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A dispute exists over the '''legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq'''. The debate centers around the question whether the invasion was an unprovoked assault on an independent country that may have breached ], or if the United Nations Security Council authorized the invasion (whether the conditions set in place after the ] allowed the resumption if Iraq did not uphold to the ]). Those arguing for its legitimacy often claim ] and ] resolutions, such as ] and ]. Those arguing against its legitimacy also cite some of the same sources, stating they do not actually permit war but instead lay out conditions that must be met before war can be declared. | |||
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There is a heated debate if this invasion was launched with the explicit authorization from the ]. The Government of the United States believes that the invasion was explicitly authorized by Security Council Resoultion 678 and thus complies with international law.<ref>http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/9043.pdf</ref> There is no debate that UNSC Resolution 678 authorizes UN Member States "to use all necessary means to uphold and implement resolution 660 and all subsequent relevant resolutions and to restore international peace and security in the area." <ref> http://www.state.gov/p/io/rls/fs/2003/18850.htm</ref>, just debate about what that resolution actually means. The only legal jurisdiction to find for "aggression" or to find this invasion illegal rests with the ] under ] Articles 39-42. The UN Security Council met in 2003 for two days, reviewed the legal claims involved, and elected to be "seized of the matter". Unless the UN Security Council decides to review these issues again, they were authoratatively settled in 2003. The public debate continues, even if the legal issues appear long-settled by the sole legal tribunal with jurisdiction. | |||
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==Hussein's Record== | |||
While in power, Saddam Hussein showed complete disregard for peace and security in the region. In 1980, Iraq invaded Iran and began the ], which lasted until 1988.<ref>United Nations. ''Further Report of the Secretary-General on the Implementation of Security Council Resolution 598''. 12/9/1991. Pages retrieved 9/7/2007: | |||
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*</ref> During the war, Hussein used chemical weapons on at least 10 occasions, including attacks against civilians.<ref> 9/12/2002. Retrieved 9/7/2007.</ref> In 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait and began the ]. After the war, Iraq repeatedly violated 16 different ] resolutions from 1990 to 2002.<ref> White House press release. 9/12/2002. Retrieved 9/7/2007.</ref> The post-invasion ] stated that Hussein had still not given up on trying to produce WMD in 2003. He kept WMD scientists employed and planned to revive Iraq's WMD program, including nuclear weapons, after the inspections were lifted.<ref> Page 1. "Key Findings". Retrieved 8/31/2007. "He sought to balance the need to cooperate with UN inspections—to gain support for lifting sanctions—with his intention to preserve Iraq’s intellectual capital for WMD with a minimum of foreign intrusiveness and loss of face. <...> Saddam wanted to recreate Iraq’s WMD capability—which was essentially destroyed in 1991—after sanctions were removed and Iraq’s economy stabilized, but probably with a different mix of capabilities to that which previously existed. Saddam aspired to develop a nuclear capability—in an incremental fashion, irrespective of international pressure and the resulting economic risks—but he intended to focus on ballistic missile and tactical chemical warfare (CW) capabilities."</ref> Under ], he was given a "final opportunity" to comply, and he again violated the resolution by submitting a false report to weapons inspectors.<ref> 12/19/2002. Retrieved 9/7/2007. "During the period 1991-1998, Iraq submitted many declarations called full, final and complete. Regrettably, much in these declarations proved inaccurate or incomplete or was unsupported or contradicted by evidence. In such cases, no confidence can arise that proscribed programmes or items have been eliminated. <...> The overall impression is that not much new significant information has been provided in the part of Iraq’s Declaration, which relates to proscribed weapons programmes, nor has much new supporting documentation or other evidence been submitted."</ref> | |||
During the Gulf War, Iraq took foreign civilians hostage on an unprecedented scale.<ref> Federation of American Scientists. 1990. Retrieved 9/7/2007.</ref> Hussein attempted to use terrorism against the United States during the Gulf War and against the first President Bush in 1993.<ref> U.S. News & World Report. 2/22/1998. Retrieved 9/7/2007.</ref> He had a long history of supporting terrorists in Palestine by giving money to families of suicide bombers<ref> August 2002. Retrieved 9/7/2007.</ref> and gave refuge to other terrorist groups against neighboring states in the region.<ref> White House press release. 9/12/2002. Retrieved 9/7/2007.</ref> | |||
].]] | |||
In 1988 the ] took place in Iraqi ], and was carried out by the cousin of Saddam Hussein, ]. A document signed by Ali Hassan al-Majid is quoted as stating, "all persons captured in those villages shall be detained and interrogated by the security services and those between the ages of 15 and 70 shall be executed after any useful information has been obtained from them". This target group covered any male of fighting age. The events of the Anfal campaign have often been compared with the events of the holocaust in their similarities of mass graves and concentration camps. In 1991 after the Iraqi forces were expelled from Kuwait, the regime of Saddam Hussein cracked down on uprisings in the Kurdish north and Shia south. It is stated between this time over 40,000 Kurds were executed and 60,000 or more Shi'ites. | |||
In 2000, two human rights groups, ] and the Coalition for Justice in Iraq, released a joint report documenting the doctrination of children into a fighting force. These children as young as five were recruited into the ] or Saddam's Cubs. The children would be separated from their parents and undergo military training. Parents objecting to this recruitment would be executed and children jailed if they failed to comply, these jails were later noted by ] in an interview with ]. <ref> Retrieved 9/8/2007.</ref> | |||
Vice President Cheney stated in 2006 that the US would still have invaded Iraq even if intelligence had shown that there were no weapons of mass destruction. He said Hussein was still dangerous because of his history of using WMD, and taking him out of power "was the right thing to do".<ref> Retrieved 8/31/2007. "'He’d done it before,' Cheney said. 'He had produced chemical weapons before and used them. He had produced biological weapons. He had a robust nuclear program in ’91.' The U.S. invasion 'was the right thing to do, and if we had to do it again, we would do exactly the same thing,' he said."</ref> | |||
== United Nations == | |||
Beginning from the end of the ] in 1991, the Iraqi government agreed to , which called for weapons inspectors to search locations in Iraq for chemical, biological and nuclear weapons, as well as weapons that exceed an effective distance of 150 kilometres. After the passing of resolution 687, thirteen additional resolutions (699, 707, 715, 949, 1051, 1060, 1115, 1134, 1137, 1154, 1194, 1205, 1284) were passed by the Security Council reaffiming the continuation of inspections, or citing Iraq's failure to comply fully with them. On ], ] the Security Council passed resolution 1194 which unanimously condemns Iraq's suspension of cooperation with UNSCOM, one month later on ] Iraq officially declares it will cease all forms of interaction with UNSCOM. | |||
The period between ], ] and the initiation of ], ], ], contained talks by the Iraqi government with the United Nations Security Council. During these talks Iraq attempted to attach conditions to the work of UNSCOM and the ], which was against previous resolutions calling for unconditional access. The situation was defused after Iraq's Ambassador to the U.N., ], submitted a third letter stating the position of the Iraqi government on October 31 was "void". After weapons inspections resumed, UNSCOM requested arms documents related to weapon usage and destruction during the ]. The Iraqi government rejected this request because it was handwritten and did not fall within the scope of the UN mandate. The UN inspectors insisted in order to know if Iraq destroyed all of its weapons, it had to know "the total holdings of Iraq's chemical weapons." Further incidents erupted as Iraqi officials demanded "lists of things and materials" being searched for during surprise inspections. | |||
] (TLAM) is fired from an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer during the fourth wave of attacks on Iraq in support of Operation Desert Fox]] | |||
On ], ], U.S. President ] inititated ] based on Iraq's failure to fully comply with the inspectors. Clinton noted the announcement made by the Iraqi government on October 31, stating they would no longer cooperate with ]. Also noted was the numerous efforts to hinder UNSCOM officials, including prevention of photographing evidence and photocopying documents, as well as prevention of interviewing Iraqi personnel. | |||
Inspection teams were withdrawn before the Operation Desert Fox bombing campaign and did not return for four years. The United Nations no-fly zone enforced by the United States, ] and ] - also legality disputed - became a location of constant exchange of fire since Iraqi Vice President ] instructed Iraqi military to attack all planes in the no-fly zone. In late 2002, after international pressure and more UN Resolutions, Iraq allowed inspection teams back into the country. In 2003, ] was inspecting Iraq but were ordered out. There is no credible evidence of WMD production(see ]) and no WMDs have been found to date after 1991 (See below and ]). ] has since admitted that "much of the intelligence turned out to be wrong" . | |||
The United States structured its reports to the ] around intelligence from the ] and ] stating that Iraq possessed ]. The U.S. claimed that justification rested upon Iraq's violation of several U.N. Resolutions, most recently ]. U.S. president ] claimed Iraq's WMDs posed a significant threat to the United States and its allies . An inspection team ], before completing its UN-mandate or completing its report was ordered out by the UN because the US-led invasion appeared imminent. | |||
=== Weapons of Mass Destruction === | |||
{{See|Iraq and weapons of mass destruction}} | |||
In the past, ] and the technology to develop them by the United States, Germany, France and the United Kingdom. Saddam used these weapons against Iranian forces in the Iran-Iraq war, and against Kurdish civilians in the Iraqi town of ]. In 1990 during the ] Saddam had the opportunity to use these weapons, but chose not to. One of the noted reasons is the Iraqi forces' lack of up to date equipment to protect themselves from the effects, as well as the speed with which the US forces traversed the open desert. From 1991-1998 ] inspected Iraq and worked to locate and destroy WMD stockpiles. The team was replaced in 1999 with the United Nations Monitoring Verification and Inspection Commission, ]. | |||
No militarily significant WMDs have been found in Iraq since the invasion, although several degraded chemical munitions dating to before 1991 have been. On ], ] a report was released through the ], stating that since 2003, approximately 500 degraded chemical munitions have been discovered dating from before 1991 in Iraq, and "likely more will be recovered." <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,200499,00.html| author= |title=Report: Hundreds of WMDs Found in Iraq| format=|year= June 21st, 2006|work=Fox News | accessdate=2006-04-29}}</ref> The weapons are filled "most likely" with Sarin and Mustard Gas.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/Iraq_WMD_Declassified.pdf| author= |title=De-classified Report| format=|year= June 21st, 2006|work=House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence | accessdate=2006-04-29}}</ref> However, the ] states that these weapons were not in usable condition, and that "these are not the WMDs this country and the rest of the world believed Iraq had, and not the WMDs for which this country went to war."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,200499,00.html| author= |title=Report: Hundreds of WMDs Found in Iraq| format=|year= June 21st, 2006|work=Fox News | accessdate=2006-07-26}}</ref> | |||
In January 2006, '']'' reported that "A high-level intelligence assessment by the Bush administration concluded in early 2002 that the sale of uranium from Niger to Iraq was 'unlikely.'" The Iraqi government denied the existence of any such facilities or capabilities and called the reports lies and fabrications, which was backed by the post-war prima facie case that no WMDs were evident or found. | |||
Former CIA officials have stated that the White House knew before the invasion that Iraq had no weapons of mass destruction, but had decided to attack Iraq and continue to use the WMD story as a false pretext for launching the war ('']'', April 22, 2006 ). The leaked ], an internal summary of a meeting between British defense and intelligence officials, states that Bush Administration had decided to attack Iraq and to "fix intelligence" to support the WMD pretext to justify it. A transcript of a secret conversation between President Bush and PM Blair leaked by a government whistleblower reveals that the US and UK were prepared to invade Iraq even if no WMD were found (NY Times, March 27, 2006 ; see also the ]). British officials in the memo also discuss a proposal by President Bush to provoke Iraq, including using fake UN planes, to manufacture a pretext for the invasion he had already decided on. (NY Times, March 27, 2006 ). Best evidence of that false intelligence has been ] uranium story because on March 14, 2003 (before the invasion) it became public knowledge that president ] signatory has been forged | |||
Proponents of the invasion of Iraq cite the 2004 Butler Commission Report, which declares the importation of uranium from Niger was "well founded." Proponents also cite the 2003 Iraqi Survey Group Report which found: | |||
<blockquote>''By 2000-2001, Saddam had managed to mitigate many of the effects of sanctions and undermine their international support. Iraq was within striking distance of a de facto end to the sanctions regime, both in terms of oil exports and the trade embargo, by the end of 1999. Saddam wanted to recreate Iraq’s WMD capability—which was essentially destroyed in 1991—after sanctions were removed and Iraq’s economy stabilized, but probably with a different mix of capabilities to that which previously existed. Saddam aspired to develop a nuclear capability—in an incremental fashion, irrespective of international pressure and the resulting economic risks—but he intended to focus on ballistic missile and tactical chemical warfare (CW) capabilities.''</blockquote> | |||
Opponents however consider the Butler Report a ]. Despite this and other conspiratorial claims of a governmental pre-knowledge of Saddam's lack of WMD's the Silbermann-Robb report debunked claims that the public was in some way deceived into agreeing to the Iraq war by confirming the Butler reports claims finding that: | |||
<blockquote>"The Commission found no evidence of political pressure to influence the Intelligence Community's pre-war assessments of Iraq's weapons programs. As we discuss in detail in the body of our report, analysts universally asserted that in no instance did political pressure cause them to skew or alter any of their analytical judgments."<ref>http://www.factcheck.org/iraq_what_did_congress_know_and_when.html</ref></blockquote> | |||
The 2003 Iraqi Survey Group found numerous signs of destruction of official Iraqi Regime documents and equipment. Supporters of the Iraqi War state that because of this, the full WMD capabilities of Iraq prior to invasion will never be known. Supporters also point to existing WMD infrastructure outline in the 2003 Iraqi Survey Group which found Saddam Hussein had the capability to produce weaponized anthrax within 3 weeks of UN sanctions being removed. | |||
Former adviser to Saddam Heussien, General ], maintains that many WMD-related materials were moved from Iraq to Syria before the ] in spite of the findings by the ]. | |||
The final report on Iraqi weapons of mass destruction, issued by Charles Duelfer, head of the Iraq Survey Group, concluded in April 2005 that the hunt for weapons of mass destruction had "gone as far as feasible" and found nothing. Duelfer also concluded that "it unlikely that an official transfer of WMD material from Iraq to Syria took place," while noting that "ISG was unable to rule out unofficial movement of limited WMD-related materials" . | |||
== Countries supporting and opposing the invasion == | |||
] | |||
Support for the invasion and ] included 49 nations, a group that was frequently referred to as the "]". These nations provided combat troops, support troops, and logistical support for the invasion. The nations contributing combat forces were, roughly: | |||
Total 300,884 - 98% US & UK | |||
The ] (250,000 83%), the ] (45,000 15%), ] (3,500 1.1%), ] (2,000 0.6%), ] (200 0.06%), and ] (184 0.06%), these totals do not include the 50,000+ soldiers of the ] forces that assisted the coalition. Ten other countries offered small numbers of non-combat forces, mostly either medical teams and specialists in decontamination. In several of these countries a majority of the public was opposed to the war. For example, in ] polls reported at one time a 90% opposition to the war. In most other countries less than 10% of the populace supported an invasion of Iraq without a specific go-ahead from the UN. . According to a mid-January 2003 telephone poll, approximately one-third of the U.S. population supported a unilateral invasion by the US and its allies, while two-thirds supported war if directly authorized by the U.N. . | |||
] expressed ]. In many Middle Eastern and Islamic countries there were mass protests, as well as in Europe. On the government level, the war was criticized by ], ], ], ], the ], ], ], the ], ], ], ], ], ], the ], the ] and many others. Though many nations opposed the war, no foreign government openly supported Saddam Hussein, and none volunteered any assistance to the Iraqi side. Leading traditional allies of the U.S. who had supported Security Council ], ], ] and ], emerged as a united front opposed to the U.S.-led invasion, urging that the UN weapons inspectors be given time to complete their work. | |||
Saudi Foreign Minister ] said the U.S. military could not use Saudi Arabia's soil in any way to attack Iraq. After ten years of U.S. presence in Saudi Arabia, cited among reasons by Saudi-born ] for his ] attacks on America on ], ], most of U.S. forces were withdrawn in 2003. According to the '']'', the invasion secretly received support from ]. | |||
== Legality of the invasion == | |||
:''See ''']'''.'' | |||
== Opposition view of the invasion == | |||
{{main|Opposition to the Iraq War}} | |||
] did not regard Iraq's violation of UN resolutions to be a valid case for the war, since no single nation has the authority, under the ], to judge Iraq's compliance to UN resolutions and to enforce them. Furthermore, critics argued that the US was applying double standards of justice, noting that other nations such as ] are also in breach of UN resolutions and have nuclear weapons; this argument is not a black and white matter, , as some claim that Iraq's history of actually using chemical weapons (against Iran and the Kurdish population in Iraq) suggested at the time that Iraq was a far greater threat. Others claim, also, that this contradicts previous U.S. policy, since the US was one of many nations that supplied chemical weapon precursors, even when well aware of what it was being used for. | |||
], the Italian philosopher, has offered a critique of the logic of pre-emptive war. | |||
Although Iraq was known to have pursued an active nuclear weapons development program previously, as well as to have tried to procure materials and equipment for their manufacture, these weapons and material have yet to be discovered. President Bush's reference to Iraqi attempts to purchase ] in Africa in his 2003 ] are by now commonly considered as having been based on forged documents (see ]). | |||
], who has been a British Middle East correspondent for 29 years, warns in his book "The great war for civilisation" that history is repeating itself. Fisk, in the Dutch TV news program ]: "It is not just similar, it is 'fingerprint' the same". In 1917, the ] invaded Iraq, claiming to come "not as conquerors but as liberators". After an insurrection in 1920, "the first town that was bombed was ] and the next town that was laid siege to was ]". Then, the British army intelligence services claimed that terrorists were crossing the border from ]. Prime minister ] stood up in the house of commons and declared that "if British troops leave Iraq there will be civil war". The British were going to set up a democracy in Iraq. In a referendum, however, a king was 'elected'. "They decided they would no longer use troops on the ground, it was too dangerous, they would use the Royal Air force to bomb villages from the air. And eventually, we left and our leaders were overthrown and the ] party, which was a revolutionary socialist party at the time - Saddam Hussein - took over. And I'm afraid that the Iraq we are creating now is an Iraq of anarchy and chaos. And as long as we stay there, the chaos will get worse." | |||
== Christian opposition to war == | |||
During the buildup to the war, a large group of Christian ethicists issued a statement condemning the war as morally unjustifiable. Their brief statement, which was published in the Sept. 23 edition of the , read as follows: "As Christian Ethicists, we share a common moral presumption against a preemptive war on Iraq by the United States." The group included scholars from a wide array of universities, including traditionally left-leaning Ivy League schools as well as more conservative institutions such as Lipscomb University, in Nashville, Lubbock Christian University, in Lubbock, Tex. (both affiliated with the Churches of Christ), and the Baptist Theological Seminary at Richmond.<ref>http://chronicle.com/daily/2002/09/2002092302n.htm</ref> | |||
== See also == | |||
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== References == | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
== External links == | |||
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