| Revision as of 11:27, 2 September 2007 editBhadani (talk | contribs)204,742 editsmNo edit summary← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 05:57, 25 November 2024 edit undoDocWatson42 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers217,161 editsm →top: Cleaned up a reference and other matters. | ||
| (133 intermediate revisions by 74 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| {{Short description|Legal term in China, a type of enterprise founded in the PRC by foreign investors}} | |||
| {{unreferenced||date=June 2006}} | |||
| {{update|date=November 2020}} | |||
| {{infobox Chinese | |||
| |order=st | |||
| |s=外商独资企业 | |||
| |t=外商獨資企業 | |||
| |p=wàishāng dúzī qǐyè | |||
| |l=Foreign business sole proprietorship | |||
| |s2=外资企业 | |||
| |t2=外資企業 | |||
| |p2=wàizī qǐyè | |||
| |l2=Foreign investment enterprise | |||
| }} | |||
| A '''wholly foreign-owned enterprise''' ('''WFOE''', sometimes incorrectly '''WOFE''') is a common ] for ]–based business wherein foreign parties (individuals or corporate entities) can incorporate a foreign-owned ].<ref name="ll">{{Cite web|url=http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/lawsdata/chineselaw/200411/20041100311068.html|title=Law of the People's Republic of China on wholly foreign-owned enterprises |access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=PRC Ministry of Commerce Website|date=18 October 2000|author=Standing Committee of the National People's Congress}}</ref> The unique feature of a WFOE is that involvement of a mainland Chinese investor is not required, unlike most other investment vehicles (most notably, a Sino-foreign ]). | |||
| The '''Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprise''' or 'WFOE' is a common investment vehicle for ]-based business. The unique feature of a WFOE is that involvement of a mainland Chinese investor is not required unlike most other investment vehicles. This can give greater control over the business venture in mainland China and avoid a multitude of problematic issues which can potentially result from dealing with a domestic joint venture partner. | |||
| Starting January 2020, per new ], WFOE has been abolished and superseded by a new type of business referred to as "foreign-funded enterprise" (外商投资企业).<ref>{{cite web |title=FOREIGN INVESTMENT LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA - 中華人民共和國外商投資法 |url=https://tkegexpat.com/foreign-investment-policy/foreign-investment-law |publisher=TKEG Expat}}</ref> Existing businesses are expected to transition to the new designation within five years.<ref>{{Cite web | |||
| Such problems often include profit not being maximised, leakage of the foreign firm's intellectual property and the potential for joint venture partners to set up in competition against the foreign firm. However, WFOEs often have difficulty building up the necessary personal relationships or 'guanxi' which are of great importance in conducting business in mainland China. | |||
| | title = How to Read China's New Law on Foreign Investment | |||
| | author = Qian Zhou | |||
| | work = China Briefing News | |||
| | date = October 31, 2019 | |||
| | access-date = 22 November 2020 | |||
| | url = https://www.china-briefing.com/news/read-chinas-new-law-foreign-investment/ | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| == Description == | |||
| WFOEs are often used to produce the foreign firm's product in mainland China for later export to a foreign country. They do not automatically have right to distribute their products in mainland China though a recent variant (the Foreign Invested Commercial Enterprise WFOE) has the ability to do so. | |||
| ] | |||
| WFOEs may be limited-liability companies, as distinct from corporations, partnerships (limited or general), and proprietorships organized by foreign nationals and capitalized with foreign funds.<ref>{{cite web |title=What are the types of legal entities in China? - China Company Incorporation — TKEG Expat China Consulting |url=https://tkegexpat.com/procedures/legal-entity |website=TKEG Expat}}</ref> WFOEs are mostly used by foreign companies to start a manufacturing operation in China. This can give greater control over the business venture in mainland China and avoid a multitude of problematic issues which can potentially result from dealing with a domestic joint venture partner.<ref>{{cite web |title=How to Structure Your Investments in China - Corporate Establishment Quick Facts |url=https://www.dezshira.com/library/article/how-to-structure-your-investments-in-china-corporate-establishment-quick-facts-7779.html |website=Dezan Shira and Associates |date=11 January 2018 |publisher=Asiapedia}}</ref> Such problems often include profit not being maximized, leakage of the foreign firm's ] and the potential for joint venture partners to set up in competition against the foreign firm after siphoning off knowledge and expertise. | |||
| WFOEs are often used to produce the foreign firm's product in mainland China for later export to a foreign country, sometimes through the use of ] which allow the importation of components duty-free into China, to then be added to Chinese-made components and the finished product then re-exported. An additional advantage with this model is the ability to claim back ] on the Chinese manufactured component parts upon export. In addition, WFOEs now have the right to distribute their products in mainland China via both wholesale and retail channels. | |||
| ==External link== | |||
| Another recent variant (the Foreign Invested Commercial Enterprise FICE) of the WFOE has also come into effect, and are used mainly for trading and buying and selling in China. The registered capital requirements for a FICE are lower than for a WFOE as the FICE does not need to fund plant and machinery acquisitions. | |||
| {{China-company-stub}} | |||
| . | |||
| == Advantages == | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| WFOEs are among the most popular corporate models for non-PRC investors due to their versatility and structural advantages of a representative office or joint venture. | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| Such advantages include: | |||
| ] | |||
| * the ability to uphold a company's global strategy free from interference by Chinese partners (as may occur in the case of ]); | |||
| * a new, independent ]; | |||
| * total management control within the limitations of the laws of the PRC; | |||
| * the ability to both receive and remit ] to the investor company overseas; | |||
| * increased protection of ], ] and other intellectual property, in accordance with international law; | |||
| * exempt from having to obtain an import/export license for products manufactured; | |||
| * shareholder liability is limited to original investment; | |||
| * easier to terminate than an equity joint venture; | |||
| * simpler establishment than a joint venture; | |||
| * full control of human resources. | |||
| A key feature of a WFOE is that it allows for any profits made in running the business to be repatriated without prior approval of the ] (SAFE). Dividends cannot be distributed and repatriated overseas if the losses of previous years have not been covered while dividends not distributed in previous years may be distributed together with those of the current year. Repatriation of the registered capital is possible upon dissolution of the WFOE. For most WFOE types, paid-in capital is no longer a part of business registration. When the company is registered, no capital verification report is required either.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pathtochina.com/reg_wfoe.htm|title=China Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprise (WFOE) {{!}} Shenzhen {{!}} Beijing {{!}} Shanghai|website=www.pathtochina.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.set-up-company.com/the-ultimate-guide-for-china-wfoe-formation-in-2018.html|title=The Ultimate Guide for China WFOE Formation in 2018 {{!}} Shenzhen {{!}} Beijing {{!}} Shanghai|website=www.set-up-company.com|language=en-US|access-date=2016-02-12}}</ref> | |||
| == Disadvantages == | |||
| The disadvantages of establishing a WFOE include the inability to engage in certain restricted business activities, limited access to government support and a potentially steep ] upon entering the mainland Chinese market. As a WFOE is a type of limited liability company, it requires the injection of foreign funds to make-up the ]; something unnecessary with a Representative Office. Normally 15% of the total investment needs to be injected within one month after obtaining the business license starting from US$50,000. It is important to note that regional differences in regulations and practical differences in the application of Chinese legislation can also apply. A WFOE comes with more legal rights than a ] (RO). Consequently, its process of liquidation is more time-consuming and expensive when compared to ROs. The liquidation is divided into four steps and might take up to 12 months (notification of the relevant authorities, setting up a liquidation committee, submission of a liquidation report to the authorities, deregistration of the company and closing of the bank account).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ecovis-beijing.com/how-to-close-a-wfoe-and-a-representative-office/|title=How to close a WFOE and a Representative Office|last=Hoffmann|first=Richard|date=2016-10-16|website=Ecovis Beijing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626111248/https://ecovis-beijing.com/how-to-close-a-wfoe-and-a-representative-office/|archive-date=2019-06-26|access-date=2019-06-26}}</ref> | |||
| ==Taxation== | |||
| *Corporate tax: 15% to 25% (depending on the WFOE's location and industry). | |||
| *Income tax: rates up to 35% of business profits. | |||
| *Consumption tax:1% to 56% of sales revenue of goods. Export are exempt. | |||
| *Stamp duty tax: 1% | |||
| *Land appreciation tax: 30% to 60% of gains on transfer. | |||
| *Resources tax: 1% to 20% depending on material. | |||
| == See also == | |||
| ⚫ | *] | ||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 05:57, 25 November 2024
Legal term in China, a type of enterprise founded in the PRC by foreign investors | This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2020) |
| Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprise | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simplified Chinese | 外商独资企业 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 外商獨資企業 | ||||||
| Literal meaning | Foreign business sole proprietorship | ||||||
| |||||||
| Alternative Chinese name | |||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 外资企业 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 外資企業 | ||||||
| Literal meaning | Foreign investment enterprise | ||||||
| |||||||
A wholly foreign-owned enterprise (WFOE, sometimes incorrectly WOFE) is a common investment vehicle for mainland China–based business wherein foreign parties (individuals or corporate entities) can incorporate a foreign-owned limited liability company. The unique feature of a WFOE is that involvement of a mainland Chinese investor is not required, unlike most other investment vehicles (most notably, a Sino-foreign joint venture).
Starting January 2020, per new Foreign Investment Law, WFOE has been abolished and superseded by a new type of business referred to as "foreign-funded enterprise" (外商投资企业). Existing businesses are expected to transition to the new designation within five years.
Description
WFOEs may be limited-liability companies, as distinct from corporations, partnerships (limited or general), and proprietorships organized by foreign nationals and capitalized with foreign funds. WFOEs are mostly used by foreign companies to start a manufacturing operation in China. This can give greater control over the business venture in mainland China and avoid a multitude of problematic issues which can potentially result from dealing with a domestic joint venture partner. Such problems often include profit not being maximized, leakage of the foreign firm's intellectual property and the potential for joint venture partners to set up in competition against the foreign firm after siphoning off knowledge and expertise.
WFOEs are often used to produce the foreign firm's product in mainland China for later export to a foreign country, sometimes through the use of Special Economic Zones which allow the importation of components duty-free into China, to then be added to Chinese-made components and the finished product then re-exported. An additional advantage with this model is the ability to claim back VAT on the Chinese manufactured component parts upon export. In addition, WFOEs now have the right to distribute their products in mainland China via both wholesale and retail channels.
Another recent variant (the Foreign Invested Commercial Enterprise FICE) of the WFOE has also come into effect, and are used mainly for trading and buying and selling in China. The registered capital requirements for a FICE are lower than for a WFOE as the FICE does not need to fund plant and machinery acquisitions. .
Advantages
WFOEs are among the most popular corporate models for non-PRC investors due to their versatility and structural advantages of a representative office or joint venture.
Such advantages include:
- the ability to uphold a company's global strategy free from interference by Chinese partners (as may occur in the case of joint ventures);
- a new, independent legal personality;
- total management control within the limitations of the laws of the PRC;
- the ability to both receive and remit RMB to the investor company overseas;
- increased protection of trademarks, patents and other intellectual property, in accordance with international law;
- exempt from having to obtain an import/export license for products manufactured;
- shareholder liability is limited to original investment;
- easier to terminate than an equity joint venture;
- simpler establishment than a joint venture;
- full control of human resources.
A key feature of a WFOE is that it allows for any profits made in running the business to be repatriated without prior approval of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE). Dividends cannot be distributed and repatriated overseas if the losses of previous years have not been covered while dividends not distributed in previous years may be distributed together with those of the current year. Repatriation of the registered capital is possible upon dissolution of the WFOE. For most WFOE types, paid-in capital is no longer a part of business registration. When the company is registered, no capital verification report is required either.
Disadvantages
The disadvantages of establishing a WFOE include the inability to engage in certain restricted business activities, limited access to government support and a potentially steep learning curve upon entering the mainland Chinese market. As a WFOE is a type of limited liability company, it requires the injection of foreign funds to make-up the registered capital; something unnecessary with a Representative Office. Normally 15% of the total investment needs to be injected within one month after obtaining the business license starting from US$50,000. It is important to note that regional differences in regulations and practical differences in the application of Chinese legislation can also apply. A WFOE comes with more legal rights than a Representative Office (RO). Consequently, its process of liquidation is more time-consuming and expensive when compared to ROs. The liquidation is divided into four steps and might take up to 12 months (notification of the relevant authorities, setting up a liquidation committee, submission of a liquidation report to the authorities, deregistration of the company and closing of the bank account).
Taxation
- Corporate tax: 15% to 25% (depending on the WFOE's location and industry).
- Income tax: rates up to 35% of business profits.
- Consumption tax:1% to 56% of sales revenue of goods. Export are exempt.
- Stamp duty tax: 1%
- Land appreciation tax: 30% to 60% of gains on transfer.
- Resources tax: 1% to 20% depending on material.
See also
References
- Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (18 October 2000). "Law of the People's Republic of China on wholly foreign-owned enterprises". PRC Ministry of Commerce Website. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
- "FOREIGN INVESTMENT LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA - 中華人民共和國外商投資法". TKEG Expat.
- Qian Zhou (October 31, 2019). "How to Read China's New Law on Foreign Investment". China Briefing News. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
- "What are the types of legal entities in China? - China Company Incorporation — TKEG Expat China Consulting". TKEG Expat.
- "How to Structure Your Investments in China - Corporate Establishment Quick Facts". Dezan Shira and Associates. Asiapedia. 11 January 2018.
- "China Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprise (WFOE) | Shenzhen | Beijing | Shanghai". www.pathtochina.com. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
- "The Ultimate Guide for China WFOE Formation in 2018 | Shenzhen | Beijing | Shanghai". www.set-up-company.com. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
- Hoffmann, Richard (2016-10-16). "How to close a WFOE and a Representative Office". Ecovis Beijing. Archived from the original on 2019-06-26. Retrieved 2019-06-26.