Misplaced Pages

Latest revision as of 04:56, 2 December 2024

Parts of this article (those related to 2021 evacuation from Afghanistan) need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2021)

Afghan refugees are citizens of Afghanistan who were forced to flee from their country as a result the continuous wars that the country has suffered since the Afghan-Soviet war, the Afghan civil war, the Afghanistan war (2001–2021) or either political or religious persecution. The 1978 Saur Revolution, followed by the 1979 Soviet invasion, marked the first major wave of internal displacement and international migration to neighboring Iran and Pakistan; smaller numbers also went to India or to countries of the former Soviet Union. Between 1979 and 1992, more than 20% of Afghanistan's population fled the country as refugees. Following the Soviet withdrawal in 1989, many returned to Afghanistan, however many Afghans were again forced to flee during the civil war in the 90s. Over 6 million Afghan refugees were residing in Iran and Pakistan by 2000. Most refugees returned to Afghanistan following the 2001 United States invasion and overthrow of the Taliban regime. Between 2002 and 2012, 5.7 million refugees returned to Afghanistan, increasing the country's population by 25%.

Afghanistan is one of the largest refugee-producing countries in the world. A total of 6.3 million Afghan refugees were allocated in Pakistan and Iran in 1990. It is considered to be amongst the 4 nations with the highest number of refugees. There are more than 8 million Afghans who have been forced to flee their homes as a result of violence, potential persecution, and poverty, which has created a diasporic population of more than 8.2 million Afghans across a total of 103 separate countries. Of these 8.2 million refugees, just under 6 million are deemed to have been displaced as a result of the United States' War in Afghanistan. Along with this, approximately 3.2 millions Afghan nationals have been driven from their homes and into the status of internally displaced person (IDP).

Some countries that were part of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) established special programs to allow thousands of Afghans to resettle in the Western world. As stateless refugees or asylum seekers, they are protected by the well-established non-refoulement principle and the U.N. Convention Against Torture. They receive the maximum government benefits and protections in countries such as Australia, Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. For example, those that receive green cards under 8 U.S.C. § 1159 can immediately become "non-citizen nationals of the United States" pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1452(b), without needing to meet the requirements of 8 U.S.C. § 1427(a). This allows them to travel with distinct United States passports. Australia provides a similar benefit to admitted refugees.

Internal displacement

According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM), there are over five million internally displaced people in Afghanistan as of late 2021. Military actions and violence by the warring factions usually play a major part in the displacement, although there are also reasons of major natural disasters. The Soviet invasion caused approximately 2 million Afghans to be internally displaced, mostly from rural areas into urban areas. The Afghan Civil War (1992–1996) caused a new wave of internal displacement, with many citizens moving to northern areas in order to avoid the Taliban totalitarianism. Afghanistan has long suffered from insecurity and conflict, which has led to an increase in internal displacement.

Causes of displacement

External influence over the past 50 years by both the Soviet Union and later the United States, along with actions of the currently ruling Taliban regime, have led to continued trends of displacement.

United States War in Afghanistan

The American invasion of Afghanistan (as well as the 20 years of occupation by the United States military) has contributed to the displacement of Afghan nationals. While many justifications were given for the invasion of Afghanistan (from revenge for the September 11th terrorist attacks, to democratization & the liberation of Afghan women), the war has led to both internal and external displacement of the Afghan population. According to the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (an organization which played a large role in showcasing the excess & violence of the Taliban), the American bombing of Afghanistan was not seen locally as "salvation," but instead caused fear that the American military would confuse civilians with members of the Taliban.

Major host countries

Native people of Afghanistan and their children lawfully reside in at least 96 countries around the world. About three in four Afghans have gone through internal and/or external displacement in their life. Unlike in certain other countries, all admitted refugees and those granted asylum in the United States are statutorily eligible for permanent residency (green card) and then U.S. nationality or U.S. citizenship. All of their children automatically become Americans if they fulfill all of the requirements of 8 U.S.C. § 1408(4), 8 U.S.C. § 1431(a) or 8 U.S.C. § 1433(a). This extends their privileges, and gives all of them additional international protection against any unlawful threat or harm.

Pakistan

Approximately 1,438,432 registered Afghan refugees and asylum seekers temporarily reside in Pakistan under the care and protection of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Of these, 58.1% reside and work in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 22.8% in Balochistan, 11.7% in Punjab, 4.6% in Sindh, 2.4% in the capital Islamabad and 0.3% in Azad Kashmir. Most were born and raised in Pakistan in the last four decades but are considered citizens of Afghanistan. They are free to return to Afghanistan under a voluntary repatriation program or move to any other country of the world and be firmly resettled there. The largest ever Afghan refugee camp was established in the Swabi District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the north-west of the country.

Since 2002, around 4.4 million Afghan citizens have been repatriated through the UNHCR from Pakistan to Afghanistan. Some members of the Taliban and their family have long been residing among the Afghan refugees in Pakistan. Others such as the Special Immigrant Visa (SIV) applicants and their family members, who are awaiting to be firmly settled in the United States, are also residing in Pakistan. Regarding the Taliban, Prime Minister of Pakistan stated the following:

What the Taliban are doing or are not doing has nothing to do with us. We are neither responsible, nor the spokesperson for the Taliban.

— Imran Khan, July 2021

On 3 October 2023, Pakistan's Interior Minister Sarfraz Bugti ordered that all undocumented immigrants, particularly the nearly 1.73 million Afghan nationals, voluntarily leave the country by 1 November 2023 or face deportation in a crackdown. Taliban authorities condemned the deportations of Afghans as an "inhuman act."

Iran

As of October 2020, there are 780,000 registered Afghan refugees and asylum seekers temporarily residing in Iran under the care and protection of the UNHCR. The majority of them were born in Iran during the last four decades but are still considered citizens of Afghanistan. According to Iranian officials, 2 million citizens of Afghanistan who have no legal documents and over half a million Iranian visa holders also reside in various parts of the country. Iran has long been used by Afghans to reach Turkey and then Europe where they apply for political asylum. As in Pakistan, the Afghan refugees are not firmly settled but reside there on a temporary basis.

Iran's initial response towards Afghan refugees, driven by religious solidarity, was an open door policy where Afghans in Iran had freedom of movement to travel or work in any city in addition to subsidies for propane, gasoline, certain food items and even health coverage. In the early 2000s, Iran's Bureau for Aliens and Foreign Immigrants Affairs (BAFIA) initiated registration of all foreigners, including refugees. It began issuing temporary residence cards to certain Afghans. In 2000, the Iranian government also initiated a joint repatriation program with the UNHCR. Laws were passed in order to encourage the repatriation of Afghan refugees, such as limits on employment, areas of residence, and access to services including education. In 2021, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) found that just over one million Afghans have been sent back. In 2023, Iran along with Pakistan decided to deport more refugees.

India

India hosts approximately 15,816 Afghan refugees within its borders. The majority of them reside in the nation's capital Delhi, specifically in the neighborhoods of Lajpat Nagar, Bhogal and Malviya Nagar. Some of them operate "shops, restaurants and pharmacies." Afghan refugees were admitted to India during and after the Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989). A lot of the once-vibrant Sikhs in Afghanistan and Afghan Hindus have become refugees in India following the wars. Also much of Afghanistan's Christian community thrives within India. In 2021, following the end of the latest war in Afghanistan, India has offered an emergency visa (the 'e-Emergency X-Misc Visa') to some citizens of Afghanistan.

Other host countries

Canada

When the Taliban seized control of Afghanistan in August 2021, the Canadian Government announced it would resettle 40,000 vulnerable Afghans such as women and girls, members of Afghanistan's LGBTQ community, human rights workers and journalists. This was in addition to an earlier initiative to resettle thousands of Afghans who had worked for the Canadian Government, such as interpreters and embassy employees, as well as their families. By March 2022, Canada resettled 8,580 Afghan refugees. By August 2022, the first anniversary of the fall of Kabul, that number had risen to 17,375. Ahmed Hussen, Minister of International Development, on 27 September 2023 announced that Canada initiated an aid of providing $14 million in development funding for 2 projects in support of health and essential services for Afghan refugees and host communities in Pakistan impacted by last year's flooding. Of this $14 million, $10 million is being allocated to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees for essential services and recovery efforts, such as the rehabilitation of schools and health facilities, the provision of livelihood training and services associated with gender-based violence. The remaining $4 million will go to the World Health Organization for health services, including sexual, reproductive, maternal, neonatal, child and adolescent health care and for gender-based violence services.

Uganda

On 17 August, after the fall of Kabul, Ugandan Government announced that based on United States' request, they will be temporarily hosting 2000 Afghan refugees. The refugees were expected to be brought in batches of 500 to Entebbe where UNHCR has secured Imperial Hotels for their arrival and screening. The number of refugees currently residing in Uganda is unclear, but according to reports, Ugandan officials had confirmed the arrival of 145 refugees on Sunday, 22 August 2021. Another 51 Afghans were received at the Entebbe International Airport by the Government of the Republic of Uganda on 25 August 2021.

United States

Over the past 40 years, the number of Afghan immigrants living in the United States has risen from roughly 4,000 to nearly 195,000. The majority of this population increase has occurred between two periods: 2010-2019 and from 2021 forward. Between the 10 year periods in the 2010s, the Afghan population rose from 54,000 in 2010 to roughly 132,000 in 2019. Additionally, that population jumped again in 2021 in the midst of the American military withdrawal from Afghanistan, when it surged by an additional 76,000.

On 7 August 2021, due to the threat from the Taliban, the US. Embassy Kabul announced to all American citizens living in Afghanistan to begin evacuating themselves from the country and that all employees of the embassy leave immediately if "their function could be performed from elsewhere."

Although, the Department of State, on April 27, 2021, had ordered American troops to withdraw from Afghanistan by September 11, it was not until early August 2021 that the security situation of Kabul deteriorated drastically. This was a time when Taliban militia were taking over Afghanistan one city and/or province at a time. On August 12, the US. Embassy Kabul issued a security alert directing all US citizen to leave Afghanistan immediately using commercial flights if they can, and if they could not afford it, they could contact the embassy to get information regarding repatriation loan.

On August 18, 2021, the Embassy issued another alert to US citizen and LPRs (lawful permanent residents) with their spouse and unmarried children to travel to the Hamid Karzai International Airport and enter the airport at Camp Sullivan. When news of this reached the ears of the many Afghan citizens trying to escape the rule of Taliban, they rushed to HKIA.

In 2021 Afghanistan started its largest humanitarian evacuations in history, involving more than 80,000 people.(Urban.org)

And thus began, the second phase of Operation Allies Refuge from 15 August to 31 August 2021. On August 21 and August 25, the US. Embassy once again issued security alerts advising US citizen to avoid travelling to the airport and to evacuate the Abbey Gate, East Gate and North Gate immediately.

On August 26, 2021, CNN reported two explosions at the HKIA that killed 13 US Marines and approximately 60 Afghans outside the airport walls.

The US admitted more than 10,000 Afghan refugees from the United Arab Emirates, which became a temporary host to them on behalf of other nations. However, nearly 12,000 refugees remained in the Abu Dhabi facility as of August 2022. Refugees began to protest the slow and opaque resettlement process and the living conditions. The protests resurfaced in October 2022. A refugee who moved to Canada said they are “psychologically suffering” in the Emirati facility.

Throughout the course of Operation Allies Welcome, the United States issued humanitarian parole status to more than 76,000 evacuated Afghan nationals. Humanitarian parole serves as a method for individuals otherwise ineligible for admission into the United States to be given temporary permission to enter the country by the Secretary of Homeland Security. These individuals are paroled into the country as a result of "urgent humanitarian reasons or significant public benefit" In the case of Afghan nationals, this status was given for a period of 2 years, additionally granting these parolees employment authorization in the country. Individuals granted humanitarian parole status differ from their counterparts admitted through Special Immigrant Visa (SIV) or the standard immigration process, in that they lack set pathway to achieve Lawful Permanent Residency (or Green Card) status.

In June 2023, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the UN World Food Programme (WFP) discussed the current situation in Afghanistan. “In Afghanistan, approximately 15.3 million people (35 percent of the population analysed) are estimated to face high acute food insecurity … including just under 2.8 million people in Emergency … Over 3.2 million children and 804,000 pregnant and breastfeeding women are acutely malnourished.”

In the same month, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) opened up a new program for Afghan nationals residing in the United States. This program allowed for Afghan Humanitarian Parolees to re-apply to the United States Customs and Immigration Services (USCIS) for parole status if they fell into eligible categories, particularly if they had been initially paroled into the United States as part of the initial Operation Allies Refuge. The policy was put into place by the administration of President Joe Biden, and additionally allowed for the extension of employment authorization for any individual whose re-parole was approved.

Afghan parolees residing in the United States continue to face an unclear future when it comes to permanent residency. Efforts such as the Afghan Adjustment Act have been introduced into both the 117th & 118th US Congressional sessions in an effort to provide a pathway to citizenship for Afghan nationals, however the bill has yet to pass both Houses of Congress, partly as a result of its key omission from the 2022 omnibus spending bill (the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2022). Opposition to the Act has largely come from Republican lawmakers, particularly Senator Chuck Grassley, who stated in 2022 that he would not stand behind the bill "as long as the vetting process is not improved." Multiple Republicans have echoed this point of view, after 2 individuals of the more than 76,000 admitted were found to potentially pose a threat to National Security as a result of a report from the Office of the Inspector General.

United Kingdom

Hundreds of former Afghan special forces who fought alongside British troops in Afghanistan have been refused resettlement to the UK. One former UK Special Forces officer told the BBC that "At a time when certain actions by UK Special Forces are under investigation by a public inquiry, their headquarters also had the power to prevent former Afghan Special Forces colleagues and potential witnesses to these actions from getting safely to the UK."

Statistics

As shown in the chart below, Afghan refugees were admitted to other countries during the following periods:

• Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989)
• Afghan Civil War (1992–96)
• Taliban Rule (1996–2001)
• War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)

Country	Soviet–Afghan War (1979–89)	Civil War (1992–96)	Taliban Rule (1996–2001)	War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Pakistan	3,100,000			1,438,432
Iran	3,100,000			780,000
Germany				147,994
Turkey				129,323
United States	132,000			89,500
Austria				40,096
France				31,546
Sweden				29,927
Greece				21,456
India	60,000			15,806
Switzerland				14,523
Italy				12,096
Australia				10,659
United Kingdom				9,351
Indonesia				7,629
Tajikistan		1,161	15,336	5,573
Netherlands				5,212
Belgium				4,689
Norway				4,007
Finland				3,331
Malaysia				2,661
Romania				2,384
Canada				2,261
Denmark				2,134
Portugal				883

Human rights abuses

Human rights abuses against admitted Afghan refugees and asylum seekers have been widely documented. They include mistreatment, persecution or torture in Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Greece, Romania, Serbia, Hungary, Germany, the United States and several other NATO-members states. Afghans living in Iran, for example, were deliberately restricted from attending public schools. As the price of citizenship for their family members, Afghan children as young as 14 were recruited to fight in Iraq and Syria for a six-month tour.

Afghan refugees were regularly denied visas to travel between countries to visit their family members, faced long delays (usually a few years) in processing of their visa applications to visit family members for purposes such as weddings, gravely ill family member, burial ceremonies, and university graduation ceremonies; potentially violating rights including free movement, right to family life and the right to an effective remedy. Racism, low wage jobs including below minimum wage jobs, lower than inflation rate salary increases, were commonly practiced in Europe and elsewhere. Unsanitary conditions have been reported at US air bases, and one Afghan refugee's online post of his food portion at Fort Bliss in 2021 drew some hateful responses. Many Afghan refugees were not permitted to visit their family members for a decade or two. Studies have shown abnormally high mental health issues and suicide rates among Afghan refugees and their children.

See also

• Afghan diaspora
• International Organization for Migration (IOM)
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
• United States of Al (TV show about Afghan refugee residing with an American family)
• Anti-Afghan sentiment

References

1. Amstutz, J. Bruce (1994). Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation. Diane Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7881-1111-2. OCLC 948347893.
2. "Refugees From Afghanistan: The world's largest single refugee group" (PDF). www.refworld.org. November 16, 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved December 11, 2021.
3. "Afghanistan 10 years after Soviet pull-out". UNHCR. February 12, 1999. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
4. "USCR Country Report Afghanistan: Statistics on refugees and other uprooted people". ReliefWeb. June 19, 2001. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
5. ^ "Registered Afghan Refugees in Pakistan". UNHCR. December 31, 2020. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
6. "Over 1.1m Afghans repatriated from Iran, Pakistan last year". Pajhwok Afghan News. January 3, 2022. Retrieved 2022-01-03.
7. ^ "IOM Afghanistan Highlights" (PDF). International Organization for Migration. January 5, 2022. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
8. UNHCR country operations profile – Afghanistan Archived 4 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine unhcr.org
9. "More than seven million refugees displaced in 2012". BBC News. June 19, 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
10. "Afghan households in Iran:Profile and impact" (PDF). UNHCR. Retrieved 2024-04-16.
11. ^ "Afghanistan Refugee Crisis Explained". www.unrefugees.org. 2023-07-18. Retrieved 2024-03-21.
12. Vine, David; Coffman, Cala; Khoury, Kataline; Lovasz, Madison; Bush, Helen; Leduc, Rachael; Walkup, Jennifer (September 21, 2020). "Creating Refugees: Displacement Caused by the United States' Post-9/11 Wars" (PDF). Retrieved March 20, 2024.
13. ^ "US Expands Eligibility for Afghan Refugee Resettlement". Voice of America. August 2, 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-03.
14. ^ "US Announces New Refugee Program for Afghans". TOLOnews. August 2, 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-02.
15. "Afghan who aided U.S. arrive at Virginia base, but many others remain in peril". Los Angeles Times. July 30, 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
16. ^ "Joe Biden approves $300 million for Afghan refugees". Khaama Press. July 24, 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
17. ^ "House votes to expand and speed up visa process for Afghans who helped the U.S. during war". CNBC. July 22, 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
18. See generally
    • 8 U.S.C. § 1157(c)(3)
    • 8 U.S.C. § 1158(c)(3)
    • 8 U.S.C. § 1181(c)
    • 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A)
    • "Matter of Izatula, 20 I&N Dec. 149" (PDF). Board of Immigration Appeals. U.S. Dept. of Justice. February 6, 1990. p. 154.
    • "Matter of B, 21 I&N Dec. 66" (PDF). Board of Immigration Appeals. U.S. Dept. of Justice. May 19, 1995. p. 72.
19. ^ "Mashiri v. Ashcroft, 383 F.3d 1112". U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Harvard Law School. November 2, 2004. pp. 1115–19. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
20. ^ See generally 8 U.S.C. § 1427; 8 U.S.C. § 1436; 8 U.S.C. § 1452; 8 U.S.C. § 1503;
    • "Ricketts v. Attorney General, 897 F.3d 491". U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. July 30, 2018. p. 494 n.3. While all citizens are nationals, not all nationals are citizens.
21. 22 U.S.C. § 212 ("Persons entitled to passport")
22. ^ Schmeidl, Susanne (2014). "Sources of Tension in Afghanistan and Pakistan: A Regional Perspective" (PDF). CIDOB Policy Research Project.
23. "Afghanistan: 270,000 newly displaced this year, warns UNHCR". UN News. July 13, 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
24. "Millions of Afghans Displaced After More Than Four Decades of War". Voice of America. December 14, 2019. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
25. Abu-Lughod, Lila (September 2002). "Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others". Ethics Forum: September 11 and Ethnographic Responsibility.
26. ^ "How the US and the UK accept far fewer Afghan refugees than other countries". New Statesman. August 19, 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-20.
27. "High-Level Segment of the 66th session of the Executive Committee of the High Commissioner's Programme on the Afghan refugee situation". UNHCR. October 6, 2015. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
28. See, e.g., generally
    • "Fernandez v. Keisler, 502 F.3d 337". U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. Harvard Law School. September 26, 2007. pp. 349–50.
    • "Gomez-Diaz v. Ashcroft, 324 F.3d 913". U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. Harvard Law School. April 7, 2003. p. 915. Retrieved 2021-08-02. The Child Citizenship Act of 2000, Pub.L. No. 106-395, 114 Stat. 1631, revised the manner in which children of non-citizens born outside the United States are eligible to become U.S. citizens.
    • "Belleri v. United States, 712 F.3d 543". U.S. Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit. Harvard Law School. March 14, 2013. p. 545. Retrieved 2021-08-02. A child acquires derivative citizenship by operation of law, not by adjudication.
    • "In re Fuentes-Martinez, 21 I&N Dec. 893" (PDF). Board of Immigration Appeals. U.S. Dept. of Justice. April 25, 1997. p. 896 n.4. Retrieved 2021-08-02. A person who claims to have derived United States citizenship by naturalization of a parent may apply to the Attorney General for a certificate, but a certificate is not required.
    • "Robertson-Dewar v. Mukasey, 599 F. Supp. 2d 772". U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas. Harvard Law School. February 25, 2009. p. 779 n.3. Retrieved 2021-08-02. The Immigration and Nationality Act defines naturalization as 'conferring of nationality of a state upon a person after birth, by any means whatsoever.'
    • "Petition for Naturalization of Tubig ex rel. Tubig, 559 F. Supp. 2". U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. Harvard Law School. October 7, 1981. p. 3. Retrieved 2021-08-02. A person naturalized under § 1433(a) need not meet many of the requirements for naturalization—such as language, residence, and physical presence requirements—imposed upon those who seek naturalization under other provisions.... Thus, qualifying for naturalization under § 1433(a) can be of substantial importance to applicants for naturalization.
29. See, e.g., generally 18 U.S.C. § 249; 18 U.S.C. § 876; 18 U.S.C. § 1958; 18 U.S.C. § 2332; 18 U.S.C. § 2441; "United States v. Morin, 80 F.3d 124". U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. Harvard Law School. April 5, 1996. p. 126. Retrieved 2021-08-02.
30. ^ "UN praises Pakistan for carrying out registration of 1.4m Afghan refugees". Dawn News. January 5, 2022. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
31. "Pakistan concludes 'drive' to issue smartcards to registered Afghan refugees". UNHCR. January 4, 2022. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
32. ^ Onward Movements of Afghan Refugees (PDF), UNHCR, March–April 2021, retrieved 2021-08-19
33. ^ "Pakistan: Overview of Afghan Refugee Population". ReliefWeb. February 15, 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-21.
34. "Asylum system in Pakistan". UNHCR. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
35. "PAKISTAN: Tolerance wanes as perceptions of Afghan refugees change". IRIN. February 27, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
36. Peter Bergen, Katherine Tiedemann. 2013. Talibanistan: Negotiating the Borders Between Terror, Politics, and Religion.
37. UNHCR in Pakistan, retrieved 2021-07-29, Since 2002, in what has become the world's largest assisted return programme, UNHCR has been facilitating voluntary repatriation of millions of Afghan refugees from Pakistan. Ten years after programme began, UNHCR has directly helped around 4.4 million Afghans to return home.
38. "Families of Afghan Taliban Live in Pakistan, Interior Minister Says". Voice of America. June 27, 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-29. Pakistan's interior minister said Sunday that the families of Afghanistan's Taliban reside in his country, including in areas around the capital, Islamabad, and the insurgent group's members receive some medical treatment in local hospitals.
39. "Nadra cancels ex-senator Hamdullah's citizenship". Pakistan: Dawn News. October 27, 2019. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
40. "200,000 CNICs fraudulently obtained by Afghans cancelled". Pakistan: Dawn News. January 3, 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
41. "Pakistan scraps 200,000 ID cards issued to Afghans". Pajhwok Afghan News. January 3, 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
42. "Pakistan cancels 200,000 fake citizen ID cards held by Afghan refugees". The Hindu. January 3, 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
43. "Most Afghan refugees support Taliban: PM". The Express Tribune. July 29, 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
44. "Pakistan wants undocumented migrants to leave by November 1 or get deported". Al Jazeera. October 3, 2023.
45. "Exclusive: Pakistan deported Afghans waiting for US resettlement". Reuters. 26 December 2023.
46. "Taliban: Iran Deports Almost 350,000 Afghans Within 3 Months". VOA News. 11 December 2023.
47. ^ "Refugees in Iran". UNHCR. October 2020. Retrieved 2021-07-28. According to the latest figures communicated by the Government in October 2020, on which consultations are ongoing, 800,000 refugees live in Iran, of which 780,000 are Afghans and 20,000 are Iraqis. Additionally, it is estimated that some 2 million undocumented Afghans and nearly 600,000 Afghan-passport holders live in Iran – it is expected that a significant number of those individuals continue to have international protection needs.
48. ^ "Refugees and internally displaced persons". The World Factbook. Retrieved 2021-07-29. refugees (country of origin): 2.6 million undocumented Afghans, 780,000 Afghan refugee card holders, 20,000 Iraqi refugee card holders (2020)
49. "Turkey slams US statement on planned resettlement of Afghans". Al Jazeera. August 4, 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-05.
50. "Afghan refugees are reaching Turkey in greater numbers". The Economist. July 31, 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
51. "Turkey accelerates security wall construction along Iranian border amid migrants' flow". Arab News. July 29, 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-03.
52. Farzin, Farshid (2013). "Freedom of movement of Afghan refugees in Iran". Forced Migration Review. 1: 44: 85–86 – via Advanced Placement Source.
53. Koepke, Bruce 2011. The situation of Afghans in the Islamic Republic of Iran nine years after the overthrow of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. Middle East Institute.
54. ^ "Second-generation Afghans in Iran: Integration, Identity and Return" (PDF). Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit. April 2008.
55. "Iran deporting thousands of Afghan refugees". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
56. Siddique, Abubakar. "The Azadi Briefing: Iran And Pakistan Plan To Deport Millions Of Undocumented Afghan Migrants". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
57. admin (2023-10-25). "Over 700,000 migrants expelled from Iran in past seven months: Iranian Official". Afghan Online Press. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
58. ^ Aafaq, Zafar (17 August 2021). "'Our future unknown': Afghan nationals in India wary of Taliban". Al Jazeera.
59. Lalwani, Vijayta (18 July 2021). "As tensions rise in Afghanistan, refugees in Delhi worry about their relatives back home". Scroll.in.
60. ^ Alam, Majid (18 August 2021). "As India Mulls Giving Asylum to Afghan Nationals, A Look at Its Refugee Policy And Citizenship Rules". News18. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
61. Parsa, Nusrat; Siddique, Abubakar (9 September 2020). "More Afghan Sikhs, Hindus Migrating to India from Afghanistan". Rfe/Rl.
62. Iyengar, Radhika (28 July 2018). "The Afghan Christian refugees of Delhi". Mint. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
63. "India says it will prioritize Hindus and Sikhs in issuing 'emergency visas' to Afghans". The New York Times. 2021-08-25. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
64. "India announces emergency e-visa for Afghans". The Hindu. 17 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
65. ^ "Canada promised to bring in 40,000 Afghan refugees. Only 8,500 have arrived". CBC. 13 March 2022.
66. "Canada to accept 20,000 vulnerable Afghans such as women leaders, human rights workers". Reuters. 2021-08-13.
67. "Canada's response to the situation in Afghanistan". www.canada.ca. 2021-07-30. Retrieved 2023-08-25.
68. "Canada announces funding to help Afghan refugees and host communities impacted by last year's flooding in Pakistan - Pakistan | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 2023-09-27. Retrieved 2023-09-28.
69. "Uganda to Host 2,000 Afghan Refugees at US Request". VOA. 17 August 2021. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
70. "Afghan Refugees Expected in Uganda". VOA. 21 August 2021. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
71. Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Arrival of Afghan refugees in Uganda raises security concerns | DW | 25.08.2021". DW.COM. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
72. Montalvo, Julian; Batalova, Jeanne (February 15, 2024). "Afghan Immigrants in the United States". The Online Journal of the Migration Policy Institute.
73. "Security Alert U.S. Embassy Kabul, Afghanistan (August 7, 2021)". U.S. Embassy in Afghanistan. 2021-08-07. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
74. Cooper, Helene; Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Schmitt, Eric (2021-04-13). "Biden to Withdraw All Combat Troops From Afghanistan by Sept. 11". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
75. Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Goldbaum, Christina (2021-08-13). "Three more major cities are under Taliban control, as the government's forces near collapse". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
76. "Security Alert: U.S. Embassy Kabul, Afghanistan - August 12, 2021". U.S. Embassy in Afghanistan. 2021-08-12. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
77. "Security Alert: U.S. Embassy Kabul (August 18, 2021)". U.S. Embassy in Afghanistan. 2021-08-18. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
78. "Kabul airport: footage appears to show Afghans falling from plane after takeoff". the Guardian. 2021-08-16. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
79. Bernstein, Hamutal; Guelespe, Diana; Bose, Soumita (2023-08-15). "How Temporary Immigration Status Has Affected Afghan Evacuees in the US". urban.org. Upon arrival in the US, more than 70,000 evacuees (PDF) were granted humanitarian parole for two years, a temporary immigration status with no path to permanent residency.
80. "Security Alert – Embassy Kabul, Afghanistan (August 25, 2021)". U.S. Embassy in Afghanistan. 2021-08-25. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
81. Ivana Kottasová, Barbara Starr, Kylie Atwood, Nick Paton Walsh, Sam Kiley, Zachary Cohen, Jennifer Hansler and Tim Lister (26 August 2021). "US troops, Afghans killed in attacks outside Kabul airport". CNN. Retrieved 2022-04-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
82. Cornwell, Alexander (24 August 2022). "Afghan refugees, migrants protest in UAE over uncertain future". Reuters. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
83. Paperny, Anna Mehler (13 October 2022). "Afghans in UAE facility are 'psychologically suffering,' Canada refugee says". Reuters. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
84. "USCRI Snapshot - September 2021" (PDF). US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. September 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
85. "Humanitarian or Significant Public Benefit Parole for Individuals Outside the United States | USCIS". www.uscis.gov. 2023-10-23. Retrieved 2024-03-20.
86. "Afghan Immigrants in the United States - United States of America | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 2024-02-15. Retrieved 2024-03-20.
87. Varma, Gaurav (2023-06-08). "The US Versus the Afghan People: 15 million Afghans On The Verge of Famine". Znetwork. Retrieved 2023-06-27.
88. "DHS Announces Re-parole Process for Afghan Nationals in the United States | Homeland Security". www.dhs.gov. Retrieved 2024-03-20.
89. ^ Horton, Alex (20 December 2022). "Congress drops Afghan Allies Item, Dimming Evacuee Hopes". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
90. "Re-Introduction of Afghan Adjustment Act Provides Chance to Fulfill Promise to Afghan Allies - United States of America | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 2023-07-14. Retrieved 2024-03-20.
91. "Elite Afghan commandos 'betrayed' by the British and left behind to be hunted down". Sky News. 1 November 2023.
92. "Murdered, tortured or in hiding from the Taliban: The special forces abandoned by Britain". The Independent. 1 November 2023.
93. "Special forces blocked UK resettlement applications from elite Afghan troops". BBC News. 19 February 2024.
94. ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1999
95. ^ "Afghanistan: How many refugees are there and where will they go?". BBC News. 31 August 2021. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
96. Batalova, Jeanne Batalova Jeanne (2021-09-08). "Afghan Immigrants in the United States". migrationpolicy.org. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
97. "At Every Step, Afghans Coming to America Encounter Stumbling Blocks". New York Times. December 19, 2021. Retrieved 2022-01-03.
98. "Where does the world stand on Afghan refugees?". Al Jazeera. August 19, 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-21. Prior to the Taliban advance, US officials said 15,000 Afghans had already relocated to the US under the Special Immigrant Visas programme.
99. "Country of origin: Afghanistan". Great Falls Tribune. December 21, 2019. Retrieved 2021-08-21.
100. "Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Geburtsland". Statistik Austria. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
101. "Error" (PDF).
102. "Afghan refugees in India cast adrift amid coronavirus pandemic". DW News. May 10, 2020. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
103. "Indonesia fact sheet" (PDF), UNHCR, December 2020, retrieved 2021-07-31
104. ^ Erlich 2006
105. "Romania: Refugee and migrant figures for 2020". March 30, 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
106. "Portugal: New agency for migration and asylum | European Website on Integration". ec.europa.eu. 2022-09-21. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
107. "Afghans Who Fled the First Taliban Regime Found Precarious Sanctuary in Pakistan. New Refugees May Get an Even Colder Welcome". Time. August 18, 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-21. Those who fled the Taliban's first reign grapple with the constant threat of deportation, police harassment, and discrimination.
108. "For Afghan Refugees, Pakistan Is a Nightmare—but Also Home". Foreign Policy. May 9, 2019. Retrieved 2021-08-21.
109. "Will the UN become complicit in Pakistan's illegal return of Afghan refugees?". The New Humanitarian. November 10, 2016. Retrieved 2021-08-21.
110. "'Harassment' drives Afghan refugees from Pakistan". BBC News. February 26, 2015. Retrieved 2021-08-21.
111. "Afghan Migrants Could Face 'Shocking' Punishments In Iran Under Draft Law". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. December 1, 2020. Retrieved 2021-08-21.
112. "Unwelcome Guests Iran's Violation of Afghan Refugee and Migrant Rights". Human Rights Watch (20 November 2013). 20 November 2013. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
113. Bezhan, Frud (2 September 2017). "Class Act: Iranians Campaign To Allow Afghan Refugee Kids Into School". Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
114. "The price of an education for Afghan refugees in Iran". The Guardian. 5 September 2014. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
115. Homsi, Nada (1 October 2017). "Afghan Teenagers Recruited in Iran to Fight in Syria, Group Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
116. Rosenblatt, Kalhan (4 September 2017). "Combat Translators Saved Their Lives. Now These Veterans Are Fighting to Bring Them to the US". NBC News. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
117. Chokshi, Niraj (13 July 2017). "After Visa Denials, Afghan Girls Can Attend Robotics Contest in US". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
118. Carolan, Mary (26 January 2018). "Visa delays of more than a year may breach European directive". No. January 26, 2018. The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
119. "The refugees who gave up on Britain". The Guardian. No. 1 June 2018 06.00 BST. 1 June 2018. Archived from the original on 7 June 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
120. Jordan Williams (August 24, 2021). "Afghan refugees living in 'dire conditions' at US air base: report". The Hill. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021 – via Microsoft News.
121. Lubold, Vivian Salama, Jessica Donati and Gordon (2021-08-24). "Afghan Refugees Endure Unsanitary Conditions After Harrowing Escapes". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2021-09-11.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
122. "难民抱怨美军基地伙食"寒酸" 美国网民：滚回阿富汗". Guancha. September 6, 2021. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
123. "Afghan Refugee's Photo of Food Served at US Camp Met With Vicious Online Hate". News18. 2021-09-06. Archived from the original on 2021-09-06.
124. Nejad, RM; Klöhn-Saghatolislam, F; Hasan, A; Pogarell, O (May 2017). "". MMW Fortschritte der Medizin. 159 (9): 64–66. doi:10.1007/s15006-017-9653-y. PMID 28509013. S2CID 195341301.
125. Mghir, Rim, Raskin, Allen, Mghir, Rim, Raskin, Allen (1999). "The Psychological Effects of the War in Afghanistan On Young Afghan Refugees From Different Ethnic Backgrounds". International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 45 (1): 29–40. doi:10.1177/002076409904500104. PMID 10443247. S2CID 22780561.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
126. Slewa-Younan, Shameran; Yaser, Anisa; Guajardo, Maria Gabriela Uribe; Mannan, Haider; Smith, Caroline A.; Mond, Jonathan M. (24 August 2017). "The mental health and help-seeking behaviour of resettled Afghan refugees in Australia". International Journal of Mental Health Systems. 11 (1): 49. doi:10.1186/s13033-017-0157-z. PMC 5571658. PMID 28855961.
127. Yaser, Anisa; Slewa-Younan, Shameran; Smith, Caroline A.; Olson, Rebecca E.; Guajardo, Maria Gabriela Uribe; Mond, Jonathan (12 April 2016). "Beliefs and knowledge about post-traumatic stress disorder amongst resettled Afghan refugees in Australia". International Journal of Mental Health Systems. 10 (1): 31. doi:10.1186/s13033-016-0065-7. ISSN 1752-4458. PMC 4828823. PMID 27073412.
128. Stempel, Carl; Sami, Nilofar; Koga, Patrick Marius; Alemi, Qais; Smith, Valerie; Shirazi, Aida (28 December 2016). "Gendered Sources of Distress and Resilience among Afghan Refugees in Northern California: A Cross-Sectional Study". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 14 (1): 25. doi:10.3390/ijerph14010025. PMC 5295276. PMID 28036054.

Sources

• "Afghanistan 10 years after Soviet pull-out". UNHCR. February 12, 1999. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
• Erlich, Aaron (July 2006). "Tajikistan: From Refugee Sender to Labor Exporter". Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved November 7, 2013.

External links

• Colombia to Host Afghans Making Their Way to the United States (U.S. News & World Report, Aug. 20, 2021)
• Afghanistan: Pakistan fences off from Afghan refugees (BBC News, Aug. 18, 2021)
• After 20 years of destruction, the US has a moral obligation to let in 1 million Afghan refugees (Business Insider, Aug. 16, 2021)
• Delhi’s Little Kabul: A culinary reminder of home for Afghans in the capital (The Times of India, August 25, 2021)
• Pakistan considers 'Iran model' to tackle Afghan refugee spillover (TRT World, July 20, 2021)
• Senate agrees to spend $2.1 billion on Capitol security and Afghan refugee aid (Washington Examiner, April 29, 2021)

• Afghan refugees
• Afghan diaspora
• Refugees by war
• Aftermath of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
• Impacts of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)