |series=Monograph (Observer Research Foundation)|year=2003 |access-date=23 January 2023}}.
* {{cite web|last1=Chaturvedi|first1= Vinayak|date=1 December 2021|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/culture/hindu-right-academic-freedom/|title=The Hindu Right and Attacks on Academic Freedom in the US|website=The Nation|access-date=23 January 2023}}


== External links ==
The report documents the long history of anti-Hindu atrocities in Bangladesh, a topic that many Indians and Indian governments over the years have preferred not to acknowledge. Such atrocities, including targeted attacks against temples, open theft of Hindu property, and ] of young Hindu women and enticements to ] to ], have increased sharply in recent years after the ] joined the coalition government led by the ].
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{cite book|title=HYPERLINK TO HINDUPHOBIA: Online hatred, extremism and bigotry against Hindus|url=https://www.hinduamerican.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/hate_report_2007.pdf|publisher=Hindu American Foundation|publication-date=2007|access-date=23 January 2023}}


{{Hindudharma|collapsed}}
The report concludes with:
{{Religious persecution}}
{{Theology}}{{Discrimination}}{{Authority control}}


]
{{cquote|Some Indians may feel uncomfortable with this report because they do not want to be reminded about the problems of Hindus outside their milieu. And for some in the Indian ], it is a badge of honour to distance themselves from these ]s as a mark of their supposed enlightenment, oddly trashing their own ] in the process. Many more Indians are reluctant to speak out against atrocities committed against Hindus for fear of being labeled "communal". Merely speaking about human rights for Hindus is for them a form of ]}}
]

The people whose persecution is amply documented in this report are being persecuted because they are Hindu, not because they are poor or because of their political views. Human rights activists in Bangladesh and Pakistan, many of whom are not Hindus, have painstakingly documented the violations of basic human rights of Hindus in their country.



==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Talib|first=Gurbachan|authorlink=Gurbachan Singh Talib|title= ]|year=1950|publisher=]|location=India}}
* Timur's memoirs on his invasion of India; describes in detail the massacre of Hindus, forced conversions to Islam and the plunder of the wealth of Hindustan (India). Compiled in the book: "]", by Sir H. M. Elliot, Edited by John Dowson; London, Trubner Company; 1867–1877

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}


]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 18:51, 22 December 2024

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Anti-Hindu sentiment, sometimes also referred to as Hinduphobia, is a negative perception, sentiment or actions against the practitioners or religion of Hinduism. It exists in many contexts in many countries, often due to historical conflict. There is also scholarly debate on what constitutes Hinduphobia in the Western World.

Destroyed Hindu temple

Definitions

Scholar Jeffery D. Long defines the term "Hinduphobia" as an irrational aversion of Hindus or Hinduism. Vamsee Juluri, a Professor of Media Studies at the University of San Francisco agrees.

Examples of anti-Hindu sentiments

According to the religious dialogue activist P. N. Benjamin, some Christian evangelists denigrate Hindu gods and consider Hindu rituals barbaric, and such attitudes have caused tensions between religious communities.

Akbaruddin Owaisi, a leader of the All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen party in Hyderabad, has been charged several times for hate speeches denigrating Hindu gods and inciting violence against Hindus.

A Muslim preacher apologised for insulting Hinduism in 2014, after an uproar. Hindus have historically been, and continue to be, considered Kafirs by some Muslims and Heathen, Satanic or Demonic by some Christians.

Asia

Afghanistan

See also: Hinduism in Afghanistan

Religious persecution, discrimination of Hindus has caused Afghanistan's Hindu population to dwindle. Sikhs and Hindus are continuing to flee from Afghanistan as of July 2020.

The Taliban government in Afghanistan, which enforced strict sharia (Islamic law), announced plans to require all Hindus (and Sikhs) to wear identifying badges in public in May 2001 as part of the Taliban's campaign to segregate and repress "un-Islamic and idolatrous segments" of Afghan society. At the time, about 500 Hindus and 2,000 Sikhs remained in Afghanistan. The anti-Hindu decree was seen by many as being reminiscent of the Nazi law which required all Jews to wear identifying yellow badges. The order prompted international outrage, and it was denounced by the Indian and U.S. governments, as well as by Abraham Foxman of the ADL. Following international pressure, the Taliban regime dropped the badge plans in June 2001.

Bangladesh

See also: Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh

In Bangladesh political leaders frequently face controversy for spreading anti-Hindu sentiment in an attempt to appeal to religious extremists and incite community outrage. One of the most well known instances of this occurred in 1996 when Khaleda Zia a previous Prime Minister, and then leader of the opposition, declared that the country was at risk of hearing "uludhhwani" (a Bengali Hindu custom involving women's ululation) from mosques, replacing the azaan (Muslim call to prayer).

More secular parties, such as the Bangladesh Awami League have also faced criticism for expressing anti-Hindu sentiment. The current prime minister Sheikh Hasina, allegedly accused Bangladeshi Hindu leaders in New York of having divided loyalties with "one foot in India and one in Bangladesh".

The fundamentalists and right-wing parties such as the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and Jatiya Party often portray Hindus as being sympathetic to India, making accusations of dual loyalty and allegations of transferring economic resources to India, contributing to a widespread perception that Bangladeshi Hindus are disloyal to the state. Also, the right wing parties claim the Hindus to be backing the Awami League.

On 28 February 2013, the International Crimes Tribunal sentenced Delwar Hossain Sayeedi, the Vice President of the Jamaat-e-Islami to death for the war crimes committed during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. Following the sentence, Jamaat-e-Islami activists attacked Hindu communities across the country. Hindu properties were looted and burned down, and temples were desecrated and set on fire. While the government has held the Jamaat-e-Islami responsible for the attacks on the minorities, the Jamaat-e-Islami leadership has denied any involvement. The minority leaders have protested the attacks and appealed for justice. The Supreme Court of Bangladesh has directed the law enforcement to start suo motu investigation into the attacks. US Ambassador to Bangladesh express concern about attack of Jamaat on Bengali Hindu community. The violence included the looting of Hindu properties and businesses, the burning of Hindu homes, and desecration and destruction of Hindu temples. According to community leaders, more than 50 Hindu temples and 1,500 Hindu homes were destroyed in 20 districts. On 5 May 2014, A mob of almost 3,000 attacked Hindu households and a temple in eastern Bangladesh after two youths from the community allegedly insulted the Islamic prophet, Muhammad on Facebook.

India

See also: Persecution of Hindus § Post-Independence India
This section needs expansion. You can help by making an edit requestadding to it . (February 2021)

In 2023, while speaking at a conference organized by the Tamil Nadu Progressive Writers Artists, film producer and Tamil Nadu Cabinet Minister Udhayanidhi Stalin said that sanatana had to be "eradicated" because it was regressive and against equality.

In March-April 2024, a Christian church in Andhra Pradesh came to attention when a video showing that the church's footwalk tiles consisted of sacred Hindu symbols of Om and Swastika went viral on social media and sparked outrage. Following the backlash, the tiles containing those symbols were removed by the church.

On 27th August, 2024, a temple was vandalised in Hyderabad. There was a massive protest after the vandalism and there is evidence that the men who vandalised the temple were Owaisi's men.

In September 2024, stones were pelted at Ganesha idol processions in many parts of India. The police were also attacked in many places but managed to seize the swords used to attack the devotees; petrol bombs were also used to set shops on fire. In another incident, the Ganesh idol was taken from the demonstrators by the police, who then secured it in an unoccupied police van, the snaps of which went viral online, as well as in newspapers; some claimed it was, "belittling" to do so.

Malaysia

See also: Hinduism in Malaysia, 2001 Kampung Medan riots, 2009 cow head protests, HINDRAF, and 2007 HINDRAF rally

In April 2006, local authorities demolished several Hindu temples to make way for developmental projects. Their reason was that these temples were unlicensed and squatting on government land. In April and May 2006, several Hindu temples were demolished by city hall authorities in the country, accompanied by violence against Hindus. On 21 April 2006, the Malaimel Sri Selva Kaliamman Temple in Kuala Lumpur was reduced to rubble after the city hall sent in bulldozers.

The president of the Consumers Association of Subang and Shah Alam in Selangor had been helping to organise efforts to stop the local authorities in the Muslim dominated city of Shah Alam from demolishing a 107-year-old Hindu temple. The growing Islamization in Malaysia is a cause for concern to many Malaysians who follow minority religions such as Hinduism.

On 11 May 2006, armed city hall officers from Kuala Lumpur forcefully demolished part of a 60-year-old suburban temple that serves more than 1,000 Hindus. The "Hindu Rights Action Force", a coalition of several NGO's, have protested these demolitions by lodging complaints with the Malaysian Prime Minister. Many Hindu advocacy groups have protested what they allege is a systematic plan of temple cleansing in Malaysia. The official reason given by the Malaysian government has been that the temples were built "illegally". However, several of the temples are centuries old. According to a lawyer for the Hindu Rights Action Task Force, a Hindu temple is demolished in Malaysia once every three weeks.

A group of Malaysian Muslims protested against the construction of a Hindu temple in a Muslim-majority neighborhood, using a cow's head in the demonstration, sparking concerns about racial and religious tensions in the country.

Pakistan

See also: Persecution of Hindus § Pakistan 2, Decline of Hinduism in Pakistan, Sectarianism in Pakistan § Hindus, Pakistan studies, and Religious discrimination in Pakistan § Hindus

In Pakistan, Hindus are often regarded as kafirs (unbelievers) and blamed for "causing all the problems in Pakistan". On Pakistan Day, the Pakistan Army dropped leaflets in South and North Waziristan warning tribesmen about foreigners and their local supporters, using the term "Yahood Aur Hanood" (Jews and Hindus) to describe the perceived enemies. The leaflets aimed to differentiate between the war on terror and local tribes, urging vigilance against intruders. At the time of Pakistan's creation the 'hostage theory' had been espoused. According to this theory the Hindu minority in Pakistan was to be given a fair deal in Pakistan in order to ensure the protection of the Muslim minority in India.

Separate electorates for Hindus and Christians were established in 1985—a policy which was originally proposed by Islamist leader Abul A'la Maududi. Christian and Hindu leaders complained that they felt excluded from the county's political process, but the policy had strong support from Islamists.

The Muttahida Majlis-i-Amal (MMA), a coalition of Islamist political parties in Pakistan, calls for the increased Islamization of the government and society, specifically taking an anti-Hindu stance. The MMA leads the opposition in the national assembly, held a majority in the NWFP Provincial Assembly, and was part of the ruling coalition in Balochistan. However, some members of the MMA made efforts to eliminate their rhetoric against Hindus.

The public school curriculum in Pakistan was Islamized during the 1980s. The government of Pakistan claims to undertake a major revision to eliminate such teachings and to remove Islamic teaching from secular subjects. The bias in Pakistani textbooks was also documented by Y. Rosser (2003). She wrote that

"in the past few decades, social studies textbooks in Pakistan have been used as locations to articulate the hatred that Pakistani policy makers have attempted to inculcate towards their Hindu neighbours", and that as a result "in the minds of generations of Pakistanis, indoctrinated by the 'Ideology of Pakistan' are lodged fragments of hatred and suspicion."

The bias in Pakistani textbooks was studied by Rubina Saigol, K. K. Aziz, I. A. Rahman, Mubarak Ali, A. H. Nayyar, Ahmed Saleem, Y. Rosser and others.

A study by Nayyar & Salim (2003) that was conducted with 30 experts of Pakistan's education system, found that the textbooks contain statements that seek to create hate against Hindus. There was also an emphasis on Jihad, Shahadat, wars and military heroes. The study reported that the textbooks also had a lot of gender-biased stereotypes. Some of the problems in Pakistani textbooks cited in the report were:

"Insensitivity to the existing religious diversity of the nation"; "Incitement to militancy and violence, including encouragement of Jihad and Shahadat"; a "glorification of war and the use of force"; "Inaccuracies of fact and omissions that serve to substantially distort the nature and significance of actual events in our history"; "Perspectives that encourage prejudice, bigotry and discrimination towards fellow citizens, especially women and religious minorities, and other towards nations" and "Omission of concepts ... that could encourage critical self awareness among students". (Nayyar & Salim 2003). The Pakistani Curriculum document for classes K-V stated in 1995 that "at the completion of Class-V, the child should be able to "Understand Hindu-Muslim differences and the resultant need for Pakistan.

A more recent textbook which was published in Pakistan and titled A Short History of Pakistan, edited by Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi, has been heavily criticized by academic peer-reviewers for anti-Hindu biases and prejudices that are consistent with Pakistani nationalism, where Hindus are portrayed as "villains" and Muslims as "victims" living under the "disastrous Hindu rule" and "betraying the Muslims to the British", characterizations that academic reviewers found "disquieting" and having a "warped subjectivity".

Ameer Hamza, a leader of the terrorist group Lashkar-e-Taiba, wrote a highly derogatory book about Hinduism in 1999 called "Hindu Ki Haqeeqat" ("Reality of (a) Hindu"); he was not prosecuted by the Government.

According to the Sustainable Development Policy Institute report 'Associated with the insistence on the Ideology of Pakistan has been an essential component of hate against India and the Hindus. For the upholders of the Ideology of Pakistan, the existence of Pakistan is defined only in relation to Hindus, and hence the Hindus have to be painted as negatively as possible' A 2005 report by the National Commission for Justice and Peace a non profit organization in Pakistan, found that Pakistan Studies textbooks in Pakistan have been used to articulate the hatred that Pakistani policy-makers have attempted to inculcate towards the Hindus. "Vituperative animosities legitimise military and autocratic rule, nurturing a siege mentality. Pakistan Studies textbooks are an active site to represent India as a hostile neighbour", the report stated. "The story of Pakistan's past is intentionally written to be distinct from, and often in direct contrast with, interpretations of history found in India. From the government-issued textbooks, students are taught that Hindus are backward and superstitious." Further the report stated "Textbooks reflect intentional obfuscation. Today's students, citizens of Pakistan and its future leaders are the victims of these partial truths".

An editorial in Dawn discussed a report by The Guardian noted that state-run schools, promoted extremism and bigotry. It highlighted that textbooks in Pakistani state schools propagate concepts like jihad, the inferiority of non-Muslims, and hostility towards India, which foster a bigoted and obscurantist mindset. According to a study by a US government commission, textbooks in Pakistani schools foster prejudice and intolerance of Hindus and other religious minorities, and most teachers view non-Muslims as enemies of Islam. According to historian Professor Mubarak Ali, textbook reform in Pakistan began with Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's introduction of Pakistan Studies and Islamic Studies in 1971. General Zia-ul-Haq later intensified historical revisionism, exploiting these reforms to promote a religiously exclusive narrative, which has contributed to intolerance and extremism. The broader context includes issues with outdated and biased textbook content, with reform efforts struggling to address these problems comprehensively.

Outside Asia

Australia

In April 2024, a Hindu woman named Swastika Chandra from Sydney was banned from using the Uber app because it considered her first name (Swastika) to be offensive and related to Nazism. Swastika is a hindu symbol of divinity and spirituality, however it's perception in other parts of the world is different due to the adoption of the symbol by the Nazi Party in the early 20th century. After a period of six months, Uber exempted the ban and apologized for the misunderstanding.

Fiji

This article may be unbalanced toward certain viewpoints. Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (September 2021)

By the time Fiji gained independence from colonial rule, Hindus and other Indo-Fijians constituted nearly fifty percent of the total Fijian population. Nevertheless, the colonial-era laws and the first constitution for Fiji, granted special rights to native Fijians. These laws relegated Hindus as second class citizens of Fiji without full rights. For example, it denied them property rights, such as the ability to buy or own land. Hindus and other Indo-Fijians have since then not enjoyed equal human rights as other Fijians. They can only work as tenant farmers for Fijian landlords. The difference in human rights has been a continuing source of conflict between "native" Fijians and Indo-Fijians, with native Fijians believing Fiji to be their ancestral land that only they can own, and Indo-Fijians demanding equal rights for all human beings.

Beyond land ownership, Hindus have been persecuted in the Fijian communal structure. Spike Boydell states, "the introduced the divisive and unworkable system of communal representation and communal electoral rolls. Thus, different communities were represented by their own kind. This still extends to schooling in a prevailing quasi apartheid educational system."

During the late 1990s, Fiji witnessed a series of riots by radical native Fijians against Hindus (and other Indo-Fijians). In the spring of 2000, the democratically elected Fijian government led by Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry, who was a Hindu, was held hostage by a group headed by George Speight. They demanded a segregated state exclusively for the native Fijians, thereby legally abolishing any human rights the Hindu inhabitants held up until then. Hindu owned shops, Hindu schools and temples were destroyed, vandalized and looted.

The Methodist Church of Fiji and Rotuma, and particularly Sitiveni Rabuka who led the 1987 coup in Fiji, called for the creation of a Christian State and endorsed forceful conversion of Hindus after a coup d'état in 1987. In 2012, Fiji Methodist Church's president, Tuikilakila Waqairatu, called for Fiji to officially declare Christianity as the state religion; the Hindu community leaders demanded that Fiji be a secular state where religion and state are separate.

United Kingdom

After the Leicester riots in October 2022, Hindu groups were set to boycott a review by Dr. Chris Allen, the review's head, because of perceived lack of impartiality.

A national report in the UK found that 51% of Hindu parents reported their children facing Anti-Hindu hate in schools, and found that schools had failed to monitor and address the issues. It also reported several cases of physical assault as well as beef being thrown at a student.

Conservative Party

In October 2018, it was reported that Conservative Party candidate for the Mayor of London Shaun Bailey had written a pamphlet, entitled No Man's Land, for the Centre for Policy Studies. In it, Bailey argued that accommodating Hindus " Britain of its community" and it is also turning the country into a "crime riddled cess pool". He also claimed that South Asians "bring their culture, their country and any problems they might have, with them" and that this was not a problem within the black community "because we've shared a religion and in many cases a language". In the pamphlet, Bailey confused the Hindu religion with the Hindi language: "You don't know what to do. You bring your children to school and they learn far more about Diwali than Christmas. I speak to the people who are from Brent and they've been having Hindi (sic) days off."

James Cleverly, the Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party, defended Bailey and suggested that Bailey's remarks were being misconstrued. He implied that black boys were turning to crime due to exposure to other religions rather than focusing on "their own Christian culture." However, the anti-racism organization Hope Not Hate condemned Bailey's comments as "grotesque."

United States

See also: Persecution of Hindus § United States

The rise of the Indian American community in the United States has triggered some isolated attacks on them, as has been the case with many minority groups in the United States. Attacks which specifically target Hindus in the United States stem from what is often referred to as the "racialization of religion" among Americans, a process that begins when certain phenotypical features which are associated with a group and attached to race in popular discourse become associated with a particular religion or religions. The racialization of Hinduism in American perception has led Americans to perceive Hindus as belonging to a separate group and this contributes to prejudices against them.

In 2019, Swaminarayan Temple in Kentucky was vandalised. They sprayed black paint on the deity and sprayed "Jesus is the only God" on the walls. The Christian cross was also spray painted on various walls. In April 2015, a Hindu temple in north Texas was vandalised when nasty images were spray-painted on its walls. In February 2015, Hindu temples in Kent and the Seattle Metropolitan area were also vandalised.

In July 2019, a Hindu priest wearing his religious attire was physically assaulted by Sergio Gouveia in Queens, New York, just two blocks from Shiv Shakti Peeth Temple in Glen Oaks. A Senator and the New York State Attorney General have labeled it a hate crime, stating, "If someone is targeted because of religious robe and a couple of blocks from the temple where he resides, it is difficult to believe this was random." However, the New York police have not classified it as a hate crime.

Pat Robertson

In addition, anti-Hindu views have been expressed which are specifically based on misperceptions of the religion of Hinduism as well as mistaken racial perceptions. In the United States Pat Robertson has denounced Hinduism as "demonic", believing that when Hindus "feel any sort of inspiration, whether it's by a river or under a tree, on top of a hill, they figure that some God or spirit is responsible for that. And so they'll worship that tree, they'll worship that hill or they'll worship anything." His remarks were widely condemned and disputed by Indian Americans and members of many non-partisan advocacy groups. Evangelical leader Albert Mohler defended Robertson's remarks, saying "any belief system, any world view, whether it's Zen Buddhism or Hinduism or dialectical materialism for that matter, Marxism, that keeps persons captive and keeps them from coming to faith in the Lord Jesus Christ, yes, is a demonstration of satanic power."

United States Congress

Main article: Rajan Zed prayer protest

In July, 2007, The United States Senate conducted its morning prayer services with a Hindu prayer, a historical first. During the service, three disruptors, named Ante Nedlko Pavkovic, Katherine Lynn Pavkovic and Christen Renee Sugar, from the Fundamentalist Christian activist group Operation Save America protested by arguing that the Hindu prayer was "an abomination", and they also claimed that they were "Christians and Patriots". They were swiftly arrested and charged with disrupting Congress.

The event generated a storm of protest by Christian right groups in the country, with the American Family Association (AFA) opposing the prayer and carrying out a campaign to lobby senators to protest against it. Their representative attacked the proceedings as "gross idolatry". The AFA sent an "Action Alert" to its members in which it asked them to e-mail, write letters, or call their Senators and ask them to oppose the Hindu prayer, stating that it is "seeking the invocation of a non-monotheistic god." The "alert" stated that "since Hindus worship multiple gods, the prayer will be completely outside the American paradigm, flying in the face of the American motto One Nation Under God." The convocation by Zed was in fact disrupted by three protesters in the gallery reportedly shouting "this is an abomination" and other complaints.

Barry W. Lynn, executive director of Americans United for Separation of Church and State, said the protest "shows the intolerance of many religious right activists. They say they want more religion in the public square, but it's clear they mean only their religion."

California Textbook Controversy

Main article: California textbook controversy over Hindu history

A controversy in the US state of California concerning the portrayal of Hinduism in history textbooks began in 2005. A protest was led by Vedic Foundation (VF) and the American Hindu Education Foundation (HEF) by complaining to the California's Curriculum Commission, saying the coverage in sixth grade history textbooks of Indian history and Hinduism was biased against Hinduism; and points of contention includes a textbook's portrayal of the caste system, the Indo-Aryan migration theory, and the status of women in Indian society as the main features of Hinduism.

The California Department of Education (CDE) initially sought to resolve the controversy by appointing Shiva Bajpai, Professor Emeritus at California State University Northridge, as a one-man committee to review revisions proposed by the groups. Michael Witzel and others revisited the proposed changed on behalf of the State Board of Education and suggested reverting some of the approved changes. In early 2006, the Hindu American Foundation sued the State Board over matters of process; the case was settled in 2009.

Dotbusters

Main article: Dotbusters

The Dotbusters was a hate group in Jersey City, New Jersey, that attacked and threatened Indian-Americans in the fall of 1987. The name originates from the bindi traditionally worn by Hindu women and girls on their forehead. In July 1987, they had a letter published in the Jersey Journal stating that they would take any means necessary to drive the Indians out of Jersey City:

I'm writing about your article during july about the abuse of Indian People. Well I'm here to state the other side. I hate them, if you had to live near them you would also. We are an organization called dot busters. We have been around for 2 years. We will go to any extreme to get Indians to move out of Jersey City. If I'm walking down the street and I see a Hindu and the setting is right, I will hit him or her. We plan some of our most extreme attacks such as breaking windows, breaking car windows, and crashing family parties. We use the phone books and look up the name Patel. Have you seen how many of them there are? Do you even live in Jersey City? Do you walk down Central avenue and experience what its like to be near them: we have and we just don't want it anymore. You said that they will have to start protecting themselves because the police cannot always be there. They will never do anything. They are a weak race physically and mentally. We are going to continue our way. We will never be stopped.

Resolutions and proclamations recognizing Hinduphobia

In April 2023, Georgia became the first state in the United States to pass a resolution condemning Hinduphobia. That same month, the city of Fremont, California issued a proclamation acknowledging that "Hindu Americans have been the targets of bullying, discrimination, hate speech, harassment, and bias-motivated crimes."

Criticism

Some academics question the usage of the term "Hinduphobia" in the West. Brian Collins found the tropes of Hinduphobia to be a popular weapon employed by the affluent Hindu diaspora in stifling critical academic discourses on Hinduism—parallels with Kansas creationists were drawn. Scholars affiliated to South Asia Scholar Activist Collective (SASAC) reject "Hinduphobia" as an ahistorical and inappropriate neologism employed by the Hindu Right in order to suppress academic inquiry into topics concerned with Hinduism, Hindutva, caste, and Indian State. While racist and anti-Hindu prejudices have been indeed observed, in their view, Hindus have not faced any entrenched systematic oppression in India or United States. The claimants of Hinduphobia were also accused of engaging in discrimination against Muslims, lower-castes, Dalits, Christians, and progressive Hindus.

See also

Notes

  1. In a discourse on the related issue of California textbook controversy, Chinnaiah Jangam (Professor of South Asian History at Carleton University) had noted that Juluri did not have any academic training in history, swore by Brahminical ideology, and even wrote a book in defense of militant Hindu nationalism. Juluri rejected the charges.
  2. Collins is the Chair Professor in Indian Religion and Philosophy at Ohio University.

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Sources

  • Long, Jeffery D. (2011), Historical Dictionary of Hinduism, Scarecrow Press

Further reading

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