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{{Short description|Form of alternative medicine}}
{{sources}}
{{About|use of electromagnetic radiation in alternative medicine|use in mainstream medicine|Electrotherapy}}
'''Radionics''' is a body of ideas and practice concerning the concept of ] and its transmission from one person to another (or any living being) for healing purposes.<ref name="uk_healing">http://www.radionic.co.uk/What_is_radionics.htm</ref> The ideas behind radionics originated in the early ] with ] (1864-1924).


] (1863–1924), Photo {{circa|1900}}]]
The concepts of such fields is not uncommon in ], and is also according to its practitioners associated with ] (ESP),<ref name="uk_home">http://www.radionic.co.uk/</ref> but are not recognized scientifically, nor is there much support for the ideas and practices from the scientific community. As a result Radionics is usually classed as a ].


]
== Background==


'''Radionics'''<ref>"Radionic", '']'', 2nd ed. (1989), Vol. XIII, p. 105. The earliest citation in this sense (number 2) is from 1947. The related term "radiesthesia" dates from the mid-1930s (''OED'', Vol. XIII, p. 94), thus both terms post-date Abrams' death.</ref>—also called '''electromagnetic therapy''' ('''EMT''') and the '''Abrams method'''—is a form of ] that claims that disease can be diagnosed and treated by applying ] (EMR), such as ]s, to the body from an electrically powered device.<ref name=ACS/> It is similar to ], which also applies EMR to the body but uses a magnet that generates a static electromagnetic field.<ref name=ACS/><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=17577213 |year=2007 |last1=Gordon |first1=G.&nbsp;A. |title=Designed electromagnetic pulsed therapy: Clinical applications |volume=212 |issue=3 |pages=579–82 |doi=10.1002/jcp.21025 |journal=]|doi-access=free }}</ref>
===Description of Radionics===
Radionics is a form of ] premised on the existence of a ] surrounding each living being, and a non-physical connection and unity (sometimes called the "universal mind" <ref name="uk_healing" />) between living beings that is indifferent to the physical space between them. It holds that this field:


The concept behind radionics originated with two books published by American physician ] in 1909 and 1910.<ref>''Spinal Therapeutics'' (1909) and ''Spondylotherapy'' (1910). Abrams more definitively launched his pseudoscience, which he called "Electronic Reactions of Abrams", or "ERA", when he published ''New Concepts in Diagnosis and Treatment'' in 1916.</ref> Over the next decade, Abrams became a millionaire by leasing EMT machines, which he designed himself.<ref name=ACS/> This so-called treatment contradicts the principles of ] and ] and therefore is widely considered ].<ref name='radionics_Gale'/> The United States ] does not recognize any legitimate medical use for radionic devices.<ref name=ACS/><ref name='radionics_Gale'>{{Cite book |first=David |last=Helwig |contribution=Radionics |title=The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine |editor-first=Jacqueline L. |editor-last=Longe |publisher=Gale Cengage |date=December 2004 |isbn=978-0-7876-7424-3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705011820/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2603/is_0006/ai_2603000616 |archive-date=2012-07-05 |contribution-url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2603/is_0006/ai_2603000616 |access-date=2008-02-07 }}</ref><ref name=MorrisFishbein>Fishbein, Morris, ''The New Medical Follies'' (1927) Boni and Liverlight, New York, pp. 39–41.</ref>
: ''"... sustains and vitalises it . If the field is weakened, for example by stress or pollution, then eventually the physical body also becomes weak, leaving it susceptible to illness. The aim of radionics is to identify the weaknesses in this field and to correct them, and thereby alleviate or prevent physical or emotional dis-ease. This subtle field cannot be accessed using our conventional senses."'' <ref name="uk_healing" />


Several ] have shown radionics is no more effective than ] and falls into the category of pseudoscience.<ref name=Basford>{{cite journal |last1=Basford |first1=J.&nbsp;R. |title=A historical perspective of the popular use of electric and magnetic therapy |journal=Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation |date=September 2001 |volume=82 |issue=9 |pages=1261–1269 |doi=10.1053/apmr.2001.25905 |pmid=11552201}} {{open access}}</ref>
Radionics practitioners use techniques similar to ] to focus their own senses, identify weaknesses in the field and assist in the selection of healing remedies.<ref name="uk_healing" /> These may include both physical instruments, of which Abrams himself designed thirteen,{{fact}} as well as use of items "unique to the individual" such as hair or their signature, as focussing aids for the the healing effect of the practitioner's own ].<ref name="uk_healing" />
{{Pseudomedicine sidebar|fringe}}


== History ==
The description of these fields and related connections as universal and non-physical also means that according to its practitioners, Radionics is capable of use either in person or remotely, for healing purposes.
Beginning around 1909, ] (1864–1924) began to claim that he could detect "energy frequencies" in his patient's bodies. The idea was that a healthy person will have certain energy frequencies moving through their body that define health, while an unhealthy person will exhibit other, different energy frequencies that define disorders. He said he could cure people by "balancing" their discordant frequencies and claimed that his devices are sensitive enough that he could tell someone's religion by looking at a drop of blood.<ref name=MorrisFishbein /> He developed thirteen devices and became a millionaire leasing his devices,<ref name=MorrisFishbein /><ref name=Quackwatch /> and the ] described him as the "dean of gadget quacks".<ref name=Quackwatch> at ].</ref> His devices were definitively proven useless by an independent investigation commissioned by '']'' in 1924.<ref name='radionics_Guardian'/> He used "]" not in its standard meaning, but to describe an imputed energy type, which does not correspond to any property of ] in the scientific sense.<ref>{{cite book | last = Smith | first = Crosbie | title = The Science of Energy – a Cultural History of Energy Physics in Victorian Britain | publisher = The University of Chicago Press | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-226-76420-7}}</ref>


In one form of radionics popularised by Abrams, some blood on a bit of filter paper is attached to a device Abrams called a {{not a typo|"dynamizer"}}, which is attached by wires to a string of other devices and then to the forehead of a healthy volunteer, facing west in a dim light. By tapping on his abdomen and searching for areas of "dullness", disease in the donor of the blood is diagnosed by proxy. Handwriting analysis is also used to diagnose disease under this scheme.<ref name=MorrisFishbein /> Having done this, the practitioner may use a special device known as an oscilloclast or any of a range of other devices to broadcast vibrations at the patient in order to attempt to heal them.<ref name=MorrisFishbein />
=== Conceptual precedents===
Sutle energy fields and non-physical linkages between people are posited in various other healing and spiritual traditions. For example, ]s are one common description of personal energy fields, ] and ] are other non-scientific traditions and practices of healing by means of energy, and both modern ] concepts and ancient ] and ] concepts are supportive of the idea of a universal non-physical connection or "all living beings being one".


Other notable quack devices in radionics have included the ] and the ].<ref>]. (1959). ''Gaylord Wilshire's I-ON-A-CO''. In ''The Golden Age of Quackery''. Collier Books. pp. 135–144.</ref><ref>]. (2012 edition, originally published in 1957). '']''. Dover Publications. pp. 347–348. {{ISBN|0-486-20394-8}}.</ref>
The idea of subtle energy is also paralleled by terms in other fields, including ], ] and ]. Similar to the subtle energy fields proposed in radionics, none of these accord with any accepted ].


Some people claim to have the ] or ] ability to detect "radiation" within the human body, which they call ]. According to the theory, all human bodies give off unique or characteristic "radiations" as do all other physical bodies or objects. Such radiations are often termed an "]". Radiesthesia is cited as the explanation of such phenomena as ] by rods and ]s in order to locate buried substances, diagnose illnesses, and the like. Radiesthesia has been described as a mixture of ] and ] by critics.<ref>Zusne, Leonard; Jones, Warren H. (2014). ''Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking''. Psychology Press. pp. 109–110. {{ISBN|978-0-805-80508-6}}.</ref>
===History===
{{sectstub}}}


Modern practitioners conceptualize these devices merely as a focusing aid to the practitioner's proclaimed ] abilities, and claim that there is no longer any need for the device to have any demonstrable function. Indeed, Abrams' black boxes had no purpose of their own, being merely obfuscated collections of wires and electronic parts.<ref name='radionics_Guardian'>{{cite news | first=Mark | last=Pilkington | title=A vibe for radionics | date=2004-04-15 | url =https://www.theguardian.com/science/2004/apr/15/farout | work =] | access-date = 2008-02-07 }} ''Scientific American'' concluded: "At best, is all an illusion. At worst, it is a colossal fraud."</ref>
==Radionics and healing==
Radionics as a healing technique is based on the idea that all life and matter contains vibrations and harmonics which radionics seeks to manipulate: ''"all drugs that are specific in the treatment of disease have a definite vibration rate."''<ref></ref>


Contemporary proponents of radionics or EMT claim that where there is an imbalance of ], within the body, that it causes diseases or other illnesses by disrupting the body's chemical makeup. These practitioners believe that applications of electromagnetic energy from outside the body can correct these imbalances.<ref name=ACS/> Like ], electromagnetic therapy has been proposed by practitioners of ] for a variety of purposes, including, according to the ], "ulcers, headaches, burns, chronic pain, nerve disorders, spinal cord injuries, diabetes, gum infections, asthma, bronchitis, arthritis, cerebral palsy, heart disease, and ]".<ref name=ACS/>
According to this idea, a healthy person will have certain 'energy frequencies' moving through their body that define health, while an unhealthy person will exhibit other, different 'energy frequencies' that define their health disorders. Radionic devices are purported to diagnose and restore persons to health by applying healing frequencies to balance out the 'discordant' frequencies of sickness. Radionics borrows the word ] to describe an imputed energy type and differs from usual meanings since it does not correspond to any property of the known forms of ].


Another variant of radionics or EMT is '''magnetic resonance therapy'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Magnetic resonance therapy |url=https://www.camcheck.co.za/magnetic-resonance-therapy/ |publisher=CAMcheck |date=1 June 2017}}</ref>
] developed thirteen devices claimed to detect such frequencies and/or cure people by matching their frequencies. Abrams became a millionnaire leasing his devices. he was also considered by the ] to be the "dean of gadget quacks."<ref> at ]</ref>


<gallery>
The first complete report on Radionics was compiled by Edward Wriothesley Russell in his book "Report on Radionics" (1973).
File:Oryg rife.jpg|An original ] from 1922
File:Electro-metabograph machine.jpg|An "Electro-metabograph", an apparatus which supposedly diagnosed and cured diseases by using radio waves
</gallery>


== Scientific assessment ==
=== Types of radionic devices ===
The claims for radionic devices contradict the accepted principles of biology and physics. No scientifically verifiable mechanisms of function for these devices has been posited, and they are often described as "magical" in operation. No plausible biophysical basis for the "putative energy fields" has been proposed, and neither the fields themselves nor their purported therapeutic effects have been convincingly demonstrated.<ref name='NCCIH'>{{cite web |url=http://nccih.nih.gov/health/backgrounds/energymed.htm |title=Energy Medicine: an overview |access-date=2008-02-09 |publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health |quote=In the aggregate, these approaches are among the most controversial of CAM practices because neither the external energy fields nor their therapeutic effects have been demonstrated convincingly by any biophysical means.}}</ref>


No radionic device has been found efficacious in the diagnosis or treatment of any disease, and the U.S. ] does not recognize any legitimate medical uses of any such device.<ref name=ACS/> According to David Helwig in ''The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine'', "most physicians dismiss radionics as ]".<ref name='radionics_Gale'/>
], founder of Delawarr Laboratories was who first made an intensive use and development of radionic devices, standarising some of these.


Internally, a radionic device is very simple and may not even form a functional ].<ref name='radionics_Guardian'/> The wiring in the analysis device is simply used as a mystical conduit.<ref name='Franks_hist'>{{cite journal |title=Reflections on the Ether and some notes on the Convergence between Homeopathy and Radionics |journal=Radionic Journal |date=November 2000 |first=Nick |last=Franks |volume=46 |issue= 2|pages=4–21 |url=http://radionic.co.uk/PDFs/Franks_Ether.pdf |access-date=2008-02-09 }}</ref> A radionic device does not use or need electric power, though a power cord may be provided, ostensibly to determine a "base rate" on which the device operates to attempt to heal a subject.<ref name='Scofield'>{{cite web |url=http://radionic.co.uk/PDFs/Mind%20in%20Radionics.pdf |title=The Radionic Principle: Mind over Matter |access-date=2008-02-09 |last=Scofield |first=Tony }}</ref> Typically, little attempt is made to define or describe what, if anything, is flowing along the wires and being measured. Energy in the physical sense, i.e., energy that can be sensed and measured, is viewed as subordinate to intent and "creative action".<ref name='Franks_hist'/>
There are two main types of radionic devices. The first is simply an analysis tool, that is said to determine what is wrong with the subject being diagnosed. The second is a treatment tool used to attempt to heal or cure the subject of whatever is thought to ail them. These two may also be combined into a single device.


Claims about contemporary EMT devices are similar to those made by the older generation of "radionics" devices, are also not supported by evidence, and are also ].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stollznow |first1=K. |author-link=Karen Stollznow |title=Hard (Pseudo) Science: The Second Coming of the VIBE Machine |journal=] |date=29 March 2011 |url=https://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/hard_pseudo_science_the_second_coming_of_the_vibe_machine |access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mielczarek |first1=E. V. |last2=Araujo |first2=D. C. |title=Power Lines and Cancer, Distant Healing and Health Care: Magnetism Misrepresented and Misunderstood |journal=Skeptical Inquirer |date=June 2011 |volume=35 |issue=3 |url=https://www.csicop.org/si/show/power_lines_and_cancer_distant_healing_and_health_care_magnetism_misreprese |access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref><ref name=Basford/> Even though some of the early works in ] have been applied in clinical medicine, the use of electromagnetic energy in mainstream medicine is completely unrelated to alternative devices or methods that use externally applied electrical forces.<ref name=ACS/>
The typical radionics analysis device has a metal cup referred to as the well, a large collection of knobs numbered 0 to 9 on each dial, and a metal plate referred to as the stick plate. A cable may also be used to attach a sensor plate to the body of the person receiving treatment.


The American Cancer Society says that "relying on electromagnetic treatment alone and avoiding ] may have serious health consequences". In some cases the devices may be ineffective and harmful.<ref name=ACS>{{cite book |editor1-last=Russell |editor1-first=Jill |editor2-last=Rovere |editor2-first=Amy |title=American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary & Alternative Cancer Therapies |date=2009 |publisher=American Cancer Society |location=Atlanta, GA |isbn=978-0-944235-71-3 |edition=2nd |chapter=Electromagnetic therapy |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/americancancerso0000unse }} See archived online version , last updated April 18, 2011. ] is related; see chapter in ACS book just referenced and on that, last updated November 1, 2008.</ref>
A radionics treatment device has all the base components of the analysis device, plus additional wells to be used to hold the material used to heal the subject. It may also have a power cord that is said to provide a base frequency rate to send the healing rate into the patient.


=== Diagnostic usage === === Reviews ===
Several ] have shown EMT is not a useful therapy:
* In 2009 no significant difference from control was found for management of pain or stiffness for ].<ref name="vavken">{{cite journal |last1=Vavken |first1=P. |last2=Arrich |first2=F. |last3=Schuhfried |first3=O. |last4=Dorotka |first4=R. |title=Effectiveness of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy in the management of osteoarthritis of the knee: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine |date=May 2009 |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=406–411 |doi=10.2340/16501977-0374 |pmid=19479151|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* In 2011 a systematic literature review on the use of ] (PEMT) body mats used in a wide range of conditions found insufficient evidence for them to be recommended and recommended further high‐quality, double‐blind trials.<ref name="hug">{{cite journal |last1=Hug |first1=K. |last2=Röösli |first2=M. |title=Therapeutic effects of whole-body devices applying pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF): A systematic literature review |journal=] |date=21 September 2011 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=95–105 |doi=10.1002/bem.20703 |pmid=21938735|s2cid=20522896 }}</ref>
* In 2014 insufficient for the efficacy of EMT as a therapy for ].<ref name="lim">{{cite journal |last1=Lim |first1=R. |last2=Lee |first2=S. W. H. |last3=Tan |first3=P. Y. |last4=Liong |first4=M. L. |last5=Yuen |first5=K. H. |title=Efficacy of electromagnetic therapy for urinary incontinence: A systematic review |journal=Neurourology and Urodynamics |date=22 September 2014 |volume=34 |issue=8 |pages=713–722 |doi=10.1002/nau.22672 |pmid=25251335|s2cid=46354331 }}</ref>
* In 2014 EMT was found to have no difference from control for stimulation of bone growth in acute ].<ref name="Hannemann">{{cite journal |last1=Hannemann |first1=P. F. W. |last2=Mommers |first2=E. H. H. |last3=Schots |first3=J. P. M. |last4=Brink |first4=P. R. G. |last5=Poeze |first5=M. |title=The effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound and pulsed electromagnetic fields bone growth stimulation in acute fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery |date=August 2014 |volume=134 |issue=8 |pages=1093–1106 |pmid=24895156 |doi=10.1007/s00402-014-2014-8|s2cid=23346434 }}</ref>
* In 2015 '']'' found no evidence that EMT was useful in healing ]s<ref name="aziz">{{cite journal |last1=Aziz |first1=Z. |last2=Bell-Syer |first2=S. E. |title=Electromagnetic therapy for treating pressure ulcers |journal=] |date=3 September 2015 |volume=2015 |issue=9 |pages=CD002930 |pmid=26334539 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002930.pub6|pmc=7138036 }}</ref> or ]s.<ref name="aziz2">{{cite journal |last1=Aziz |first1=Z. |last2=Cullum |first2=N. |title=Electromagnetic therapy for treating venous leg ulcers |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=2 July 2015 |volume=2015 |issue=7 |pages=CD002933 |pmid=26134172 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002933.pub6 |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:330800/UQ330800_OA.pdf|pmc=6885063 }}</ref>
* A 2016 guideline, in addition to reviews in 2016, 2013 and 2022, did not find EMT useful for various ].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Côté |first1=P. |last2=Wong |first2=J. J. |last3=Sutton |first3=D. |last4=Shearer |first4=H. M. |last5=Mior |first5=S. |last6=Randhawa |first6=K. |last7=Ameis |first7=A. |last8=Carroll |first8=L. J. |last9=Nordin |first9=M. |last10=Yu |first10=H. |last11=Lindsay |first11=G. M. |last12=Southerst |first12=D. |last13=Varatharajan |first13=S. |last14=Jacobs |first14=C. |last15=Stupar |first15=M. |last16=Taylor-Vaisey |first16=A. |last17=van der Velde |first17=G. |last18=Gross |first18=D. P. |last19=Brison |first19=R. J. |last20=Paulden |first20=M. |last21=Ammendolia |first21=C. |last22=David Cassidy |first22=J. |last23=Loisel |first23=P. |last24=Marshall |first24=S. |last25=Bohay |first25=R. N. |last26=Stapleton |first26=J. |last27=Lacerte |first27=M. |last28=Krahn |first28=M. |last29=Salhany |first29=R. |title=Management of neck pain and associated disorders: A clinical practice guideline from the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration |journal=] |date=July 2016 |volume=25 |issue=7 |pages=20–22 |doi=10.1007/s00586-016-4467-7 |pmid=26984876 |s2cid=4417594 |display-authors=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Kroeling P. |author2=Gross A. |author3=Graham N. |author4=Burnie S. J. |author5=Szeto G. |author6=Goldsmith C. H. |author7=Haines T. |author8=Forget M. |title=Electrotherapy for neck pain |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=8 |pages=CD004251 |year=2013 |volume=2013 |pmid=23979926 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004251.pub5|pmc=10696490 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Smart |first1=Keith M. |last2=Ferraro |first2=Michael C. |last3=Wand |first3=Benedict M. |last4=O'Connell |first4=Neil E. |date=2022-05-17 |title=Physiotherapy for pain and disability in adults with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) types I and II |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=CD010853 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010853.pub3 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=9112661 |pmid=35579382}}</ref>


== EMT devices ==
To operate a typical radionic device, a sample material is placed in the well, such as blood, saliva, or urine. The knobs act as a counter and are used to estimate the frequency at which the sample is thought to be vibrating. The stick plate is operated by the analyst who drags a finger across this plate while adjusting the knobs.
The FDA has banned some commercially available EMT devices. In 2008 the VIBE machine from Vibe Technologies had a ] that was completed in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfRes/res.cfm?id=73858 |title=Class 1 Device Recall VIBE |website=www.accessdata.fda.gov |access-date=2018-05-18}}</ref>


Other ineffectual EMT therapy devices that have been marketed include:
As the knobs are adjusted, there is a point where their finger sticks more firmly to the plate than at any other settings. This is referred to as "getting the stick." This point of greatest sticking is the setting for that knob. The analyst then moves on to adjusting the next knob to the point of greatest stick, and so on, until all knobs have been adjusted. The final readout across all knobs is described as the frequency for the sample material.
* "BioResonance Tumor Therapy", developed by Martin Keymer and purported to stimulate the ] gene to cure cancer.<ref name=ACS/>
* "Cell Com System", a device created by Hugo Nielsen that is used on hands and feet to regulate communications between cells in the body.<ref name=ACS/>
* "Rife machine", a device created by ], which is also known as frequency therapy or frequency generator and marketed as treating cancer.<ref name=ACS/>
* "Zapping Machine", a device created by ], claimed to cure cancer by using low-level electrical current to kill parasites within the body that are supposed to cause cancer.<ref name=ACS/>
* "EMP Pad", a device manufactured by EMPPad, advertised by ], that is claimed to slow ageing, reduce pain, lift depression and stress and tackles cancer.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/pulsed-electromagnetic-field-snake-oil/ |title=Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Snake Oil |date=2016-06-08 |work=Science-Based Medicine |access-date=2018-05-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* "UVLrx", a device manufactured by UVLrx Therapeutics that provides ] treatment of blood to treat ], ], ] and ], as well as many other conditions.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brittmariehermes/2016/09/26/uvlrx-therapy-charlatans-medical-devices/#529f4212c5d0 |title=UVLrx Therapy Lights Up Charlatans Dealing In Medical Devices |last=Hermes |first=Britt Marie |work=Forbes |access-date=2018-05-23 |language=en}}</ref>
* "ReBuilder", a device manufactured by Rebuilder, is claimed to reverse ] (nerve damage) by using tiny electrical signals to wake up nerves.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/recognizing-dubious-health-devices/ |title=Recognizing Dubious Health Devices |date=2008-08-20 |work=Science-Based Medicine |access-date=2018-05-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* "] (EPFX)", a device manufactured by ] that is claimed to cure cancer, as well as other serious conditions by sending electromagnetic frequencies into the body.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/how-one-mans-invention-is-part-of-a-growing-worldwide-scam-that-snares-the-desperately-ill/ |title=How one man's invention is part of a growing worldwide scam that snares the desperately ill |date=2007-11-18 |work=The Seattle Times |access-date=2018-05-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>


== Notable practitioners ==
This method of operation is highly subjective, since it depends on an analyst experienced with moving their finger across the stick plate and interpreting what the sensations mean.
{{collist|
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
}}


== See also ==
==Scientific assessment of Radionics==
* ] – a term used by EMT proponents
* ]
* ]
* ]


== References ==
===Assessment of theory===
{{sectstub}} {{Reflist}}


==Further reading==
===Assessment of devices===
* ], William T. Jarvis. (1993). ''The Health Robbers: A Close Look at Quackery in America''. Prometheus Books. {{ISBN|0-87975-855-4}}.
Radionic devices do not accord with the theories of biology or physics. In that sense they can be described as magical in operation.
* Eric Jameson. (1961). . Charles C. Thomas Publisher.
* Bob McCoy. (2004). ''Radionics''. In ''Quack!: Tales of Medical Fraud from the Museum of Questionable Medical Devices''. Santa Monica Press. pp.&nbsp;71–94. {{ISBN|1-891661-10-8}}.
* ]. (1965). ''Device Quackery in America''. '']'' 39: 154–162.


== External links ==
The power of radionics is said to lie in the rates or frequencies it measures and then feeds back to the patient. Although a healing substance can be directly used to feed healing frequencies back into the patient, the substance is not actually needed if its healing frequency rate is known.
* – ] M.D. via ]
* – ] M.D. via devicewatch.org
* in the ]


{{Pseudoscience}}
Internally, a radionic device is very simple, and may not even form a functional ]. In radionics, the wiring in the analysis device is simply used to conduct the frequencies from the well, across the measurement knobs, and to the stick plate. No actual electrical current flows.
{{Fraud}}

{{Authority control}}
A radionic device does not use or need electric power, though a power cord may be provided so that the power line can provide a "base rate" on which the device operates to attempt to heal a subject.

Typically, little attempt is made to define or describe what, if anything, is flowing along the wires and being measured.

==References==
<references />

== See also==
*], originator of the theory
*]
*]
*]

== External Links ==
*
*
*


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Latest revision as of 05:08, 10 December 2024

Form of alternative medicine This article is about use of electromagnetic radiation in alternative medicine. For use in mainstream medicine, see Electrotherapy.
Albert Abrams (1863–1924), Photo c. 1900
Radionic instruments

Radionics—also called electromagnetic therapy (EMT) and the Abrams method—is a form of alternative medicine that claims that disease can be diagnosed and treated by applying electromagnetic radiation (EMR), such as radio waves, to the body from an electrically powered device. It is similar to magnet therapy, which also applies EMR to the body but uses a magnet that generates a static electromagnetic field.

The concept behind radionics originated with two books published by American physician Albert Abrams in 1909 and 1910. Over the next decade, Abrams became a millionaire by leasing EMT machines, which he designed himself. This so-called treatment contradicts the principles of physics and biology and therefore is widely considered pseudoscientific. The United States Food and Drug Administration does not recognize any legitimate medical use for radionic devices.

Several systematic reviews have shown radionics is no more effective than placebo and falls into the category of pseudoscience.

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History

Beginning around 1909, Albert Abrams (1864–1924) began to claim that he could detect "energy frequencies" in his patient's bodies. The idea was that a healthy person will have certain energy frequencies moving through their body that define health, while an unhealthy person will exhibit other, different energy frequencies that define disorders. He said he could cure people by "balancing" their discordant frequencies and claimed that his devices are sensitive enough that he could tell someone's religion by looking at a drop of blood. He developed thirteen devices and became a millionaire leasing his devices, and the American Medical Association described him as the "dean of gadget quacks". His devices were definitively proven useless by an independent investigation commissioned by Scientific American in 1924. He used "frequency" not in its standard meaning, but to describe an imputed energy type, which does not correspond to any property of energy in the scientific sense.

In one form of radionics popularised by Abrams, some blood on a bit of filter paper is attached to a device Abrams called a "dynamizer", which is attached by wires to a string of other devices and then to the forehead of a healthy volunteer, facing west in a dim light. By tapping on his abdomen and searching for areas of "dullness", disease in the donor of the blood is diagnosed by proxy. Handwriting analysis is also used to diagnose disease under this scheme. Having done this, the practitioner may use a special device known as an oscilloclast or any of a range of other devices to broadcast vibrations at the patient in order to attempt to heal them.

Other notable quack devices in radionics have included the Ionaco and the Hieronymus machine.

Some people claim to have the paranormal or parapsychological ability to detect "radiation" within the human body, which they call radiesthesia. According to the theory, all human bodies give off unique or characteristic "radiations" as do all other physical bodies or objects. Such radiations are often termed an "aura". Radiesthesia is cited as the explanation of such phenomena as dowsing by rods and pendulums in order to locate buried substances, diagnose illnesses, and the like. Radiesthesia has been described as a mixture of occultism and pseudoscience by critics.

Modern practitioners conceptualize these devices merely as a focusing aid to the practitioner's proclaimed dowsing abilities, and claim that there is no longer any need for the device to have any demonstrable function. Indeed, Abrams' black boxes had no purpose of their own, being merely obfuscated collections of wires and electronic parts.

Contemporary proponents of radionics or EMT claim that where there is an imbalance of electromagnetic fields or frequencies, within the body, that it causes diseases or other illnesses by disrupting the body's chemical makeup. These practitioners believe that applications of electromagnetic energy from outside the body can correct these imbalances. Like magnet therapy, electromagnetic therapy has been proposed by practitioners of alternative medicine for a variety of purposes, including, according to the American Cancer Society, "ulcers, headaches, burns, chronic pain, nerve disorders, spinal cord injuries, diabetes, gum infections, asthma, bronchitis, arthritis, cerebral palsy, heart disease, and cancer".

Another variant of radionics or EMT is magnetic resonance therapy.

  • An original Rife machine from 1922 An original Rife machine from 1922
  • An "Electro-metabograph", an apparatus which supposedly diagnosed and cured diseases by using radio waves An "Electro-metabograph", an apparatus which supposedly diagnosed and cured diseases by using radio waves

Scientific assessment

The claims for radionic devices contradict the accepted principles of biology and physics. No scientifically verifiable mechanisms of function for these devices has been posited, and they are often described as "magical" in operation. No plausible biophysical basis for the "putative energy fields" has been proposed, and neither the fields themselves nor their purported therapeutic effects have been convincingly demonstrated.

No radionic device has been found efficacious in the diagnosis or treatment of any disease, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not recognize any legitimate medical uses of any such device. According to David Helwig in The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine, "most physicians dismiss radionics as quackery".

Internally, a radionic device is very simple and may not even form a functional electrical circuit. The wiring in the analysis device is simply used as a mystical conduit. A radionic device does not use or need electric power, though a power cord may be provided, ostensibly to determine a "base rate" on which the device operates to attempt to heal a subject. Typically, little attempt is made to define or describe what, if anything, is flowing along the wires and being measured. Energy in the physical sense, i.e., energy that can be sensed and measured, is viewed as subordinate to intent and "creative action".

Claims about contemporary EMT devices are similar to those made by the older generation of "radionics" devices, are also not supported by evidence, and are also pseudoscientific. Even though some of the early works in bioelectromagnetics have been applied in clinical medicine, the use of electromagnetic energy in mainstream medicine is completely unrelated to alternative devices or methods that use externally applied electrical forces.

The American Cancer Society says that "relying on electromagnetic treatment alone and avoiding conventional medical care may have serious health consequences". In some cases the devices may be ineffective and harmful.

Reviews

Several systematic reviews have shown EMT is not a useful therapy:

  • In 2009 no significant difference from control was found for management of pain or stiffness for osteoarthritis.
  • In 2011 a systematic literature review on the use of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMT) body mats used in a wide range of conditions found insufficient evidence for them to be recommended and recommended further high‐quality, double‐blind trials.
  • In 2014 insufficient for the efficacy of EMT as a therapy for urinary incontinence.
  • In 2014 EMT was found to have no difference from control for stimulation of bone growth in acute fractures.
  • In 2015 Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews found no evidence that EMT was useful in healing pressure ulcers or venous stasis ulcers.
  • A 2016 guideline, in addition to reviews in 2016, 2013 and 2022, did not find EMT useful for various forms of pain.

EMT devices

The FDA has banned some commercially available EMT devices. In 2008 the VIBE machine from Vibe Technologies had a Class I recall that was completed in 2012.

Other ineffectual EMT therapy devices that have been marketed include:

  • "BioResonance Tumor Therapy", developed by Martin Keymer and purported to stimulate the P53 gene to cure cancer.
  • "Cell Com System", a device created by Hugo Nielsen that is used on hands and feet to regulate communications between cells in the body.
  • "Rife machine", a device created by Royal Rife, which is also known as frequency therapy or frequency generator and marketed as treating cancer.
  • "Zapping Machine", a device created by Hulda Regehr Clark, claimed to cure cancer by using low-level electrical current to kill parasites within the body that are supposed to cause cancer.
  • "EMP Pad", a device manufactured by EMPPad, advertised by Noel Edmonds, that is claimed to slow ageing, reduce pain, lift depression and stress and tackles cancer.
  • "UVLrx", a device manufactured by UVLrx Therapeutics that provides ultraviolet treatment of blood to treat HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis C, Dengue fever and Lyme disease, as well as many other conditions.
  • "ReBuilder", a device manufactured by Rebuilder, is claimed to reverse neuropathy (nerve damage) by using tiny electrical signals to wake up nerves.
  • "Electro Physiological Feedback Xrroid (EPFX)", a device manufactured by Desiré Dubounet that is claimed to cure cancer, as well as other serious conditions by sending electromagnetic frequencies into the body.

Notable practitioners

See also

References

  1. "Radionic", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. (1989), Vol. XIII, p. 105. The earliest citation in this sense (number 2) is from 1947. The related term "radiesthesia" dates from the mid-1930s (OED, Vol. XIII, p. 94), thus both terms post-date Abrams' death.
  2. ^ Russell, Jill; Rovere, Amy, eds. (2009). "Electromagnetic therapy". American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary & Alternative Cancer Therapies (2nd ed.). Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society. ISBN 978-0-944235-71-3. See archived online version here, last updated April 18, 2011. Magnet therapy is related; see chapter in ACS book just referenced and archived ACS page on that, last updated November 1, 2008.
  3. Gordon, G. A. (2007). "Designed electromagnetic pulsed therapy: Clinical applications". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 212 (3): 579–82. doi:10.1002/jcp.21025. PMID 17577213.
  4. Spinal Therapeutics (1909) and Spondylotherapy (1910). Abrams more definitively launched his pseudoscience, which he called "Electronic Reactions of Abrams", or "ERA", when he published New Concepts in Diagnosis and Treatment in 1916.
  5. ^ Helwig, David (December 2004). "Radionics". In Longe, Jacqueline L. (ed.). The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine. Gale Cengage. ISBN 978-0-7876-7424-3. Archived from the original on 2012-07-05. Retrieved 2008-02-07.
  6. ^ Fishbein, Morris, The New Medical Follies (1927) Boni and Liverlight, New York, pp. 39–41.
  7. ^ Basford, J. R. (September 2001). "A historical perspective of the popular use of electric and magnetic therapy". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 82 (9): 1261–1269. doi:10.1053/apmr.2001.25905. PMID 11552201. Open access icon
  8. ^ Article on Royal Rife at Quackwatch.
  9. ^ Pilkington, Mark (2004-04-15). "A vibe for radionics". The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-02-07. Scientific American concluded: "At best, is all an illusion. At worst, it is a colossal fraud."
  10. Smith, Crosbie (1998). The Science of Energy – a Cultural History of Energy Physics in Victorian Britain. The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-76420-7.
  11. Holbrook, Stewart. (1959). Gaylord Wilshire's I-ON-A-CO. In The Golden Age of Quackery. Collier Books. pp. 135–144.
  12. Gardner, Martin. (2012 edition, originally published in 1957). Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science. Dover Publications. pp. 347–348. ISBN 0-486-20394-8.
  13. Zusne, Leonard; Jones, Warren H. (2014). Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking. Psychology Press. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-0-805-80508-6.
  14. "Magnetic resonance therapy". CAMcheck. 1 June 2017.
  15. "Energy Medicine: an overview". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Retrieved 2008-02-09. In the aggregate, these approaches are among the most controversial of CAM practices because neither the external energy fields nor their therapeutic effects have been demonstrated convincingly by any biophysical means.
  16. ^ Franks, Nick (November 2000). "Reflections on the Ether and some notes on the Convergence between Homeopathy and Radionics" (PDF). Radionic Journal. 46 (2): 4–21. Retrieved 2008-02-09.
  17. Scofield, Tony. "The Radionic Principle: Mind over Matter" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-02-09.
  18. Stollznow, K. (29 March 2011). "Hard (Pseudo) Science: The Second Coming of the VIBE Machine". Skeptical Inquirer. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  19. Mielczarek, E. V.; Araujo, D. C. (June 2011). "Power Lines and Cancer, Distant Healing and Health Care: Magnetism Misrepresented and Misunderstood". Skeptical Inquirer. 35 (3). Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  20. Vavken, P.; Arrich, F.; Schuhfried, O.; Dorotka, R. (May 2009). "Effectiveness of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy in the management of osteoarthritis of the knee: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 41 (6): 406–411. doi:10.2340/16501977-0374. PMID 19479151.
  21. Hug, K.; Röösli, M. (21 September 2011). "Therapeutic effects of whole-body devices applying pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF): A systematic literature review". Bio Electro Magnetics. 33 (2): 95–105. doi:10.1002/bem.20703. PMID 21938735. S2CID 20522896.
  22. Lim, R.; Lee, S. W. H.; Tan, P. Y.; Liong, M. L.; Yuen, K. H. (22 September 2014). "Efficacy of electromagnetic therapy for urinary incontinence: A systematic review". Neurourology and Urodynamics. 34 (8): 713–722. doi:10.1002/nau.22672. PMID 25251335. S2CID 46354331.
  23. Hannemann, P. F. W.; Mommers, E. H. H.; Schots, J. P. M.; Brink, P. R. G.; Poeze, M. (August 2014). "The effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound and pulsed electromagnetic fields bone growth stimulation in acute fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 134 (8): 1093–1106. doi:10.1007/s00402-014-2014-8. PMID 24895156. S2CID 23346434.
  24. Aziz, Z.; Bell-Syer, S. E. (3 September 2015). "Electromagnetic therapy for treating pressure ulcers". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (9): CD002930. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002930.pub6. PMC 7138036. PMID 26334539.
  25. Aziz, Z.; Cullum, N. (2 July 2015). "Electromagnetic therapy for treating venous leg ulcers" (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (7): CD002933. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002933.pub6. PMC 6885063. PMID 26134172.
  26. Côté, P.; et al. (July 2016). "Management of neck pain and associated disorders: A clinical practice guideline from the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration". European Spine Journal. 25 (7): 20–22. doi:10.1007/s00586-016-4467-7. PMID 26984876. S2CID 4417594.
  27. Kroeling P.; Gross A.; Graham N.; Burnie S. J.; Szeto G.; Goldsmith C. H.; Haines T.; Forget M. (2013). "Electrotherapy for neck pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013 (8): CD004251. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004251.pub5. PMC 10696490. PMID 23979926.
  28. Smart, Keith M.; Ferraro, Michael C.; Wand, Benedict M.; O'Connell, Neil E. (2022-05-17). "Physiotherapy for pain and disability in adults with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) types I and II". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 5 (8): CD010853. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010853.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 9112661. PMID 35579382.
  29. "Class 1 Device Recall VIBE". www.accessdata.fda.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
  30. "Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Snake Oil". Science-Based Medicine. 2016-06-08. Retrieved 2018-05-23.
  31. Hermes, Britt Marie. "UVLrx Therapy Lights Up Charlatans Dealing In Medical Devices". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-05-23.
  32. "Recognizing Dubious Health Devices". Science-Based Medicine. 2008-08-20. Retrieved 2018-05-23.
  33. "How one man's invention is part of a growing worldwide scam that snares the desperately ill". The Seattle Times. 2007-11-18. Retrieved 2018-05-23.

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