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| {{ |
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}} | ||
| {{Short description|Species of fungus}} | |||
| {{Speciesbox | |||
| {{Taxobox | |||
| ⚫ | | image = Pyrenophora graminea at Hordeum vulgare.jpg | ||
| | color = lightblue | |||
| | image_alt = | |||
| ⚫ | | |
||
| | image_caption = ''P. graminea'' on '']'' | |||
| | regnum = ] | |||
| ⚫ | | genus = Pyrenophora | ||
| | phylum = ] | |||
| ⚫ | | species = graminea | ||
| | classis = ] | |||
| ⚫ | | authority = ] & ] 1931 | ||
| | ordo = ] | |||
| | familia = ] | |||
| ⚫ | | genus = |
||
| ⚫ | | species = |
||
| | binomial = ''Pyrenophora graminea'' | |||
| ⚫ | | |
||
| | synonyms = | | synonyms = | ||
| ''Brachysporium gracile'' var. ''gramineum'' <small>(Rabenh.) Sacc.</small> <br> | ''Brachysporium gracile'' var. ''gramineum'' <small>(Rabenh.) Sacc.</small> <br /> | ||
| ''Drechslera graminea'' <small>(Rabenh. ex Schltdl.)</small><br> | ''Drechslera graminea'' <small>(Rabenh. ex Schltdl.)</small><br /> | ||
| ''Drechslera teres'' subsp. ''graminea'' <small>(Rabenh. ex Schltdl.)</small> <br> | ''Drechslera teres'' subsp. ''graminea'' <small>(Rabenh. ex Schltdl.)</small> <br /> | ||
| ''Helminthosporium gramineum'' <small>Rabenh. ex Schltdl</small> <br> | ''Helminthosporium gramineum'' <small>Rabenh. ex Schltdl</small> <br /> | ||
| ''Napicladium hordei'' <small>Rostr.</small> <br> | ''Napicladium hordei'' <small>Rostr.</small> <br /> | ||
| ''Pleospora graminea'' <small>Died.</small> <br> | ''Pleospora graminea'' <small>Died.</small> <br /> | ||
| ''Pyrenophora teres'' subsp. ''graminea'' <small>(S. Ito & Kurib.)</small> <br> | ''Pyrenophora teres'' subsp. ''graminea'' <small>(S. Ito & Kurib.)</small> <br /> | ||
| ''Pyrenophora graminea'' <small>S. Ito & Kurib.</small> | ''Pyrenophora graminea'' <small>S. Ito & Kurib.</small> | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| '''''Pyrenophora graminea''''' is the causal agent of |
'''''Pyrenophora graminea''''' is the causal agent of barley stripe. Barley stripe is disease of ] that once caused significant ] losses in many areas of the world.<ref name=BarleyCompendium>{{cite book | ||
| ⚫ | ==Identification== | ||
| ⚫ | '''Asexual stage:''' ] are rarely observed in nature. They are |
||
| name=BarleyCompendium> | |||
| {{cite book | |||
| | last = Mathre | | last = Mathre | ||
| | first = D.E. | | first = D.E. | ||
| | title = Compendium of barley diseases | | title = Compendium of barley diseases | ||
| | publisher = American Phytopathological Society | | publisher = American Phytopathological Society | ||
| | |
| year = 1997 | ||
| | pages = 120 pp | | pages = 120 pp | ||
| }}</ref> Its associated ] is ''] graminea'' <small>(Rabenhorst ex Schlechtendal) S. Ito 1930</small>.<ref>P.W. Crous, W. Gams, J.A. Stalpers, V. Robert and G. Stegehuis. 2004. MycoBank: an online initiative to launch mycology into the 21st century. Studies in Mycology 50: 19–22.</ref> | |||
| }} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| ⚫ | ==Identification== | ||
| ⚫ | '''Sexual stage:''' ] are rare in nature, they occur in ] straw in the autumn. The perithecia are |
||
| ⚫ | '''Asexual stage:''' ] are rarely observed in nature. They are 70–176 μm in diameter, globose to pear-shaped, and develop superficially or partly submerged. The wall is thin and fragile and is yellow to brown, with a short ]. ]s are 1.4–3.2 x 1.0–1.6 μm, spherical or ellipsoidal, ], and nonseptate.<ref name="BarleyCompendium"/> | ||
| ⚫ | '''Sexual stage:''' ] are rare in nature, they occur in ] straw in the autumn. The perithecia are 576–728 x 442–572 μm. They are superficial to partly submerged and are elongate, with rigid ]e on the surface. ] are club-shaped or cylindrical, clearly bitunicate, and rounded at the apex, with a short stalk at the base. Ascospores are 43–61 x 16–28 μm, light yellow-brown, ellipsoidal, and rounded at both ends, with transverse ] and one, occasionally two, septum in the median cells but never in the terminal cells. | ||
| ⚫ | ] are borne laterally and terminally on ]s, which usually occur in clusters of three to five. The conidia are straight with rounded ends and measure |
||
| ⚫ | ] are borne laterally and terminally on ]s, which usually occur in clusters of three to five. The conidia are straight with rounded ends and measure 11–24 x 30–100 μm. They are ] to yellow-brown and have up to seven transverse septa. | ||
| In culture, ] is gray to olivaceous and is often sterile. Conidia may be formed when infected barley pieces as placed on water ] and incubated under diurnal light conditions followed by a period of chilling. | In culture, ] is gray to olivaceous and is often sterile. Conidia may be formed when infected barley pieces as placed on water ] and incubated under diurnal light conditions followed by a period of chilling. | ||
| ==Disease symptoms== | |||
| ⚫ | ==Sources== | ||
| Severe seedling infection can cause stunting and post-emergence death, but symptoms are not usually apparent until later, when long, chlorotic or yellow stripes on leaves and sheaths appear. Most leaves of a diseased plant are usually affected. Dark brown streaks develop later in the stripes, which eventually dry out and cause leaf shedding. Ears may not emerge or be deformed and discoloured. Grain production by infected plants is severely restricted.<ref>Dickson, Diseases of Field Crops: 40–43, 1956; McKay, Cereal Diseases in Ireland: 113–116, 1957; Christensen & Graham, Technical Bulletin, University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station 95, 1934 (pathogen variation).</ref> | |||
| ==Geographical distribution== | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| It is widespread and occurs in most barley-growing areas of the world.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}} | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ==Physiological specialization== | |||
| Considerable variation in pathogenicity between isolates exists, but no formal physiologic races have been recognized.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}} | |||
| == |
==Biology== | ||
| The disease is mono-cyclic and seed-borne usually by mycelium in the pericarp. Perithecia are uncommon, but over-wintering sclerotia on crop debris have been reported from Russia. Secondary infection by conidia is apparently important only for floral infection and subsequent seed contamination.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}} | |||
| <references /> | |||
| ⚫ | ==Sources== | ||
| ⚫ | * | ||
| ⚫ | * | ||
| == References == | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| {{Taxonbar|from=Q7263462}} | |||
| {{fungus-stub}}{{plant-disease-stub}} | |||
| {{Authority control}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Pyrenophora Graminea}} | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
Latest revision as of 18:21, 13 January 2024
Species of fungus
| Pyrenophora graminea | |
|---|---|
| |
| P. graminea on Hordeum vulgare | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Dothideomycetes |
| Order: | Pleosporales |
| Family: | Pleosporaceae |
| Genus: | Pyrenophora |
| Species: | P. graminea |
| Binomial name | |
| Pyrenophora graminea S.Ito & Kurib. 1931 | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Brachysporium gracile var. gramineum (Rabenh.) Sacc. | |
Pyrenophora graminea is the causal agent of barley stripe. Barley stripe is disease of barley that once caused significant crop yield losses in many areas of the world. Its associated anamorph is Drechslera graminea (Rabenhorst ex Schlechtendal) S. Ito 1930.
Identification
Asexual stage: Pycnidia are rarely observed in nature. They are 70–176 μm in diameter, globose to pear-shaped, and develop superficially or partly submerged. The wall is thin and fragile and is yellow to brown, with a short ostiole. Pycnidiospores are 1.4–3.2 x 1.0–1.6 μm, spherical or ellipsoidal, hyaline, and nonseptate.
Sexual stage: Perithecia are rare in nature, they occur in barley straw in the autumn. The perithecia are 576–728 x 442–572 μm. They are superficial to partly submerged and are elongate, with rigid setae on the surface. Acsi are club-shaped or cylindrical, clearly bitunicate, and rounded at the apex, with a short stalk at the base. Ascospores are 43–61 x 16–28 μm, light yellow-brown, ellipsoidal, and rounded at both ends, with transverse septa and one, occasionally two, septum in the median cells but never in the terminal cells.
Conidia are borne laterally and terminally on conidiophores, which usually occur in clusters of three to five. The conidia are straight with rounded ends and measure 11–24 x 30–100 μm. They are subhyaline to yellow-brown and have up to seven transverse septa.
In culture, mycelium is gray to olivaceous and is often sterile. Conidia may be formed when infected barley pieces as placed on water agar and incubated under diurnal light conditions followed by a period of chilling.
Disease symptoms
Severe seedling infection can cause stunting and post-emergence death, but symptoms are not usually apparent until later, when long, chlorotic or yellow stripes on leaves and sheaths appear. Most leaves of a diseased plant are usually affected. Dark brown streaks develop later in the stripes, which eventually dry out and cause leaf shedding. Ears may not emerge or be deformed and discoloured. Grain production by infected plants is severely restricted.
Geographical distribution
It is widespread and occurs in most barley-growing areas of the world.
Physiological specialization
Considerable variation in pathogenicity between isolates exists, but no formal physiologic races have been recognized.
Biology
The disease is mono-cyclic and seed-borne usually by mycelium in the pericarp. Perithecia are uncommon, but over-wintering sclerotia on crop debris have been reported from Russia. Secondary infection by conidia is apparently important only for floral infection and subsequent seed contamination.
Sources
References
- ^ Mathre, D.E. (1997). Compendium of barley diseases. American Phytopathological Society. pp. 120 pp.
- P.W. Crous, W. Gams, J.A. Stalpers, V. Robert and G. Stegehuis. 2004. MycoBank: an online initiative to launch mycology into the 21st century. Studies in Mycology 50: 19–22.
- Dickson, Diseases of Field Crops: 40–43, 1956; McKay, Cereal Diseases in Ireland: 113–116, 1957; Christensen & Graham, Technical Bulletin, University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station 95, 1934 (pathogen variation).
| Taxon identifiers | |
|---|---|
| Pyrenophora graminea | |