Revision as of 19:16, 25 September 2007 edit75.112.134.14 (talk) Undid revision 160269897 by Old Raw (talk)← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 16:19, 24 December 2024 edit undoCitation bot (talk | contribs)Bots5,404,379 edits Altered url. URLs might have been anonymized. Add: jstor, doi, chapter-url. Removed or converted URL. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Dominic3203 | Category:Misplaced Pages articles needing factual verification from September 2019 | #UCB_Category 541/626 | ||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Diminutive spirit in Renaissance magic and alchemy}} | |||
{{two other uses|the mythical creature|the computing desktop environment|GNOME|other uses|Gnome (disambiguation)}} | |||
{{About|the fictional humanoid type of creature|the desktop environment for UNIX-like operating systems|GNOME|the garden ornament|Garden gnome|other uses|Gnome (disambiguation)}} | |||
{{pp-move|small=yes}} | |||
{{pp-pc}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}} | |||
{{Infobox mythical creature | |||
|name = Gnome | |||
|AKA = | |||
|image = Heinrich Schlitt Gnom mit Zeitung und Tabakspfeife.jpg | |||
|image_size = | |||
|caption = ''Gnom mit Zeitung und Tabakspfeife'' (English: ''Gnome with newspaper and tobacco pipe'') by ] (1923) | |||
|Folklore = Renaissance | |||
|Grouping = Diminutive spirit | |||
|Sub_Grouping = | |||
|Country = | |||
|Region = | |||
|Details = | |||
|First_Attested = 16th century | |||
}} | |||
]") hiding behind a ].]] | |||
A '''gnome''' ({{IPAc-en|n|oʊ|m}}<ref name="OED"/>) is a ] and diminutive spirit in ] and ], introduced by ] in the 16th century and widely adopted by authors, including those of modern fantasy literature. They are typically depicted as small ]s who live underground. Gnome characteristics are reinterpreted to suit various storytellers and artists.<ref name="ebo">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037122/gnome |title=Gnome |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date=12 March 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417103944/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037122/gnome |archive-date=17 April 2008 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> | |||
Paracelsus's gnome is recognized to have derived from the German miners' legend about '''{{lang|de|Bergmännlein}}''' or {{lang|la|dæmon metallicus}}, the "metallurgical or mineralogical demon", according to ] (1530), also called {{lang|la|virunculus montanos}}<!--nominative case appears to be -unculus --> (literal Latinization of ''Bergmännlein'', {{=}} "'''mountain manikin'''") by Agriocola in a later work (1549), and described by other names such as {{lang|la|cobeli}} (sing. {{lang|la|cobelus}}; Latinization of German {{lang|de|Kobel}}). Agricola recorded that, according to the legends of that profession, these mining spirits acted as miming and laughing pranksters who sometimes threw pebbles at miners, but could also reward them by depositing a rich vein of silver ore. | |||
A '''gnome''' is a master of the universe. Noone is more awesome than the gomes. Hail To the glory of gnomeland. The word ''gnome'' is derived from the ] ''gnomus''. It is often claimed to descend from the ] ''gnosis'', "knowledge", but more likely comes from ''genomos'' "earth-dweller". | |||
Paracelsus also called his gnomes occasionally by these names (''Bergmännlein'', etc.) in the German publications of his work (1567). Paracelsus claimed gnomes measured 2 ] (18 inches) in height, whereas Agricola had them to be 3 ''{{linktext|dodrans}}'' (3 spans, 27 inches) tall. | |||
] includes gnomes in his list of ]s, as earth elementals. He describes them as two ]s high, and very taciturn.<ref>C.S. Lewis, The Discarded Image, p135 ISBN 0-521-47735-2</ref> | |||
]s crafted as gnomes were introduced during the 19th century, growing in popularity during the 20th century as ]s. | |||
==In Folklore== | |||
Often featured in Germanic ]s, including those by the ],<ref>http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext01/grimm10.txt</ref> the gnome often resembles a gnarled old man, living deep underground, who guards buried treasure.<ref>http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext96/vifry10.txt Andrew Lang: "The Underground Workers"</ref> Because of this, ] are sometimes disparagingly referred to as the ]. Gnomes feature in the legends of many of central, northern and eastern ]an lands by other names: a ''kaukis'' is a ]n gnome, '']'' in Sweden, and '']'' are gnome-like creatures with big feet in the traditions of ] and ]. In ], gnomes ('']'') are so respected that roads are re-routed around areas said to be inhabited by them.<ref>http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/national/elvs25.shtml</ref> Some confusion arises as the gnome is one of many similar but subtly different creatures in European folklore; mythical creatures such as ]s and ] are often represented as gnomes, and vice versa. | |||
The name of the element ] descends from {{lang|de|kobelt}}, a 16th century German miners' term for unwanted ore (]-zinc ore, or possibly the noxious ] and ]), related as mischief perpetrated by the gnome '''''Kobel'''''{{efn|Or Latin:cobelus, Greek form {{transl|el|cobelos}}.}} (cf. {{section link||cobalt ore}}). This ''Kobel'' is a synonym of ''Bergmännlein'',<ref name="agricola1657-gloss"/> technically not the same as ], but there is confusion or conflation between them. | |||
Individual gnomes are not very often detailed or featured as characters in stories, but in ], ], the lord over the ], was sometimes referred to as a mountain gnome.<ref>http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext02/brfry10.txt Andrew Lang, "Rubezahl"</ref> According to some traditions, the gnome king is called Gob.{{Fact|date=September 2007}} | |||
The terms ''Bergmännlein''/''Bergmännchen'' or {{illm|Berggeist|de|lt=''Berggeist''}}<!--Thus a possible ] spinoff if a ] article is to be created--> are often used in German publications as the generic, overall term for the mine spirits told in "miners' legends" ({{lang|de|Bergmannssage}}).{{Refn|cf. the compilation {{harvp|Heilfurth|Greverus|1967}} and its explanatory, pp. 56–58, 189–190 on past anthologies by Wrubel (1883) using "Berggeist" as category,{{sfnp|Wrubel|1883|p=29}} and Stötzel (1936) essentially following but renaming the category as "Bergmännchen''.{{sfnp|Stötzel|1936|p=75}} }} | |||
==Names of gnomes in different parts of the world== | |||
These are the names by which gnomes are commonly designated in different parts of Europe: | |||
==Etymology== | |||
*] — Gnom, ] | |||
The word comes from ] {{lang|la|gnomus, gnomos}},{{sfnp|Paracelsus|1658|loc='''II''': 394}} (pl. {{lang|la|gnomi}}{{Refn|{{sfnp|Paracelsus|1658|loc='''II''': 391}} {{=}} loc. cit. apud OED.<ref name="OED"/>}}) which first appears in '']'' by ], published posthumously in ] in 1566.{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|And again in the Johannes Huser edition of 1589–1591 from an autograph by Paracelsus.}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Ex Libro de Nymphis, Sylvanis, Pygmaeis, Salamandris et Gigantibus, etc |author=Paracelsus |publisher=Ioannes Cruciger |location=] |date=1566 |author-link=Paracelsus }}</ref><ref>] (1997, 1964). ''Paracelsus: His Mystical and Medical Philosophy''. ]. pp. 53, 69–72, 74, 77–78. {{ISBN|0-89314-808-3}}.</ref> | |||
*] - Crisp | |||
*] — Gnoom, Kabouter | |||
*] — Gnom, Patuljak | |||
*] — Гном | |||
*] — Patuljak, Gnom, Polutan | |||
*] — Skřítek | |||
*] — Nisse | |||
*] — Gnome or Hob | |||
*] — Maahinen or menninkäinen | |||
*] — Gnom or Wichtel, though K(l)abauter is a known term as well. Gartenzwerg refers to a Garden Gnome | |||
*] — Gnomos, Gnomiko | |||
*] — Manó | |||
*] — Álfur or Dvergur | |||
*] — Gnome, Goblin | |||
*] — Gnomo (in ] it's called Scazzamurreddhu) | |||
*] — Nanu | |||
*] — Kabouter | |||
*] — Nisse | |||
*] — Krasnoludek, Skrzat | |||
*] — Gnomo, ] | |||
*] - Gnom, Pitic | |||
*] — Гном (Gnom) | |||
*] — Патуљак (Patuljak), Гном (Gnom), Полушан (Polušan) | |||
*] — Škriatok | |||
*] — Kepec, Gnom | |||
*] — Gnomo, ] | |||
*] — Tomtenisse, Hustomte, Tomte or Småtomte | |||
The term may be an original invention of Paracelsus, possibly deriving the term from Latin {{lang|la|*gēnomos}}, itself representing a Greek {{lang|grc|*γηνόμος}}, approximated by "{{lang|la|*gē-nomos}}", literally "earth-dweller". This is characterized by the ] (OED) as a case of "blunder",<ref name="OED"/> presumably referring to the omission of the ''ē'' to arrive at ''gnomus''. However, this conjectural derivation is not substantiated by any known prior attestation in literature,{{efn|The asterisk(*) at the beginnings of the presumed Latin or Greek words indicates ].}} and one commentator suggests the truth will never be known, short of a discovery of correspondence from the author.{{efn|A rhetorical comparison is made to ] who did write to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' regarding the word origin of "]".}}<ref name="liberman2009"/> | |||
==Modern usage== | |||
] authors will sometimes employ gnomes, as elementals, in their fiction.<ref>John Grant and John Clute, '']'', "Elemental" p 313-4, ISBN 0-312-19869-8</ref> | |||
==Paracelsus== | |||
Particularly noteworthy is the phonetically spelled ] of the ] books. Although the ] is the most famous of Oz's ]s (thanks to the popular 1939 film '']''), the Nome King is the closest the book series has to a main antagonist. He appears again and again to cause trouble for the Land of Oz. | |||
Paracelsus uses ''Gnomi'' as a synonym of '']''<ref name="OED"/> and classifies them as earth ]s.<ref>Cf. {{harvp|Paracelsus|Sigerist tr.|1941|pp=231–232}}</ref><ref name="veenstra2013"/> He describes them as two ] tall.{{efn|If 1 span is taken to be 9 inches, 2 spans equal 1.5 feet. Cf. below where Agricola gives 3 ''dodrans'' (equal to 3 spans, i.e., 2.25 feet).}}<ref>{{harvp|Paracelsus|1658|loc='''II''': 392}}: "Gnomi humiles sunt, duas circiter spithamas æquantes"; {{harvp|Paracelsus|1567|p=181}}: "die Gnomi sein klein bis auff zwo spannen unnd dergleichen ungeferlich"; {{harvp|Paracelsus|Sigerist tr.|1941|p=235}}: "The mountain people are small, of about two spans".</ref><ref name="lewis1964"/> They are able to move through solid earth, as easily as humans move through air, and hence described as being like a "spirit".<ref>{{harvp|Paracelsus|1658|loc='''II''': 391}}: "Terra autem gnomis tantum chaos ist. Illi enim transeunt solidas parietes, saxa & scopulos, instar spiritus..."; {{harvp|Paracelsus|1567|p=179}}: "also den Gnomis die erde ihr Lufft, dann ein jedes ding wonet, geht und steht im Chaos. Die Gnomi gehn durch ganze felsen, mauren, unnd was innen ihr Chaos zu gros ist..."; {{harvp|Paracelsus|Sigerist tr.|1941|p=234–235}}: "the mountain manikins have the earth which is their chaos. To them it is only an air"; {{harvp|Paracelsus|Sigerist tr.|1941|p=232}}: "to the gnomi in the mountains: the earth is the air and is their chaos.. Now, the earth is not more than mere chaos to the mountain manikins. For they walk through solid walls, through rocks and stones, like a spirit;"</ref> However the elementals eat, drink and talk (like humans), distinguishing them from spirits.{{sfnp|Paracelsus|Sigerist tr.|1941|p=228}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Them being "taciturn" according to C. S. Lewis<ref name="lewis1964"/> appears to be a misattribution, for Paracelsus states: "The mountain manikins are endowed with speech like the nymphs , and the vulcans speak nothing, yet they can speak but roughly and rarely".{{sfnp|Paracelsus|Sigerist tr.|1941|p=240}} Hartmann also seems to misstate the "spirits of the woods" as saying nothing,{{sfnp|Hartmann|1902|p=156}} since this answers to "sylvestres" of the forests, given as an alternate name sylphs, or air spirits.{{sfnp|Hartmann|1902|pp=54, 152–153}}{{sfnp|Paracelsus|Sigerist tr.|1941|p=231}}}} | |||
In modern fantasy games such as ]<ref>D20 System Reference Document, http://www.d20srd.org/srd/monsters/gnome.htm.</ref>, ]<ref>EverQuest Online reference site (May 2007), http://www.everquest-online.com/content/races-gnome.php</ref>, and ]<ref>World of Warcraft website (May 2007), http://www.worldofwarcraft.com/info/races/gnomes.html.</ref>, gnomes are often included as a playable race. They are commonly portrayed as large-headed humanoids about a meter in height, displaying characteristics such as a cheery temperament, an ] bent, a high degree of intelligence coupled with curiosity and poor judgement, and an unusual talent when it comes to either using magic or inventing and building technology, depending on the setting. These attributes not found in traditional stories about gnomes largely originated with the playable gnomes in Dungeons and Dragons, as well as the ] variant in the '']'' setting. | |||
And according to Paracelsus's views, the so-called ] ({{langx|de|Zwerg, Zwerglein}}) is merely ''monstra'' (]) of the earth spirit gnome.{{Refn|Sigerist's translation: "The giants come from the forest people and the dwarfs from the earth manikins. They are monstra like the sirens from the nymphs. Thus these beings are born".<ref>{{harvp|Paracelsus|Sigerist tr.|1941}}, translator's preface, p. 221, translated text, p. 248</ref> The Latin term "monstra" is used as is in the 1567 German edition also.<ref>{{harvp|Paracelsus|1567|p=195}}: "Die Riesen kommen von den Waltleuten, die zwerglein von den Erdleuten, unnd sein {{lang|la|monstra}} von ihnen wie die Syrenen von den Nymphen, von solche dingen werden wol selten geborn".</ref> However, this is not "monster" in the common modern sense, and explained as the "misbegotten" ({{lang|de|Mißgeburten}}) in one reference handbook in its entry on "Paracelsus".<ref name="handwoerterbuch1974-paracelsus"/>}} | |||
In the '']'' series, gnomes are considered garden pests and appear to be more akin to animals than intelligent beings. | |||
Note that Paracelsus also frequently resorts to circumlocutions like "mountain people" ('''{{lang|de|Bergleute}}''') or "mountain manikins" ("'''{{lang|de|Bergmänlein}}'''" {{sic}}<ref>e.g. {{harvp|Paracelsus|1567|p=181}} "Bergmänlein"</ref>) to denote the ''gnomi'' in the German edition (1567).<ref>For the English "mountain people" "mountain manikins" cf. {{harvp|Paracelsus|Sigerist tr.|1941}}, passim.</ref> | |||
In Sydney, Australia, Gnomes are known not only for their garden based oppression, but for their cricketing prowess. A famous Sydney-based institution is The Gnomes Cricket Club. Operating within the North Shore Comp, this band of 'cricketers' have for years now closely followed many Gnomish traits - such as indulging in ale and card games, whilst simultaneously attempting to play the popular Australian game of cricket. These Gnomes are commonly known as Crisps. | |||
==Precursors== | |||
], an Australian Rock band, included a song by the name of "Tales From The Forest Of Gnomes" in their first album. ] (formerly of Pomona AllStars) released her debut album titled "A Gnome in a Bottle" in 2007. ] also had a song titled "The Gnome" on their debut album ], penned by ]. These songs were all written in the hope of bringing Stoney 'Ah, the one and only' back to SUHC. | |||
There was a belief in early modern Germany about beings that lurked in the mines, known as {{lang|de|Bergmännlein}} (var. {{lang|de|Bergmännlin}},{{sfnp|Wolfersdorf|1968|pp=170, 199}} {{lang|de|Bergmänngen}}{{sfnp|Wolfersdorf|1968|pp=210, 211}}), equatable to what Paracelsus called "gnomes".<ref name="verardi2023"/> Paracelsus's contemporary, ], being a supervisor of mines, collected his well-versed knowledge of this mythical being in his ], ''De amantibus subterraneis'' (recté ''De animatibus subterraneis'', 1549).<ref name="verardi2023"/> The (corrected) title suggests the subject to be "subterranean animate beings". It was regarded as a treatise on the "Mountain spirit" ('''{{lang|de|Berggeist}}''' by the ], in '']''.{{Refn|Grimms, ''DW'';{{sfnp|Grimm|Grimm1816|p=3}} cf. ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'' "kobel".<ref name="Grimm-DW-kobel"/>}}<ref name="lecouteux-dict-bergmännchen"/> | |||
Agricola is the earliest and probably most reliable source on {{illm|Berggeist|de}}, then known as ''Bergmännlein'', etc. {{sfnp|Wolfersdorf|1968|p=40}} Agricola's contemporary ], a ] reformist ], in ''Sarepta Oder Bergpostill'' (1562) uses these various mine-lore terminology in his German sermon, so that the noxious ore which Agricola called {{lang|la|cadmia}} is clarified as that which German miners called {{lang|de|cobelt}} (also {{lang|de|kobelt}}, {{lang|de|cobalt}}),{{Refn|This clarification (identification of cadmia's real German form) is possible through Agricola's publications too, but is more complicated. In the text itself he write that the ore in Latin ''cadmia'' was called in German {{lang|la|cobaltus}}, which is of course Latinized.<ref name="agricola-cobaltum"/> The pure German form {{lang|de|kobelt}} can be looked up in the appended glossary ("{{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6tlCB1PdJoC&pg=PA473 |2=Cadmia metallica {{lang|de|Kobelt}}}}"), or by tabulating a comparison with the contemporary German translations which the Hoovers have done.{{sfnp|Agricola|Hoovers trr.|1912|pp=112–113}}}} and a demon the Germans called ''kobel'' was held responsible for the mischief of its existence, according to the preacher. The ''kobel'' demon was also blamed for the "{{transl|el|hipomane}}"{{sic}} or horse's poison (cf. ]<!--{{linktext|μᾶνις}}-->, {{section link||Rosenkranz mine, Annaberg}}).{{Refn|name="mathesius1562"|] (1652), quoted in English by the Hoovers,{{sfnp|Agricola|Hoovers trr.|1912|loc='''1''': 214, n21}} excerpted by Wothers.<ref name="wothers2019"/>}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Mathesius apparently used {{lang|de|gütlein}} also.<ref name="mathesius-gloss-gutelin"/>}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|The Hoovers in their translation of Agricola echo the opinion that ''kobalt'' has this name because the ''kobel'' demon was blamed for it. Cf. also ] (1752).<ref name="wothers2019"/> See {{section link||Cobalt ore}} for further details on the "cobalt" etymology.}} | |||
==Garden gnomes== | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
The first garden gnomes were made in ], a town known for its ceramics in ], ] in the mid-]. August Heissner and Phillip Griebel<ref name="bearded">{{cite news | |||
| last = | |||
| first = | |||
| coauthors = | |||
| title = Bearded wonder | |||
| work = | |||
| pages = | |||
| language = | |||
| publisher = Telegraph.co.uk | |||
| date = 2007-03-16 | |||
| url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/main.jhtml?xml=/gardening/2007/03/16/gnomes16.xml | |||
| accessdate = 2007-09-19}}</ref> both made terracotta animals as decorations, and produced gnomes based on local myths as a way for people to enjoy the stories of the gnomes' willingness to help in the garden at night. The garden gnome quickly spread across Germany and into France and England, and wherever gardening was a serious hobby. Gnome manufacture spread across Germany with numerous other large and small manufacturers coming into and out of the business, each one having its own particular style of design. ] was hard on the industry and most producers gave up then. Griebel's descendants still make them and are the last of the German producers, all others having moved production to ] or ]. | |||
==Agricola== | |||
Traditional gnomes are made from a ] clay slurry poured into molds. The gnome is removed from the mold, allowed to dry, and then fired in a ] until it is hard. Once cooled the gnome is painted to the level of detail desired and sent to stores to be sold to consumers. More modern gnomes are made from ]s and similar materials. | |||
Agricola, in his earlier Latin work ''Bermanus, sive, de re metallica'' (first printed 1530, reprinted 1546, etc.), did delve into a limited discussion on the "metallurgical or mine demon" ({{lang|de|dæmon metallicus}}){{efn|The main text itself discusses "dæmon" in relation to "metallum" but the set phrase "dæmon metallicus" occurs in the end gloss.}} touching on the "Corona rosacea" mine disaster (cf. {{section link||Rosenkranz mine, Annaberg}}) and the framework of ] demonology (cf. {{section link||Demonology}}). A Latin-German gloss in later editions identify the being he called {{lang|la|daemon metallicus}} as cypher for German {{lang|de|Bergmännlein}} ({{lang|de|Das bergmenlin}}{{sic}}, "mountain manikin", general term for earth spirit or mine spirit).<ref name="agricola1546"/> | |||
Much more details were presented in Agricola's later Latin work ''De animatibus subterraneis'' (1549) (cf. {{section link||De animatibus subterraneis}}),<ref name="agricola1614"/>{{Refn|name="Hoovers-tr"}} known as a ] on {{lang|de|Berggeist}} ("mountain spirit") in the Grimms' ''Deutsche Sagen''.<ref name="lecouteux-dict-bergmännchen"/> The equivalent German appellations of the demons/spirits were made available by the subsequent gloss published 1563<!--As well as the contemporary German translation of Agricola, which the Hoovers consulted.-->.{{Refn|Gloss titled ''Appellationes quadrupedum, insectorum, volucrium, piscium'' (1563), quote: "Daemon subterraneus.. bergmenlein/kobel/guttel".<ref name="LibrarySurgeonGeneral1941"/> See full quote with opposite translation, below.}} Agricola here refers to the "gnome/mine spirit" is referred to by a variety of terms and phrases, such as {{lang|la|virunuculus montanos}} ("montain manikin", i.e., German: ''bergmännlein'') or Greek/Latin {{transl|grc|cobelos}}/{{lang|la|cobelus}} (German: ''kobel'') . | |||
Garden gnomes were first introduced to the ] in ] by Sir Charles Isham, when he brought 21 ] figures back from a trip to ] and placed them as ornaments in the gardens of his home, ] in ]. Only one of the original batch of gnomes survives: ''Lampy'', as he is known, is on display at Lamport Hall, and is insured for one million ].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/36143.stm |title = Gnome Expense Spared |publisher = BBC News |date = 1997-12-01 |accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> | |||
The pertinent gloss, also quoted by Jacob Grimm,{{Refn|Grimm's annotation to his ''Deutsche Mythologie''.{{sfnp|Grimm|Stallybrass tr.|1888|loc='''4''': 1414}} He states the source as the 1657 edition ''de re metall. libri XII'' which is misleading since it (as quoted from below) is an omnibus edition including selections from ''De animantibus'', and Grimm is actually quoting the appended gloss to ''De animantibus'', not ''De re metallica''.}} states that the more ferocious of the "underground demons" ({{lang|la|daemon subterraneus}}) were called in German {{lang|de|Berg-Teufel}} or "mountain-devil", while the milder ones were called {{lang|de|Bergmännlein, Kobel, Güttel}}{{efn| ({{lang|de|bergmenlein, kobel, guttel}} {{sic}}.}}.<ref name="agricola1657-gloss"/> And the {{lang|la|daemon metallicus}} "mine demon" aka Bergmännlein ({{lang|de|bergmenlein}} {{sic}}) is somehow responsible for depositing rich veins of ore ("{{lang|de|] ]}})" (specifically rich silver<ref>{{harvp|Agricola|1546|p=78}}: "{{lang|la|{{linktext|argento |fœcundam}}}}"</ref> ore).<ref name="agricola1546-gloss-zech"/>{{sfnp|Grimm|Stallybrass tr.|1888|loc='''4''': 1414}} | |||
Garden gnomes have become a popular ] in many gardens. They are often the target of ]s: people have been known to return garden gnomes "to the wild", most notably ]'s ''"Front de Liberation des Nains de Jardins"'' and Italy's ''"MALAG"'' (]). Some kidnapped garden gnomes have been sent on trips around the world (the ]; this later became the basis for ]'s "]"). | |||
A different entry in the gloss reveals that the "metallurgical demon" (''daemon metallicus'') or ''Bergmännlein'' is somehow responsible for leaving a rich vein of ore ({{lang|de|] ]}}),{{sfnp|Grimm|Stallybrass tr.|1888|loc='''4''': 1414}} specifically a rich vein of silver.{{Refn|"{{langx|la|{{linktext|quantumvis |argento |fœcundam}}}}"(abundant and rich silver<ref name="agricola1546-gloss-zech">{{harvp|Agricola|1546|p=478}}, gloss: "{{lang|la|Fodinam, quantumuis argento fœcundam propter dæmonem metallicum deferere}}": "{{lang|de|Ein fundige zech des bergmenleins halben liegen lassen}}" </ref>}}{{Refn|Cf. also paraphrase by ] (1876) '']'' translated into French.<ref name="black1893"/>}} | |||
The practice of stealing garden gnomes is also sometimes referred to as "Gnome Hunting". | |||
===De animatibus subterraneis=== | |||
Gnomes are often depicted as having beards and are typically males, and usually wear red hats and are known to smoke pipes. They are made in various poses and pursuing various pastimes, such as fishing or ].<ref>{{cite web | |||
| last = | |||
| first = | |||
| authorlink = | |||
| coauthors = | |||
| title =Gallery | |||
| work = | |||
| publisher = Gnomeland | |||
| date = | |||
| url = http://www.gnomeland.co.uk//Gallery%20index.html | |||
| format = | |||
| doi = | |||
| accessdate = 2007-09-19}}</ref> | |||
According to Agricola in ''De animatibus subterraneis'' (1549), these mountain-cave demons were called by the same name, ''cobalos'', in both Greek (i.e. {{transl|grc|kobalos}}) and German (i.e. {{lang|de|kobel}}{{Refn|The German appellations are given in the gloss to ''De animantibus'',<ref name="agricola1657-gloss"/> as already explained.}}<ref name="lecouteux-dict-bergmännchen"/> var. {{lang|de|kobal}}{{Refn|There is the German form {{lang|de|Kobalen}}, the -en presumably a definite article suffix. This term applies to a mountain-cave demon, answering to Latin ''Cobali'', ''virunculi montani'' (used here by Agricola), ''Berggeister'', Gnome, and Kobold, according to German linguist ].<ref name="kretschmer1928"/>}} ). The Latin form is appended in the margin (pl. {{lang|la|cobali}}, sing. {{lang|la|cobalus}}) They were thus called on account of them aping or mimicking humans. They have the penchant to laugh, while seeming to do things, without accomplishing anything.<ref name="agricola1614"/>{{Refn|name="Hoovers-tr"}} | |||
Gnomes have become controversial in serious gardening circles in the UK, and have been banned from the prestigious ] as the organisers claim that they detract from the garden designs. Gnome enthusiasts accuse the organisers of snobbery because they are popular in ] and ] gardens.<ref>{{cite news | |||
| last = Akbar | |||
| first = Arifa | |||
| coauthors = | |||
| title = Gnomes spark row over fairies at Chelsea | |||
| work = | |||
| pages = | |||
| language = | |||
| publisher = The Independent | |||
| date = 2006-05-25 | |||
| url = http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article571666.ece | |||
| accessdate = 2007-09-19}}</ref> | |||
In classical Greek literature, ''kobalos'' ({{lang|grc|κόβαλος}}) refers to an "impudent rogue",<ref name="Liddel&Scott-kobalos"/>{{Refn|{{harvp|Grimm|Stallybrass tr.|1883|p=500}}: "rogue"; {{harvp|Grimm|1875|pp=415–416}}: "''{{linktext|Schalk}}''".}}<!--not a ]--> or in more modern parlance, "joker"<ref name="lockwood1987"/> or "trickster".<ref name="hawhee2020"/> The chemist ] (1935) had suggested "]".{{Refn|Mellor (1935) "{{lang|grc|κόβαλος}}, a mine{{sic}}",<ref name="mellor1935"/> misprint corrected as "''kobalos'', mime" by Taylor.<ref name="taylor1977"/>}} | |||
==Garden Gnomes In TV== | |||
The final episode of the cult British TV comedy series ] came as a joy to all those who loathe garden gnomes. After stealing a British Army tank from a firing range, the would-be, joke revolutionary, Smith, hides it in a friend's garage. Whilst away, one of the family, curious as the what is this vast vehicle, parked amongst the garden tools, climbs down inside and accidentally steps on the fire button. The result is that their neat garden is raked with high calibre, heavy machine gun fire, and the spectacular, slow motion, annihilation of the 30 or so garden gnomes scattered about it. | |||
These were otherwise called the {{lang|la|virunculos montanos}}, literally translatable into German as {{lang|de|Bergmännlein}}, or English as "mountain manikin"{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Or "mountain dwarf"<ref name="drake 1817"/>}}{{Refn|Latin {{lang|la|virunculos}} is ''{{linktext|vir}}'' "man" suffixed with diminutive ''{{linktext|-unculos}}'', ''{{linktext|-unculus}}''. Hence equal to German diminutive of ''Mann'', i.e., ''Männlein'', ''Männchen''.}}{{Refn|] also gives '''{{lang|de|Bergmänlin}}''' {{=}}{{lang|de|Bergmanlein}} as German equivalent. {{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=ei9gAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA123|2=''Mundus Subterraneus'', Lib. VIII, sect. 4, cap. 4, p. 123}}.}} due to their small stature (about 2 feet).{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Agricola specifies "{{lang|la|nempe nani tres dodrantes longi}}" where ''{{linktext|dodrans}}'' glosses as "three-quarters of a foot", i.e., "dwarf 2.25 feet tall". The Hoovers' translation converts to "about 2 feet".}} They had the appearance of old age, and dressed like miners,{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Here "{{linktext|metallicorum}}" is glossed as "miner", even though the old translation renders as "metal finers".<ref name="lavater-tr-harrison1596"/>}} in laced/filleted shirt{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|The dated rendition gives "laced petticoat" while the Hoovers gave "filleted garment" for Latin ''{{linktext|vittatus}}'' (''{{linktext|vitta}}'' "band, ribbon").}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|''{{linktext|indusium}}'' or "laced petticoat" in the old translation<ref name="lavater-tr-harrison1596"/> could refers to either an upper or lower garment, thus the Hoover's give "garment", but here prob. in the sense of shirt, not skirt, cf. Bergmännlein wearing "white shirt" in ]'s ''Froschmäuseler'' poem, noted by Grimm.{{sfnp|Grimm|Stallybrass tr.|1883|loc=p. 462, n2}}}} and leather apron around the loins.<ref name="agricola1614"/><ref name="lavater-tr-harrison1596"/>{{Refn|name="Hoovers-tr"|Excerpted translation footnoted in President and Mrs. Hoover (1912)'s translation of ''De re metallica'',<ref name="agricola-tr-hoover1912"/> requoted by Wothers,<ref name="wothers2019"/>}} And although they may pelt miners with gravel/pebbles{{efn|{{lang|la|glareis Jacessant}}.}} they did no real harm, unless they were first provoked.<ref name="agricola1614"/>{{Refn|name="Hoovers-tr"}} | |||
A garden gnome also appears in the ] episode ], in which Basil Fawlty threatens to 'insert a large garden gnome' into a cowboy builder, and at the end of the episode is seen marching off carrying just such a lawn ornament in order to carry out this threat. | |||
Agricola goes on to add there are similar to the beings which the Germans called ''Guteli'' (singular: '''{{lang|la|Gutelos}}'''; {{langx|de|Gütel}},<ref name="lecouteux-dict-bergmännchen"/><ref name="Handwoerterbuch1931-guetel"/> var. {{lang|de|Güttgen}}), which are amicable demons that are rarely seen, since they have business at their home taking care of livestock.{{efn|''{{linktext|iumentum}}'' can mean cattle, etc., though Lavater tr. Harris gives "horses"}}<ref name="agricola1614"/><ref name="lavater-tr-harrison1596"/> A''Gütel'' or {{lang|de|Güttel}} is elsewhere explained as not necessarily a mountain spirit, but more generic, and may haunt forests and fields.<ref name="mueller-fraureuth1906"/>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|(]) ''Gütel'', ''Güttel'' purportedly diminutives of "God",<ref name="mueller-fraureuth1906"/> as it referred to fetish figurines, and as such ostensibly identifiable with kobold (as figurines).<ref name="Handwoerterbuch1974-kobold"/>}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|name="gitulius"|Grimm cites ]'s "Old" Bohemian glosses, 79<sup>b</sup> as giving "gitulius" for ''kobolt'', followed by ''alpinus'' glossed as "tatrman". Grimm makes the point that all these have "doll" or "puppet" connotations, since ''alphinus'' was the term for a ] (the queen, apparently also called "the fool"), and ''tatrman'' is attested with the usage "guiding him with strings".<!--editorial decision to exclude Grimm venturing that gaetulius may mean "African savages"--><ref>Hanka (1833). ''Zbjrka neydáwněgšjch Slownjků Latinsko-Českých'' . s.v. "{{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9gAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA79 |2=Gitulius kobolt}}, p. 79</ref>{{sfnp|Grimm|Stallybrass tr.|1883|p=502}}}} The Hoovers render these as "goblins".{{Refn|name="Hoovers-tr"}} | |||
Agricola finally adds these resemble the {{lang|la|Trullis}} (trolls?) as they are called especially by the Swedes,{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|A ''troll'' is obviously rather generic. Lecouteux gives Swedish: {{lang|sv|gruvrå}}.<ref name="lecouteux-dict-bergmännchen"/>}} said to shapeshift into the guise of human males and females, and sometimes made to serve men.<ref name="agricola1614"/><ref name="lavater-tr-harrison1596"/> | |||
====Rosenkranz mine, Annaberg==== | |||
Purportedly a mountain demon incident caused 12 fatalities at a mine named Rosenkrans at Anneberg{{Refn|As also reported by Olaus Magnus,<ref name="olaus-eng"/> discussed below.}} or rather Rosenkranz{{sfnp|Wolfersdorf|1968|p=121}}{{sfnp|Heilfurth|Greverus|1967|pp=105, 347}} or Rosenkrone{{sfnp|Heilfurth|Greverus|1967|p=347}} (Corona Rosacea<ref name="wothers2019"/>) at ], in the Erzgebirge (]) in ].{{sfnp|Wolfersdorf|1968|p=40}} The demon took on the guise of the horse, and killed the twelve men with its breath, according to Agricola.{{Refn|{{langx|la|"Flatum vero emittebat ex rictu"}}<ref name="agricola1614"/> apparently omitted by the Hoovers, Wothers provides his own translation that it "only with his breath killed more than twelve labourers" and comments on the demon appearing in horse's guise, and issuing poison breath out of its mouth.<ref name="wothers2019"/> Cf. {{langx|de|Anhauch}}.{{sfnp|Wolfersdorf|1968|p=40}}}}{{Refn|Calmet states "spirit in the shape of a spirited, snorting horse", citing a different title, "Geo. Agricola, ''de Mineral. Subterran.'', p. 504"<ref name="calmet1850"/>}} | |||
====Demonology==== | |||
Agricola has a passage in ''Bermanus'' which is quoted by a modern scholar as relevant to the study of his contemporary Paracelsus.<ref name="koelsch-2013"/> The passage contains the line{{Refn|Just below mention of the mine "Corona rosacea", writes: "Eius generis demonum, quod in metallis esse solet, inter reliqua, sex (6) enim numerat, Psellus mentionem fecit,.. cæteris peius" (worse than the rest).<ref name="agricola1546"/>}} basically repeated by Olaus, as "there exist in ore-bearing regions six kinds of demon more malicious than the rest".<ref name="olaus"/><ref name="olaus-eng"/> | |||
This is probably misstated or misleading, since ''Bermanus'' cites ],<ref name="agricola1546"/> who devised a ], where clearly it is not all six, but just the fifth class of subterranean demons which are relevant to mining.<ref name="hibbert1825"/> | |||
This demon class is also equatable to Agricola's Cobali and "Getuli" (recté "Guteli"){{Refn|"Guteli" was Agricola's spelling, thus "Getuli" is not faithful to it. However, ''gitulius'' (var. ''getulius, gaetulius'') as syn. ''kobolt'' is attested,{{sfnp|Grimm|Stallybrass tr.|1883|p=502}} so the learned Englishmen were perhaps providing the correct standard Latin.}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|name="gitulius"}} according to commentators.<ref name="hibbert1825"/><ref name="burton-anatomy1621"/> | |||
It has also been noted that Agricola distinguished the "mountain devil", exemplified by ] with the small-statured ''Bergmännlein''.<ref name="ernsting1994"/> Although the popular notion was that Rübezahl was indeed lord of the gnomes, as told in folktales around the Risengibirge (]) region in Silesia, published by 18th century folktale collector ].<ref name="musaeus1845"/> | |||
Agricola explaining that the "mine demon" {{lang|la|dæmon metallicus}} or "{{lang|de|Bergmenlin}}" somehow deposited "rich mines" was mentioned above.<ref name="agricola1546-gloss-zech"/> | |||
====Cobalt ore==== | |||
Agricola knew of certain noxious unwanted ores the Germans miners called ''kobelt'', though he generally referred to it by the Greek term, {{transl|el|cadmia}}.<ref name="agricola-cobaltum">{{harvp|Agricola|1546}}, {{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6tlCB1PdJoC&pg=PA467|2=p. 467}}: "{{lang|la|Hoc genus metallici cobaltum, liceat mihi nunc nostris uti, vocant: Græci cadmiam}}".</ref><ref name="ball2001"/> This ''cadmia''/''kobelt'' appears to have denoted a cobalt-zinc ore, but Agricola ascribes to it corrosive dangers to the miners' feet, and it is noted that ], a cobalt and ] mixture presents corrosive properties.<ref name="ball2001"/> This ore, which defied being smelted by the ] of that time, may also have been ], composed of cobalt, arsenic, and sulfur.{{sfnp|Wothers|2019}} | |||
The presence of this nuisance ore ''kobelt'' was blamed on the similar-sounding ''kobel'' mine spirits, as Mathesius noted in his preaching.{{Refn|name="mathesius1562"}} The inferred etymology of ''kobelt'' deriving from ''kobel'', which Mathesius does not quite elocute, was explicitly articulated by ] in ''Beiträge zur Geschichte der Erfindungen'' (tr. English as ''The History of Inventions, discoveries and origins'', 1797).<ref name="wothers2019"/> | |||
The ''kobel'' spirit possibly the namesake of the ore is characterized as a "gnome or a goblin" by science writer ].<ref name="ball2001"/>{{Refn|The trend of 21st century scholarship seems to be to categorize the ''kobel'', etc. as "gnome". ] titles his section on discussion on cobalt as §Gnomes and Goblins.{{sfnp|Wothers|2019|p=47}} And while Wothers's Fig. 24 ({{=}} the fig. under {{section link||Olaus Magnus}}) labels the creature as "mining demon", ''Britannica Online'' labeled it as "gnome".}} However, 20th century dictionaries had suggested derivation from ], for example, Webster's in 1911 which didn't distinguish kobel from kobold and lumped them together,<ref name="Webster1911-cobalt">{{OED|cobalt}}; ]; Allen, Frederic Sturges edd. (1911) ''Webster's New International Dictionary'', s.v.""</ref> and the OED which conjectured that the ore ''kobolt'' and the spirit ''kobolt/kobold'' was the same word.<ref name="OED-cobalt">{{OED|cobalt}}; ] ed. (1908) ''A New Eng. Dict.'' '''II''', s.v.""</ref> An alternative etymology deriving ''kobolt'' ore from ''{{linktext|Kübel}}'', a type of bucket mentioned by Agricola, has been suggested by Karl Müller-Fraureuth.<ref name="mueller-fraureuth1906"/>{{Refn|Agricola mentions the bucket repeatedly, in Latin as ''modulus'', glossed as "''kobel''".<ref>{{harvp|Agricola|1546|p=481}}: {{langx|la|Modulus}} {{=}} {{langx|de|Kobel}}</ref> Cf. also Grimm, ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'', Band 5, s.v. "{{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERSZv4n2zpEC&pg=PA1539 |2=Kobel}}", as well as "{{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERSZv4n2zpEC&pg=PA1541 |2=Köbel}}" and "{{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERSZv4n2zpEC&pg=PA2489 |2=Kübel}}".}} ] suggests that ''cobalt'' could derive (without connection to Agricola) from ''cobathia'' for noxious smoke.{{sfnp|Wothers|2019|p=47}} | |||
===Olaus Magnus=== | |||
] | |||
The erudite Swedish ] in his '']'' (1555) also provides a chapter on "demons in the mines".<ref name="olaus"/><ref name="olaus-eng"/> Although Olaus uses the term "demon" ({{lang|la|daemon}}) and not the uninvented coinage "gnome", the accompanying woodcut he provided (cf. Fig. right) has been represented as "gnome" in modern reference sources.<ref name="ebo"/><ref name="rand2019"/>{{Refn|Olaus appears to be quoting Munsterus (Münster), identified as author of ''Cosmographia'',<ref name="burton-anatomy1621"/> i.e., ] the cartographer. He names Agricola apparently as an additional authority for confirmation. But much material found in Olaus are actually to be found in Agricola, as explained in several notes above.}} | |||
===Praetorius=== | |||
''Anthropodemus Plutonicus''.}}}}]] | |||
] in ''Anthropodemus Plutonicus'' (1666) devotes a chapter of considerable length to the beings he calls {{lang|de|Bergmännrigen}} or {{lang|de|Erdleute}} "earth people", and follows Agricola to a large extent. Thus he considers earth spirits to be of two types, one more evil and sinister looking. The other, more benevolent and known as ''bergmännlein'' or ''kobolde''. He gives the measurement of what he calls the {{lang|de|Bergmännrigen}} at "drey viertel einer Ellen lang",<ref>{{harvp|Praetorius|1666|p=142}}; {{harvp|Praetorius|1668|p=129}}</ref><ref name="williams2017"/> perhaps shy of one and a half feet.{{efn|Williams calculates to "half a foot" which must be off, perhaps 3/4 misread as 1/4.}} | |||
The mention of ''kobolde'' here as a name for the underground spirit is an unresolved contradiction to Praetorius dedicating a wholly separate chapter on the kobold as house sprite<ref>{{harvp|Praetorius|1666|pp=359–379}}; {{harvp|Praetorius|1668|pp=311–326}} "VIII. Von Hausmännern, Laribus, Penatibus, Geniis, Kobolden, Stepgen, Ungethümen, Larven, Haussgötzen, Gütgen".</ref> with a separate frontispiece art labeled "8. Haußmänner/Kobolde/Gütgen" for the house spirits.<ref>"]"</ref> | |||
==Folklore examples== | |||
] | |||
{{expand section|date=August 2024}} | |||
The anecdote of the "Rosenkranz" mine localized in Saxony was already given above in {{section link||Rosenkranz mine, Annaberg}}. This and other near modern attestations are given in Wolfersdorf's anthology (1968) above.{{sfnp|Wolfersdorf|1968}} | |||
German lore regarding gnomes or ''berggeist'' (mine spirits) regard them as beneficial creatures, at least if they are treated respectfully, and lead miners to rich veins of ore.{{Refn|Scott actually says these are "kobolds" which are types of gnomes.<ref name="Scott1845"/>}} | |||
===Bergmönch of Harz and mine light=== | |||
The silver ] minted by Duke ] of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel which features a "]" (cf. right) was seen to reassert his claim of complete ownership of the local silver and forest resources of the ], probably depicting the supernatural that miners believed led them to the whereabouts of silver ore. Even though the wild man above surface could be a vague supernatural guide, it is pointed out that it must be the ''Bergeist'' burrowing underground which guides miners to exact spots. In the Harz area, it is a being {{lang|de|Bergmönch}} or "mountain monk" who uses the so-called "mining light ({{lang|de|Grubenlicht}} or {{lang|de|Geleucht}}) to guide miners to their quarry or to their exit.<ref>"Der Berggeist spendet Geleucht" (C. 5 ), {{harvp|Heilfurth|Greverus|1967}} pp. 438–442<!--apud Stopp--></ref><ref name="stopp1970"/> | |||
The lantern he holds is apparently an ignited lump of ] ({{lang|de|Unschlitt}}).<ref name="ranke1910"/> It is also said that the Bergmönch was originally a mine supervisor who begged God to let him continue oversight of mines after death. If ignored it will angrily appear in its giant true form, with eyes as large as cartwheels, his silver lantern measuring a German bushel or {{illm|Scheffel (measurement)|de|Scheffel (Maßeinheit)|lt=''Scheffel ''}}.{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Modern UK/US bushel is about 35The German bushel or ''Scheffel'' historically was a widely differing unit of dry volume, depending on region, it was around 50 liters in many areas, but given as 310 odd liters in the Duchy of Braunschweig.<!--310.25 accord de.wikipedia--><ref>"Braunschweig Himten 31 1/7 liter" (cf." Baiern Schäffel 222.4 liter"). Schrader, Theodor Friedrich (1859).{{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=vavksnBnvrQC&pg=PA65|2=Das Wichtigste der Wechselcourse, des Münzwesens und der Maasse und Gewichte}}, p. 65.</ref><ref>"Ein Wispel hält in Braunschweir\g 4 Scheffel, 40 Himten oder 640 Löcher ". ] (1771){{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDs7AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA640|2=Der Hausvater}}, p. 640.</ref>}}<ref name="ranke1910"/> | |||
===Communication through noises=== | |||
Nineteenth-century miners in Bohemia and Hungary reported hearing knocking in the mines. The mining trade there interpreted such noises as warnings from the kobolds to not go in that direction. Although the Hungarian (or Czech) term was not given by the informant, and called "kobolds" of these mines, they were stated as the equivalents of the ''Berggeist'' of the Germans.{{Refn|Mr. Kalodzy, teacher at the Hungarian Mining School, cited by spiritualist ].<ref name="britten1884"/>}} | |||
Nineteenth-century German miners also talked of the ''Berggeist'', who appeared as small black men, scouting ahead of miners with a hammer, and with their banging sound indicating whether veins of ore, or breaks in the veins called 'faults', and the more knocks, the richer the vein lay ahead.{{Refn|William Howitt, ''London Spiritual Magazine'', cited by Britten.<ref name="britten1884"/>}} | |||
There is also a experiential report of a German mine sprite communicating residents and visiting their house (cf.]). | |||
===Switzerland=== | |||
The gnomes of ] are also associated with riches of the mines. They are said to have caused the ] that destroyed the Swiss village of ] in 1618 - the villagers had become wealthy from a local ] created by the gnomes, who poured liquid gold down into a ] for the benefit of humans, and were corrupted by this newfound prosperity, which greatly offended the gnomes.<ref>] (1899). ''Legends of Switzerland''. ] pp. 289–290.</ref> | |||
==Folkloristics== | |||
{{expand section|date=August 2024}} | |||
Grimm discusses the Bergmänlein somewhat under the subsection of Dwarfs (''Zwerge''), arguing that the dwarf's '']'' (known as ] in the ''Nibelungenlied'') slipped from being known as a cape or cloak covering the body in earlier times, into being thought of as caps or head coverings in the post-medieval era. As an example, he cites the Bergmännlein wearing a pointed hat, according to ]'s poem ''Froschmeuseler''.{{sfnp|Grimm|Stallybrass tr.|1883|loc=p. 462, n2}}{{Refn|In the published version of Rollenhagen's work, "''Bergmännlein''" is used in the {{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVP1IG_Aaq0C&pg=PT19&dq=%22Bergm%C3%A4nnlein%22|2=index}}, but the verses themselves read: "{{lang|de|Funden sich auf dem Berg beysammen Der kleiner Männlein ohne Nahmen,/ In weissen Hemdlein, spitzgen Kappen,/ Als man gewohnt an den Bergknappen}}".<ref name="rollenhagen1730"/>}} | |||
As can be glimpsed by this example, the approach of Grimm's "{{lang|de|Mythologische Schule}}" is to regard the lore of the various ''männlein'' or specifically ''Bergmännlein'' as essentially derivatives of the ''Zwerge''/''dvergr'' of pagan Germanic mythologies.<ref>Cf. {{harvp|Baba|2019}}. Generally speaking, "the mythological school inherits their mentor Grimm's genre-classification theories<!--神話学派は確かに師グリムのジャンル理論を継承し-->", p. 71, and the mythological school, as the name implies is the approach of seeking "vestiges of mythology".</ref>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|{{harvp|Baba|2019}}'s specific mention of "Bergmännlein" is limited to saying they appear as characters in two tales from the collection of ], at p. 26. She discusses near synonyms in Grimm's ''Deutsche Mytholgie'', namely, ''männlein'' being used as circumlocution for dwarf (''Zwerg''), p. 26, and ''Zwerg'' being a ''Berggeist'' pp. 101, 103; or equivalent to a mine spirit, p. 125, and deriving from the Germanic dvergr p. 134. As a reminder, Agricola's monograph on "mountain elves" was considered a book on ''Berggeist'' in the Grimms' ''DS''.<ref name="lecouteux-dict-bergmännchen"/>}} | |||
In the 1960s there developed a general controversy between this "mythological school" and its opponents over how to interpret so-called "miner's legends". What sparked the controversy was not over the ''Bergmännlein'' type tale per se, but over Grimms' "Three Miners of ]",{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|"Die drei Bergleute im Kuttenberg", '']'', No. 1}} who are trapped underground but supernaturally maintain longevity through prayer.<ref name="leslie2006"/> Siegfried Kube (1960) argued the tale was based on ancient mythology, i.e., pagan alpine worship.{{Refn|Yoshida (2008), p. 185<ref name="yoshida2008"/> ''apud'' Baba (2009), pp. 101–102.<ref name="baba2019"/>}} This was countered by {{interlanguage link|Wolfgang Brückner|de|preserve=1}} (1961) who regarded the tale as inspired by medieval Catholic notion of the ].{{Refn|name="yoshida-p179"|Yoshida (2008), pp. 179–181<ref name="yoshida2008"/> ''apud'' Baba (2009), p. 102.<ref name="baba2019"/>}} Whereas ] (1962), presented yet a different view, that it was not based on organized church doctrine, but a world-view and faith in the miner's unique microcosm.<ref name="greverus1962"/>{{Refn|name="yoshida-p179"}} | |||
Greverus at least in her 1962 piece, centered her argument on the ''Berggeist'' (instead of ''Bergmännlein'').<ref name="greverus1962"/>{{sfnp|Baba|2019|pp=102–103}} Grimm also uses the ''Berggeist'' apparently as a type of ''Zwerg'',{{Refn|e.g., the dancing ''berggeister'' of DS No. 298.{{sfnp|Grimm|1875|p=389}}{{sfnp|Grimm|Stallybrass tr.|1883|p=470}}}} but there has been issued a caveat that the meaning of the term ''Berggeist'' according to Grimm may not necessarily coincide with the meaning used by the proletarian Greverus.{{sfnp|Baba|2019|pp=102–103}} {{interlanguage link|Gerhard Heilfurth|de}} and Greverus's ''Bergbau und Bergmann'' (1967) amply discuss the ''Bergmännlein''.{{sfnp|Heilfurth|Greverus|1967}} | |||
The collection of tales under the classification of "Berggeist" was already anticipated as far back as Friedrich Wrubel (1883).{{sfnp|Heilfurth|Greverus|1967|p=61}}{{sfnp|Wrubel|1883|pp=29–90}}{{Refn|] (1970), Review of {{interlanguage link|Gerhard Heilfurth|de}}, co-written with Greverus (1967).<ref name="ozawa1970"/>}} Later {{interlanguage link|Franz Kirnbauer|de}} published ''Bergmanns-Sagen'' (1954), a collection of miner's legends which basically adopted Wrubel's four-part classification, except Wrubel's Part 2 was retitled as one about "Bergmännlein".{{sfnp|Heilfurth|Greverus|1967|p=61}}<ref name="ozawa1970"/> | |||
In ]'s anthology (1845), legends No. 443 ''Das Glück der Grafen Ranzau'' and No. 444 ''Josias Ranzaus gefeites Schwert'' feature the ''Bergmännlein-männchen'' or its female form ''Bergfräuchen''.<ref name="muellenhoff1845"/>{{sfnp|Baba|2019|pp=125–126}} | |||
Other collected works also bear "''Berggeist-sagen''" in the title, such as the collection of legends in ] by Wolfersdorf (1968).{{sfnp|Wolfersdorf|1968}} | |||
== Cultural references == | |||
===In Romanticism and modern fairy tales=== | |||
]'', ], 1848]] | |||
The English word is attested from the early 18th century. Gnomes are used in ]'s "]".<ref name="veenstra2013"/> The creatures from this mock-epic are small, celestial creatures that were prudish women in their past lives, and now spend all of eternity looking out for prudish women (in parallel to the guardian angels in Catholic belief). Other uses of the term ''gnome'' remain obscure until the early 19th century, when it is taken up by authors of ] collections of ]s and becomes mostly synonymous with the older word '']''. | |||
Pope's stated source, the 1670 French satire '']'' by ], the ] of ], describes gnomes as such: | |||
<blockquote>The Earth is filled almost to the center with ''Gnomes'' or ''Pharyes'', a people of small stature, the guardians of treasures, of mines, and of precious stones. They are ingenious, friends of men, and easie to be commandded. They furnish the children of the ''Sages'' with as much money, as they have need of; and never ask any other reward of their services, than the glory of being commanded. The ''Gnomides'' or wives of these ''Gnomes'' or ''Pharyes'', are little, but very handsom; and their habit marvellously curious.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2003&res_id=xri:eebo&rft_id=xri:eebo:image:199577 |title=The Count of Gabalis: Or, The Extravagant Mysteries of the Cabalists, Exposed in Five Pleasant Discourses on the Secret Sciences |publisher=B. M. Printer |location=London |first=Nicolas-Pierre-Henri |last=Montfaucon de Villars |translator-first=P. A. |translator-last=Gent |pages=29–30 |date=1680 |oclc=992499594}}</ref></blockquote> | |||
De Villars used the term ''gnomide'' to refer to female gnomes (often "gnomid" in English translations).<ref>{{cite book |url=http://sacred-texts.com/eso/cdg/index.htm |title=Comte de Gabalis |publisher=The Brothers, Old Bourne Press |location=London |first=N.-P.-H. |last=de Montfaucon de Villars |date=1913 |orig-year=1670 |oclc=6624965 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513012258/http://www.sacred-texts.com/eso/cdg/index.htm |archive-date=13 May 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> {{anchor|gnomess}}Modern fiction instead uses the word "gnomess" to refer to female gnomes.<ref>2007: </ref><ref>2013: </ref> | |||
In 19th-century fiction, the ] gnome became a sort of antithesis to the more airy or luminous ]. ] in '']'' (1837) contrasts the two in "Small enough to be king of the fairies, and ugly enough to be king of the gnomes" (cited after ]). Similarly, gnomes are contrasted to ], as in ]'s ''Little People of the Snow'' (1877), which has "let us have a tale of elves that ride by night, with jingling reins, or gnomes of the mine" (cited after ]). | |||
The Russian composer ] produced a movement in his work '']'', (1874) named "Gnomus" (] for "The Gnome"). It is written to sound as if a gnome is moving about. | |||
] in 1895 satirized ] in an allegorical tale entitled ''Unter den Gnomen im Untersberg''. The English translation appeared in 1896 as ''Among the Gnomes: An Occult Tale of Adventure in the Untersberg''. In this story, the ''Gnomes'' are still clearly subterranean creatures, guarding treasures of gold within the ] mountain. | |||
As a figure of 19th-century ]s, the term gnome became largely synonymous with other terms for "]" by the 20th century, such as '']'', '']'', '']'' and other instances of the ] type, losing its strict association with earth or the underground world. | |||
===Modern fantasy literature=== | |||
* Creatures called ''gnomes'' have been used in the ] genre of fiction and later gaming since the mid-nineteenth century, typically in a cunning role, e.g. as an inventor.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of Fantasy |chapter=Elemental |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |location=New York |first1=John |last1=Clute |first2=John |last2=Grant |pages=313–314 |date=1999 |isbn=0-312-19869-8|title-link=The Encyclopedia of Fantasy }}</ref> | |||
* In ]'s ] books (published 1900 to 1920), the Nomes (so spelled), especially ], are the chief adversaries of the Oz people. They are ugly, hot-tempered, immortal, round-bodied creatures with spindly limbs, long beards and wild hair, militantly collecting and protecting jewels and precious metals underground. ], who continued the series (1921 to 1976) after Baum's death, reverted to the traditional spelling. He also featured gnomes in his book '']''. They watch over the rocks, their king is part of the Council of Immortals, and they created the sleigh bells for ]. | |||
* ], in the ] (created 1914 to 1973) surrounding his ], uses "Gnomes" as the initial- but later dropped- name of the ], the most gifted and technologically minded of his elvish races, in conscious exploitation of the similarity with the word '']''. ''Gnome'' is thus Tolkien's English loan-translation of the ] word ''Noldo'' (plural ''Noldor''), "those with knowledge". Tolkien's "Gnomes" are generally tall, beautiful, dark-haired, light-skinned, immortal, and wise. They are also proud, violent, and unduly admire their own creations, particularly their gemstones. Many live in cities below ground (]) or in secluded mountain fortresses (]). He uses "Gnomes" to refer to both males and females. In '']'' (between 1920 and 1942), which Tolkien wrote for his children, Red Gnomes are presented as helpful creatures who come from Norway to the North Pole to assist Father Christmas and his Elves in fighting the wicked Goblins. | |||
* ] '']'' (1942) is a story of the last gnomes in England, little wild men who live by hunting and fishing. | |||
* In ]'s '']'' (created 1950 to 1956), the gnomes are sometimes called "Earthmen". They live in the ], a series of caverns. Unlike the traditional, more human-like gnomes, they can have a wide variety of physical features and skin colours where some of them are either standing at 1 ft or being taller than humans. They are used as slaves by the ] until her defeat, at which point they return to their true home, the much deeper (and hotter) underground realm of Bism. | |||
* The Dutch books '']'' (1976) and '']'' (1982), written by ], deal with gnomes living together in harmony. These same books are the basis for ] and the Spanish-animated series '']'' (as well as the spin-off '']''). The word "gnome", in this case, is used in place of the Dutch ]. | |||
* In ]'s '']'' series (created 1997 to 2007), gnomes are pests that inhabit the gardens of witches and wizards. They are small creatures with heads that look like potatoes on small stubby bodies. Gnomes are generally considered harmless but mischievous and may bite with sharp teeth. In the books, it is stated that the ] are lenient to gnomes, and tolerate their presence, preferring to throw them out of the garden rather than more extreme measures. | |||
* In '']'', the European concept of a gnome is used in order to introduce the Far Eastern notion of the ''Koropokkuru'', a mythical indigenous race of small people: gnomes are a persecuted minority banned from learning wizardry and attending magical schools.<ref name="Mizuno2019">{{cite book|last=Mizuno|first=Ryou|title=Sorcerous Stabber Orphen Anthology. Commentary|year=2019| language=ja |publisher=TO Books|isbn= 9784864728799|pages=238}}</ref> | |||
* In ]' '']'' series (created 1977 to 2017), gnomes are an offshoot race created after the Great Wars. There are several distinctive classes of gnomes. Gnomes are the smallest race. In '']'' they are considered to be tribal and warlike, the one race that can be the most easily subverted to an evil cause. This is evidenced by their allegiance to the Warlock Lord in ''The Sword of Shannara'' and to the Mord Wraiths in '']''. | |||
* ] included gnomes in his '']'' series. Gnomes were six inches in height but quite strong, often inflicting pain upon anyone underestimating them. One prominent gnome became a ] in ] as the force became more diversified under the command of ], with ] appearing in ]. Another gnome in the series was ] a pest terminator in ]. | |||
===Music=== | |||
* One of the first movements in ] 1874 work '']'' is named "Gnomus" (] for "The Gnome"). It is written to sound as if a gnome is moving about, his movements constantly changing in speed. | |||
{{listen | |||
| type = music | |||
| filename = Modest Mussorgsky - pictures at an exhibition - i. gnomus - vivo.ogg | |||
| title = Gnomus by Mussorgsky, 1874 | |||
| description = A classical piece of music written to sound as if a gnome is moving about. | |||
| format = ] | |||
| help = no | |||
}} | |||
* "]" is a song by English musician ], released as a single in 1967. It became a hit when reissued in 1973, in the wake of Bowie's commercial success. | |||
* The 1970 album '']'' by English musician ] has a cover image of the musician sitting among a group of garden gnomes. | |||
* "]" is a song by ] on their 1967 album '']''. It is about a gnome named Grimble Gromble. | |||
===Games=== | |||
* In the '']'' ] ], gnomes are one of the core races available for play as ]s.<ref>{{cite book | first = Jonathan | last = Tweet |date=July 2003 | title = Player's Handbook Core Rulebook I v.3.5 | publisher = ] | location = Renton WA }} {{verify source |date=September 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/908811746 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/901881503 cite #1 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. ]}}</ref> They are described as being smaller than ] and large-nosed. They have an affinity with small animals and a particular interest in gemstones. Depending on setting and subrace, they may also have a natural skill with illusion magic or engineering. | |||
* In the '']'' franchise (1994 to present), particularly as featured in the ] '']'', ] are a race of beings separate from but ] to dwarves and humans, with whom they share the lands of the Eastern Kingdoms. Crafty, intelligent, and smaller than their dwarven brethren, gnomes are one of two races in Azeroth regarded as technologically savvy. It is suggested in lore that the gnomes originally were mechanical creations that at some point became organic lifeforms. In ''World of Warcraft'', gnomes are an exile race, having irradiated their home city of Gnomeregan in an unsuccessful last-ditch effort to drive out marauding foes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/04/23/know-your-lore-gnomes-the-inheritors-of-the-future/ |title=Know Your Lore: Gnomes, the inheritors of the future |work=Engadget |last=Rossi |first=Matthew |date=23 April 2014 |access-date=4 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731185111/https://www.engadget.com/2014/04/23/know-your-lore-gnomes-the-inheritors-of-the-future/ |archive-date=31 July 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> | |||
=== Movies === | |||
* The 1967 Walt Disney movie '']'' | |||
* The 2011 animated movie '']'' | |||
* The 2018 animated movie '']'' featured gnomish versions of several classic ] characters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sherlock Gnomes|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2809955841/|access-date=2020-12-05|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> | |||
=== TV Shows === | |||
* The ] Series ] | |||
* ] features the ] ] Bu, turning into a gnome and gnomes by the end of the special | |||
* ], ] and ] | |||
==Derivative uses== | |||
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2018}} | |||
===Garden gnomes=== | |||
{{Main|Garden gnome}} | |||
{{multiple image | |||
| align = right | |||
| direction = horizontal | |||
| total_width = 350 | |||
| image1 = Historic Garden Gnomes.jpg | |||
| caption1 = Historic garden gnomes on display at the Gnome Reserve in Devon, UK. The ornament on the left of the image was produced by Eckardt and Mentz in the late nineteenth-century, | |||
| image2 = Gartenzwerg.jpg | |||
| caption2 = By the late twentieth century the garden gnome had come to be stylised as an elderly man with a full white beard and a pointed hat. | |||
}} | |||
After ] (with early references, in ironic use, from the late 1930s) the diminutive figurines introduced as lawn ornaments during the 19th century came to be known as garden gnomes. The image of the gnome changed further during the 1960s to 1970s, when the first plastic garden gnomes were manufactured. These gnomes followed the style of the 1937 depiction of the seven dwarves in '']'' by ]. | |||
This "]" image of the gnome was built upon {{Citation needed|reason=There is no reason to assume the Dutch book built upon the image popularized by Disney, as the former shares more with pre-Disney imagery|date=November 2023}} by the illustrated children's book classic '']'' (1976), in the original Dutch ''Leven en werken van de ]'', by author ] and artist ], followed in 1981 by ]. | |||
Garden gnomes share a resemblance to the Scandinavian ], and the Swedish term "tomte" can be translated as "gnome" in English. | |||
===Gnome-themed parks=== | |||
], Poland|alt=]] | |||
Several gnome themed entertainment parks exist. Notable ones are: | |||
* The Gnome Reserve, at ] near ] in ], United Kingdom | |||
* Gnomeland, at ] in ], North Devon, United Kingdom | |||
* Gnome Magic Garden, at ], United Kingdom | |||
* Gnometown, USA in ] | |||
* The Gnome Village, at ] theme park in ], Netherlands | |||
* Zwergen-Park Trusetal, in ], Germany | |||
*Gnom's Park in ], Poland. | |||
===Gnome parades=== | |||
Gnome ]s are held annually at ]'s ] Festival.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://eastatlanta.patch.com/articles/creating-a-world-record-one-gnome-at-a-time |title=Creating A World Record, One Gnome At A Time |work=East Atlanta Patch |first=Péralte |last=Paul |date=16 April 2012 |access-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924051211/http://eastatlanta.patch.com/articles/creating-a-world-record-one-gnome-at-a-time |archive-date=24 September 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Numerous one-off gnome parades have been held, including in ] (April 2012)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southernmamas.com/2012/best-dressed-gnome-contest-adults-kids-savannah/ |title=Best Dressed Gnome Parade & Contest (adults & kids), Savannah |work=Southern Mamas |year=2012 |access-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316133743/http://www.southernmamas.com/2012/best-dressed-gnome-contest-adults-kids-savannah/ |archive-date=16 March 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> and ] (May 2011).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cleveland.com/parents/index.ssf/2011/05/5_ways_for_families_to_get_clo.html |title=5 ways for families to get close to birds |work=Cleveland.com |first=Martha Mueller |last=Neff |date=18 May 2011 |access-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017210413/http://www.cleveland.com/parents/index.ssf/2011/05/5_ways_for_families_to_get_clo.html |archive-date=17 October 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> | |||
===Metaphorical uses=== | |||
* The expression "]", Swiss bankers pictured as diminutive creatures hoarding gold in subterranean vaults, was derived from a speech in 1956 by ], and gained currency in the 1960s (] notes the '']'' issue of 27 November 1964 as earliest attestation). | |||
* Architect ] built a number of stone houses in ], that have been referred to as gnome homes. | |||
* A user of Misplaced Pages or any ] who makes useful incremental edits without clamouring for attention is called a ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/31/know-it-all |title=Know It All, Can Misplaced Pages conquer expertise? |magazine=] |first=Stacy |last=Schiff |author-link=Stacy Schiff |date=31 July 2006 |access-date=9 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930011944/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/31/know-it-all |archive-date=30 September 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
{{Wikiquote|Gnomes}} | |||
] | |||
{{Commons category|Gnomes}} | |||
*] | |||
{{EB1911 poster|Gnomes}} | |||
*] | |||
*] | * ] | ||
*] | * ] | ||
* ] | |||
*] | |||
*] | * ] | ||
*] | * ] | ||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
==Explanatory notes== | |||
==Notes== | |||
{{ |
{{notelist}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
;Citations | |||
{{Reflist|30em|refs= | |||
<ref name="agricola1546">{{cite book|last=Agricola |first=Georgius |author-link=:en:Georgius Agricola |chapter=Bermannus, sive de re metallica dialogus |title=Georgii Agricolae De ortu & causis subterraneorum lib. 5. De natura eorum quae effluunt ex terra lib. 4. De natura fossilium lib. 10. De ueteribus & nouis metallis lib. 2. Bermannus, siue De re metallica dialogus lib.1. Interpretatio Germanica uocum rei metallicæ, addito Indice fœcundissimo |location=Basel |publisher=Froben |year=1546 |orig-year=1530 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6tlCB1PdJoC&pg=PA432 |pages=432–433<!--421ff--> |quote=BER: ..genus certè dæmonum,..metallicis inferunt; AN: Eius generis dæmonum quod in metallis esse solet.. Psellus mentionem fecit...}}. Gloss, p. 477: "Daemon metallicus: {{lang|de|Das bergmenlin}}". The title page describing the contents list the gloss as "Interpretatio Germanica uocum rei metallicæ.." but the gloss itself has the header "{{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6tlCB1PdJoC&pg=PA473 |2=Sequuntur rerum, de quibus scribimus, nomina, quae ipsis posuerunt Germani, nec tamen nomina prosuerunt omnibus rebus, quibus uel abundant, uel non carent}}".</ref> | |||
{{void|<ref name="agricola1558">{{cite book|last=Agricola |first=Georgius |author-link=Georgius Agricola |chapter=Bermannus, sive de re metallica dialogus |title=Georgii Agricolae De ortu & causis subterraneorum lib. 5. De natura eorum quae effluunt ex terra lib. 4. De natura fossilium lib. 10. De ueteribus & nouis metallis lib. 2. Bermannûs, siue De re metallica dialogus lib.1. Interpretatio Germanica uocum rei metallicae, addito duplici indice, altero ... |location=Basel |publisher=Froben, Hieronymus & Episcopius, Nikolaus, Libreria impressa dei duchi di Urbino |year=1558 |orig-year=1530 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZl9l9zIKt0C&pg=PA425 |page=425<!--413ff-->}}</ref>}} | |||
<ref name="agricola1657-gloss">{{cite book|last=Agricola |first=Georgius |author-link=Georgius Agricola |chapter=Animantium nomina latina, graega, q'ue germanice reddita, quorum author in Libro de subterraneis animantibus meminit |title=Georgii Agricolae Kempnicensis Medici Ac Philosophi Clariss. De Re Metallica Libri XII.: Quibus Officia, Instrumenta, Machinae, Ac Omnia Denique Ad Metallicam Spectantia, Non Modo Luculentissime describuntur; sed & per effigies, suis locis insertas ... ita ob oculos ponuntur, ut clarius tradi non possint |location=Basel |publisher=Sumptibus & Typis Emanuelis König |year=1657 |orig-year=1530 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCClFLX0CwUC&pg=PA762 |at=p. <!--761ff--> |quote={{smallcaps|Dæmonum}}: ''Dæmon subterraneus trunculentus'': bergterufel; ''mitis'' bergmenlein/kobel/guttel}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="agricola-tr-hoover1912">{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Agricola|Hoovers trr.|1912}}|last=Agricola |first=Georgius |author-link=Georgius Agricola |others=Translated by ] and ] |title=Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica: Tr. from the 1st Latin Ed. of 1556 (Books I–VIII) |location=London |publisher=The Mining Magazine |year=1912 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MfFYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA217 |at=p. 217, n26}}; {{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=TvFYAAAAYAAJ7|2=Second Part}}, Books IX–XII</ref> | |||
<ref name="agricola1614">{{cite book|last=Agricola |first=Georgius |author-link=Georgius Agricola |editor=Johannes Sigfridus |chapter=37 |title=Georgii Agricolae De Animantibus subterraneis |place=Witebergæ |publisher=Typis Meisnerianis |year=1614 |orig-year=1549 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=laGePXl89xwC&pg=PA78 |pages=78–79}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="baba2019">{{cite thesis|type=Ph. D.|last=Baba |first=Ayaka |author-link=<!--馬場綾香--> |title=Doitsu shinwa gakuha ni yoru tsuveruku densetsu no kaishaku: densetsushū no tekusuto bunrui to hairetsu ga egaku shinwa sekai |script-title=ja:ドイツ神話学派によるツヴェルク伝説の解釈‐伝説集のテクスト分類と配列が描く神話世界‐ |trans-title=<!--user translated-->The ''Zwerg'' legend according to the ''Mythologische Schule'': the mythical world as depicted by the classification of tales and their arrangements in the collected anthologies of legends |publisher=Kobe University<!--神戸大学--> |date=2019-09-01 |url=https://da.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/da/kernel/D1007257/D1007257.pdf |hdl=20.500.14094/D1007257 |lang=ja}} <!--甲第7257号--></ref> | |||
<ref name="ball2001">{{cite book|last=Ball|first=Philip |author-link=Philip Ball |title=Bright Earth: Art and the Invention of Color|location=Essen |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Bd3KqmkhPMC&pg=PA118 |pages=118–119|isbn=<!--0226036286, -->9780226036281}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="black1893">{{cite journal|last=Black |first=William George |author-link=William George Black |title=Ghost miners |journal=Notes and Queries |series=8 |date=18 March 1893|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nECFbfG0znIC&pg=PA205 |pages=205–206}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="britten1884">{{cite book|last=Britten |first=Emma Hardinge |author-link=Emma Hardinge Britten |title=Nineteenth century miracles, or, Spirits and their work in every country of the earth : a complete historical compendium of the great movement known as "modern spiritualism" |location=New York |publisher=Published by William Britten : Lovell & Co.|year=1884|url=https://archive.org/details/nineteenthcentur01brit/page/32/mode/2up |pages=32–33}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="burton-anatomy1621">{{cite book|last=Burton|first=Robert |author-link=Robert Burton |chapter=|title=The Anatomy of melancholy |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=W.J. Widdleton |year=1875 |orig-year=1621 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0YJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA259 |pages=259–260}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="calmet1850">{{cite book|last=Calmet |first=Augustin |author-link=Augustin Calmet |others=Translated by ] |title=The Phantom World: The History and Philosophy of Spirits, Apparitions, &c., &c |volume=2 |location=Philadelphia |publisher=A. Hart |year=1850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1GqcY9ow3QC&pg=PA140 |page=140}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="drake 1817">{{cite book|last=Drake |first=Nathan |author-link=Nathan Drake (essayist) |title=Shakespeare and His Times: Including the Biography of the Poet; Criticism on His Genius and Writings; a New Chronology of His Plays; a Disquisition on the Object of His Sonnets; and a History of the Manners, Customs, Amusement, Superstitions, Poetry, and Elegant Literature of His Age |volume=2 |location=London |publisher=T. Cadell and W. Davies |year=1817 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XgT4X1RDf4gC&pg=PA311 |page=131}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="ernsting1994">{{cite book|last=Ernsting |first=Bernd |author-link=<!--Bernd Ernsting--> |title=Georgius Agricola: Bergwelten 1494-1994 |location=Essen |publisher=Edition Glückauf |year=1994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTIqAQAAIAAJ&q=Diesen+Bergteufeln |page=108 |isbn=<!--3773906048, -->9783773906045}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="greverus1962">{{cite journal|last=Greverus |first=Ina-Maria |author-link=Ina-Maria Greverus |title=Zur Problematik der Bergmannssage . Eine Erwiderung |journal=Rheinisch-westfälische Zeitschrift für Volkskunde |volume=9 |date=1962|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qKXYAAAAMAAJ&q=berggeist |pages=77–106 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Grimm-DW-kobel">Grimm, ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'', Band 5, s.v. "{{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERSZv4n2zpEC&pg=PA1539 |2=Kobel}}"</ref> | |||
<ref name="mathesius-gloss-gutelin">{{cite book|last=Göpfert |first=Ernst |author-link=<!--Ernst Göpfert--> |title=Die Bergmannssprache in der Sarepta des Johann Mathesius |location=Starßburg |publisher=Trübner |year=1902 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSxUAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA41 |page=41 |isbn=978-3-11-104946-5 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Handwoerterbuch1931-guetel">''Handwörterbücher zur deutschen Volkskunde: Abteilung I. Aberglaube'', Walter de Gruyter (1931), s.v. "{{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=89G1DwAAQBAJ&pg=RA3-PA181 |2=Gütel, Gütchen, Jüdel, Jütel, usw. (Dämonenname}}", pp. 1233–234ff</ref> | |||
<ref name="Handwoerterbuch1974-kobold">''Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens'', Walter de Gruyter (1974), s.v. "{{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=89G1DwAAQBAJ&pg=RA3-PA181 |2=Kobld}}", Band '''5'''<!--Knoblauch - Matthias-->: 26–31ff. Reprint (1987), p. {{URL|1=https://archive.org/details/handworterbuch-des-deutschen-aberglaubens-vollstandig-band-01-bis-10-berlin-1987/page/n1827/mode/2up |2='''5''': 29ff}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="handwoerterbuch1974-paracelsus">''Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens'', Walter de Gruyter (1974), s.v. "{{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_YY7lpApzoC&pg=PA1397 |2=Paracelsus}}", Band '''6'''<!--Mauer - Pflugbrot--> 1395–1398.</ref> | |||
<ref name="hawhee2020">{{cite book|last=Hawhee |first=Debra |author-link=<!--Debra Hawhee--> |title=Rhetoric in Tooth and Claw: Animals, Language, Sensation |location= |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2020 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AL4lEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 |page=60 |isbn=<!--022670677X, -->9780226706771}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="hibbert1825">{{cite book|last=Hibbert |first=Samuel |author-link=Samuel Hibbert-Ware |title=Sketches of the Philosophy of Apparitions: Or, An Attempt to Trace Such Illusions to Their Physical Causes |edition=2 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Oliver & Boyd |year=1825 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bNYRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA188 |page=140}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="koelsch-2013">{{cite book|author=Paracelsus |author-link=Paracelsus |editor-last=Koelsch |editor-first=Franz |editor-link=<!--Franz Koelsch--> |title=Von der Bergsucht und anderen Bergkrankheiten |location= |publisher=Springer-Verlag |year=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnTRBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |pages=61–62 |isbn=<!--3642991483, -->9783642991486}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="kretschmer1928">{{cite journal|last=Kretschmer |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Kretschmer |title=Weiteres zur Urgeschichte der Inder |journal=Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der indogermanischen Sprachen |volume=55 |date=1928 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zYpVkrS47n8C&pg=PA87 |at=p. 89 and p. 87, n2<!--pp. 75ff-->}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="lavater-tr-harrison1596">{{cite book|last=Lavater |first=Ludwig |author-link=Ludwig Lavater |others=Translated by ] |title=Of ghostes and spirites walking by nyght, and of strange noyses, crackes, and sundry forewarnynges, which commonly happen before the death of menne, great slaughters, and alterations of kyngdomes |volume=2 |location=London |publisher=Thomas Creede |year=1596 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smNjAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA75 |page=75}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="lecouteux-dict-bergmännchen">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Lecouteux |first=Claude |author-link=Claude Lecouteux |entry=BERGMÄNNCHEN (''Bergmännlein, Bergmönch, Knappenmanndl, Kobel, Gütel; gruvrå'' in Sweden) |title=Encyclopedia of Norse and Germanic Folklore, Mythology, and Magic |publisher=Simon and Schuster |date=2016 |entry-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmAoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT58 |pages= |isbn=<!--162055481X, -->9781620554814}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="leslie2006">{{cite book|last=Leslie |first=Esther |author-link=Esther Leslie |title=Synthetic Worlds: Nature, Art and the Chemical Industry |location= |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-YfxAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT47 |page= |isbn=<!--1861895542, -->9781861895547}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="lewis1964">{{cite book |title=The Discarded Image - An Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature |publisher=Cambridge University Press |first=C. S. |last=Lewis |author-link=C. S. Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHrXx6zYTJsC&pg=PA135 |page= |date=2012 |orig-year=1964 |isbn=<!--orig-0-521-47735-2--><!--1107604702, -->9781107604704}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="liberman2009">{{cite book|last=Liberman |first=Anatoly |author-link=Anatoly Liberman |title=Word Origins...And How We Know Them: Etymology for Everyone |location= |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMiRc-JFIfMC&pg=PA128 |page=128 |isbn=<!--0195387074, -->9780195387070}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Liddel&Scott-kobalos">Liddell and Scott (1940). '']''. s.v. "{{URL|1=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2358260&redirect=true |2=koba_l-os, ho}}". Revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press. {{ISBN|0-19-864226-1}}. Online version retrieved 25 February 2008.</ref> | |||
<ref name="lockwood1987">{{cite book|last=Lockwood |first=William Burley |author-link=William Burley Lockwood |title=German Today: The Advanced Learner's Guide |location= |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1987 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gN8rAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Schalk%22+joker|pages=29, 32 |isbn=<!--0198158041, --> 9780198158042}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="mellor1935">] (1935) "{{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwdGAQAAMAAJ&q=kowalti |2=Cobalt}}". ''A comprehensive treatise on inorganic and theoretical chemistry'' vol. XIV, p. 420.</ref> | |||
<ref name="mueller-fraureuth1906">{{cite book|last=Müller-Fraureuth |first=Karl |author-link=<!--Karl Müller-Fraureuth-->|chapter=Kap. 14 |title=Sächsische Volkswörter: Beiträge zur mundartlichen Volkskunde |location=Dresden |publisher=Wilhelm Baensch |year=1906 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EFdsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA26 |pages=25–26|isbn=978-3-95770-329-3 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="musaeus1845">{{cite book|last=Musäus |first=Johann Karl August |author-link=Johann Karl August Musäus |others=Translated by ] |chapter=Legends of Rübezahl: §Legend the First |title=Select Popular Tales from the German of Musaeus. With ... Wood Engravings, Etc |location=London |publisher=Iames Burns |year=1845 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4_OknjsQnRQC&pg=PA146 |pages=146–150 et sqq}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="muellenhoff1845">{{cite book|editor-last=Müllenhoff |editor-first=Karl |editor-link=Karl Müllenhoff|chapter=CDXLIII. Das Glück der Grafen Ranzau; DXLV. Josias Ranzaus gefeites Schwert |title=Sagen, Märchen und Lieder der Herzogthümer Schleswig, Holstein und Lauenburg |location=Kiel |publisher=Schwersche Buchhandlung |year=1845 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=138BAAAAQAAJ&pg=327 |pages=327–331}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="OED">{{Cite OED|gnome}}; See Murray, James A. H. ed. (1901) ''A New Eng. Dict. on Hist. Principles'' '''IV''', s.v. ""</ref> | |||
<ref name="olaus">{{cite book|author=Olaus Magnus |author-link=Olaus Magnus |chapter=Liber VI. Cap. X. De Metallicis Dæmonibus |title=Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus |location=Rome |publisher=Giovanni M. Viotto |year=1555 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9lEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA210 |pages=210–211}}</ref><!--1599 edition: https://books.google.com/books?id=YQ9hAAAAcAAJ}}--> | |||
<ref name="olaus-eng">{{cite book|author=Olaus Magnus |author-link=Olaus Magnus |chapter=Book 6, Ch. 10 On demons in the mines |title=Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus: Romæ 1555 |others=Translated by ] and ] |trans-title=Description of the Northern Peoples : Rome 1555 |volume=II |location= |publisher=Routledge |date=2017 |orig-date=1998 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WmZQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA299 |pages=299–300 |isbn=<!--1351555979,--> 9781351555975 |quote=}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="ozawa1970">{{cite journal|last=Ozawa |first=Toshio |author-link=:ja:小澤俊夫 |title=(Book Review) Gerhard Heilfurth, unter Mitarbeit von Ina-Maria Greverus; Bergbau und Bergmann in der deutschsprachigen Sagenuberlieferung Mitteleuropas, Band I-Quellen, 1967 |journal=Minzokugaku kenkyū |script-journal=ja:民族學研究 |volume=35 |number=1 |date=June 1970 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7i0pAQAAIAAJ&q=%22山のこびと%22 |pages=79–82 |publisher=Sanseido}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="rand2019">{{cite book|last=Rand |first=Harry |author-link=<!--Harry Rand--> |title=Rumpelstiltskin's Secret: What Women Didn't Tell the Grimms |location= |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NorCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA133 |at=p. 133 and Fig. 6.1 (on p. 134) |isbn=<!--1351204149, -->9781351204149}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="ranke1910">{{cite book|last=Ranke |first=Friedrich |author-link=Friedrich Ranke |chapter=6. Der Kobold |title=Die deutschen Vokssagen |editor1-last=von der Leyen |editor1-first=Friedrich |editor1-link=Friedrich von der Leyen |editor2-last=Ranke |editor2-first=Friedrich |editor2-link=Friedrich Ranke|editor3-last=Müller |editor3-first=Karl Alexander von |editor3-link=Karl Alexander von Müller |series=Deutsches Sagenbuch 4 |location=München |publisher=C.H. Beck |year=1910 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y8JLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA163 |pages=164–166<!--149–166-->}}; @Projeckt Gutenberg</ref> | |||
<ref name="rollenhagen1730">Rollenhagen's poem is a take on the Greek '']''. {{cite book|last=Rollenhagen |first=Gabriel |author-link=Gabriel Rollenhagen |chapter=3tte Theil, Das I. Kapitel: Rathschlag der Berg- und Wasser-Geister über diesen Krieg |title=Sinnreicher Froschmäuseler, vorstellend der Frösche und Mäuse wunderbahre Hoffhaltung: in dreyen Büchern mit Fleiss beschrieben |location=Frankfurt |publisher=Routledge |year=1730|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVP1IG_Aaq0C&pg=PA608 |page=608}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Scott1845">] (1845). "{{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyISAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA110 |2=Letter IV}}", '']''. New York: Harber & Brothers, p. 110</ref> | |||
<ref name="stopp1970">{{cite journal|last=Stopp |first=F. J. |author-link=<!--F. J. Stopp--> |title=Henry the Younger of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel: wild men and werewolf in religious polemics, 1538-1544 |journal=Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes |volume=33 |date=1970 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjdnzKa94LQC&q=berggeist |page=214<!--200–234-->|doi=10.2307/750896 |jstor=750896 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="LibrarySurgeonGeneral1941">{{cite book|author=Library of the Surgeon General's Office |author-link=Library of the Surgeon General's Office |chapter=Agricola |title=Index-catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon General's Office, United States Army (Army Medical Library) |edition=4 |location= |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1941 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qZ8UmGlwOYwC&pg=RA2-PA24 |pages=24–28}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="taylor1977">{{cite journal|last=Taylor |first=J. R. |author-link=<!--J. R. Taylor --> |title=The Origin and Use of Cobalt Compounds as Blue |journal=Science and Archaeology |volume=19 |date=1977 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gnvAAAAMAAJ&q=%22kobalos%22 |page=6<!--3–15-->}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="veenstra2013">{{cite book|last=Veenstra |first=Jan R. |author-link=<!--Jan R. Veenstra -->|chapter=Paracelsian Spirits in Pope's ''Rape of the Lock'' |title=Airy Nothings: Imagining the Otherworld of Faerie from the Middle Ages to the Age of Reason: Essays in Honour of Alasdair A. MacDonald |location= |publisher=BRILL |year=2013 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JUNWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA233 |pages=233<!--213–240-->|isbn=<!--900425823X, -->9789004258235}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="verardi2023">{{cite book|last=Verardi |first=Donato |author-link=<!--Donato Verardi --> |title=Aristotelianism and Magic in Early Modern Europe: Philosophers, Experimenters and Wonderworkers |location= |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2023 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7XS5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |page=85 |isbn=<!--1350357170, -->9781350357174}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="williams2017">{{cite book|last=Williams |first=Gerhild Scholz |author-link=<!--Gerhild Scholz Williams--> |chapter=Chapter 1, § Paracelsian Wonders |title=Ways of Knowing in Early Modern Germany: Johannes Praetorius as a Witness to his Time |location= |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kcw3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT83 |at= |isbn=<!--1351873520, -->9781351873529}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="wothers2019">{{cite book|last=Wothers |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Wothers |title=Antimony, Gold, and Jupiter's Wolf: How the elements were named|location= |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2019 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFS_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 |pages=48–49 |isbn=<!--0192569902, -->9780192569905}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="yoshida2008">{{cite journal|last=Yoshida |first=Takao |author-link=<!--吉田孝夫 --> |title=Sanrei to meikai: Gurimu 〈sannin no kōfu〉densetsu wo meguru mondaikei |script-title=ja:山霊と冥界――グリム〈三人の鉱夫〉伝説をめぐる問題系―― |trans-title=<!--user's Eng. translation, not author's German title-->The ''Berggeist'' and the Netherworld: the body of issues concerning Grimm's 〈Die drei Bergleute〉legend |journal=Gaikoku bungaku kenkyū |script-journal=ja:外国文学研究 |number=27 |date=December 2008 |pages=149–194 |publisher=Nara Women's University<!--奈良女子大学文学部外国文学研究会-->}}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
=== Bibliography === | |||
{{refbegin}} | |||
* {{cite book|last=Grimm |first=Jacob |author-link=Jacob Grimm |chapter=XVII. Wichte und Elbe |title=Deutsche Mythologie |edition=4 |volume=1 |location=Göttingen |publisher=W. Swan Sonnenschein & Allen |year=1875 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85GLFD-dUEoC&pg=PA413 |pages=363–428}} | |||
** {{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Grimm|Stallybrass tr.|1883}}|last=Grimm |first=Jacob |author-link=Jacob Grimm |others=Translated by James Steven Stallybrass |chapter=XVII. Wights and Elves §Elves, Dwarves |title=Teutonic Mythology |volume=2 |publisher=W. Swan Sonnenschein & Allen |year=1883 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ektAAAAIAAJ |pages=439–517}} | |||
** {{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Grimm|Stallybrass tr.|1888}}|last=Grimm |first=Jacob |author-link=Jacob Grimm |author-mask=2 |others=Translated by James Steven Stallybrass |chapter=(Notes to) XVII. Wights and Elves §Elves, Dwarves |title=Teutonic Mythology |volume=4 |publisher=W. Swan Sonnenschein & Allen |year=1888 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uy1LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1426 |pages=1407–1436}} | |||
* {{cite book|last1=Grimm |first1=Jacob |author1-link=Jacob Grimm |last2=Grimm |first2=Wilhelm |author2-link=Wilhelm Grimm |title=Deutsche Sagen |edition=2 |volume=1 |location=Berlin |publisher=Nicolai |year=1816 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7jYAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA3 |pages=}} | |||
* {{cite book|last=Hartmann |first=Franz |author-link=Franz Hartmann |chapter=V. Pneumatology |title=The Life and the Doctrines of Paracelsus |location=New York |publisher=Theosophical Publishing Company |date=1902 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sRjGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA155 |pages=130–160}} | |||
* {{cite book|last1=Heilfurth |first1=Gerhard |author1-link=:de:Gerhard Heilfurth |last2=Greverus |first2=Ina-Maria |author2-link=Ina-Maria Greverus |title=Bergbau und Bergmann in der deutschsprachigen Sagenüberlieferung Mitteleuropas |location=Marburg |publisher=Elwert |date=1967 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IiA7AQAAIAAJ&q=bergmännlein |pages=}} | |||
* {{cite book|author=Paracelsus |author-link=Paracelsus |editor-last=Flöter |editor-first=Balthasar |editor-link=<!--Balthasar Flöter--> |chapter=De nymphis, syl. pyg.et salamandris |title=Philosophiæ magnæ, des Edlen ... Herrn D. Aureoli Theophrasti von Hohenhaim ... Tractatus aliquot, jetzt erst in Truck geben, etc. |location=Köln |publisher=Truckts G. Vierendunck in verlegung A. Birckmans Erben |date=1567 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo5mAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA170 |pages=170–}} | |||
* {{cite book|author=Paracelsus |author-link=Paracelsus |chapter=Liber de nymphis sylphis pygmæis et salamandris |title=Opera omnia medico-chemico-chirurgica |location=Geneva |publisher=Antonius et Tournes |date=1658 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbhUAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA394 |pages=388–}} | |||
* {{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Paracelsus|Sigerist tr.|1941}}|author=Paracelsus |author-link=Paracelsus |translator-last=Sigerist |translator-first=Henry |translator-link=Henry E. Sigerist |chapter=IV. A Book on Nymphs, Sylphs, Pygmies, and Salamanders, and on the Other Spirits |title=Four Treatises of Theophrastus Von Hohenheim Called Paracelsus |location= |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |date=1996 |orig-date=1941 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIKLKqwsEc0C&pg=PA242 |pages=213–255 |isbn=<!--0801855233, -->9780801855238}} | |||
* {{cite book|last=Praetorius |first=Johannes |author-link=Johannes Praetorius (writer) |others=Illustrated by Thomas Cross (fl. 1632-1682)<!--father of ]--> |chapter=II. Von Bergmännrigen / Erd-Leuten |title=Anthropodemus Plutonicus. Das ist, Eine Neue Welt-beschreibung Von allerley Wunderbahren Menschen: Als da seyn, Die 1. Alpmännergen, Schröteln, Nachtmähren. 2. Bergmännerlein, Wichtelin, Unter-Irrdische. 3. Chymische Menschen, Wettermännlein. ... 22. Zwerge, Dümeken |volume=1 |location=Magdeburg |publisher=In Verlegung Johann Lüderwalds |year=1666 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzJmAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA142 |pages=44–156}} | |||
** {{cite book|last=Praetorius |first=Johannes |author-link=Johannes Praetorius (writer) |others=Illustrated by Thomas Cross (fl. 1632-1682)<!--father of ]-->|chapter=II. Von Bergmännrigen / Erd-Leuten |title=Anthropodemvs Plvtonicus, Das ist Eine Neue Weltbeschreibung Von Allerley Wunderbahren Menschen, Als da seyn... |volume=1 |location=Magdeburg |publisher=In Verlegung Johann Lüderwalds |year=1668 |orig-year=1666 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qC9O0VIg_pwC&pg=PA41|pages=41–140}} Alternate url: | |||
* {{cite book|editor-last=Stötzel|editor-first=Heinrich |editor-link=<!--Heinrich Stötzel--> |chapter=2. Das Bergmannchen |title=Die Bergmannssage|location=Düsseldorf |publisher=G.H. Nolt |date=1936|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=THThAAAAMAAJ&q=Bergm%C3%A4nnchen|pages=75–}} | |||
*{{cite book |
* {{cite book|last=Wolfersdorf |first=Peter |author-link=<!--Peter Wolfersdorf--> |title=Die niedersächsischen Berggeistsagen |location= |publisher=Schwartz |date=1968 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vj3hAAAAMAAJ |pages=213–255 |isbn=<!--3509002857, -->9783509002850 |series=Schriften zur niederdeutschen Volkskunde 2}} | ||
* {{cite book|editor-last=Wrubel |editor-first=Friedrich |editor-link=<!--Friedrich Wrubel--> |chapter=II. Sagen vom Berggeist |title=Sammlung bergmännischer Sagen |location=Freiberg in Sachsen |publisher=Craz & Gerlach Ed. Stettner |date=1883 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zahcCNWDTUIC&pg=PA41|pages=29–90}} | |||
==External links== | |||
{{refend}} | |||
{{commonscat|Gnomes}} | |||
{{commonscat|Garden gnomes}} | |||
* A site dedicated to uniting garden gnomes, both emancipated or enslaved, in order to fight the worldwide Garden Rebellion. The site features "gnome bios" (including their turn ons, turn offs and guilty pleasures), "Gnome Blogs" and a "Human & Gnome Forum" which allows humans to speak directly with gnomes | |||
{{Fantasy fiction}} | |||
<!--===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})===============================--> | |||
{{Fairies}} | |||
<!--| DO NOT ADD MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A COLLECTION OF |--> | |||
{{Authority control}} | |||
<!--| LINKS. If you think that your link might be useful, do not add it here, |--> | |||
<!--| but put it on this article's discussion page first or submit your link |--> | |||
<!--| to the appropriate category at the Open Directory Project (www.dmoz.org)|--> | |||
<!--| and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. |--> | |||
<!--| |--> | |||
<!--| Links that have not been verified WILL BE DELETED. |--> | |||
<!--| See ] and ] for details |--> | |||
<!--===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})===============================--> | |||
* with pictures showing how they are made | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | ] | ||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | ] | ||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] |
Latest revision as of 16:19, 24 December 2024
Diminutive spirit in Renaissance magic and alchemy This article is about the fictional humanoid type of creature. For the desktop environment for UNIX-like operating systems, see GNOME. For the garden ornament, see Garden gnome. For other uses, see Gnome (disambiguation).
Gnom mit Zeitung und Tabakspfeife (English: Gnome with newspaper and tobacco pipe) by Heinrich Schlitt (1923) | |
Grouping | Diminutive spirit |
---|---|
Folklore | Renaissance |
First attested | 16th century |
A gnome (/noʊm/) is a mythological creature and diminutive spirit in Renaissance magic and alchemy, introduced by Paracelsus in the 16th century and widely adopted by authors, including those of modern fantasy literature. They are typically depicted as small humanoids who live underground. Gnome characteristics are reinterpreted to suit various storytellers and artists.
Paracelsus's gnome is recognized to have derived from the German miners' legend about Bergmännlein or dæmon metallicus, the "metallurgical or mineralogical demon", according to Georg Agricola (1530), also called virunculus montanos (literal Latinization of Bergmännlein, = "mountain manikin") by Agriocola in a later work (1549), and described by other names such as cobeli (sing. cobelus; Latinization of German Kobel). Agricola recorded that, according to the legends of that profession, these mining spirits acted as miming and laughing pranksters who sometimes threw pebbles at miners, but could also reward them by depositing a rich vein of silver ore.
Paracelsus also called his gnomes occasionally by these names (Bergmännlein, etc.) in the German publications of his work (1567). Paracelsus claimed gnomes measured 2 spans (18 inches) in height, whereas Agricola had them to be 3 dodrans (3 spans, 27 inches) tall.
Lawn ornaments crafted as gnomes were introduced during the 19th century, growing in popularity during the 20th century as garden gnomes.
The name of the element cobalt descends from kobelt, a 16th century German miners' term for unwanted ore (cobalt-zinc ore, or possibly the noxious cobaltite and smaltite), related as mischief perpetrated by the gnome Kobel (cf. § cobalt ore). This Kobel is a synonym of Bergmännlein, technically not the same as kobold, but there is confusion or conflation between them.
The terms Bergmännlein/Bergmännchen or Berggeist [de] are often used in German publications as the generic, overall term for the mine spirits told in "miners' legends" (Bergmannssage).
Etymology
The word comes from Renaissance Latin gnomus, gnomos, (pl. gnomi) which first appears in A Book on Nymphs, Sylphs, Pygmies, and Salamanders, and on the Other Spirits by Paracelsus, published posthumously in Nysa in 1566.
The term may be an original invention of Paracelsus, possibly deriving the term from Latin *gēnomos, itself representing a Greek *γηνόμος, approximated by "*gē-nomos", literally "earth-dweller". This is characterized by the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) as a case of "blunder", presumably referring to the omission of the ē to arrive at gnomus. However, this conjectural derivation is not substantiated by any known prior attestation in literature, and one commentator suggests the truth will never be known, short of a discovery of correspondence from the author.
Paracelsus
Paracelsus uses Gnomi as a synonym of Pygmæi and classifies them as earth elementals. He describes them as two spans tall. They are able to move through solid earth, as easily as humans move through air, and hence described as being like a "spirit". However the elementals eat, drink and talk (like humans), distinguishing them from spirits.
And according to Paracelsus's views, the so-called dwarf (German: Zwerg, Zwerglein) is merely monstra (deformities) of the earth spirit gnome.
Note that Paracelsus also frequently resorts to circumlocutions like "mountain people" (Bergleute) or "mountain manikins" ("Bergmänlein" [sic]) to denote the gnomi in the German edition (1567).
Precursors
There was a belief in early modern Germany about beings that lurked in the mines, known as Bergmännlein (var. Bergmännlin, Bergmänngen), equatable to what Paracelsus called "gnomes". Paracelsus's contemporary, Georgius Agricola, being a supervisor of mines, collected his well-versed knowledge of this mythical being in his monograph, De amantibus subterraneis (recté De animatibus subterraneis, 1549). The (corrected) title suggests the subject to be "subterranean animate beings". It was regarded as a treatise on the "Mountain spirit" (Berggeist by the Brothers Grimm, in Deutsche Sagen.
Agricola is the earliest and probably most reliable source on Berggeist [de], then known as Bergmännlein, etc. Agricola's contemporary Johannes Mathesius, a Lutheran reformist theologian, in Sarepta Oder Bergpostill (1562) uses these various mine-lore terminology in his German sermon, so that the noxious ore which Agricola called cadmia is clarified as that which German miners called cobelt (also kobelt, cobalt), and a demon the Germans called kobel was held responsible for the mischief of its existence, according to the preacher. The kobel demon was also blamed for the "hipomane" [sic] or horse's poison (cf. hippomanes, § Rosenkranz mine, Annaberg).
Agricola
Agricola, in his earlier Latin work Bermanus, sive, de re metallica (first printed 1530, reprinted 1546, etc.), did delve into a limited discussion on the "metallurgical or mine demon" (dæmon metallicus) touching on the "Corona rosacea" mine disaster (cf. § Rosenkranz mine, Annaberg) and the framework of Psellosian demonology (cf. § Demonology). A Latin-German gloss in later editions identify the being he called daemon metallicus as cypher for German Bergmännlein (Das bergmenlin [sic], "mountain manikin", general term for earth spirit or mine spirit).
Much more details were presented in Agricola's later Latin work De animatibus subterraneis (1549) (cf. § De animatibus subterraneis), known as a monograph on Berggeist ("mountain spirit") in the Grimms' Deutsche Sagen. The equivalent German appellations of the demons/spirits were made available by the subsequent gloss published 1563. Agricola here refers to the "gnome/mine spirit" is referred to by a variety of terms and phrases, such as virunuculus montanos ("montain manikin", i.e., German: bergmännlein) or Greek/Latin cobelos/cobelus (German: kobel) .
The pertinent gloss, also quoted by Jacob Grimm, states that the more ferocious of the "underground demons" (daemon subterraneus) were called in German Berg-Teufel or "mountain-devil", while the milder ones were called Bergmännlein, Kobel, Güttel. And the daemon metallicus "mine demon" aka Bergmännlein (bergmenlein [sic]) is somehow responsible for depositing rich veins of ore ("fundige zech)" (specifically rich silver ore).
A different entry in the gloss reveals that the "metallurgical demon" (daemon metallicus) or Bergmännlein is somehow responsible for leaving a rich vein of ore (fundige zech), specifically a rich vein of silver.
De animatibus subterraneis
According to Agricola in De animatibus subterraneis (1549), these mountain-cave demons were called by the same name, cobalos, in both Greek (i.e. kobalos) and German (i.e. kobel var. kobal ). The Latin form is appended in the margin (pl. cobali, sing. cobalus) They were thus called on account of them aping or mimicking humans. They have the penchant to laugh, while seeming to do things, without accomplishing anything.
In classical Greek literature, kobalos (κόβαλος) refers to an "impudent rogue", or in more modern parlance, "joker" or "trickster". The chemist J. W. Mellor (1935) had suggested "mime".
These were otherwise called the virunculos montanos, literally translatable into German as Bergmännlein, or English as "mountain manikin" due to their small stature (about 2 feet). They had the appearance of old age, and dressed like miners, in laced/filleted shirt and leather apron around the loins. And although they may pelt miners with gravel/pebbles they did no real harm, unless they were first provoked.
Agricola goes on to add there are similar to the beings which the Germans called Guteli (singular: Gutelos; German: Gütel, var. Güttgen), which are amicable demons that are rarely seen, since they have business at their home taking care of livestock. AGütel or Güttel is elsewhere explained as not necessarily a mountain spirit, but more generic, and may haunt forests and fields. The Hoovers render these as "goblins".
Agricola finally adds these resemble the Trullis (trolls?) as they are called especially by the Swedes, said to shapeshift into the guise of human males and females, and sometimes made to serve men.
Rosenkranz mine, Annaberg
Purportedly a mountain demon incident caused 12 fatalities at a mine named Rosenkrans at Anneberg or rather Rosenkranz or Rosenkrone (Corona Rosacea) at Annaberg-Buchholz, in the Erzgebirge (Ore Mountains) in Saxony. The demon took on the guise of the horse, and killed the twelve men with its breath, according to Agricola.
Demonology
Agricola has a passage in Bermanus which is quoted by a modern scholar as relevant to the study of his contemporary Paracelsus. The passage contains the line basically repeated by Olaus, as "there exist in ore-bearing regions six kinds of demon more malicious than the rest".
This is probably misstated or misleading, since Bermanus cites Psellus, who devised a classification of six demon classes, where clearly it is not all six, but just the fifth class of subterranean demons which are relevant to mining.
This demon class is also equatable to Agricola's Cobali and "Getuli" (recté "Guteli") according to commentators.
It has also been noted that Agricola distinguished the "mountain devil", exemplified by Rübezahl with the small-statured Bergmännlein. Although the popular notion was that Rübezahl was indeed lord of the gnomes, as told in folktales around the Risengibirge (Giant Mountains) region in Silesia, published by 18th century folktale collector Musäus.
Agricola explaining that the "mine demon" dæmon metallicus or "Bergmenlin" somehow deposited "rich mines" was mentioned above.
Cobalt ore
Agricola knew of certain noxious unwanted ores the Germans miners called kobelt, though he generally referred to it by the Greek term, cadmia. This cadmia/kobelt appears to have denoted a cobalt-zinc ore, but Agricola ascribes to it corrosive dangers to the miners' feet, and it is noted that smaltite, a cobalt and nickel arsenide mixture presents corrosive properties. This ore, which defied being smelted by the metallurgy of that time, may also have been cobaltite, composed of cobalt, arsenic, and sulfur.
The presence of this nuisance ore kobelt was blamed on the similar-sounding kobel mine spirits, as Mathesius noted in his preaching. The inferred etymology of kobelt deriving from kobel, which Mathesius does not quite elocute, was explicitly articulated by Johannes Beckmann in Beiträge zur Geschichte der Erfindungen (tr. English as The History of Inventions, discoveries and origins, 1797).
The kobel spirit possibly the namesake of the ore is characterized as a "gnome or a goblin" by science writer Philip Ball. However, 20th century dictionaries had suggested derivation from kobold, for example, Webster's in 1911 which didn't distinguish kobel from kobold and lumped them together, and the OED which conjectured that the ore kobolt and the spirit kobolt/kobold was the same word. An alternative etymology deriving kobolt ore from Kübel, a type of bucket mentioned by Agricola, has been suggested by Karl Müller-Fraureuth. Peter Wothers suggests that cobalt could derive (without connection to Agricola) from cobathia for noxious smoke.
Olaus Magnus
The erudite Swedish Olaus Magnus in his Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus (1555) also provides a chapter on "demons in the mines". Although Olaus uses the term "demon" (daemon) and not the uninvented coinage "gnome", the accompanying woodcut he provided (cf. Fig. right) has been represented as "gnome" in modern reference sources.
Praetorius
Johannes Praetorius in Anthropodemus Plutonicus (1666) devotes a chapter of considerable length to the beings he calls Bergmännrigen or Erdleute "earth people", and follows Agricola to a large extent. Thus he considers earth spirits to be of two types, one more evil and sinister looking. The other, more benevolent and known as bergmännlein or kobolde. He gives the measurement of what he calls the Bergmännrigen at "drey viertel einer Ellen lang", perhaps shy of one and a half feet.
The mention of kobolde here as a name for the underground spirit is an unresolved contradiction to Praetorius dedicating a wholly separate chapter on the kobold as house sprite with a separate frontispiece art labeled "8. Haußmänner/Kobolde/Gütgen" for the house spirits.
Folklore examples
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2024) |
The anecdote of the "Rosenkranz" mine localized in Saxony was already given above in § Rosenkranz mine, Annaberg. This and other near modern attestations are given in Wolfersdorf's anthology (1968) above.
German lore regarding gnomes or berggeist (mine spirits) regard them as beneficial creatures, at least if they are treated respectfully, and lead miners to rich veins of ore.
Bergmönch of Harz and mine light
The silver thaler minted by Duke Henry the Younger of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel which features a "wild man" (cf. right) was seen to reassert his claim of complete ownership of the local silver and forest resources of the Harz Mountains, probably depicting the supernatural that miners believed led them to the whereabouts of silver ore. Even though the wild man above surface could be a vague supernatural guide, it is pointed out that it must be the Bergeist burrowing underground which guides miners to exact spots. In the Harz area, it is a being Bergmönch or "mountain monk" who uses the so-called "mining light (Grubenlicht or Geleucht) to guide miners to their quarry or to their exit.
The lantern he holds is apparently an ignited lump of tallow (Unschlitt). It is also said that the Bergmönch was originally a mine supervisor who begged God to let him continue oversight of mines after death. If ignored it will angrily appear in its giant true form, with eyes as large as cartwheels, his silver lantern measuring a German bushel or Scheffel [de].
Communication through noises
Nineteenth-century miners in Bohemia and Hungary reported hearing knocking in the mines. The mining trade there interpreted such noises as warnings from the kobolds to not go in that direction. Although the Hungarian (or Czech) term was not given by the informant, and called "kobolds" of these mines, they were stated as the equivalents of the Berggeist of the Germans.
Nineteenth-century German miners also talked of the Berggeist, who appeared as small black men, scouting ahead of miners with a hammer, and with their banging sound indicating whether veins of ore, or breaks in the veins called 'faults', and the more knocks, the richer the vein lay ahead.
There is also a experiential report of a German mine sprite communicating residents and visiting their house (cf.Kobold#Visitors from mines).
Switzerland
The gnomes of Swiss folklore are also associated with riches of the mines. They are said to have caused the landslide that destroyed the Swiss village of Plurs in 1618 - the villagers had become wealthy from a local gold mine created by the gnomes, who poured liquid gold down into a vein for the benefit of humans, and were corrupted by this newfound prosperity, which greatly offended the gnomes.
Folkloristics
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2024) |
Grimm discusses the Bergmänlein somewhat under the subsection of Dwarfs (Zwerge), arguing that the dwarf's Nebelkappe (known as Tarnkappe in the Nibelungenlied) slipped from being known as a cape or cloak covering the body in earlier times, into being thought of as caps or head coverings in the post-medieval era. As an example, he cites the Bergmännlein wearing a pointed hat, according to Rollenhagen's poem Froschmeuseler.
As can be glimpsed by this example, the approach of Grimm's "Mythologische Schule" is to regard the lore of the various männlein or specifically Bergmännlein as essentially derivatives of the Zwerge/dvergr of pagan Germanic mythologies.
In the 1960s there developed a general controversy between this "mythological school" and its opponents over how to interpret so-called "miner's legends". What sparked the controversy was not over the Bergmännlein type tale per se, but over Grimms' "Three Miners of Kuttenberg", who are trapped underground but supernaturally maintain longevity through prayer. Siegfried Kube (1960) argued the tale was based on ancient mythology, i.e., pagan alpine worship. This was countered by Wolfgang Brückner [de] (1961) who regarded the tale as inspired by medieval Catholic notion of the purgatory. Whereas Ina-Maria Greverus (1962), presented yet a different view, that it was not based on organized church doctrine, but a world-view and faith in the miner's unique microcosm.
Greverus at least in her 1962 piece, centered her argument on the Berggeist (instead of Bergmännlein). Grimm also uses the Berggeist apparently as a type of Zwerg, but there has been issued a caveat that the meaning of the term Berggeist according to Grimm may not necessarily coincide with the meaning used by the proletarian Greverus. Gerhard Heilfurth [de] and Greverus's Bergbau und Bergmann (1967) amply discuss the Bergmännlein.
The collection of tales under the classification of "Berggeist" was already anticipated as far back as Friedrich Wrubel (1883). Later Franz Kirnbauer [de] published Bergmanns-Sagen (1954), a collection of miner's legends which basically adopted Wrubel's four-part classification, except Wrubel's Part 2 was retitled as one about "Bergmännlein".
In Karl Müllenhoff's anthology (1845), legends No. 443 Das Glück der Grafen Ranzau and No. 444 Josias Ranzaus gefeites Schwert feature the Bergmännlein-männchen or its female form Bergfräuchen.
Other collected works also bear "Berggeist-sagen" in the title, such as the collection of legends in Lower Saxony by Wolfersdorf (1968).
Cultural references
In Romanticism and modern fairy tales
The English word is attested from the early 18th century. Gnomes are used in Alexander Pope's "The Rape of the Lock". The creatures from this mock-epic are small, celestial creatures that were prudish women in their past lives, and now spend all of eternity looking out for prudish women (in parallel to the guardian angels in Catholic belief). Other uses of the term gnome remain obscure until the early 19th century, when it is taken up by authors of Romanticist collections of fairy tales and becomes mostly synonymous with the older word goblin.
Pope's stated source, the 1670 French satire Comte de Gabalis by Nicolas-Pierre-Henri de Montfaucon de Villars, the abbot of Villars, describes gnomes as such:
The Earth is filled almost to the center with Gnomes or Pharyes, a people of small stature, the guardians of treasures, of mines, and of precious stones. They are ingenious, friends of men, and easie to be commandded. They furnish the children of the Sages with as much money, as they have need of; and never ask any other reward of their services, than the glory of being commanded. The Gnomides or wives of these Gnomes or Pharyes, are little, but very handsom; and their habit marvellously curious.
De Villars used the term gnomide to refer to female gnomes (often "gnomid" in English translations). Modern fiction instead uses the word "gnomess" to refer to female gnomes.
In 19th-century fiction, the chthonic gnome became a sort of antithesis to the more airy or luminous fairy. Nathaniel Hawthorne in Twice-Told Tales (1837) contrasts the two in "Small enough to be king of the fairies, and ugly enough to be king of the gnomes" (cited after OED). Similarly, gnomes are contrasted to elves, as in William Cullen Bryant's Little People of the Snow (1877), which has "let us have a tale of elves that ride by night, with jingling reins, or gnomes of the mine" (cited after OED).
The Russian composer Mussorgsky produced a movement in his work Pictures at an Exhibition, (1874) named "Gnomus" (Latin for "The Gnome"). It is written to sound as if a gnome is moving about.
Franz Hartmann in 1895 satirized materialism in an allegorical tale entitled Unter den Gnomen im Untersberg. The English translation appeared in 1896 as Among the Gnomes: An Occult Tale of Adventure in the Untersberg. In this story, the Gnomes are still clearly subterranean creatures, guarding treasures of gold within the Untersberg mountain.
As a figure of 19th-century fairy tales, the term gnome became largely synonymous with other terms for "little people" by the 20th century, such as goblin, brownie, leprechaun and other instances of the household spirit type, losing its strict association with earth or the underground world.
Modern fantasy literature
- Creatures called gnomes have been used in the fantasy genre of fiction and later gaming since the mid-nineteenth century, typically in a cunning role, e.g. as an inventor.
- In L. Frank Baum's Oz books (published 1900 to 1920), the Nomes (so spelled), especially their king, are the chief adversaries of the Oz people. They are ugly, hot-tempered, immortal, round-bodied creatures with spindly limbs, long beards and wild hair, militantly collecting and protecting jewels and precious metals underground. Ruth Plumly Thompson, who continued the series (1921 to 1976) after Baum's death, reverted to the traditional spelling. He also featured gnomes in his book The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus. They watch over the rocks, their king is part of the Council of Immortals, and they created the sleigh bells for Santa Claus's reindeer.
- J. R. R. Tolkien, in the legendarium (created 1914 to 1973) surrounding his Elves, uses "Gnomes" as the initial- but later dropped- name of the Noldor, the most gifted and technologically minded of his elvish races, in conscious exploitation of the similarity with the word gnomic. Gnome is thus Tolkien's English loan-translation of the Quenya word Noldo (plural Noldor), "those with knowledge". Tolkien's "Gnomes" are generally tall, beautiful, dark-haired, light-skinned, immortal, and wise. They are also proud, violent, and unduly admire their own creations, particularly their gemstones. Many live in cities below ground (Nargothrond) or in secluded mountain fortresses (Gondolin). He uses "Gnomes" to refer to both males and females. In The Father Christmas Letters (between 1920 and 1942), which Tolkien wrote for his children, Red Gnomes are presented as helpful creatures who come from Norway to the North Pole to assist Father Christmas and his Elves in fighting the wicked Goblins.
- BB's The Little Grey Men (1942) is a story of the last gnomes in England, little wild men who live by hunting and fishing.
- In C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia (created 1950 to 1956), the gnomes are sometimes called "Earthmen". They live in the Underland, a series of caverns. Unlike the traditional, more human-like gnomes, they can have a wide variety of physical features and skin colours where some of them are either standing at 1 ft or being taller than humans. They are used as slaves by the Lady of the Green Kirtle until her defeat, at which point they return to their true home, the much deeper (and hotter) underground realm of Bism.
- The Dutch books Gnomes (1976) and Secrets of the Gnomes (1982), written by Wil Huygen, deal with gnomes living together in harmony. These same books are the basis for a made-for-TV animated film and the Spanish-animated series The World of David the Gnome (as well as the spin-off Wisdom of the Gnomes). The word "gnome", in this case, is used in place of the Dutch kabouter.
- In J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series (created 1997 to 2007), gnomes are pests that inhabit the gardens of witches and wizards. They are small creatures with heads that look like potatoes on small stubby bodies. Gnomes are generally considered harmless but mischievous and may bite with sharp teeth. In the books, it is stated that the Weasleys are lenient to gnomes, and tolerate their presence, preferring to throw them out of the garden rather than more extreme measures.
- In A. Yoshinobu's Sorcerous Stabber Orphen, the European concept of a gnome is used in order to introduce the Far Eastern notion of the Koropokkuru, a mythical indigenous race of small people: gnomes are a persecuted minority banned from learning wizardry and attending magical schools.
- In Terry Brooks' Shannara series (created 1977 to 2017), gnomes are an offshoot race created after the Great Wars. There are several distinctive classes of gnomes. Gnomes are the smallest race. In The Sword of Shannara they are considered to be tribal and warlike, the one race that can be the most easily subverted to an evil cause. This is evidenced by their allegiance to the Warlock Lord in The Sword of Shannara and to the Mord Wraiths in The Wishsong of Shannara.
- Terry Pratchett included gnomes in his Discworld series. Gnomes were six inches in height but quite strong, often inflicting pain upon anyone underestimating them. One prominent gnome became a Watchman in Ankh-Morpork as the force became more diversified under the command of Sam Vimes, with Buggy Swires appearing in Jingo. Another gnome in the series was Wee Mad Arthur a pest terminator in Feet of Clay.
Music
- One of the first movements in Mussorgsky's 1874 work Pictures at an Exhibition is named "Gnomus" (Latin for "The Gnome"). It is written to sound as if a gnome is moving about, his movements constantly changing in speed.
- "The Laughing Gnome" is a song by English musician David Bowie, released as a single in 1967. It became a hit when reissued in 1973, in the wake of Bowie's commercial success.
- The 1970 album All Things Must Pass by English musician George Harrison has a cover image of the musician sitting among a group of garden gnomes.
- "The Gnome" is a song by Pink Floyd on their 1967 album The Piper at the Gates of Dawn. It is about a gnome named Grimble Gromble.
Games
- In the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game, gnomes are one of the core races available for play as player characters. They are described as being smaller than dwarves and large-nosed. They have an affinity with small animals and a particular interest in gemstones. Depending on setting and subrace, they may also have a natural skill with illusion magic or engineering.
- In the Warcraft franchise (1994 to present), particularly as featured in the massively multiplayer online role-playing game World of Warcraft, gnomes are a race of beings separate from but allied to dwarves and humans, with whom they share the lands of the Eastern Kingdoms. Crafty, intelligent, and smaller than their dwarven brethren, gnomes are one of two races in Azeroth regarded as technologically savvy. It is suggested in lore that the gnomes originally were mechanical creations that at some point became organic lifeforms. In World of Warcraft, gnomes are an exile race, having irradiated their home city of Gnomeregan in an unsuccessful last-ditch effort to drive out marauding foes.
Movies
- The 1967 Walt Disney movie The Gnome-Mobile
- The 2011 animated movie Gnomeo & Juliet
- The 2018 animated movie Sherlock Gnomes featured gnomish versions of several classic Sherlock Holmes characters.
TV Shows
- The Disney+ Series The Santa Clauses
- The Little Troll Prince features the troll prince Bu, turning into a gnome and gnomes by the end of the special
- David the Gnome, The Wisdom of Gnomes and The New World Of the Gnomes
Derivative uses
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Garden gnomes
Main article: Garden gnome Historic garden gnomes on display at the Gnome Reserve in Devon, UK. The ornament on the left of the image was produced by Eckardt and Mentz in the late nineteenth-century,By the late twentieth century the garden gnome had come to be stylised as an elderly man with a full white beard and a pointed hat.After World War II (with early references, in ironic use, from the late 1930s) the diminutive figurines introduced as lawn ornaments during the 19th century came to be known as garden gnomes. The image of the gnome changed further during the 1960s to 1970s, when the first plastic garden gnomes were manufactured. These gnomes followed the style of the 1937 depiction of the seven dwarves in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs by Disney. This "Disneyfied" image of the gnome was built upon by the illustrated children's book classic Gnomes (1976), in the original Dutch Leven en werken van de Kabouter, by author Wil Huygen and artist Rien Poortvliet, followed in 1981 by The Secret Book of Gnomes. Garden gnomes share a resemblance to the Scandinavian tomte and nisse, and the Swedish term "tomte" can be translated as "gnome" in English.
Gnome-themed parks
Several gnome themed entertainment parks exist. Notable ones are:
- The Gnome Reserve, at West Putford near Bradworthy in North Devon, United Kingdom
- Gnomeland, at Watermouth Castle in Berrynarbor, North Devon, United Kingdom
- Gnome Magic Garden, at Colchester, United Kingdom
- Gnometown, USA in Dawson, Minnesota, United States
- The Gnome Village, at Efteling theme park in Kaatsheuvel, Netherlands
- Zwergen-Park Trusetal, in Trusetal, Germany
- Gnom's Park in Nowa Sól, Poland.
Gnome parades
Gnome parades are held annually at Atlanta's Inman Park Festival. Numerous one-off gnome parades have been held, including in Savannah, Georgia (April 2012) and Cleveland, Ohio (May 2011).
Metaphorical uses
- The expression "Gnomes of Zurich", Swiss bankers pictured as diminutive creatures hoarding gold in subterranean vaults, was derived from a speech in 1956 by Harold Wilson, and gained currency in the 1960s (OED notes the New Statesman issue of 27 November 1964 as earliest attestation).
- Architect Earl Young built a number of stone houses in Charlevoix, Michigan, that have been referred to as gnome homes.
- A user of Misplaced Pages or any wiki who makes useful incremental edits without clamouring for attention is called a WikiGnome.
See also
Explanatory notes
- Or Latin:cobelus, Greek form cobelos.
- And again in the Johannes Huser edition of 1589–1591 from an autograph by Paracelsus.
- The asterisk(*) at the beginnings of the presumed Latin or Greek words indicates linguistic reconstruction.
- A rhetorical comparison is made to Murray Gell-Mann who did write to the Oxford English Dictionary regarding the word origin of "quark".
- If 1 span is taken to be 9 inches, 2 spans equal 1.5 feet. Cf. below where Agricola gives 3 dodrans (equal to 3 spans, i.e., 2.25 feet).
- Them being "taciturn" according to C. S. Lewis appears to be a misattribution, for Paracelsus states: "The mountain manikins are endowed with speech like the nymphs , and the vulcans speak nothing, yet they can speak but roughly and rarely". Hartmann also seems to misstate the "spirits of the woods" as saying nothing, since this answers to "sylvestres" of the forests, given as an alternate name sylphs, or air spirits.
- Mathesius apparently used gütlein also.
- The Hoovers in their translation of Agricola echo the opinion that kobalt has this name because the kobel demon was blamed for it. Cf. also Johann Beckmann (1752). See § Cobalt ore for further details on the "cobalt" etymology.
- The main text itself discusses "dæmon" in relation to "metallum" but the set phrase "dæmon metallicus" occurs in the end gloss.
- (bergmenlein, kobel, guttel [sic].
- Or "mountain dwarf"
- Agricola specifies "nempe nani tres dodrantes longi" where dodrans glosses as "three-quarters of a foot", i.e., "dwarf 2.25 feet tall". The Hoovers' translation converts to "about 2 feet".
- Here "metallicorum" is glossed as "miner", even though the old translation renders as "metal finers".
- The dated rendition gives "laced petticoat" while the Hoovers gave "filleted garment" for Latin vittatus (vitta "band, ribbon").
- indusium or "laced petticoat" in the old translation could refers to either an upper or lower garment, thus the Hoover's give "garment", but here prob. in the sense of shirt, not skirt, cf. Bergmännlein wearing "white shirt" in Rollenhagen's Froschmäuseler poem, noted by Grimm.
- glareis Jacessant.
- iumentum can mean cattle, etc., though Lavater tr. Harris gives "horses"
- (East Central German) Gütel, Güttel purportedly diminutives of "God", as it referred to fetish figurines, and as such ostensibly identifiable with kobold (as figurines).
- ^ Grimm cites Václav Hanka's "Old" Bohemian glosses, 79 as giving "gitulius" for kobolt, followed by alpinus glossed as "tatrman". Grimm makes the point that all these have "doll" or "puppet" connotations, since alphinus was the term for a chess piece (the queen, apparently also called "the fool"), and tatrman is attested with the usage "guiding him with strings".
- A troll is obviously rather generic. Lecouteux gives Swedish: gruvrå.
- Williams calculates to "half a foot" which must be off, perhaps 3/4 misread as 1/4.
- Modern UK/US bushel is about 35The German bushel or Scheffel historically was a widely differing unit of dry volume, depending on region, it was around 50 liters in many areas, but given as 310 odd liters in the Duchy of Braunschweig.
- Baba (2019)'s specific mention of "Bergmännlein" is limited to saying they appear as characters in two tales from the collection of Karl Müllenhoff, at p. 26. She discusses near synonyms in Grimm's Deutsche Mytholgie, namely, männlein being used as circumlocution for dwarf (Zwerg), p. 26, and Zwerg being a Berggeist pp. 101, 103; or equivalent to a mine spirit, p. 125, and deriving from the Germanic dvergr p. 134. As a reminder, Agricola's monograph on "mountain elves" was considered a book on Berggeist in the Grimms' DS.
- "Die drei Bergleute im Kuttenberg", Deutsche Sagen, No. 1
References
- Citations
- ^ "gnome". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.); See Murray, James A. H. ed. (1901) A New Eng. Dict. on Hist. Principles IV, s.v. "gnome2"
- ^ "Gnome". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 12 March 2008.
- ^ Agricola, Georgius (1657) . "Animantium nomina latina, graega, q'ue germanice reddita, quorum author in Libro de subterraneis animantibus meminit". Georgii Agricolae Kempnicensis Medici Ac Philosophi Clariss. De Re Metallica Libri XII.: Quibus Officia, Instrumenta, Machinae, Ac Omnia Denique Ad Metallicam Spectantia, Non Modo Luculentissime describuntur; sed & per effigies, suis locis insertas ... ita ob oculos ponuntur, ut clarius tradi non possint. Basel: Sumptibus & Typis Emanuelis König. p. .
Dæmonum: Dæmon subterraneus trunculentus: bergterufel; mitis bergmenlein/kobel/guttel
- Wrubel (1883), p. 29.
- Stötzel (1936), p. 75.
- cf. the compilation Heilfurth & Greverus (1967) and its explanatory, pp. 56–58, 189–190 on past anthologies by Wrubel (1883) using "Berggeist" as category, and Stötzel (1936) essentially following but renaming the category as "Bergmännchen.
- Paracelsus (1658), II: 394.
- Paracelsus (1658), II: 391.
- = loc. cit. apud OED.
- Paracelsus (1566). Ex Libro de Nymphis, Sylvanis, Pygmaeis, Salamandris et Gigantibus, etc. Nissae Silesiorum: Ioannes Cruciger.
- Hall, Manly P. (1997, 1964). Paracelsus: His Mystical and Medical Philosophy. Philosophical Research Society. pp. 53, 69–72, 74, 77–78. ISBN 0-89314-808-3.
- Liberman, Anatoly (2009). Word Origins...And How We Know Them: Etymology for Everyone. Oxford University Press. p. 128. ISBN 9780195387070.
- Cf. Paracelsus & Sigerist tr. (1941), pp. 231–232
- ^ Veenstra, Jan R. (2013). "Paracelsian Spirits in Pope's Rape of the Lock". Airy Nothings: Imagining the Otherworld of Faerie from the Middle Ages to the Age of Reason: Essays in Honour of Alasdair A. MacDonald. BRILL. p. 233. ISBN 9789004258235.
- Paracelsus (1658), II: 392: "Gnomi humiles sunt, duas circiter spithamas æquantes"; Paracelsus (1567), p. 181: "die Gnomi sein klein bis auff zwo spannen unnd dergleichen ungeferlich"; Paracelsus & Sigerist tr. (1941), p. 235: "The mountain people are small, of about two spans".
- ^ Lewis, C. S. (2012) . The Discarded Image - An Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature. Cambridge University Press. p. 135. ISBN 9781107604704.
- Paracelsus (1658), II: 391: "Terra autem gnomis tantum chaos ist. Illi enim transeunt solidas parietes, saxa & scopulos, instar spiritus..."; Paracelsus (1567), p. 179: "also den Gnomis die erde ihr Lufft, dann ein jedes ding wonet, geht und steht im Chaos. Die Gnomi gehn durch ganze felsen, mauren, unnd was innen ihr Chaos zu gros ist..."; Paracelsus & Sigerist tr. (1941), p. 234–235: "the mountain manikins have the earth which is their chaos. To them it is only an air"; Paracelsus & Sigerist tr. (1941), p. 232: "to the gnomi in the mountains: the earth is the air and is their chaos.. Now, the earth is not more than mere chaos to the mountain manikins. For they walk through solid walls, through rocks and stones, like a spirit;"
- Paracelsus & Sigerist tr. (1941), p. 228.
- Paracelsus & Sigerist tr. (1941), p. 240.
- Hartmann (1902), p. 156.
- Hartmann (1902), pp. 54, 152–153.
- Paracelsus & Sigerist tr. (1941), p. 231.
- Paracelsus & Sigerist tr. (1941), translator's preface, p. 221, translated text, p. 248
- Paracelsus (1567), p. 195: "Die Riesen kommen von den Waltleuten, die zwerglein von den Erdleuten, unnd sein monstra von ihnen wie die Syrenen von den Nymphen, von solche dingen werden wol selten geborn".
- Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens, Walter de Gruyter (1974), s.v. "Paracelsus", Band 6 1395–1398.
- Sigerist's translation: "The giants come from the forest people and the dwarfs from the earth manikins. They are monstra like the sirens from the nymphs. Thus these beings are born". The Latin term "monstra" is used as is in the 1567 German edition also. However, this is not "monster" in the common modern sense, and explained as the "misbegotten" (Mißgeburten) in one reference handbook in its entry on "Paracelsus".
- e.g. Paracelsus (1567), p. 181 "Bergmänlein"
- For the English "mountain people" "mountain manikins" cf. Paracelsus & Sigerist tr. (1941), passim.
- Wolfersdorf (1968), pp. 170, 199.
- Wolfersdorf (1968), pp. 210, 211.
- ^ Verardi, Donato (2023). Aristotelianism and Magic in Early Modern Europe: Philosophers, Experimenters and Wonderworkers. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 85. ISBN 9781350357174.
- Grimm & Grimm1816, p. 3.
- Grimm, Deutsches Wörterbuch, Band 5, s.v. "Kobel"
- Grimms, DW; cf. Deutsches Wörterbuch "kobel".
- ^ Lecouteux, Claude (2016). "BERGMÄNNCHEN (Bergmännlein, Bergmönch, Knappenmanndl, Kobel, Gütel; gruvrå in Sweden)". Encyclopedia of Norse and Germanic Folklore, Mythology, and Magic. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781620554814.
- ^ Wolfersdorf (1968), p. 40.
- ^ Agricola (1546), p. 467: "Hoc genus metallici cobaltum, liceat mihi nunc nostris uti, vocant: Græci cadmiam".
- Agricola & Hoovers trr. (1912), pp. 112–113.
- This clarification (identification of cadmia's real German form) is possible through Agricola's publications too, but is more complicated. In the text itself he write that the ore in Latin cadmia was called in German cobaltus, which is of course Latinized. The pure German form kobelt can be looked up in the appended glossary ("Cadmia metallica Kobelt"), or by tabulating a comparison with the contemporary German translations which the Hoovers have done.
- Agricola & Hoovers trr. (1912), 1: 214, n21.
- ^ Wothers, Peter (2019). Antimony, Gold, and Jupiter's Wolf: How the elements were named. Oxford University Press. pp. 48–49. ISBN 9780192569905.
- ^ Mathesius (1652), quoted in English by the Hoovers, excerpted by Wothers.
- Göpfert, Ernst (1902). Die Bergmannssprache in der Sarepta des Johann Mathesius. Starßburg: Trübner. p. 41. ISBN 978-3-11-104946-5.
- ^ Agricola, Georgius (1546) . "Bermannus, sive de re metallica dialogus". Georgii Agricolae De ortu & causis subterraneorum lib. 5. De natura eorum quae effluunt ex terra lib. 4. De natura fossilium lib. 10. De ueteribus & nouis metallis lib. 2. Bermannus, siue De re metallica dialogus lib.1. Interpretatio Germanica uocum rei metallicæ, addito Indice fœcundissimo. Basel: Froben. pp. 432–433.
BER: ..genus certè dæmonum,..metallicis inferunt; AN: Eius generis dæmonum quod in metallis esse solet.. Psellus mentionem fecit...
. Gloss, p. 477: "Daemon metallicus: Das bergmenlin". The title page describing the contents list the gloss as "Interpretatio Germanica uocum rei metallicæ.." but the gloss itself has the header "Sequuntur rerum, de quibus scribimus, nomina, quae ipsis posuerunt Germani, nec tamen nomina prosuerunt omnibus rebus, quibus uel abundant, uel non carent". - ^ Agricola, Georgius (1614) . "37". In Johannes Sigfridus (ed.). Georgii Agricolae De Animantibus subterraneis. Witebergæ: Typis Meisnerianis. pp. 78–79.
- ^ Excerpted translation footnoted in President and Mrs. Hoover (1912)'s translation of De re metallica, requoted by Wothers,
- Library of the Surgeon General's Office (1941). "Agricola". Index-catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon General's Office, United States Army (Army Medical Library) (4 ed.). U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 24–28.
- Gloss titled Appellationes quadrupedum, insectorum, volucrium, piscium (1563), quote: "Daemon subterraneus.. bergmenlein/kobel/guttel". See full quote with opposite translation, below.
- ^ Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1888), 4: 1414.
- Grimm's annotation to his Deutsche Mythologie. He states the source as the 1657 edition de re metall. libri XII which is misleading since it (as quoted from below) is an omnibus edition including selections from De animantibus, and Grimm is actually quoting the appended gloss to De animantibus, not De re metallica.
- Agricola (1546), p. 78: "argento fœcundam"
- ^ Agricola (1546), p. 478, gloss: "Fodinam, quantumuis argento fœcundam propter dæmonem metallicum deferere": "Ein fundige zech des bergmenleins halben liegen lassen"
- "Latin: quantumvis argento fœcundam"(abundant and rich silver
- Black, William George (18 March 1893). "Ghost miners". Notes and Queries. 8: 205–206.
- Cf. also paraphrase by Ludovico Maria Sinistrari (1876) De la démonalite et des animaux incubes et succubes translated into French.
- The German appellations are given in the gloss to De animantibus, as already explained.
- Kretschmer, Paul (1928). "Weiteres zur Urgeschichte der Inder". Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der indogermanischen Sprachen. 55. p. 89 and p. 87, n2.
- There is the German form Kobalen, the -en presumably a definite article suffix. This term applies to a mountain-cave demon, answering to Latin Cobali, virunculi montani (used here by Agricola), Berggeister, Gnome, and Kobold, according to German linguist Paul Kretschmer.
- Liddell and Scott (1940). A Greek–English Lexicon. s.v. "koba_l-os, ho". Revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-864226-1. Online version retrieved 25 February 2008.
- Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883), p. 500: "rogue"; Grimm (1875), pp. 415–416: "Schalk".
- Lockwood, William Burley (1987). German Today: The Advanced Learner's Guide. Clarendon Press. pp. 29, 32. ISBN 9780198158042.
- Hawhee, Debra (2020). Rhetoric in Tooth and Claw: Animals, Language, Sensation. University of Chicago Press. p. 60. ISBN 9780226706771.
- Mellor, J. W. (1935) "Cobalt". A comprehensive treatise on inorganic and theoretical chemistry vol. XIV, p. 420.
- Taylor, J. R. (1977). "The Origin and Use of Cobalt Compounds as Blue". Science and Archaeology. 19: 6.
- Mellor (1935) "κόβαλος, a mine [sic]", misprint corrected as "kobalos, mime" by Taylor.
- Drake, Nathan (1817). Shakespeare and His Times: Including the Biography of the Poet; Criticism on His Genius and Writings; a New Chronology of His Plays; a Disquisition on the Object of His Sonnets; and a History of the Manners, Customs, Amusement, Superstitions, Poetry, and Elegant Literature of His Age. Vol. 2. London: T. Cadell and W. Davies. p. 131.
- Latin virunculos is vir "man" suffixed with diminutive -unculos, -unculus. Hence equal to German diminutive of Mann, i.e., Männlein, Männchen.
- Athanasius Kircher also gives Bergmänlin =Bergmanlein as German equivalent. Mundus Subterraneus, Lib. VIII, sect. 4, cap. 4, p. 123.
- ^ Lavater, Ludwig (1596). Of ghostes and spirites walking by nyght, and of strange noyses, crackes, and sundry forewarnynges, which commonly happen before the death of menne, great slaughters, and alterations of kyngdomes. Vol. 2. Translated by Robert Harrison. London: Thomas Creede. p. 75.
- ^ Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883), p. 462, n2.
- Agricola, Georgius (1912). Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica: Tr. from the 1st Latin Ed. of 1556 (Books I–VIII). Translated by Hoover, Herbert Clark and Lou Henry Hoover. London: The Mining Magazine. p. 217, n26.; Second Part, Books IX–XII
- Handwörterbücher zur deutschen Volkskunde: Abteilung I. Aberglaube, Walter de Gruyter (1931), s.v. "Gütel, Gütchen, Jüdel, Jütel, usw. (Dämonenname", pp. 1233–234ff
- ^ Müller-Fraureuth, Karl (1906). "Kap. 14". Sächsische Volkswörter: Beiträge zur mundartlichen Volkskunde. Dresden: Wilhelm Baensch. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-3-95770-329-3.
- Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens, Walter de Gruyter (1974), s.v. "Kobld", Band 5: 26–31ff. Reprint (1987), p. 5: 29ff
- Hanka (1833). Zbjrka neydáwněgšjch Slownjků Latinsko-Českých . s.v. "Gitulius kobolt, p. 79
- ^ Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883), p. 502.
- ^ Olaus Magnus (2017) . "Book 6, Ch. 10 On demons in the mines". Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus: Romæ 1555 [Description of the Northern Peoples : Rome 1555]. Vol. II. Translated by Foote, Peter and Humphrey Higgins. Routledge. pp. 299–300. ISBN 9781351555975.
- As also reported by Olaus Magnus, discussed below.
- Wolfersdorf (1968), p. 121.
- Heilfurth & Greverus (1967), pp. 105, 347.
- Heilfurth & Greverus (1967), p. 347.
- Latin: "Flatum vero emittebat ex rictu" apparently omitted by the Hoovers, Wothers provides his own translation that it "only with his breath killed more than twelve labourers" and comments on the demon appearing in horse's guise, and issuing poison breath out of its mouth. Cf. German: Anhauch.
- Calmet, Augustin (1850). The Phantom World: The History and Philosophy of Spirits, Apparitions, &c., &c. Vol. 2. Translated by Henry Christmas. Philadelphia: A. Hart. p. 140.
- Calmet states "spirit in the shape of a spirited, snorting horse", citing a different title, "Geo. Agricola, de Mineral. Subterran., p. 504"
- Paracelsus (2013). Koelsch, Franz (ed.). Von der Bergsucht und anderen Bergkrankheiten. Springer-Verlag. pp. 61–62. ISBN 9783642991486.
- Just below mention of the mine "Corona rosacea", writes: "Eius generis demonum, quod in metallis esse solet, inter reliqua, sex (6) enim numerat, Psellus mentionem fecit,.. cæteris peius" (worse than the rest).
- ^ Olaus Magnus (1555). "Liber VI. Cap. X. De Metallicis Dæmonibus". Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus. Rome: Giovanni M. Viotto. pp. 210–211.
- ^ Hibbert, Samuel (1825). Sketches of the Philosophy of Apparitions: Or, An Attempt to Trace Such Illusions to Their Physical Causes (2 ed.). Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. p. 140.
- "Guteli" was Agricola's spelling, thus "Getuli" is not faithful to it. However, gitulius (var. getulius, gaetulius) as syn. kobolt is attested, so the learned Englishmen were perhaps providing the correct standard Latin.
- ^ Burton, Robert (1875) . The Anatomy of melancholy. Vol. 1. New York: W.J. Widdleton. pp. 259–260.
- Ernsting, Bernd (1994). Georgius Agricola: Bergwelten 1494-1994. Essen: Edition Glückauf. p. 108. ISBN 9783773906045.
- Musäus, Johann Karl August (1845). "Legends of Rübezahl: §Legend the First". Select Popular Tales from the German of Musaeus. With ... Wood Engravings, Etc. Translated by James Burns. London: Iames Burns. pp. 146–150 et sqq.
- ^ Ball, Philip (2003). Bright Earth: Art and the Invention of Color. Essen: University of Chicago Press. pp. 118–119. ISBN 9780226036281.
- Wothers (2019).
- ^ Wothers (2019), p. 47.
- The trend of 21st century scholarship seems to be to categorize the kobel, etc. as "gnome". Peter Wothers titles his section on discussion on cobalt as §Gnomes and Goblins. And while Wothers's Fig. 24 (= the fig. under § Olaus Magnus) labels the creature as "mining demon", Britannica Online labeled it as "gnome".
- "cobalt". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.); Harris, William Torrey; Allen, Frederic Sturges edd. (1911) Webster's New International Dictionary, s.v."cobalt"
- "cobalt". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.); Murray, James A. H. ed. (1908) A New Eng. Dict. II, s.v."cobalt"
- Agricola (1546), p. 481: Latin: Modulus = German: Kobel
- Agricola mentions the bucket repeatedly, in Latin as modulus, glossed as "kobel". Cf. also Grimm, Deutsches Wörterbuch, Band 5, s.v. "Kobel", as well as "Köbel" and "Kübel".
- Rand, Harry (2019). Rumpelstiltskin's Secret: What Women Didn't Tell the Grimms. Routledge. p. 133 and Fig. 6.1 (on p. 134). ISBN 9781351204149.
- Olaus appears to be quoting Munsterus (Münster), identified as author of Cosmographia, i.e., Sebastian Münster the cartographer. He names Agricola apparently as an additional authority for confirmation. But much material found in Olaus are actually to be found in Agricola, as explained in several notes above.
- Praetorius (1666), p. 142; Praetorius (1668), p. 129
- Williams, Gerhild Scholz (2017). "Chapter 1, § Paracelsian Wonders". Ways of Knowing in Early Modern Germany: Johannes Praetorius as a Witness to his Time. Routledge. ISBN 9781351873529.
- Praetorius (1666), pp. 359–379; Praetorius (1668), pp. 311–326 "VIII. Von Hausmännern, Laribus, Penatibus, Geniis, Kobolden, Stepgen, Ungethümen, Larven, Haussgötzen, Gütgen".
- "8. Haußmänner/Kobolde/Gütgen"
- ^ Wolfersdorf (1968).
- Scott, Walter (1845). "Letter IV", Letters on Demonology and Witchcraft. New York: Harber & Brothers, p. 110
- Scott actually says these are "kobolds" which are types of gnomes.
- "Der Berggeist spendet Geleucht" (C. 5 ), Heilfurth & Greverus (1967) pp. 438–442
- Stopp, F. J. (1970). "Henry the Younger of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel: wild men and werewolf in religious polemics, 1538-1544". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 33: 214. doi:10.2307/750896. JSTOR 750896.
- ^ Ranke, Friedrich (1910). "6. Der Kobold". In von der Leyen, Friedrich; Ranke, Friedrich; Müller, Karl Alexander von (eds.). Die deutschen Vokssagen. Deutsches Sagenbuch 4. München: C.H. Beck. pp. 164–166.; e-text @Projeckt Gutenberg
- "Braunschweig Himten 31 1/7 liter" (cf." Baiern Schäffel 222.4 liter"). Schrader, Theodor Friedrich (1859).Das Wichtigste der Wechselcourse, des Münzwesens und der Maasse und Gewichte, p. 65.
- "Ein Wispel hält in Braunschweir\g 4 Scheffel, 40 Himten oder 640 Löcher ". Otto von Münchhausen (1771)Der Hausvater, p. 640.
- ^ Britten, Emma Hardinge (1884). Nineteenth century miracles, or, Spirits and their work in every country of the earth : a complete historical compendium of the great movement known as "modern spiritualism". New York: Published by William Britten : Lovell & Co. pp. 32–33.
- Mr. Kalodzy, teacher at the Hungarian Mining School, cited by spiritualist Emma Hardinge Britten.
- William Howitt, London Spiritual Magazine, cited by Britten.
- Guerber, H. A. (1899). Legends of Switzerland. Dodd, Mead & Co. pp. 289–290.
- Rollenhagen's poem is a take on the Greek Froschmäusekrieg. Rollenhagen, Gabriel (1730). "3tte Theil, Das I. Kapitel: Rathschlag der Berg- und Wasser-Geister über diesen Krieg". Sinnreicher Froschmäuseler, vorstellend der Frösche und Mäuse wunderbahre Hoffhaltung: in dreyen Büchern mit Fleiss beschrieben. Frankfurt: Routledge. p. 608.
- In the published version of Rollenhagen's work, "Bergmännlein" is used in the index, but the verses themselves read: "Funden sich auf dem Berg beysammen Der kleiner Männlein ohne Nahmen,/ In weissen Hemdlein, spitzgen Kappen,/ Als man gewohnt an den Bergknappen".
- Cf. Baba (2019). Generally speaking, "the mythological school inherits their mentor Grimm's genre-classification theories", p. 71, and the mythological school, as the name implies is the approach of seeking "vestiges of mythology".
- Leslie, Esther (2006). Synthetic Worlds: Nature, Art and the Chemical Industry. Reaktion Books. ISBN 9781861895547.
- ^ Yoshida, Takao (December 2008). "Sanrei to meikai: Gurimu 〈sannin no kōfu〉densetsu wo meguru mondaikei" 山霊と冥界――グリム〈三人の鉱夫〉伝説をめぐる問題系―― [The Berggeist and the Netherworld: the body of issues concerning Grimm's 〈Die drei Bergleute〉legend]. Gaikoku bungaku kenkyū 外国文学研究 (27). Nara Women's University: 149–194.
- ^ Baba, Ayaka (1 September 2019). Doitsu shinwa gakuha ni yoru tsuveruku densetsu no kaishaku: densetsushū no tekusuto bunrui to hairetsu ga egaku shinwa sekai ドイツ神話学派によるツヴェルク伝説の解釈‐伝説集のテクスト分類と配列が描く神話世界‐ [The Zwerg legend according to the Mythologische Schule: the mythical world as depicted by the classification of tales and their arrangements in the collected anthologies of legends] (PDF) (Ph. D.) (in Japanese). Kobe University. hdl:20.500.14094/D1007257.
- Yoshida (2008), p. 185 apud Baba (2009), pp. 101–102.
- ^ Yoshida (2008), pp. 179–181 apud Baba (2009), p. 102.
- ^ Greverus, Ina-Maria (1962). "Zur Problematik der Bergmannssage . Eine Erwiderung". Rheinisch-westfälische Zeitschrift für Volkskunde. 9: 77–106.
- ^ Baba (2019), pp. 102–103.
- Grimm (1875), p. 389.
- Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883), p. 470.
- e.g., the dancing berggeister of DS No. 298.
- Heilfurth & Greverus (1967).
- ^ Heilfurth & Greverus (1967), p. 61.
- Wrubel (1883), pp. 29–90.
- ^ Ozawa, Toshio (June 1970). "(Book Review) Gerhard Heilfurth, unter Mitarbeit von Ina-Maria Greverus; Bergbau und Bergmann in der deutschsprachigen Sagenuberlieferung Mitteleuropas, Band I-Quellen, 1967". Minzokugaku kenkyū 民族學研究. 35 (1). Sanseido: 79–82.
- Ozawa (1970), Review of Gerhard Heilfurth [de], co-written with Greverus (1967).
- Müllenhoff, Karl, ed. (1845). "CDXLIII. Das Glück der Grafen Ranzau; DXLV. Josias Ranzaus gefeites Schwert". Sagen, Märchen und Lieder der Herzogthümer Schleswig, Holstein und Lauenburg. Kiel: Schwersche Buchhandlung. pp. 327–331.
- Baba (2019), pp. 125–126.
- Montfaucon de Villars, Nicolas-Pierre-Henri (1680). The Count of Gabalis: Or, The Extravagant Mysteries of the Cabalists, Exposed in Five Pleasant Discourses on the Secret Sciences. Translated by Gent, P. A. London: B. M. Printer. pp. 29–30. OCLC 992499594.
- de Montfaucon de Villars, N.-P.-H. (1913) . Comte de Gabalis. London: The Brothers, Old Bourne Press. OCLC 6624965. Archived from the original on 13 May 2015.
- 2007: Shadow on the Land, page 115
- 2013: Gnomes and Haflings, page 120
- Clute, John; Grant, John (1999). "Elemental". The Encyclopedia of Fantasy. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 313–314. ISBN 0-312-19869-8.
- Mizuno, Ryou (2019). Sorcerous Stabber Orphen Anthology. Commentary (in Japanese). TO Books. p. 238. ISBN 9784864728799.
- Tweet, Jonathan (July 2003). Player's Handbook Core Rulebook I v.3.5. Renton WA: Wizards of the Coast.
- Rossi, Matthew (23 April 2014). "Know Your Lore: Gnomes, the inheritors of the future". Engadget. Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
- "Sherlock Gnomes". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
- Paul, Péralte (16 April 2012). "Creating A World Record, One Gnome At A Time". East Atlanta Patch. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
- "Best Dressed Gnome Parade & Contest (adults & kids), Savannah". Southern Mamas. 2012. Archived from the original on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
- Neff, Martha Mueller (18 May 2011). "5 ways for families to get close to birds". Cleveland.com. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
- Schiff, Stacy (31 July 2006). "Know It All, Can Misplaced Pages conquer expertise?". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 30 September 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
Bibliography
- Grimm, Jacob (1875). "XVII. Wichte und Elbe". Deutsche Mythologie. Vol. 1 (4 ed.). Göttingen: W. Swan Sonnenschein & Allen. pp. 363–428.
- Grimm, Jacob (1883). "XVII. Wights and Elves §Elves, Dwarves". Teutonic Mythology. Vol. 2. Translated by James Steven Stallybrass. W. Swan Sonnenschein & Allen. pp. 439–517.
- —— (1888). "(Notes to) XVII. Wights and Elves §Elves, Dwarves". Teutonic Mythology. Vol. 4. Translated by James Steven Stallybrass. W. Swan Sonnenschein & Allen. pp. 1407–1436.
- Grimm, Jacob; Grimm, Wilhelm (1816). Deutsche Sagen. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). Berlin: Nicolai.
- Hartmann, Franz (1902). "V. Pneumatology". The Life and the Doctrines of Paracelsus. New York: Theosophical Publishing Company. pp. 130–160.
- Heilfurth, Gerhard ; Greverus, Ina-Maria (1967). Bergbau und Bergmann in der deutschsprachigen Sagenüberlieferung Mitteleuropas. Marburg: Elwert.
- Paracelsus (1567). "De nymphis, syl. pyg.et salamandris". In Flöter, Balthasar (ed.). Philosophiæ magnæ, des Edlen ... Herrn D. Aureoli Theophrasti von Hohenhaim ... Tractatus aliquot, jetzt erst in Truck geben, etc. Köln: Truckts G. Vierendunck in verlegung A. Birckmans Erben. pp. 170–.
- Paracelsus (1658). "Liber [philos.] de nymphis sylphis pygmæis et salamandris". Opera omnia medico-chemico-chirurgica. Geneva: Antonius et Tournes. pp. 388–.
- Paracelsus (1996) . "IV. A Book on Nymphs, Sylphs, Pygmies, and Salamanders, and on the Other Spirits". Four Treatises of Theophrastus Von Hohenheim Called Paracelsus. Translated by Sigerist, Henry. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 213–255. ISBN 9780801855238.
- Praetorius, Johannes (1666). "II. Von Bergmännrigen / Erd-Leuten". Anthropodemus Plutonicus. Das ist, Eine Neue Welt-beschreibung Von allerley Wunderbahren Menschen: Als da seyn, Die 1. Alpmännergen, Schröteln, Nachtmähren. 2. Bergmännerlein, Wichtelin, Unter-Irrdische. 3. Chymische Menschen, Wettermännlein. ... 22. Zwerge, Dümeken. Vol. 1. Illustrated by Thomas Cross (fl. 1632-1682). Magdeburg: In Verlegung Johann Lüderwalds. pp. 44–156.
- Praetorius, Johannes (1668) . "II. Von Bergmännrigen / Erd-Leuten". Anthropodemvs Plvtonicus, Das ist Eine Neue Weltbeschreibung Von Allerley Wunderbahren Menschen, Als da seyn... Vol. 1. Illustrated by Thomas Cross (fl. 1632-1682). Magdeburg: In Verlegung Johann Lüderwalds. pp. 41–140. Alternate url:
- Stötzel, Heinrich, ed. (1936). "2. Das Bergmannchen". Die Bergmannssage. Düsseldorf: G.H. Nolt. pp. 75–.
- Wolfersdorf, Peter (1968). Die niedersächsischen Berggeistsagen. Schriften zur niederdeutschen Volkskunde 2. Schwartz. pp. 213–255. ISBN 9783509002850.
- Wrubel, Friedrich, ed. (1883). "II. Sagen vom Berggeist". Sammlung bergmännischer Sagen. Freiberg in Sachsen: Craz & Gerlach Ed. Stettner. pp. 29–90.
Fairies in folklore | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Classifications of fairies | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Related articles | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abodes and structures | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||