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{{short description|American court-martial case}}
{{Infobox Military Person
{{Infobox court case
|name= Sgt. Hasan Akbar
United States Army |name = United States v. Hasan K. Akbar
|court = General court-martial convened by Commander, ]
|lived=1971-
|image =
|placeofbirth= ]
|imagesize =
|placeofdeath=
|imagealt =
|image=]
|caption =
|caption=Sgt. Hasan Akbar, center, is escorted out of the Judge Advocate's office at Fort Bragg, N.C. (US Army Photo)
|full name = United States v. Hasan K. Akbar
|nickname=
|date decided = April 21, 2005
|allegiance={{flagicon|United States}} ]
|citations =
|branch=]
|transcripts =
|serviceyears=1998-2004
|judges = Colonel Dan Trimble <br /> Colonel Patrick J. Parrish <br /> Colonel Stephen Henley
|rank= Sergeant
|number of judges = 3
|commands=
|decision by = ] composed of <br /> 9 officers <br /> 6 senior NCOs
|unit=]
|prior actions =
|battles=
|appealed from =
|awards=
|appealed to = ]
|laterwork=
|subsequent actions =
|related actions =
|opinions =
|keywords =
|italic title = yes
}} }}
'''''United States v. Hasan K. Akbar''''' was the ] of a ] soldier for a premeditated attack in the early morning hours of March 23, 2003, at Camp Pennsylvania, ], during the start of the United States ].


Sergeant Hasan Karim Akbar (born Mark Fidel Kools on April 21, 1971) threw four hand grenades into three tents in which other members of the ] were sleeping, and fired his rifle at fellow soldiers in the ensuing chaos. ] Captain Christopher S. Seifert was fatally shot in the back, and ] Major Gregory L. Stone was killed by a grenade. Fourteen other soldiers were wounded by Akbar, mostly from grenade shrapnel.
The '''Hasan Akbar case''' covers an event in the ], where ] ] Hasan Karim Akbar (born Mark Fidel Kools, c. ]) was convicted for the double-], or "]", of two fellow soldiers of the ], 326th Engineer Battalion.<ref>The Associated Press. (2003). ''CNN.com''. Retrieved November 25, 2006.</ref>


At trial, Akbar's military defense attorneys contended that Akbar had psychiatric problems, including paranoia, irrational behavior, insomnia, and other sleep disorders. In April 2005, he was convicted and sentenced to death for the murders of Seifert and Stone.<ref>, ''Military Times,'' 2003, Retrieved 02-22-2010</ref> The ] affirmed the sentence on July 13, 2012, and the ] affirmed the decision on August 19, 2015.
Akbar, a ] and ] convert from ], ], was convicted and sentenced to ]. The victims were ] Captain Christopher Seifert and ] Major ]. Fourteen other soldiers were also wounded in the incident, which took place on ], ]. The sentence, affirmed by the commander of the ],<ref>http://www.breitbart.com/news/2006/11/20/061120193615.8twiyvaz.html Death sentence affirmed for soldier who killed comrades in Kuwait</ref> is due to be heard by the ] under an automatic appeal.


Akbar was the first soldier since the ] to be convicted for "]" fellow soldiers overseas during wartime. He continues to be confined at the ] awaiting execution.
== Persons involved==
Akbar was born Mark Fidel Kools in the ], ]. At some undetermined point in his childhood, his mother remarried and converted to ].<ref name="washpost">Roig-Franzia, M. (2005). . ''Washington Post''. Retrieved November 25, 2006.</ref>


==Background==
He was admitted in 1988 under the name of Mark Fidel Kools to the ], where he took 9 years to obtain his ], graduating with a double major in ] and ].<ref>http://www.dateline.ucdavis.edu/dl_detail.lasso?id=6739</ref> After joining the ], he was assigned to Alpha Company, 326th Engineer Battalion of the ], assigned to remove ] and was eventually deployed to ].
Akbar was born Mark Fidel Kools on April 21, 1971, and grew up in ].<ref name="washpost">, ''The Washington Post'', Retrieved 28 July 2008</ref> His father, John Kools, converted to ] while in prison on a gang-related charge, and changed his surname to Akbar before his release in 1974. Akbar's mother later converted to Islam before marrying William M. Bilal, also a Muslim convert.<ref name="nytLA">, ''The New York Times'', 12 September 2003, accessed 15 March 2013</ref> She took the name Quran Bilal. She changed her son's name to Hasan Karim Akbar, to reflect his father's surname and their religion.<ref name="bbc"/> He was raised from a young age as a Muslim.<ref name="dewantrial"/> In 1988, Akbar was admitted to the ]. He graduated nine years later in 1997 with ] in both ] and ].<ref name="dateline.ucdavis.edu">, ''UC Davis News & Information''</ref> The university said that Akbar had stopped and restarted his studies during those years, lengthening the time it took him to complete his degrees.<ref name="bbc"/> He participated in the ] during college, but did not receive a commission.<ref name="bbc"/> Deeply in debt, he joined the Army as an enlisted member.<ref name="gruen">Madeleine Gruen, "Backgrounder: Sgt. Hasan Akbar", The NEFA Foundation, January 2010</ref>


A few years later, Akbar was an ] sergeant and a combat engineer assigned to Company A, 326th Engineer Battalion, ]. By March 2003, elements of the division were staging at Camp Pennsylvania, a U.S. military encampment in the Northern desert of ], in connection with the upcoming ]. In the early morning hours of March 23, 2003, Akbar turned off a power generator which was operating lights in the area where the attack occurred. Next, Akbar threw four ] fragmentation hand grenades into three tents in which other members of the division were sleeping, causing numerous injuries. In the resulting chaos, Akbar also fired his ] at fellow soldiers. ] Captain Christopher S. Seifert, assistant ] (intelligence and security officer) of the 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division and ] Major Gregory L. Stone, a member of the 124th Air Support Operations Squadron, were killed. Seifert, age 27, was fatally shot in the back, while Stone, age 40, suffered 83 shrapnel wounds. Fourteen other soldiers were injured.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fontenot |first1=Gregory |last2=Degen |first2=E. J. |last3=Tohn |first3=David |title=On Point: The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom |date=2005 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=978-1-59114-279-9 |page=103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=unZtAAAAMAAJ&q=On+Point-+the+United+States+Army+in+Operation+Iraqi+Freedom |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Soldier gets death penalty for killing officers in Kuwait |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7667169 |access-date=13 August 2023 |work=NBC News |date=28 April 2005 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gruen |first1=Madeleine |title=Backgrounder: Sgt. Hasan Akbar |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/abbottabad-compound/16/165FA03E9D57C37C831563E53C4A8F97_NEFA_-_Backgrounder_-__Sgt._Hasan_Akbar_and_the_March_2003_Kuwait_Attack.pdf |publisher=NEFA Foundation |access-date=13 August 2023}}</ref>
The two dead, ] Captain Christopher Seifert and ] Major Gregory Stone, were also members of the ]. The other victims were . {{cite needed}}


==Court-martial==
==Killings and aftermath==
], ], ].]]
<!-- Unsourced image removed: ] -->
Akbar was charged in a ] and shooting attack that killed ] Captain ] and ] Major ], while wounding 14 other soldiers on ], ]. The attack took place at ], ], a rear base camp for the invasion where Akbar threw hand grenades into a ] during early morning when the majority of troops were sleeping and fired his rifle into the ensuing chaos. News reports at the time claimed that Akbar had been recently reprimanded for ] and was told he would not join his unit's push into ].


]
Although Akbar confessed to the crimes, his lawyers claimed that he had a history of ] which was known to the military{{Fact|date=September 2007}}. During ] selection, the defense lawyers were said to favor jurors who have had experience dealing with mental illness{{Fact|date=March 2007}}. Akbar also suffers from ] and fell asleep several times during court proceedings. During his trial Akbar smuggled a pair of scissors out of a conference room, then asked the ] Officer guarding him to remove his hand cuffs so that he might use the restroom. When the Officer did remove Akbar's restraints he then stabbed the officer in the shoulder and neck with the scissors before being wrestled to the ground by another Officer. This attack was not allowed to be admitted as evidence by the army judge, during sentencing.<ref>http://www.katc.com/Global/story.asp?S=3256551</ref>
In 2005, Akbar, the sole suspect, was tried by ] at ] (now Fort Liberty), before a ] of nine officers, ranking from ] to ], and six senior ]. The jury was composed of thirteen men and two women. Although Akbar confessed to the crimes, his lawyers claimed during the 2005 trial that he had a history of ] which was known to the military.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4496989.stm|title=Profile: US soldier Hasan Akbar|publisher=]|date=April 29, 2005|access-date=September 10, 2008}}</ref>


Background accounts of Akbar's life suggested previous difficulties in adjusting to university and to the military.<ref name="bbc"/> His father John Akbar was reported by the ] as saying that his son had told him of complaining to superiors about "religious and racial harassment."<ref name="bbc"/> The defense did not produce any witnesses at his court martial related to this assertion.<ref name="bbc"/>
He was tried in ] in front of a military jury of nine officers, with ranks from major to colonel, and six senior sergeants. There were 13 men and two women on the jury.


Akbar's superiors considered his performance in the Army substandard. While assigned to the 326th Engineer Battalion, he was demoted from a squad leader position and given lower-level tasks. Fellow soldiers said that Akbar was isolated, "rarely in the company of others and was seen talking to himself."<ref name="gruen"/> In Akbar's early years with the unit, superiors had noted the sergeant had "an attitude problem".<ref name="bbc"/> Military officials attributed Akbar's motive in the immediate case to resentment.<ref name="fox">, FOX News</ref> Akbar was reported as having been recently reprimanded for ], and was told he would not join his unit's push into Iraq. Excerpts from his diary have been released. In an entry dated February 4, 2003, Akbar referred to mistreatment by his fellow soldiers:
== Verdict and appeals==
:"I suppose they want to punk me or just humiliate me. Perhaps they feel that I will not do anything about that. They are right about that. I am not going to do anything about it as long as I stay here. But as soon as I am in Iraq, I am going to try and kill as many of them as possible."<ref name="pipes"/>
]
* On ], ] Akbar was found guilty of two counts of ] (of Army Capt. ], 27, who was shot in the back, and Air Force Maj. ], 40, struck by ]) and three counts of attempted premeditated murder.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,154220,00.html Akbar Convicted of Murder</ref> He was ] on ], the ] deliberating for around 7 hours.<ref>http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7667169/</ref>


In another entry written before the attack, Akbar wrote, "I may not have killed any Muslims, but being in the army is the same thing. I may have to make a choice very soon on who to kill."<ref name="pipes">, [Weblog&#93; – Daniel Pipes, Mid-East Forum</ref> Prosecutors alleged in the court martial that his diary entries, together with his actions of stealing hand grenades and turning off the generator that lit the camp, showed that the attack was premeditated. His conviction on these charges led to the death sentence.
* On ], ] Lieutenant General John Vines, commander of the 18th Airborne Corps, affirmed the death sentence against Akbar.<ref>http://www.breitbart.com/news/2006/11/20/061120193615.8twiyvaz.html Death sentence affirmed for soldier who killed comrades in Kuwait</ref> The case now goes to the Army Court of Criminal Appeals under an automatic appeal. If the appeal fails, the execution will take place by ].


His military defense attorneys said that Akbar was diagnosed with psychiatric problems at the age of 14. He had suffered worsening symptoms in the military, which included "], irrational behavior, insomnia and other sleep disorders," making it impossible for him to do his job.<ref name="dewantrial">, ''The New York Times'', 12 April 2005, accessed 15 March 2013</ref> During his court martial, Akbar tried to explain his actions: he said he felt his life was "in jeopardy" and he had "other problems".<ref name="bbc"/> At one point during his trial, Akbar smuggled a sharp object out of a conference room. He asked the ]man guarding him to remove his hand cuffs so he might use the restroom. When the MP removed the restraints, Akbar stabbed the MP in the shoulder and neck before being wrestled to the ground by another MP.<ref name="KATC"/> The presiding judge did not allow this attack to be admitted as evidence prior to sentencing.<ref name="KATC">http://www.katc.com/Global/story.asp?S=3256551 ]></ref><ref>, ''Arab News''</ref>
Since the ], Akbar is the first U.S. soldier to be charged with the murder of another soldier during wartime, and the second soldier since the ] to be sentenced to death for killing a fellow soldier, though ]'s sentence was commuted to life. The last ] was that of ] in ].


On April 21, 2005, Akbar was found guilty of two counts of ] and three counts of attempted premeditated murder.<ref>, Fox News</ref> He was ] on April 28 after the jury deliberated for approximately seven hours.<ref>, Crime & courts, NBC News</ref>
== Possible motives ==
Military officials for the most part did not believe his religious beliefs had anything to do with the attack,{{Fact|date=July 2007}} and attributed Akbar's motive to resentment.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,81898,00.html Army: U.S. Soldier Acted Out of Resentment in Grenade Attack</ref> In a ] entry dated ], ], Akbar referred to mistreatment by his fellow soldiers:
: ''I suppose they want to punk me or just humiliate me. Perhaps they feel that I will not do anything about that. They are right about that. I am not going to do anything about it as long as I stay here. But as soon as I am in Iraq, I am going to try and kill as many of them as possible.''


On November 20, 2006, Lieutenant General ], commander of the XVIIIth Airborne Corps, affirmed the death sentence against Akbar. Under an automatic appeal because of the sentence, the case was forwarded to the ], which upheld the sentence on July 13, 2012. Afterwards, the case was automatically appealed to the ], which also upheld the conviction and sentence. Akbar had a final right of appeal to the ], which denied certiorari on October 3, 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 3, 2016 |title=Certiorari -- Summary Dispositions |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/orders/courtorders/100316zor_9ol1.pdf |website=Supreme Court of the United States}}</ref> Absent a new appeal, Akbar's appeals are exhausted and his conviction and sentence stand. The next step in his case requires the President of the United States in his role as Commander in Chief to order the execution to take place, which is currently done by ].<ref>, ABC News. Retrieved October 23, 2011.</ref> Akbar continues to be confined at the ] awaiting disposition of his sentence.<ref name="GoldmanDR">, ], 13 November 2009, Retrieved on 21 October 2010</ref> {{needs update|date=April 2022}}
Akbar wrote prior to the attack "I may not have killed any Muslims, but being in the Army is the same thing. I may have to make a choice very soon on who to kill." <ref>http://www.danielpipes.org/blog/443</ref> As early as 1992 he had made threatening statements such as "I made a promise that if I am not able to achieve success because of some Caucasians, I will kill as many of them as possible." and 1996: "destroying America was my plan as a child, and as a juvenile and in college. Destroying America is my greatest goal."


==See also==
Prosecutors alleged that his diary entries and his actions (stealing hand grenades and turning off the generator that lit the camp) showed that the attack was premeditated. One diary entry dated ] said "My life will not be complete unless America is destroyed."
{{Portal|Biography}}
* 2005 ]
* ]
* ]
* ], lead prosecutor for the case
{{clear}}


Akbar's mother, Quran Bilal, did tell reporters that she believed intolerance for his race and his Muslim faith created tensions within his unit as it prepared to invade a Muslim country.<ref name="washpost"/> Akbar's father has said that his son was the only ] and only ] in his company, the other members of which subjected him to constant harassment.<ref name="counterpunch">Goff, S. (2005). ''Counterpunch.org''. Retrieved November 25, 2006.</ref>

Akbar himself reportedly said, just moments after his arrest, "You guys are coming into our countries, and you're going to rape our women and kill our children."<ref name="counterpunch"/><ref>http://www.christusrex.org/www1/news/lat-4-30-05a.htm</ref>

== Reaction ==
] Chancellor ] said, “The circumstance is so very sad — devastating heartbreak for the families and friends of the soldiers, certainly, but a confusing, hurtful time for those who knew Mr. Kools/Akbar, as well. I hope and pray for the recovery of the wounded, and for healing comfort for the families of those killed."<ref>http://www.dateline.ucdavis.edu/dl_detail.lasso?id=6739</ref>
==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}} {{reflist}}

==See also==
*]
*] ] ]
*] ] ]



{{DEFAULTSORT:Akbar, Hassan}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Akbar, Hassan}}
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] ]
] ]
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Latest revision as of 16:17, 15 December 2024

American court-martial case
United States v. Hasan K. Akbar
CourtGeneral court-martial convened by Commander, XVIII Airborne Corps
Full case name United States v. Hasan K. Akbar
DecidedApril 21, 2005
Case history
Appealed toUnited States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
Court membership
Judges sittingColonel Dan Trimble
Colonel Patrick J. Parrish
Colonel Stephen Henley
Case opinions
Decision byMilitary Jury composed of
9 officers
6 senior NCOs

United States v. Hasan K. Akbar was the court-martial of a United States Army soldier for a premeditated attack in the early morning hours of March 23, 2003, at Camp Pennsylvania, Kuwait, during the start of the United States invasion of Iraq.

Sergeant Hasan Karim Akbar (born Mark Fidel Kools on April 21, 1971) threw four hand grenades into three tents in which other members of the 101st Airborne Division were sleeping, and fired his rifle at fellow soldiers in the ensuing chaos. Army Captain Christopher S. Seifert was fatally shot in the back, and Air Force Major Gregory L. Stone was killed by a grenade. Fourteen other soldiers were wounded by Akbar, mostly from grenade shrapnel.

At trial, Akbar's military defense attorneys contended that Akbar had psychiatric problems, including paranoia, irrational behavior, insomnia, and other sleep disorders. In April 2005, he was convicted and sentenced to death for the murders of Seifert and Stone. The Army Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed the sentence on July 13, 2012, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces affirmed the decision on August 19, 2015.

Akbar was the first soldier since the Vietnam War to be convicted for "fragging" fellow soldiers overseas during wartime. He continues to be confined at the United States Disciplinary Barracks awaiting execution.

Background

Akbar was born Mark Fidel Kools on April 21, 1971, and grew up in Watts, Los Angeles, California. His father, John Kools, converted to Islam while in prison on a gang-related charge, and changed his surname to Akbar before his release in 1974. Akbar's mother later converted to Islam before marrying William M. Bilal, also a Muslim convert. She took the name Quran Bilal. She changed her son's name to Hasan Karim Akbar, to reflect his father's surname and their religion. He was raised from a young age as a Muslim. In 1988, Akbar was admitted to the University of California, Davis. He graduated nine years later in 1997 with Bachelor's degrees in both Aeronautical and Mechanical Engineering. The university said that Akbar had stopped and restarted his studies during those years, lengthening the time it took him to complete his degrees. He participated in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps during college, but did not receive a commission. Deeply in debt, he joined the Army as an enlisted member.

A few years later, Akbar was an E-5 sergeant and a combat engineer assigned to Company A, 326th Engineer Battalion, 101st Airborne Division. By March 2003, elements of the division were staging at Camp Pennsylvania, a U.S. military encampment in the Northern desert of Kuwait, in connection with the upcoming invasion of Iraq. In the early morning hours of March 23, 2003, Akbar turned off a power generator which was operating lights in the area where the attack occurred. Next, Akbar threw four M67 fragmentation hand grenades into three tents in which other members of the division were sleeping, causing numerous injuries. In the resulting chaos, Akbar also fired his M4 rifle at fellow soldiers. Army Captain Christopher S. Seifert, assistant S-2 (intelligence and security officer) of the 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division and Idaho Air National Guard Major Gregory L. Stone, a member of the 124th Air Support Operations Squadron, were killed. Seifert, age 27, was fatally shot in the back, while Stone, age 40, suffered 83 shrapnel wounds. Fourteen other soldiers were injured.

Court-martial

The inscription of Christopher Seifert was placed on the Williams Township Veterans Memorial in Williams Township, Northampton County, Pennsylvania.
Funeral of Gregory L. Stone at Arlington National Cemetery (April 17, 2003)

In 2005, Akbar, the sole suspect, was tried by court martial at Fort Bragg, North Carolina (now Fort Liberty), before a military jury of nine officers, ranking from Major to Colonel, and six senior non-commissioned officers. The jury was composed of thirteen men and two women. Although Akbar confessed to the crimes, his lawyers claimed during the 2005 trial that he had a history of mental illness which was known to the military.

Background accounts of Akbar's life suggested previous difficulties in adjusting to university and to the military. His father John Akbar was reported by the Associated Press as saying that his son had told him of complaining to superiors about "religious and racial harassment." The defense did not produce any witnesses at his court martial related to this assertion.

Akbar's superiors considered his performance in the Army substandard. While assigned to the 326th Engineer Battalion, he was demoted from a squad leader position and given lower-level tasks. Fellow soldiers said that Akbar was isolated, "rarely in the company of others and was seen talking to himself." In Akbar's early years with the unit, superiors had noted the sergeant had "an attitude problem". Military officials attributed Akbar's motive in the immediate case to resentment. Akbar was reported as having been recently reprimanded for insubordination, and was told he would not join his unit's push into Iraq. Excerpts from his diary have been released. In an entry dated February 4, 2003, Akbar referred to mistreatment by his fellow soldiers:

"I suppose they want to punk me or just humiliate me. Perhaps they feel that I will not do anything about that. They are right about that. I am not going to do anything about it as long as I stay here. But as soon as I am in Iraq, I am going to try and kill as many of them as possible."

In another entry written before the attack, Akbar wrote, "I may not have killed any Muslims, but being in the army is the same thing. I may have to make a choice very soon on who to kill." Prosecutors alleged in the court martial that his diary entries, together with his actions of stealing hand grenades and turning off the generator that lit the camp, showed that the attack was premeditated. His conviction on these charges led to the death sentence.

His military defense attorneys said that Akbar was diagnosed with psychiatric problems at the age of 14. He had suffered worsening symptoms in the military, which included "paranoia, irrational behavior, insomnia and other sleep disorders," making it impossible for him to do his job. During his court martial, Akbar tried to explain his actions: he said he felt his life was "in jeopardy" and he had "other problems". At one point during his trial, Akbar smuggled a sharp object out of a conference room. He asked the military policeman guarding him to remove his hand cuffs so he might use the restroom. When the MP removed the restraints, Akbar stabbed the MP in the shoulder and neck before being wrestled to the ground by another MP. The presiding judge did not allow this attack to be admitted as evidence prior to sentencing.

On April 21, 2005, Akbar was found guilty of two counts of premeditated murder and three counts of attempted premeditated murder. He was sentenced to death on April 28 after the jury deliberated for approximately seven hours.

On November 20, 2006, Lieutenant General John R. Vines, commander of the XVIIIth Airborne Corps, affirmed the death sentence against Akbar. Under an automatic appeal because of the sentence, the case was forwarded to the Army Court of Criminal Appeals, which upheld the sentence on July 13, 2012. Afterwards, the case was automatically appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, which also upheld the conviction and sentence. Akbar had a final right of appeal to the United States Supreme Court, which denied certiorari on October 3, 2016. Absent a new appeal, Akbar's appeals are exhausted and his conviction and sentence stand. The next step in his case requires the President of the United States in his role as Commander in Chief to order the execution to take place, which is currently done by lethal injection. Akbar continues to be confined at the United States Disciplinary Barracks awaiting disposition of his sentence.

See also

References

  1. "Honor the Fallen", Military Times, 2003, Retrieved 02-22-2010
  2. Roig-Franzia, M. (22 April 2005). "Army Soldier Is Convicted In Attack on Fellow Troops", The Washington Post, Retrieved 28 July 2008
  3. National Briefing: "South Louisiana – A Weapons Charge", The New York Times, 12 September 2003, accessed 15 March 2013
  4. ^ "Profile: US soldier Hasan Akbar". BBC News. April 29, 2005. Retrieved September 10, 2008.
  5. ^ Shaila Dewan, "Trial Opens for Sergeant Accused of Killing 2 Officers", The New York Times, 12 April 2005, accessed 15 March 2013
  6. "Iraq war hits closer to home with arrest of UC Davis alum", UC Davis News & Information
  7. ^ Madeleine Gruen, "Backgrounder: Sgt. Hasan Akbar", The NEFA Foundation, January 2010
  8. Fontenot, Gregory; Degen, E. J.; Tohn, David (2005). On Point: The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom. Naval Institute Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-59114-279-9.
  9. "Soldier gets death penalty for killing officers in Kuwait". NBC News. 28 April 2005. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  10. Gruen, Madeleine. "Backgrounder: Sgt. Hasan Akbar" (PDF). NEFA Foundation. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  11. "Army: U.S. Soldier Acted Out of Resentment in Grenade Attack", FOX News
  12. ^ "Hasan Akbar's Chilling Diary Entries", [Weblog] – Daniel Pipes, Mid-East Forum
  13. ^ http://www.katc.com/Global/story.asp?S=3256551 Associated Press>
  14. "Sgt. Hassan Akbar Sentenced to Death for Kuwait Attack", Arab News
  15. "Akbar Convicted of Murder", Fox News
  16. "Soldier gets death for killing officers", Crime & courts, NBC News
  17. "Certiorari -- Summary Dispositions" (PDF). Supreme Court of the United States. October 3, 2016.
  18. "Military's death row: Hasan Akbar case", ABC News. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
  19. 1 Goldman, Russell. "Fort Hood Shooter Could Join 5 Others on Death Row", ABC News, 13 November 2009, Retrieved on 21 October 2010
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