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{{Short description|12th-century Seljuk-era mosque in Konya, Turkey}}
:''For other mosques of the same name, see ]''
{{About|the mosque in Konya, Turkey|other mosques with the same name|Alâeddin Mosque (disambiguation)}}
'''Alâeddin Mosque''' is a historic mosque in ], ] which served as the "Mosque of the Throne" for the ] and which contains the dynastic mausoleum where eight of the sultans are buried. It was constructed in stages between the mid-] and mid-]. Both the mosque and the artificial mound, or hill, the ] of the ancient city, bear the name of sultan ] (''Alâeddin Camii'' and ''Alâeddin Tepesi'' in ]) and are prominent features of Konya's cityscape.
{{Coord|37.872655|N|32.492046|E|display=title}}
The '''Alâeddin Mosque''' (]: Alâeddin Camii) is the principal monument on Alaaddin Hill (Alaadin Tepesi) in the centre of ], ]. Part of the hilltop citadel complex that contained the Seljuk Palace, it served as the main prayer hall for the ] and its courtyard contains the burial places of several of the sultans. It was constructed in stages between the mid-12th and mid-13th centuries. It is the largest of several Seljuk mosques to survive in Konya.
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Alâeddin Mosque
| image = Alaedin Camii.JPG
| caption = Alâeddin Mosque at Alâeddin Tepesi (Alâeddin Hill) in Konya
| location = ], ]
| geo = {{coord|37|52|24.75|N|32|29|33.25|E|region:TR-34_type:landmark}}
| religious_affiliation = ]
| rite =
| region = ]
| province = ]
| district =
| consecration_year =
| status = ]
| leadership =
| website =
| architect =
| architecture_type = Mosque
| architecture_style = ]
| facade_direction = North
| year_completed = 1235
| construction_cost =
| capacity =
| length = 56 m
| width = 71 m
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity =
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity = 1
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Both the mosque and the hill it stands on are named after the Seljuk Sultan ] (''Alaaddin Tepesi'' and ''Alaaddin Camii'').


==The Mosque== == History ==
The mosque is an agglomeration of two building campaigns separated by more than half a century. It is not always clear which parts belong to the original mosque of 1152 and which are the additons of the 1220s. <ref> {{cite web | url = http://www2.let.uu.nl/Solis/anpt/ejos/pdf4/25Kiel.pdf Full text:| title = Modern electronics in the study of Turkish architecture|author=Machiel Kiel | publisher= , ], ]| access date=1991|language=English}}</ref> The first building campaign dates from the reign of ]. An inscription dates the fine, ] ] to ]. The minbar is the first dated example of ] art in ]. In ], the sultan ] began a major rebuilding program, pursued chiefly during the reign of his brother and successor ], whence the name of the edifice. In this second construction phase, the main entrance was changed from the west to the north, opposite the mihrab. A monumental façade was added on the north side, overlooking the city and facing the Seljuk palace, from which parts of a tower are only standing. The vaulted ceiling, supported by 42 columns also date from this phase. Some of the building material and architectural ornament incorporated into the mosque, especially ] and ] were salvaged from nearby ] structures.


===Alaeddin Hill===
The ], the marble mihrab (]), and the eastern door, through which most visitors enter the mosque, date from the ] period. The citadel walls were levelled a few years earlier in 1896. The sensational discovery in ], by a member of the city's ] consulate staff, of 13th century ] fragments in Alaeddin Mosque, which were woven at some time between the years 1220 and 1250 and which are now on exhibit, have since then drawn carpet experts and admirers to Konya. <ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/archives.php?id=4451 Article:| title = Striking Regional Carpet Exhibit Opens |author=Niki Gamm|publisher= ]| access date=1997-10-03|language=English}}</ref> Until the 1920s, Alaeddin Mosque shared the hill with the "Eflatun Mescidi" <ref> The word ] implies a mosque of smaller dimensions in this sense, for the meaning of the word "Eflatun", see also ]. </ref> which was the converted Byzantine church of ], venerated for centuries by the city's Muslims and Christians alike <ref> {{cite web | url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0004-3648%281991%2951%3A1%2F2%3C54%3ATAMIKR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage First page:| title = The Alaeddin Mosque Reconsidered|author=Scott Redford, ]|publisher= ''Artibus Asiae'', vol. 51, no. 1/2. pp. 54-74| access date=1991|language=English}}</ref>.
The Alâeddin Hill was known as Kawania and Kaoania Hill in antiquity. The Eflatun Mescidi, the converted ] church of ], used to share the hill with the mosque before the 1920's.<ref name="ReferenceA">Scott Redford, ''The Alâeddin Mosque in Konya Reconsidered'', '''Artibus Asiae''', Vol. 51, No. 1/2, 1991:54</ref> The Alaaddin Mosque itself was likely built on the site of a former ] ], a hypothesis supported by 20th-century excavations and by the ancient ] re-used inside the mosque.<ref name="ReferenceB">Scott Redford, ''The Alâeddin Mosque in Konya Reconsidered'', '''Artibus Asiae''', Vol. 51, No. 1/2, 1991:57</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ousterhout |first=Robert G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJOqDwAAQBAJ&dq=alaeddin+mosque+konya+byzantine+church&pg=PA579 |title=Eastern Medieval Architecture: The Building Traditions of Byzantium and Neighboring Lands |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-19-005840-1 |page=579 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Beihammer |first=Alexander Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HyYlDwAAQBAJ&dq=alaeddin+mosque+konya+byzantine+church&pg=PA280 |title=Byzantium and the Emergence of Muslim-Turkish Anatolia, Ca. 1040-1130 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-351-98386-0 |pages=280 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Greenhalgh |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xMAlL8OBhcC&dq=alaeddin+mosque+byzantine+church&pg=PA473 |title=Marble Past, Monumental Present: Building With Antiquities in the Mediaeval Mediterranean |publisher=Brill |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17083-4 |page=473 |language=en}}</ref> The complex lies near the artificial city mound where the ancient acropolis of the city once stood.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>


==Sultans buried in the Mosque== ===The Mosque===
The Seljuk Sultan ] began work on the mosque in 1155.<ref>''Konya'', '''The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture''', Vol.2, (Oxford University Press, 2009), 391.</ref> Though there is evidence of it dating earlier to the years of 1120.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> An inscription dates the fine ] ] to 1155, making it the first dated example of ] art in ].<ref>Scott Redford, ''The Alâeddin Mosque in Konya Reconsidered'', '''Artibus Asiae''', Vol. 51, No. 1/2, 1991:55</ref> The polychrome ceramic frame of the ] and the dome above it may also date from this period. The eastern wing of the mosque, its pillars constructed with re-used Byzantine columns and capitals, is unusually open and spacious.<ref>''Architecture'', '''The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture''', Vol.2, (Oxford University Press, 2009), 117.</ref>
].]]
The courtyard of Alâeddin Mosque encloses two monumental ]. According to an inscription on the façade, the tomb with the conical roof was built by ]. This mausoleum became the principal burial place of the dynasty and houses the ] of eight of the Seljuk sultans of Anatolia. These are;
* ] (d. ]),
* ] (d. ]),
* ] (d. ]),
* ] (d. ]),
* ] (d. ]),
* ] (d. ]),
* ] (d. ]),
* ] (d. ]).


]'s son ] continued his father's work on the mosque. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Freely |first=John |title=The Western Interior of Turkey |publisher=SEV |year=1998 |isbn=9758176226 |edition=1st |location=Istanbul |pages=237 |language=English}}</ref> In 1219 ] began a major rebuilding programme, moving the main entrance from the west to the north, opposite the mihrab, and adding a monumental façade on the north side, overlooking the city and facing the Seljuk palace. A marble tomb was begun in the courtyard. Kaykaus' building work was cut short by his death in the same year, only to be resumed by his brother and successor ], Keykubad had several of his brother's inscriptions altered and claimed all the improvements to the mosque for himself. In 1235 he added a large room, supported by forty-two columns, to the east of the mihrab. The mosque takes its name from ]
The second mausoleum was begun by ] but left unfinished at the time of the sultan’s death (d. ]). The tomb is octagonal and constructed from marble. This unfinished mausoleum is known as ''Adsız Türbe'', or the "Anonymous Mausoleum," since the names of those buried within are unknown, although the ] corpses are within reach.


The ], the marble mihrab (1891) and the eastern door, through which most visitors enter the mosque, date from the ] period.
==See Also==

The courtyard of the mosque contains two typically Seljuk tombs (''kümbets''), one built by ] and still retaining some blue tiles on its roof.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Redford|first=Scott|date=1991|title=The Alaeddin Mosque in Konya Reconsidered|journal=Artibus Asiae|volume=51|issue=1/2|pages=56|doi=10.2307/3249676|jstor=3249676}}</ref> The base of the roof of one of the tombs carries the ] from the ].
]

=== Inscriptions ===
Over the main entrance to the mosque an inscription attributes its completion to ] ] in the year 617 H (1220–221).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lamb|first=Dorothy|date=2013|title=Notes on Seljouk Buildings at Konia|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/annual-of-the-british-school-at-athens/article/notes-on-seljouk-buildings-at-konia/A6191EA2A5C0C1FA83429FEA97201B05|journal=Cambridge University Press|volume=21|pages=32–33}}</ref> To the right another inscription credits the same sultan as responsible for both the mosque and the tombs. Another inscription mentions the Syrian craftsman Muhammad ben Khaulan of Damascus. Inscriptions on the façade also show the names of Alaaddin, ], and the ] who was responsible for work on the mosque during both Alaaddin's and Izzeddin's reigns. Izzeddin was responsible for constructing the main prayer hall of the mosque.<ref name=":12"/>]

== Tombs of the Seljuk Sultans ==
<!-- Deleted image removed: ; there are also five good interior photographs.</ref> The cliff behind does not exist in reality.]] -->
]

The courtyard of the Alaeddin Mosque contains two monumental ], known as '']'' or ''kümbets''. According to an inscription on its façade, ] commissioned a ten-sided tomb with a conical roof<ref>Scott Redford, ''The Alâeddin Mosque in Konya Reconsidered'', 55.</ref> which became the burial place of the Seljuk dynasty, housing the ] of eight of the Seljuk Sultans of Rum:
* ] (d. 1156)
* ] (d. 1196)
* ] (d. 1204)
* ] (d. 1210)
* ] (d. 1237)
* ] (d. 1246)
* ] (d. 1266)
* ] (d. 1283).

A second octagonal mausoleum was begun by ] but was still unfinished at the time of his death in 1219. This unfinished marble mausoleum is known as the ''Adsız Türbe'', or the "Nameless Mausoleum," since the names of those buried inside it are unknown.

== Recent history ==
In 1945, the mosque was administered by the Ministry of Education which converted it into a museum along with the ]. Until 1951, the mosque was administered by the General Directorate of Pious Endowments (Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü).<ref>Önge, Mustafa. "Conservation of Cultural Heritage on Alaeddin Hill in Konya from the 19th Century to Present Day." 183. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis from Metu, 2011.</ref> In 1952 the museum became a mosque again but disputes over its status continued because the courtyard was now owned by General Directorate of Antiquities and Museums (Eski Eserler ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü).<ref name=":0">Önge, Mustafa. "Conservation of Cultural Heritage on Alaeddin Hill in Konya from the 19th Century to Present Day." 184. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis from Metu, 2011.</ref>

=== Restoration ===
During the Second World War the mosque was used for storing army equipment. No attempt was made to restore it until after the end of the War.<ref name=":0" /> During a four-year restoration process lead sheets and heavy concrete slabs with waterproof layering were laid over the dome of the western section.<ref>Önge, Mustafa. "Conservation of Cultural Heritage on Alaeddin Hill in Konya from the 19th Century to Present Day." 214. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis from Metu, 2011.</ref>

In 2014 work began on a complete restoration of the mosque as part of a wider project to restore the remaining traces of the old Seljuk palace. By 2020 the work was almost complete.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Konya'nın 800 yıllık en eski camisi Alâaddin Cami'nin restorasyonunun bitmesiyle vatandaşlar cuma namazında buluştular |url=https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/turkce/yerel_basin/detay/konyanin-800-yillik-en-eski-camisi-alaaddin-caminin-restorasyonunun-bitmesiyle-vatandaslar-cuma-namazinda-bulustular/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=www.iletisim.gov.tr |language=tr-TR}}</ref>

==See also==
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ], Konya * ], Konya
* ], Konya * ], Konya
* ]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Alaeddin Mosque Konya Turkey 1849 engraving.jpg|alt=Alâeddin Mosque in an 1849 engraving|Alaaddin Mosque in an engraving of 1849
File:Alaeddin Mosque (Konya) 4170.jpg|alt=Alaeddin Mosque From side|Alaeddin Mosque from the side
File:Turkey, Konya - Alaeddin Mosque 02.jpg|alt=Interior|Prayer hall of the mosque
File:Turkey, Konya - Alaeddin Mosque 03.jpg|Mihrab
File:Turkey, Konya - Alaeddin Mosque 04.jpg|Dome
File:Turkey, Konya - Alaeddin Mosque 05.jpg|Minbar
File:Alaeddin Mosque (Konya) 2340.jpg|alt=Alaeddin Mosque Minber|Alaaddin Mosque Minber
File:Alaeddin Mosque - Inscription.JPG|Inscription
File:Alaeddin Mosque (Konya) 2272.jpg|alt=Alaeddin Mosque Building inscription|Inscription on Alaaddin Mosque
File:Alaeddin Mosque (Konya) 2274.jpg|alt=Alaeddin Mosque Building inscription|Inscription on Alaaddin Mosque
File:Alaaddin Mosque (6526103573).jpg|alt=Gate|Main entrance to Alaaddin Mosque
File:Carpet with Double Medallion.jpg|Carpet
</gallery>


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite journal|last = Redford|first = Scott|title = The Alâeddin Mosque in Konya Reconsidered|journal = Artibus Asiae|volume = 51|issue = 1/2|pages =54–74|publisher = Artibus Asiae Publishers|location = Zürich|year = 1991|jstor = 3249676|issn = 0004-3648|doi = 10.2307/3249676}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons category|Alaeddin Mosque (Konya)}}
<div class="references-small">
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web | url = http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=7575 Fact sheet:| title = Alâeddin Mosque in ] |author=|publisher=]| access date=|language=English}}
* {{cite web|url=http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=7575 |title=Alâeddin Mosque in Konya |publisher=] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218045435/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=7575 |archive-date=2006-02-18 }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/~arkeo/newsletter03/07-Discovering%20Seljuk%20Art%20in%20Konya.doc Newsletter:| title = Discovering Seljuk art in Konya|author=|publisher= ]|access date=2007-03|language=English}}
* {{cite web |url = http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/~arkeo/newsletter03/07-Discovering%20Seljuk%20Art%20in%20Konya.doc |title = Discovering Seljuk art in Konya|publisher= ]|access-date=5 September 2007}}
</div>
{{refend}}


{{Mosques in Turkey}}{{Seljuk architecture (Anatolia)}}{{Authority control}}
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Latest revision as of 23:24, 19 December 2024

12th-century Seljuk-era mosque in Konya, Turkey This article is about the mosque in Konya, Turkey. For other mosques with the same name, see Alâeddin Mosque (disambiguation).

37°52′22″N 32°29′31″E / 37.872655°N 32.492046°E / 37.872655; 32.492046 The Alâeddin Mosque (Turkish: Alâeddin Camii) is the principal monument on Alaaddin Hill (Alaadin Tepesi) in the centre of Konya, Turkey. Part of the hilltop citadel complex that contained the Seljuk Palace, it served as the main prayer hall for the Seljuk Sultans of Rum and its courtyard contains the burial places of several of the sultans. It was constructed in stages between the mid-12th and mid-13th centuries. It is the largest of several Seljuk mosques to survive in Konya.

Alâeddin Mosque
Alâeddin Mosque at Alâeddin Tepesi (Alâeddin Hill) in Konya
Religion
AffiliationIslam
ProvinceKonya Province
RegionCentral Anatolia
Ecclesiastical or organizational statusMosque
Location
LocationKonya, Turkey
Geographic coordinates37°52′24.75″N 32°29′33.25″E / 37.8735417°N 32.4925694°E / 37.8735417; 32.4925694
Architecture
TypeMosque
StyleSeljuk
Completed1235
Specifications
Direction of façadeNorth
Length56 m
Width71 m
Minaret(s)1

Both the mosque and the hill it stands on are named after the Seljuk Sultan Alaaddin Keykubad I (Alaaddin Tepesi and Alaaddin Camii).

History

Alaeddin Hill

The Alâeddin Hill was known as Kawania and Kaoania Hill in antiquity. The Eflatun Mescidi, the converted Byzantine church of Ayios Amphilochios, used to share the hill with the mosque before the 1920's. The Alaaddin Mosque itself was likely built on the site of a former Christian basilica, a hypothesis supported by 20th-century excavations and by the ancient spolia re-used inside the mosque. The complex lies near the artificial city mound where the ancient acropolis of the city once stood.

The Mosque

The Seljuk Sultan Mesud I began work on the mosque in 1155. Though there is evidence of it dating earlier to the years of 1120. An inscription dates the fine ebony minbar to 1155, making it the first dated example of Seljuk art in Anatolia. The polychrome ceramic frame of the mihrab and the dome above it may also date from this period. The eastern wing of the mosque, its pillars constructed with re-used Byzantine columns and capitals, is unusually open and spacious.

Mesud I's son Kılıçarslan II continued his father's work on the mosque. In 1219 Kaykaus I began a major rebuilding programme, moving the main entrance from the west to the north, opposite the mihrab, and adding a monumental façade on the north side, overlooking the city and facing the Seljuk palace. A marble tomb was begun in the courtyard. Kaykaus' building work was cut short by his death in the same year, only to be resumed by his brother and successor Alaaddin Keykubad I, Keykubad had several of his brother's inscriptions altered and claimed all the improvements to the mosque for himself. In 1235 he added a large room, supported by forty-two columns, to the east of the mihrab. The mosque takes its name from Keykubad.

The minaret, the marble mihrab (1891) and the eastern door, through which most visitors enter the mosque, date from the Ottoman period.

The courtyard of the mosque contains two typically Seljuk tombs (kümbets), one built by Kilicarslan II and still retaining some blue tiles on its roof. The base of the roof of one of the tombs carries the throne verse from the Qur'an.

The blue tilework and ablaq technique seen on the exterior portion of the mosque extends into its interior, as seen on its mihrab.

Inscriptions

Over the main entrance to the mosque an inscription attributes its completion to Sultan Alaaddin Keykubad I in the year 617 H (1220–221). To the right another inscription credits the same sultan as responsible for both the mosque and the tombs. Another inscription mentions the Syrian craftsman Muhammad ben Khaulan of Damascus. Inscriptions on the façade also show the names of Alaaddin, Izzeddin Keykavus, and the Atabeg who was responsible for work on the mosque during both Alaaddin's and Izzeddin's reigns. Izzeddin was responsible for constructing the main prayer hall of the mosque.

Inscriptions on the facade of the mosque.

Tombs of the Seljuk Sultans

Mausolea of the sultans in the courtyard of Alaaddin Mosque

The courtyard of the Alaeddin Mosque contains two monumental mausolea, known as türbe or kümbets. According to an inscription on its façade, Kilijçarslan II commissioned a ten-sided tomb with a conical roof which became the burial place of the Seljuk dynasty, housing the sarcophagi of eight of the Seljuk Sultans of Rum:

A second octagonal mausoleum was begun by Kaykaus I but was still unfinished at the time of his death in 1219. This unfinished marble mausoleum is known as the Adsız Türbe, or the "Nameless Mausoleum," since the names of those buried inside it are unknown.

Recent history

In 1945, the mosque was administered by the Ministry of Education which converted it into a museum along with the Karatay Madresesi. Until 1951, the mosque was administered by the General Directorate of Pious Endowments (Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü). In 1952 the museum became a mosque again but disputes over its status continued because the courtyard was now owned by General Directorate of Antiquities and Museums (Eski Eserler ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü).

Restoration

During the Second World War the mosque was used for storing army equipment. No attempt was made to restore it until after the end of the War. During a four-year restoration process lead sheets and heavy concrete slabs with waterproof layering were laid over the dome of the western section.

In 2014 work began on a complete restoration of the mosque as part of a wider project to restore the remaining traces of the old Seljuk palace. By 2020 the work was almost complete.

See also

Gallery

  • Alâeddin Mosque in an 1849 engraving Alaaddin Mosque in an engraving of 1849
  • Alaeddin Mosque From side Alaeddin Mosque from the side
  • Interior Prayer hall of the mosque
  • Mihrab Mihrab
  • Dome Dome
  • Minbar Minbar
  • Alaeddin Mosque Minber Alaaddin Mosque Minber
  • Inscription Inscription
  • Alaeddin Mosque Building inscription Inscription on Alaaddin Mosque
  • Alaeddin Mosque Building inscription Inscription on Alaaddin Mosque
  • Gate Main entrance to Alaaddin Mosque
  • Carpet Carpet

References

  1. ^ Scott Redford, The Alâeddin Mosque in Konya Reconsidered, Artibus Asiae, Vol. 51, No. 1/2, 1991:54
  2. ^ Scott Redford, The Alâeddin Mosque in Konya Reconsidered, Artibus Asiae, Vol. 51, No. 1/2, 1991:57
  3. Ousterhout, Robert G. (2019). Eastern Medieval Architecture: The Building Traditions of Byzantium and Neighboring Lands. Oxford University Press. p. 579. ISBN 978-0-19-005840-1.
  4. Beihammer, Alexander Daniel (2017). Byzantium and the Emergence of Muslim-Turkish Anatolia, Ca. 1040-1130. Taylor & Francis. p. 280. ISBN 978-1-351-98386-0.
  5. Greenhalgh, Michael (2009). Marble Past, Monumental Present: Building With Antiquities in the Mediaeval Mediterranean. Brill. p. 473. ISBN 978-90-04-17083-4.
  6. Konya, The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture, Vol.2, (Oxford University Press, 2009), 391.
  7. Scott Redford, The Alâeddin Mosque in Konya Reconsidered, Artibus Asiae, Vol. 51, No. 1/2, 1991:55
  8. Architecture, The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture, Vol.2, (Oxford University Press, 2009), 117.
  9. Freely, John (1998). The Western Interior of Turkey (1st ed.). Istanbul: SEV. p. 237. ISBN 9758176226.
  10. ^ Redford, Scott (1991). "The Alaeddin Mosque in Konya Reconsidered". Artibus Asiae. 51 (1/2): 56. doi:10.2307/3249676. JSTOR 3249676.
  11. Lamb, Dorothy (2013). "Notes on Seljouk Buildings at Konia". Cambridge University Press. 21: 32–33.
  12. Scott Redford, The Alâeddin Mosque in Konya Reconsidered, 55.
  13. Önge, Mustafa. "Conservation of Cultural Heritage on Alaeddin Hill in Konya from the 19th Century to Present Day." 183. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis from Metu, 2011.
  14. ^ Önge, Mustafa. "Conservation of Cultural Heritage on Alaeddin Hill in Konya from the 19th Century to Present Day." 184. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis from Metu, 2011.
  15. Önge, Mustafa. "Conservation of Cultural Heritage on Alaeddin Hill in Konya from the 19th Century to Present Day." 214. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis from Metu, 2011.
  16. "Konya'nın 800 yıllık en eski camisi Alâaddin Cami'nin restorasyonunun bitmesiyle vatandaşlar cuma namazında buluştular". www.iletisim.gov.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2022-07-23.

Sources

External links

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