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{{short description|Acts of terrorism carried out by adherents of communist ideologies}}
{{totally-disputed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Terrorism}}
{{Communism sidebar}}
'''Communist terrorism''' is ] perpetrated by individuals or groups which adhere to ] and ], such as ], ], and ]. Historically, communist terrorism has sometimes taken the form of ], supported by ] such as the ],<ref name="Gellately, Robert. Kiernan, Ben.">Fleming pp110</ref><ref name="Gérard Chaliand, Arnaud Blin 3">Chaliand page 197/202</ref> China,<ref name="Gérard Chaliand, Arnaud Blin 3" /> ]<ref name="Gérard Chaliand, Arnaud Blin 3" /> and ].<ref name="Kenton J. Clymer">Clymer page 107</ref> In addition, ] such as the ], the ] and the ] have also engaged in communist terrorism.<ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">C. J. M. Drake page 19</ref><ref name="Sloan, Stephen">Sloan pp61</ref> These groups hope to inspire ] to rise up and start a ] to overthrow existing political and economic systems.<ref name="Yonah, Alexander 3">Yonah ppIX</ref> This form of terrorism can sometimes be called red terrorism or ].<ref>{{Citation|last=Grzymala-Busse|first=Anna M.|chapter=CONVINCING THE VOTERS: CAMPAIGNS AND ELECTIONS|pages=175–226|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780511613388|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511613388.005|title=Redeeming the Communist Past|year=2002}}</ref>


The end of the ] and the ] have been credited with leading to a notable decline in this form of terrorism.<ref name="David C. Wills">David C. Wills page 219</ref>
{{terrorism}}
'''Communist terrorism''' (or '''Communist terror''') is ] committed by Communist organizations or ]s against ] to achieve political or ideological objectives by creating fear <ref> by ], ], August 7, 2007 </ref> <ref>"The notion of terrorism is fairly straightforward &mdash; it is ideologically or politically motivated violence directed against civilian targets." said Professor Martin Rudner, director of the Canadian Centre of Intelligence and Security Studies at Ottawa's Carleton University." Humphreys, Adrian. , ''],'' ], ].</ref><ref>MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base, , accessed 6 October 2007</ref> After Islamic groups, ] groups are the largest number of organizations on the ]. The term is also widely used to describe the ] conducted by Communist governments against the civilian population such as the ] and ] in the ]. <ref name="Kautsky"/><ref name="black book"> Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, ], '']: Crimes, Terror, Repression'', ], 1999, hardcover, 858 pages, ISBN 0-674-07608-7 </ref> Some scholars also treat man-made famines due to ] as a form of terror. <ref name="Conquest"> ], ] New York (1986) ISBN 0-195-04054-6 </ref> <ref name="black book"/>


==History and ideology of Communist terrorism== ==History==
In the 1930s, the term "communist terrorism" was used by the ] in Germany as part of a ] campaign to spread fear of communism. The Nazis blamed communist terrorism for the ], which they used as an excuse to push through legislation removing personal freedom from German citizens.<ref name="Conway John S.">Conway pp17</ref>{{failed verification|date=October 2011}}<ref name="Gadberry, Glen W.">Gadberry pp7</ref> In the 1940s and 1950s, various ]n countries, such as the ] and ], witnessed the rise of communist groups engaging in terrorism. John Slocum claimed that communists in present-day ] used terrorism to draw attention to their ideological beliefs,<ref name="Slocum, John David.">Slocum pp75</ref> but Phillip Deery countered that the Malaysian insurgents were called communist terrorists only as part of a propaganda campaign.<ref>Phillip Deery. The Terminology of Terrorism: Malaya, 1948–52. ''Journal of Southeast Asia Studies'', Vol. 34, No. 2 (June 2003), pp. 231–247.</ref>
===Origin of Communist terrorism===
German Social Democrat ] and other authors trace origin of the Communist ] to the "]" of the ] <ref name="Kautsky"> by ]. Kautsky said: "It is, in fact, a widely spread idea that ] belongs to the very essence of ], and that whoever wants a revolution must somehow come to some sort of terms with terrorism. As proof of this assertion, over and over again the great French Revolution has been cited." (Chapter 1) </ref> <ref> ] by ]</ref>. Others emphasize the role of Russian revolutionary movements of 19th century, and especially ] ("People's Will") and the ] which included several thousand followers. "People's Will" organized one of the first political terrorism campaign in history <ref name="Pipes"/> In March ], it assassinated the Emperor of Russia ] who twenty years earlier had ] <ref name="Radzinsky"/> .


In the 1960s, the ] (between two communist states) led to a marked increase in terrorist activity in the region.<ref name="Weinberg, Leonard">Weinberg pp14</ref> That decade also saw various terrorist groups commencing operations in Europe, Japan, and the ]. ] deemed these groups Fighting Communist Organizations (FCOs),<ref name="Alexander Yonah 1">Alexander pp16</ref><ref name="Harmon, Christopher C.">Harmon pp13</ref> and says they rose out of the ] protesting against the ]. In ], these groups' actions were known as Euroterrorism.<ref name="Harmon, Christopher C. 2">Harmon pp58</ref> The founders of FCOs argued that violence was necessary to achieve their goals, and that peaceful protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them.<ref name="C. J. M. Drake 2">Drake pp102</ref><ref name= "Enders Walter. Sandler Todd.">Sandler pp10</ref> In the 1970s, there were an estimated 50 ] or Leninist groups operating in Turkey, and an estimated 225 groups operating in Italy. Groups also began operations in Ireland and the United Kingdom.<ref name="Alexander Yonah 2">Alexander pp51-52</ref> These groups were deemed a major threat by ] and the Italian, German, and British governments.<ref name="Paoletti, Ciro">Paoletti p202</ref> Communist terrorism did not enjoy full support from all ideologically sympathetic groups. The ], for example, condemned such activity.<ref>Richard Drake. Terrorism and the Decline of Italian Communism: Domestic and International Dimensions. ''Journal of Cold War Studies'', Volume 12, Number 2, Spring 2010 1531–3298</ref>
Important ideologists of these groups were ] and ], who was described in novel ] by ]. <ref name="Radzinsky"/>. Nechaev argued that the purpose of revolutionary terror in not to gain a support of masses, but to the contrary, inflict misery and fear on the common population. He said:


==Background==
''A revolutionary "must infiltrate all social formations including the police. He must exploit rich and influential people, subordinating them to himself. He must aggravate the miseries of the common people, so as to exhaust their patience and incite them to rebel. And, finally, he must ally himself with the savage word of the violent criminal, the only true revolutionary in Russia".'' <ref name="Radzinsky"> ] ''Stalin : The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives'' (1997) ISBN 0-385-47954-9 </ref> ''"The Revolutionist is a doomed man. He has no private interests, no affairs, sentiments, ties, property nor even a name of his own. His entire being is devoured by one purpose, one thought, one passion - the revolution. Heart and soul, not merely by word but by deed, he has severed every link with the social order and with the entire civilized world; with the laws, good manners, conventions, and morality of that world. He is its merciless enemy and continues to inhabit it with only one purpose - to destroy it."''
{{see also|Dictatorship of the proletariat}}
While ] systematically denounced the terrorism practiced by the ], he also supported terror as a tool, and considered mass terror to be a strategic and efficient method for advancing revolutionary goals.<ref name='Chaliand'/> According to ], Lenin emphasized the absolute necessity of terror and as early as 1904, Lenin said, "The ] is an absolutely meaningless expression without ] coercion."<ref name="Dallin 1970 10">{{cite book |title=Political terror in communist systems |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalterrori00dall |url-access=registration |last1=Dallin |first1=Alexander |first2=George W. |last2=Breslauer |year=1970 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-0727-5 |page=}}</ref> In 1905, Lenin directed members of the ] "Combat Committee" to commit acts of ], ], and other terrorist acts.<ref name='harmon'/>


]
Other authors emphasize importance of ]. According to ], "''There is only one way to shorten and ease the convulsions of the old society and the bloody birth pangs of the new - revolutionary terror''" <ref name="Radzinsky"/> Historian ] noted that ] wrote a '']'' "Terror is the quickest way to new society" beside this passage in a book by Marx<ref name="Radzinsky"/> Historian ] said that despotism and violence were the intrinsic properties of every ] in the world <ref name="Pipes"> ] Communism: A History (2001) ISBN 0-812-96864-6, pages 39.</ref> He also argued that Communist terror follows from ] teaching that considers human lives as expendable material for construction of ]. He cited Marx who once wrote that "The present generation resembles the Jews whom Moses led through the wilderness. It must not only conquer a new world, it must also ''perish'' in order to make a room for the people who are fit for a new world" <ref name="Pipes"> ] Communism: A History (2001) ISBN 0-812-96864-6, pages 74-75.</ref>
Not all scholars agree on Lenin's position towards terrorism. Joan Witte contends that he opposed the practice except when it was wielded by ] and the ] after 1917.<ref name='harmon'>{{cite book |title=Terrorism today |last=Harmon |first=Christopher C. |year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7146-4998-6 |page= |url=https://archive.org/details/terrorismtoday0000harm/page/37 }}</ref> She also suggests that he opposed the use of terrorism as a mindless act but endorsed its use in order to advance the communist revolution.<ref name='harmon'/> Chaliand and Blin contend that Lenin advocated mass terror but objected to disorderly, unorganized, or petty acts of terrorism.<ref name='Chaliand'>{{cite book |title=The history of terrorism: from antiquity to al Qaeda |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofterrori00grar |url-access=registration |last1=Chaliand |first1=Gérard |first2=Arnaud |last2=Blin |year=2007 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn= 978-0-520-24709-3 |page=}}</ref> According to Richard Drake, Lenin had abandoned any reluctance to use terrorist tactics by 1917, believing that all resistance to communist revolution should be met with maximum force. Drake contends that the terrorist intent in Lenin's program was unmistakable, as acknowledged by Trotsky in his book '']'', published in 1918.<ref>{{cite book |title=The terrorism ahead: confronting transnational violence in the twenty-first century |last= Smith |first=Paul J. |year= 2008 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn= 978-0-7656-1988-4 |page= |url=https://archive.org/details/terrorismaheadco0000smit|url-access=registration }}</ref> In the book, Trotsky provided an elaborate justification for the use of terror, stating "The man who repudiates terrorism in principle, i.e., repudiates measures of suppression and intimidation towards determined and armed counterrevolution, must reject all ideas of the political supremacy of the working class and its revolutionary dictatorship."<ref name="Dallin 1970 10"/> Trotsky's justification largely rests on a criticism of the usage of the term "terrorism" to describe all ] on behalf of the ], but not equally vicious political violence carried out by ] or ] factions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1920/terrcomm/ch04.htm|title=Terrorism and Communism|last=Trotsky|first=Leon|date=24 December 2016|orig-date=1920|website=Marxist Internet Archive}}</ref> Scholars on the Left argue that while it is a matter of historical record that communist movements did at times employ violence, the label of "terrorism" is disproportionately used in ] media sources to refer to all political violence employed by the left, while similarly violent tactics employed by the United States and its allies remain unscrutinized.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chomsky|first1=Noam|last2=Bolender|first2=John|date=January 2004|title=On Terrorism|url=https://chomsky.info/200401__/|journal=Jump Arts Journal|quote=It's close to a historical universal that the term "terror" is used for their terror against us and our clients, not our terror against them. Heads of states can qualify as "terrorists," when they are official enemies.|via=The Noam Chomsky Website}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Losurdo|first=Domenico|date=2004|title=Towards a Critique of the Category of Totalitarianism|url=http://awm.or.kr/bbs/data/document/1/Losurdo___Critique_of_Totalitarianism_(2004).pdf|journal=Historical Materialism|volume=12|issue=2|pages=25–55|doi=10.1163/1569206041551663|quote=In May 1948, Arendt denounced the ‘development of totalitarian methods’ in Israel, referring to ‘terrorism’ and the expulsion and deportation of the Arab population. Only three years later, no room was left for criticism directed against the contemporary West.}}</ref>


==Examples==
===Terror campaigns within the Soviet Union===
After the ] ] began the campaign of ]. According to Marxist ], "''Among the phenomena for which Bolshevism has been responsible, ], which begins with the abolition of every form of freedom of the Press, and ends in a system of wholesale ], is certainly the most striking and the most repellent of all''".


===Bulgaria===
Kautsky recognized that ] represented a variety of ] because it was indiscriminate, intended to frighten the civilian population, and included taking and executing ]. People were executed simply for who they were, not for their deeds. Martin Latsis, chief of the Ukrainian ] explained in newspaper ''"Red Terror"'':
The ] on 16 April 1925 was committed by a group from the ] (BCP). They blew up the roof of the ] in ], ]. 150 people were killed and around 500 were injured.
:''"Do not look in the file of incriminating evidence to see whether or not the accused rose up against the Soviets with arms or words. Ask him instead to which ] he belongs, what is his background, his ], his ]. These are the questions that will determine the fate of the accused. That is the meaning and essence of the Red Terror"'' <ref name="State"> ] and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. ''The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia - Past, Present, and Future''. 1994. ISBN 0-374-52738-5.</ref>


===Cambodia===
The term "terror" was a normal working term, since the dictatorship of the proletariat was supposed to suppress the resistance of other ]es which Marxism considered antagonistic to the class of ]. The entire "]es" have been exterminated, including "rich people", and a significant part of ] and peasantry labeled as ]. The numerous victims of ] were called the ]. The punishment by the state included ]s, ], sending innocent people to ], ], and ]. Usually, all members of a family, including children, were punished simultaneously as "]". The repressions have been conducted by ], ] and ] in several consecutive waves known as ], ], ], ], and others.
{{see also|Cambodian genocide}}
The ] committed by the ], which led to the death of an estimated 1.7 million to 2.5 million people has been described as an act of terrorism by Joseph S. Tuman.<ref name="Tuman, Joseph S.">Tuman pp180</ref>


===China===
===Promotion of terrorist organizations by Communist states===
Benjamin A. Valentino has estimated that the atrocities committed by both the ] and the ] during the ] resulted in the death of between 1.8 million and 3.5 million people between 1927 and 1949.<ref name="Valentino, Benjamin A.">Valentino p88</ref>


===Indonesia===
Later on, Soviet secret services worked to establish a network of terrorist ]s and have been described as the primary promoters of terrorism worldwide <ref name="Lunev"> ]. ''Through the Eyes of the Enemy: The Autobiography of Stanislav Lunev'', Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1998. ISBN 0-89526-390-4 </ref> <ref> ] ''Inside Soviet Military Intelligence'', 1984, ISBN 0-02-615510-9 </ref> <ref> ] ''Spetsnaz'', 1987, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, ISBN 0-241-11961-8 </ref> According to ], General Aleksandr Sakharovsky from ] of the ] once said: :''"In today’s world, when nuclear arms have made military force obsolete, terrorism should become our main weapon."'' <ref name="Pacep2"> - by ], National Review Online, ] ] </ref> He also claimed that "Airplane hijacking is my own invention". In ] alone 82 planes were hijacked worldwide by the KGB-financed ]. <ref name="Pacep2"/> ], who worked under KGB guidance <ref name="Mitrokhin"> ], ], (2000). The ]: The KGB in Europe and the West. Gardners Books. ISBN 0-14-028487-7. </ref>, explained: ''"Killing one Jew far away from the field of battle is more effective than killing a hundred Jews on the field of battle, because it attracts more attention."'' <ref name="Pacep2"/>
The ] (PKI) had been engaged in what perceived as an act of terrorism during a ], as well as the ].{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} However, under the leadership of ], the PKI was transformed into a legal party operating openly within the country and rejected armed struggle.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bevins |first1=Vincent|authorlink=Vincent Bevins |title=]|date=2020 |publisher= ]|pages=62–64 |isbn= 978-1541742406}}</ref> The alleged coup attempt culminated in a ] and a subsequent ] into a ] following the purges.<ref>{{cite book |last= Robinson|first=Geoffrey B.|date= 2018|title=The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66|url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html|publisher=] |pages=82–83, 118 |isbn=9781400888863}}</ref>


=== Japan ===
Lt. General ] described operation "SIG" (“] Governments”) that was devised in ], to turn the whole Islamic world against ] and the ]. KGB chairman ] allegedly explained to Pacepa that ''"a billion adversaries could inflict far greater damage on America than could a few millions. We needed to instill a ]-style hatred for the ] throughout the ], and to turn this weapon of the emotions into a terrorist bloodbath against ] and its main supporter, the ]."''
In the late 1960s, Japanese communist ] formed the militant ] terrorist group. Their goal was to start a worldwide communist revolution through the use of terrorism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=United States department of State|date=1 January 1990|title=The Japanese red army|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10576109008435816|journal=Terrorism|volume=13|issue=1|pages=73–78|doi=10.1080/10576109008435816|issn=0149-0389}}</ref> They committed multiple embassy attacks, airplane hijackings, bombings and taking hostages. They were responsible for the ], in which 26 people were killed and 79 injured.<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 May 1972|title=1972: Japanese kill 26 at Tel Aviv airport|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/29/newsid_2542000/2542263.stm|access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref> In 1988, members of the JRA detonated a ] outside of a USO recreational facility in Naples which killed 4 Italian civilians, 1 U.S. Servicewoman, and injured 15 other people.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Suro|first1=Roberto|date=15 April 1988|title=5 Die in Blast Outside U.S.O. in Naples|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/15/world/5-die-in-blast-outside-uso-in-naples.html|access-date=30 December 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>


Members of the JRA merged with members of the Revolutionary Left Faction to form the ], which became known for the ], a weeklong standoff with the police after the group had murdered fourteen of its own members.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The IAFOR Journal of Media, Communication & Film|url=https://iafor.org/journal/iafor-journal-of-media-communication-and-film/|access-date=2022-01-06|website=The International Academic Forum (IAFOR)}}</ref>
The following organizations have been allegedly established with an assistance from Soviet Block security services: ], ] (created in ] with help from ]); ] (created in ] with help from ]), ] in ], and the ] in ]. <ref name="pacepa4"> , ], interview with ], ] ] </ref> <ref name="World"> ] and ], ''The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World'', Basic Books (2005) hardcover, ISBN 0-465-00311-7. </ref>


=== Peru ===
The leader of Palestinian ] ] established close collaboration with Romanian ] service and Soviet ] in the beginning of 1970s <ref> The KGB and the Battle for the Third World, pages 250-253 </ref> The secret training of PLO guerrillas was provided by the KGB <ref> The KGB and the Battle for the Third World, page 145</ref> However, main KGB activities and arms shipments were channeled through ] of Palestinian ] organization, who usually stayed in a KGB ] BARVIKHA-1 during his visits to Russia. Led by ], a group of PFLP fighters accomplished a spectacular raid the ] office in ] in ]. An advance notice of this operation "was almost certainly" given to the KGB <ref> The KGB and the Battle for the Third World, pages 250-253 </ref>.
]
] was founded in 1969 by Maoist philosophy professor ] as a split from the Peruvian Communist Party. In 1980 when the Peruvian government held elections for the first time in 12 years, Shining Path rejected participation instead declaring a guerrilla war against the government, perpetrating "assassinations, bombings, beheadings and massacres",<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-04|title=Peru in Familiar Stalemate With Shining Path Rebels|url=https://insightcrime.org/news/brief/peru-stalemate-shining-path/|access-date=2022-01-29|website=InSight Crime}}</ref> including the ] and ]. Guzmán was arrested in 1992 and sentenced to life in prison on charges of aggravated terrorism and murder. Another communist terrorist group, ], gained notoriety after ] at the Japanese Embassy of Peru which lead to a 126-day stand off with Peruvian authorities.


The Shining Path is regarded as a ] organization by Peru, Japan,<ref name="Japan_ban">{{cite web |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2002/7/0705.html |title=MOFA: Implementation of the Measures including the Freezing of Assets against Terrorists and the Like |access-date=21 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406134416/http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2002/7/0705.html |archive-date=6 April 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> the United States,<ref>United States Department of State, 30 April 2007. . Retrieved 11 June 2009.</ref> the ],<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122092156/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00800084.pdf |date=22 November 2011 }}. 14 March 2005. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref> and Canada,<ref>Government of Canada. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119150657/http://www.psepc.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp |date=19 November 2006 }}. Retrieved 11 June 2009.</ref> all of whom consequently prohibit funding and other financial support to the group.
A number of notable operations have been conducted by the KGB to support international terrorists with weapons on the orders from the ]. Among them are the following:


===The Philippines===
*Transfer of machine-guns, automatic rifles, Walther pistols, and cartridges to the Irish terrorist organization ] by the Soviet intelligence vessel "''Reduktor''" (operation SPLASH) in ] to fulfill a personal request of arms from ] <ref> KGB in Europe, page 502</ref>
{{main|New People's Army}}
* Transfer of anti-tank grenade ] launchers, radio-controlled SNOP mines, pistols with silencers, machine guns, and other weaponry to ] through ] who was recruited as a KGB agent in ] (operation VOSTOK, "East") <ref> Operation was sanctioned personally by ] in ]. The weapons were delivered by KGB vessel ''Kursograf'' - KGB in Europe, pages 495-498 </ref>
The ] (NPA) founded in 1969 has been described as the third largest terrorist group operating in the Philippines. The group carried out attacks between 1987 and 1992 before entering a ]. Between 2000 and 2006, they carried out an additional 42 attacks.<ref name ="Cox, Dan G. Falconer, John. Stackhouse, Brian.">Cox pp97</ref> The NPA is designated as a terrorist group by The Philippines,<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 December 2017|title=Duterte declares CPP, NPA as terrorist organizations {{!}} Inquirer News|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/950017/duterte-declares-cpp-npa-as-terrorist-organizations|access-date=30 December 2021|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206074517/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/950017/duterte-declares-cpp-npa-as-terrorist-organizations|archive-date=6 December 2017}}</ref> The United States,<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2019 |title=Foreign Terrorist Organizations – United States Department of State |url=https://www.state.gov/foreign-terrorist-organizations/ |access-date=30 December 2021 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515204913/https://www.state.gov/foreign-terrorist-organizations/ |archive-date=15 May 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The European Union,<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2020 |title=EUR-Lex – 32020R1128 – EN – EUR-Lex |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32020R1128 |access-date=30 December 2021 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917174357/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32020R1128 |archive-date=17 September 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 November 2020|title=Lists associated with Resolution 1373 {{!}} New Zealand Police|url=https://www.police.govt.nz/advice/personal-community/counterterrorism/designated-entities/lists-associated-with-resolution-1373|access-date=30 December 2021|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119075830/https://www.police.govt.nz/advice/personal-community/counterterrorism/designated-entities/lists-associated-with-resolution-1373|archive-date=19 November 2020}}</ref>
*Support of ] movement. The leading role here belonged to the ] of Communist Cuba. <ref>KGB in Europe, pages 503-505 </ref>


===Rhodesia===
===Preparations for terrorist operations against Western countries===
In ] (renamed ] in 1980), during the ] of the 1970s, guerrillas operating in the country were considered communist terrorists by the government. The organisations in question received war materiels and financial support from numerous communist countries, and they also received training in several of those same countries, including the Soviet Union, China and ]. Both guerrilla armies involved in the war—the ] (ZIPRA) of the ] (ZAPU), and the ] (ZANLA) attached to the ] (ZANU)—were initially based in the ] area of ], so as to be within striking distance of Rhodesia.<ref name="Elaine Windrich">Windrich page 279</ref> ZANU and ZANLA moved their bases to ]'s ] around 1972, and based themselves there until the war's end in 1979. ZIPRA remained based in Zambia. In line with the ] ideology professed by its parent organisation, ZANU, ZANLA used Chinese Maoist tactics to great effect, politicising the rural population and hiding amongst the locals between strikes.<ref name="wood1995phase2">{{cite web
Large-scale sabotage operations have been prepared by the ] and ] against the United States, Canada and Europe, according to the ], <ref> ], The KGB in Europe, page 472-476 </ref> and ] defectors, ]<ref> ''], '']'', 1987, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, ISBN 0-241-11961-8 </ref> and ]. Among the planned operations were the following:
|title=Rhodesian Insurgency
* A plan for sabotage of ] in ].<ref> The KGB in Europe, page 473 </ref>
|last=Wood
* A detailed plan to destroy the port of New York (target GRANIT); most volunerable points of the port were marked at maps.<ref> The KGB in Europe, page 473 </ref>
|first=J. R. T.
*Large arms caches were hidden in many countries for the planned terrorism acts. They were booby-trapped with ]. One of such cache, which was identified by Mitrokhin, exploded when Swiss authorities tried to remove it from woods near ]. Several others caches (probably not equipped with the "Lightnings") were removed successfully.<ref> The KGB in Europe, page 475-476 </ref>
|url=http://www.rhodesia.nl/wood2.htm
*Preparations for ]. Some of the hidden caches could contain portable ] known as RA-115 "]s" prepared to assassinate US leaders in the event of war, according to ] defector ].<ref name="Lunev"> ]. Through the Eyes of the Enemy: The Autobiography of Stanislav Lunev, Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1998. ISBN 0-89526-390-4 These portable bombs can last for many years if wired to an electric source. “In case there is a loss of power, there is a battery backup. If the battery runs low, the weapon has a transmitter that sends a coded message – either by satellite or directly to a ] post at a Russian embassy or consulate.” </ref> Lunev states that he had personally looked for hiding places for weapons caches in the ] area<ref name="Lunev"/> and that "it is surprisingly easy to smuggle nuclear weapons into the US" ether across the Mexican border or using a small transport missile that can slip undetected when launched from a Russian airplane <ref name="Lunev"/>
|location=Oudeschip
*Extensive sabotage plans in London, Washington, Paris, Bonn, Rome, and other Western capitals have been reveled by KGB defector ] in ], including plan to flood the ] underground and deliver poison capsules to ]. This disclosure triggered mass expulsion of Russian spies from London <ref> KGB in Europe, page 499-500 </ref>
|publisher=Allport Books
*] leader ] was described as "a trusted agent" in KGB files. "Sandinista guerrillas formed the basis for a KGB sabotage and intelligence group established in 1966 on the Mexican US border".<ref> The KGB in Europe, page 472-473 </ref>
|date=24 May 1995
*Disruption of the power supply in the entire ] by KGB sabotage teams, which would be based along the ], in the ].<ref> The KGB in Europe, page 473 </ref>
|access-date=30 May 2012}}</ref> While ZIPRA conducted similar operations to a lesser extent, most of its men made up a conventional-style army in Zambia, which was trained by Cuban and Soviet officers to eventually overtly invade Rhodesia and openly engage in combat against the ]. This ultimately never happened.<ref>{{cite book
*An "immensely detailed" plan to destroy "] and oil and gas pipelines across Canada from ] to ]" (operation "Cedar") has been prepared, which took twelve years to complete.<ref> The KGB in Europe, page 473-474 </ref>
|title=Dirty Wars: Elite Forces vs the Guerrillas
|last=Thompson
|first=Leroy
|location=Newton Abbot
|publisher=]
|date=October 1991
|edition=First
|isbn=978-0-7153-9441-0
|page=158}}</ref>


===Soviet Union===
Lunev also suggested that a probable scenario in the event of war would be poisoning of ] with ] or ], "targeting the residents of ]" <ref name="Lunev"/> He also noted that it is "likely" that ] operatives have placed already "poison supplies near the tributaries to major US reservoirs." <ref> Lunev, pages 29-30 </ref>.
{{main|Terrorism and the Soviet Union}}
After the ] in 1917, the use of terrorism to subdue people characterized the new communist regime.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/crimes-and-mass-violence-russian-civil-wars-1918-1921|title=Crimes and Mass Violence of the Russian Civil Wars (1918–1921)|last=Nicolas|first=Werth|date=21 March 2008|website=SciencePro|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> Historian ] stated that this was "evident in the regime's very origins." An estimated 17,000 people died as a result of the initial campaign of violence known as the ].<ref name="Geifman, Anna.">Geifman pp21</ref> Lenin stated that his "Jacobian party would never reject terror, nor could it do so", referring to the ] ] of 1793–1794 as a model for the ] ].<ref name="Marcus C. Levitt 1">Marcus C. Levitt page 152-153</ref> ], founder of the ] (the Soviet ]), widely employed terrorist tactics, especially against peasants who refused to surrender their grain to the government.<ref name="Richard W. Mansbach 1">] page 336</ref> Upon initiating the ] (NEP) Lenin stated, "It is a mistake to think the NEP has put an end to terrorism. We shall return to terrorism, and it will be an economic terrorism".<ref name="David Schmidtz">David Schmidtz page 191</ref>


==Shining Path== ===South Africa===
During the ] era in ], the government under the ] ] deemed the ] and its military wing, ], communist terrorists.<ref name='Schutz'/> As a result, a series of laws were introduced by the government, such as the Suppression of Communism Act, which defined and banned organizations and people that the government considered communist. In 1967 the government promulgated the Terrorism Act, which made terrorist acts a statutory crime and implemented ] against those who were captured.<ref name='Schutz'>{{cite book |last1=Schutz |first1=Barry M. |editor1-first=Jean |editor1-last= Rosenfeld |title=Terrorism, Identity, and Legitimacy: The Four Waves Theory and Political Violence |year=2011 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn= 978-0-415-57857-8 |page=199 |chapter=South Africa's paradox of violence and legitimacy}}</ref>
The Communist Party of Peru more commonly known as the ]
(Sendero Luminoso), is a Maoist guerrilla organization in Peru that launched the internal conflict in Peru in 1980. Widely condemned for its brutality, including violence deployed against ]s, ] organizers, popularly elected officials and the general civilian population<ref name="Quien habla">Burt, Jo-Marie (2006). "'Quien habla es terrorista': The political use of fear in Fujimori's Peru." ''Latin American Research Review'' '''41''' (3) 32-62.</ref>, Shining Path is on the ]'s "Designated ]" list.<ref>US Department of State, "Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)" ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> Peru, the ]<ref>Council Common Position 2005/936/CFSP. ], 2005. . Accessed ], 2006.</ref>, and ]<ref>Government of Canada. "Listed Entities". . Accessed September 27, 2006.</ref> likewise regard Shining Path as a ] group and prohibit providing funding or other financial support.


==FARC== ===Vietnam===
{{main|Vietnam War|Viet Cong}}
The ] (FARC) is a Marxist/Leninist organization in Colombia which has employed vehicle bombings, gas cylinder bombs, killings, landmines, kidnapping, extortion, hijacking, as well as guerrilla and conventional military. The United States Department of State includes the FARC-EP on its list of foreign terrorist organizations, as does the European Union.
During World War II the communist ] fought a ] led by ] against the Japanese occupation forces and, following Japan's surrender, against the ] forces. This insurgency continued until 1954 as the Viet Minh evolved into the Viet Cong (VC), which fought against both the ]ese government and American forces.<ref name="Mockaitis, Thomas R.">Mockaitis pp23</ref> These campaigns involved terrorism resulting in the deaths of thousands.<ref name="Crenshaw, Martha. Pimlott, John.">Crenshaw pp503</ref><ref name="Pedahzur, Ami 1">Pedahzur pp114</ref> Although an ] was signed between the Viet Minh and the French forces in 1954, terrorist actions continued.<ref name="Freeman, James M.">Freeman pp192</ref> Carol Winkler has written that in the 1950s, Viet Cong terrorism was rife in South Vietnam, with political leaders, provincial chiefs, teachers, nurses, doctors, and members of the military being targeted. Between 1965 and 1972, Viet Cong terrorists had killed over 33,000 people and abducted a further 57,000.<ref name="Winkler, Carol">Winkler pp17</ref><ref name="Forest, James J. F.">Forest pp82</ref> Terrorist actions in ] were described by Nghia M. Vo as "long and murderous." In these campaigns, South Vietnamese prime minister ] was the target of an ] attempt; in 1964 alone, the Viet Cong carried out 19,000 attacks on civilian targets.<ref name="Vo, Nghia M. 1">Vo pp28/29</ref>
FARC has It funds itself principally through extortion, kidnapping and their participation in the ].<ref>]. "Colombia's Most Powerful Rebels." ], 2003. . Accessed September 1, 2006.</ref><ref>]. "War and Drugs in Colombia." ], 2005. . Accessed September 1, 2006.</ref> Many of their fronts have also overrun and massacred small communities in order to silence and intimidate those who do not support their activities, enlist new and underage recruits by force, distribute propaganda and, more importantly, to pillage local banks. Businesses operating in rural areas, including agricultural, oil, and mining interests, were required to pay "vaccines" (monthly payments) which "protected" them from subsequent attacks and kidnappings. An additional, albeit less lucrative, source of revenue was highway blockades where guerrillas stopped motorists and buses in order to confiscate jewelry and money. An estimated 20-30 percent of FARC combatants are under 18 years old, with many as young as 12 years old, for a total of around 5000 children. <ref name="Children">]. "Colombia: Armed Groups Send Children to War." ], 2005. . Accessed ], 2006.</ref>), Children who try to escape the ranks of the guerrillas are punished with torture and death.<ref name="Children"/><ref>Human Rights Watch. "'You'll Learn Not to Cry: Child Combatants in Colombia." ]. . Accessed September 1, 2006.</ref> The United States Department of State includes the FARC-EP on its list of foreign terrorist organizations, as does the European Union.


]]]
==Communist Party of the Philippines==
Historian and former U.S. State Department analyst ] has called the ] one of the worst communist terrorist actions of the Vietnam War.<ref name="Lanning, Michael Lee 1">Lanning pp185</ref> Estimates of the losses in the massacre have been cited as high as 6,000 dead.<ref>{Anderson, David L. The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War. 2004, page 98-9}</ref><ref name="Brown, T. Louise">Brown pp163</ref> The ] recorded as killed "3800 killed in and around Huế, 2786 confirmed civilians massacred, 2226 civilians found in mass graves and 16 non Vietnamese civilians killed."<ref name="Krohn, Charles A.">Krohn pp126</ref> While some historians have claimed that the majority of these deaths occurred as the result of US bombing in the fight to retake the city, the vast majority of the dead were found in ]s outside the city.<ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown pp163</ref> Benjamin A. Valentino has estimated a total death toll of between 45,000 and 80,000 people between 1954 and 1975 from VC terrorism.<ref name="Valentino, Benjamin A." />
The ] and it's armed wing, the ] (CPP/NPA)is a paramilitary group fighting for communist revolution in the Philippines. It was formed on March 29, 1969. The Maoist NPA fights a "protracted people's war" as the military wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP). The NPA is classified as a terrorist organization by the Philippine Government, the US, EU and other countries.
The NPA's targets often include politicians, military, police, criminals, landlords, business owners and occasionally U.S. agents in the Philippines. In its Second Rectification Movement the group conducted a purge killing thousands of partisans and members on accusations of being deep penetration agent by the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine intelligence community. Former NPA fighter Robert Francis Garcia chronicled the wild murders in his book To Suffer Thy Comrades and organized the Peace Advocates for Truth, Healing and Justice (PATH), a group composed of survivors of the "purges" and the families of victims and their friends and supporters.


Douglas Pike also described the ], in which the Viet Cong used ]s against civilians in Đắk Sơn, killing 252, as a terrorist act.<ref name="Lanning, Michael Lee 2">Lanning pp185-186</ref> In May 1967, Tran Van-Luy reported to the ] "that over the previous 10 years Communist terrorists had destroyed 174 dispensaries, maternity homes and hospitals."<ref name="Bernadette, Rigal-Cellard">Rigal-Cellard pp229</ref> Ami Pedahzur has written that "the overall volume and lethality of Viet Cong terrorism rivals or exceeds all but a handful (e.g. ], ]) of terrorist campaigns waged over the last third of the twentieth century,"<ref name="Pedahzur, Ami 2">Pedahzur pp116</ref> and that the VC used ] as a form of ].<ref name="Pedahzur, Ami 3">Pedahzur pp117</ref> Arthur J. Dommen has written that the majority of those killed due to VC terrorism were civilians, caught in ambushes as they traveled on buses, and that the group burnt down villages and forcibly conscripted members.<ref name="Dommen Arthur J.">Dommen pp503</ref>
==Kurdistan Workers Party==
The ] is a Marxist-Leninist nationalist group which uses force and the threat of force against both civilians and the military, including the use of suicide bombing. It is recognized as a terrorist organization internationally by a number of states and organizations, including the USA, NATO and the EU.


==November 17== ==See also==
* ]
](also known as 17N or N17) is Marxist terrorist organization formed in 1973 and believed by many to be have been disbanded in 2002 after the arrest and trial of a number of its members. During its heyday, the urban guerrilla group assassinated 23 people in 103 attacks on U.S., diplomatic and Greek targets. Greek authorities believe spin-off terror groups are still in operation, including Revolutionary Struggle, the group that allegedly fired a rocket propelled grenade at the U.S. Embassy in Athens in January 2007.
* ]


==References==
==Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front==
The ], is a militant Marxist-Leninist party in Turkey. It is in the terrorist organization lists in the U.S., the UK and the EU.


==ETA== ===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}
] is a ] paramilitary Basque nationalist organization. ETA has committed approximately 900 killings and dozens of kidnappings. More than 500 ETA militants are held in prison in Spain and France. On March 22, 2006 the organization declared a "permanent ceasefire." ETA broke the ceasefire with a car bomb attack on December 30, 2006 at Barajas International Airport, Madrid killing two Ecuadorians.


===Sources===
==Revolutionary Nuclei==
{{refbegin|30em}}
] is a Marxist-Leninist group in Greece, formed in 1995. The group is on the U.S.Department of State's list of designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations and appears on the list of terror organisations of the European Union.
* Gellately, Robert. Kiernan, Ben. (Editors) (2003) ''The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective'' Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|978-0-521-52750-7}}

* C. J. M. Drake. Terrorists' target selection. Palgrave Macmillan. 5 February 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-312-21197-4}}
==May 19th Communist Movement==
* David C. Wills. The First War on Terrorism: Counter-terrorism Policy During the Reagan Administration. Rowman & Littlefield 28 August 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-7425-3129-1}}
The ], also referred to as the May 19 Communist Coalition, was a US-based, self-described revolutionary organization formed by splintered-off members of the ]. The group was originally known as the ] chapter of the ] (PFOC), an organization devoted to legally promoting the causes of the Weather Underground. Its name was derived from the birthdays of ] and ]. The May 19 Communist Organization was active from 1978 to 1985.
* Brian Crozier. Political victory: the elusive prize of military wars. Transaction Publishers 31 May 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-7658-0290-3}}

* Conway John S.''The Nazi Persecution of the Churches, 1933–1945'' Regent College Publishing. 1 April 2001. {{ISBN|978-1-57383-080-5}}
In 1981 ], together with several members of the ], participated in a ] at the Nanuet Mall, near ], New York. Upon her arrest Boudin was identified as a member of the May 19 Communist Organization. From 1982 to 1985 a series of bombings were ascribed to the group.
* Gadberry, Glen W. ''Theatre in the Third Reich, the prewar years: essays on theatre in Nazi Germany'' Greenwood. 30 March 1995. {{ISBN|978-0-313-29516-4}}

* Weinberg, Leonard. Political parties and terrorist groups. 2nd Revised Edition. 6 November 2008. Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-77536-6}}
By May 23, 1985 all members of the group had been arrested, with the exception of ], who remains a fugitive. At a 1986 trial, six group members were tried and convicted of multiple counts of domestic terrorism.
* Enders Walter. Sandler Todd. ''The political economy of terrorism'' 14 November 2005. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-85100-8}}

* Alexander Yonah. Europe's red terrorists: the fighting communist organizations. 1 October 1992. Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-7146-3488-3}}
==Red Army Faction (RAF)==
* Paoletti, Ciro (30 December 2007). A military history of Italy. Praeger Publishers. {{ISBN|978-0-275-98505-9}}.
], was one of postwar West Germany's most active and prominent militant left-wing groups. It described itself as a ] "urban guerrilla" group engaged in armed resistance, while it was described by the West German government as a terrorist group. The ] was formally founded in 1970 by ], ], ], ], Irmgard M?ller and others.
* Harmon, Christopher C. ''Terrorism Today'' Routledge 2nd edition. 18 October 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-415-77300-3}}

* Carol Winkler. ''In the name of terrorism: presidents on political violence in the post-World.'' ] Illustrated edition. 3 November 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-7914-6617-9}}
The Red Army Faction operated from the 1970s to 1998, committing numerous crimes, especially in the autumn of 1977, which led to a national crisis that became known as "German Autumn". It was responsible for 34 deaths, including many secondary targets such as chauffeurs and bodyguards, and many injuries in its almost 30 years of existence.
* Nghia M. Vo. ''The bamboo gulag: political imprisonment in communist Vietnam.'' ] 31 December 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-7864-1714-8}}

* ], ]. ''Inside the VC and the NVA: the real story of North Vietnam's armed forces.'' 1st edition. ] 15 August 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-60344-059-2}}
== Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist ==
* T. Louise Brown, ''War and aftermath in Vietnam.'' Routledge. 2 May 1991. {{ISBN|978-0-415-01403-8}}

* Bernadette Rigal-Cellard. ''La guerre du Vietnam et la société américaine.'' Presses universitaires de Bordeaux. 1991. {{ISBN|978-2-86781-122-7}}
The ] has been responsible for hundreds of attacks on government and civilian targets.
* Leonard Weinberg & William L. Eubank, ''Twenty-First Century Insurgents: Understanding the Use of Terrorism as a Strategy'', in: ''Countering Terrorism and Insurgency in the 21st Century'', Forest, James J. F., Ed. Praeger 30 June 2007 {{ISBN|978-0-275-99034-3}}
After the UPF's Maoist wing (CPN-M) performed poorly in elections and excluded from the election in 1994. The Maoists then turned to insurgency to overthrowing Nepal's parliamentary democracy and change Nepalese society. Including a purge of the nation's elite class, a state takeover of private industry, and collectivization of agriculture. <ref>http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=3531</ref><ref>http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/nepal/terroristoutfits/index.html</ref>
* Christopher Lawrence Zugger. The forgotten: Catholics of the Soviet empire from Lenin through Stalin. Syracuse University Press. 31 May 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-8156-0679-6}}
* Kenton J. Clymer. The United States and Cambodia, 1969–2000: a troubled relationship. Routledge. 1st edition. 11 March 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-415-32602-5}}
* Gérard Chaliand, Arnaud Blin. The history of terrorism: from antiquity to al Qaeda. University of California Press. 1st edition. 13 July 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-520-24709-3}}
* Pedahzur, Ami. ''Root causes of suicide terrorism: the globalization of martyrdom'' Taylor & Francis. 22 June 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-415-77029-3}}
* Valentino, Benjamin A. ''Final solutions: mass killing and genocide in the twentieth century'' Cornell University Press. 8 December 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-8014-7273-2}}
* Charles A. Krohn. ''The lost battalion of Tet: breakout of the 2/12th Cavalry at Hue''. Naval Institute Press Rev. Pbk. edition. 15 February 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-59114-434-2}}
* Winkler, Carol. ''In the name of terrorism: presidents on political violence in the post-World War II''. SUNY Press, 2006. {{ISBN|0-7914-6617-5}}
* Fueredi, Frank. ''Colonial wars and the politics of Third World nationalism'' I.B.Tauris, 1994. {{ISBN|1-85043-784-X}}
* Freeman, James M. ''Hearts of Sorrow: Vietnamese-American Lives'' Stanford University Press. 30 April 1991. {{ISBN|978-0-8047-1890-5}}
* Cox, Dan G. Falconer, John. Stackhouse, Brian. ''Terrorism, instability, and democracy in Asia and Africa'' Northeastern University Press. 15 April 2009. {{ISBN|978-1-55553-705-0}}
* Geifman, Anna. ''Thou shalt kill: revolutionary terrorism in Russia, 1894–1917'' Princeton University Press. 11 December 1995. {{ISBN|978-0-691-02549-0}}
* Mockaitis, Thomas R. ''The "new" terrorism: myths and reality'' Stanford University Press. 15 June 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-8047-5970-0}}
* Crenshaw, Martha. Pimlott, John. ''Encyclopedia of world terrorism'' V3 Sharpe. 1996. {{ISBN|978-1-56324-806-1}}
* Windrich, Elaine. (Editor) ''The Rhodesian problem: a documentary record, 1923–1973'' Routledge. 1st Edition. 13 March 1975. {{ISBN|978-0-7100-8080-6}}
* Slocum, John David. ''Terrorism, media, liberation'' Rutgers University Press. 31 July 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-8135-3608-8}}
* Tuman, Joseph S. ''Communicating Terror: The Rhetorical Dimensions of Terrorism'' Sage. 12 January 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-4129-7324-3}}
* Dommen Arthur J. ''The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans: Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam'' Indiana University Press. 1 January 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-253-33854-9}}
* Van Slyke, Lyman (1968) ''The China White Paper: August 1949'' Stanford University Press {{ISBN|978-0-8047-0608-7}}
* Sloan, Stephen (2006) Terrorism: the present threat in context Berg {{ISBN|978-1-84520-344-3}}
{{refend}}


==External links== ==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
by Terrorism knowledgebase

==References==
{{reflist}}


] {{Terrorism topics}}
]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Communist Terrorism}}
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Acts of terrorism carried out by adherents of communist ideologies

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Communist terrorism is terrorism perpetrated by individuals or groups which adhere to communism and ideologies related to it, such as Marxism–Leninism, Maoism, and Trotskyism. Historically, communist terrorism has sometimes taken the form of state-sponsored terrorism, supported by communist nations such as the Soviet Union, China, North Korea and Democratic Kampuchea. In addition, non-state actors such as the Red Brigades, the Front Line and the Red Army Faction have also engaged in communist terrorism. These groups hope to inspire the masses to rise up and start a revolution to overthrow existing political and economic systems. This form of terrorism can sometimes be called red terrorism or left-wing terrorism.

The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union have been credited with leading to a notable decline in this form of terrorism.

History

In the 1930s, the term "communist terrorism" was used by the Nazi Party in Germany as part of a propaganda campaign to spread fear of communism. The Nazis blamed communist terrorism for the Reichstag fire, which they used as an excuse to push through legislation removing personal freedom from German citizens. In the 1940s and 1950s, various Southeast Asian countries, such as the Philippines and Vietnam, witnessed the rise of communist groups engaging in terrorism. John Slocum claimed that communists in present-day Malaysia used terrorism to draw attention to their ideological beliefs, but Phillip Deery countered that the Malaysian insurgents were called communist terrorists only as part of a propaganda campaign.

In the 1960s, the Sino–Soviet split (between two communist states) led to a marked increase in terrorist activity in the region. That decade also saw various terrorist groups commencing operations in Europe, Japan, and the Americas. Yonah Alexander deemed these groups Fighting Communist Organizations (FCOs), and says they rose out of the student union movement protesting against the Vietnam War. In Western Europe, these groups' actions were known as Euroterrorism. The founders of FCOs argued that violence was necessary to achieve their goals, and that peaceful protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them. In the 1970s, there were an estimated 50 Marxist or Leninist groups operating in Turkey, and an estimated 225 groups operating in Italy. Groups also began operations in Ireland and the United Kingdom. These groups were deemed a major threat by NATO and the Italian, German, and British governments. Communist terrorism did not enjoy full support from all ideologically sympathetic groups. The Italian Communist Party, for example, condemned such activity.

Background

See also: Dictatorship of the proletariat

While Vladimir Lenin systematically denounced the terrorism practiced by the Socialist Revolutionaries, he also supported terror as a tool, and considered mass terror to be a strategic and efficient method for advancing revolutionary goals. According to Leon Trotsky, Lenin emphasized the absolute necessity of terror and as early as 1904, Lenin said, "The dictatorship of the proletariat is an absolutely meaningless expression without Jacobin coercion." In 1905, Lenin directed members of the St. Petersburg "Combat Committee" to commit acts of robbery, arson, and other terrorist acts.

Bolshevik banner in 1918: "Death to the Bourgeoisie and its lapdogs – Long live the Red Terror!!"

Not all scholars agree on Lenin's position towards terrorism. Joan Witte contends that he opposed the practice except when it was wielded by the party and the Red Army after 1917. She also suggests that he opposed the use of terrorism as a mindless act but endorsed its use in order to advance the communist revolution. Chaliand and Blin contend that Lenin advocated mass terror but objected to disorderly, unorganized, or petty acts of terrorism. According to Richard Drake, Lenin had abandoned any reluctance to use terrorist tactics by 1917, believing that all resistance to communist revolution should be met with maximum force. Drake contends that the terrorist intent in Lenin's program was unmistakable, as acknowledged by Trotsky in his book Terrorism and Communism: a Reply, published in 1918. In the book, Trotsky provided an elaborate justification for the use of terror, stating "The man who repudiates terrorism in principle, i.e., repudiates measures of suppression and intimidation towards determined and armed counterrevolution, must reject all ideas of the political supremacy of the working class and its revolutionary dictatorship." Trotsky's justification largely rests on a criticism of the usage of the term "terrorism" to describe all political violence on behalf of the Left, but not equally vicious political violence carried out by liberal or reactionary factions. Scholars on the Left argue that while it is a matter of historical record that communist movements did at times employ violence, the label of "terrorism" is disproportionately used in Western media sources to refer to all political violence employed by the left, while similarly violent tactics employed by the United States and its allies remain unscrutinized.

Examples

Bulgaria

The St Nedelya Church assault on 16 April 1925 was committed by a group from the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP). They blew up the roof of the St Nedelya Church in Sofia, Bulgaria. 150 people were killed and around 500 were injured.

Cambodia

See also: Cambodian genocide

The Cambodian genocide committed by the Khmer Rouge, which led to the death of an estimated 1.7 million to 2.5 million people has been described as an act of terrorism by Joseph S. Tuman.

China

Benjamin A. Valentino has estimated that the atrocities committed by both the Nationalist government and the Chinese Communist Party during the Chinese Civil War resulted in the death of between 1.8 million and 3.5 million people between 1927 and 1949.

Indonesia

The Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) had been engaged in what perceived as an act of terrorism during a communist rebellion in 1948, as well as the failed coup attempt in 1965. However, under the leadership of D. N. Aidit, the PKI was transformed into a legal party operating openly within the country and rejected armed struggle. The alleged coup attempt culminated in a violent anti-communist purge and a subsequent regime change into a right-wing military dictatorship following the purges.

Japan

In the late 1960s, Japanese communist Fusako Shingenobu formed the militant Japanese Red Army terrorist group. Their goal was to start a worldwide communist revolution through the use of terrorism. They committed multiple embassy attacks, airplane hijackings, bombings and taking hostages. They were responsible for the 1972 Lod Airport Massacre, in which 26 people were killed and 79 injured. In 1988, members of the JRA detonated a car bomb outside of a USO recreational facility in Naples which killed 4 Italian civilians, 1 U.S. Servicewoman, and injured 15 other people.

Members of the JRA merged with members of the Revolutionary Left Faction to form the United Red Army, which became known for the Asama-Sansō incident, a weeklong standoff with the police after the group had murdered fourteen of its own members.

Peru

Shining Path was responsible for the 1992 Tarata Bombing in the business district of Lima, Peru. The bombing killed 25 people and injured 250 others.

Shining Path was founded in 1969 by Maoist philosophy professor Abimael Guzmán as a split from the Peruvian Communist Party. In 1980 when the Peruvian government held elections for the first time in 12 years, Shining Path rejected participation instead declaring a guerrilla war against the government, perpetrating "assassinations, bombings, beheadings and massacres", including the Tarata bombing and 1983 Lucanamarca massacre. Guzmán was arrested in 1992 and sentenced to life in prison on charges of aggravated terrorism and murder. Another communist terrorist group, Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, gained notoriety after taking hostages at the Japanese Embassy of Peru which lead to a 126-day stand off with Peruvian authorities.

The Shining Path is regarded as a terrorist organization by Peru, Japan, the United States, the European Union, and Canada, all of whom consequently prohibit funding and other financial support to the group.

The Philippines

Main article: New People's Army

The New People's Army (NPA) founded in 1969 has been described as the third largest terrorist group operating in the Philippines. The group carried out attacks between 1987 and 1992 before entering a hiatus. Between 2000 and 2006, they carried out an additional 42 attacks. The NPA is designated as a terrorist group by The Philippines, The United States, The European Union, and New Zealand.

Rhodesia

In Rhodesia (renamed Zimbabwe in 1980), during the Bush War of the 1970s, guerrillas operating in the country were considered communist terrorists by the government. The organisations in question received war materiels and financial support from numerous communist countries, and they also received training in several of those same countries, including the Soviet Union, China and Cuba. Both guerrilla armies involved in the war—the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) of the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), and the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) attached to the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU)—were initially based in the Lusaka area of Zambia, so as to be within striking distance of Rhodesia. ZANU and ZANLA moved their bases to Mozambique's Tete province around 1972, and based themselves there until the war's end in 1979. ZIPRA remained based in Zambia. In line with the Maoist ideology professed by its parent organisation, ZANU, ZANLA used Chinese Maoist tactics to great effect, politicising the rural population and hiding amongst the locals between strikes. While ZIPRA conducted similar operations to a lesser extent, most of its men made up a conventional-style army in Zambia, which was trained by Cuban and Soviet officers to eventually overtly invade Rhodesia and openly engage in combat against the Rhodesian Security Forces. This ultimately never happened.

Soviet Union

Main article: Terrorism and the Soviet Union

After the Russian Revolution in 1917, the use of terrorism to subdue people characterized the new communist regime. Historian Anna Geifman stated that this was "evident in the regime's very origins." An estimated 17,000 people died as a result of the initial campaign of violence known as the Red Terror. Lenin stated that his "Jacobian party would never reject terror, nor could it do so", referring to the Jacobian Reign of Terror of 1793–1794 as a model for the Bolshevik Red Terror. Felix Dzerzhinsky, founder of the Cheka (the Soviet secret police), widely employed terrorist tactics, especially against peasants who refused to surrender their grain to the government. Upon initiating the New Economic Policy (NEP) Lenin stated, "It is a mistake to think the NEP has put an end to terrorism. We shall return to terrorism, and it will be an economic terrorism".

South Africa

During the apartheid era in South Africa, the government under the Afrikaner National Party deemed the ANC and its military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe, communist terrorists. As a result, a series of laws were introduced by the government, such as the Suppression of Communism Act, which defined and banned organizations and people that the government considered communist. In 1967 the government promulgated the Terrorism Act, which made terrorist acts a statutory crime and implemented indefinite detention against those who were captured.

Vietnam

Main articles: Vietnam War and Viet Cong

During World War II the communist Viet Minh fought a guerrilla campaign led by Ho Chi Minh against the Japanese occupation forces and, following Japan's surrender, against the French colonial forces. This insurgency continued until 1954 as the Viet Minh evolved into the Viet Cong (VC), which fought against both the South Vietnamese government and American forces. These campaigns involved terrorism resulting in the deaths of thousands. Although an armistice was signed between the Viet Minh and the French forces in 1954, terrorist actions continued. Carol Winkler has written that in the 1950s, Viet Cong terrorism was rife in South Vietnam, with political leaders, provincial chiefs, teachers, nurses, doctors, and members of the military being targeted. Between 1965 and 1972, Viet Cong terrorists had killed over 33,000 people and abducted a further 57,000. Terrorist actions in Saigon were described by Nghia M. Vo as "long and murderous." In these campaigns, South Vietnamese prime minister Trần Văn Hương was the target of an assassination attempt; in 1964 alone, the Viet Cong carried out 19,000 attacks on civilian targets.

Infant victim of Dak Son massacre

Historian and former U.S. State Department analyst Douglas Pike has called the Massacre at Huế one of the worst communist terrorist actions of the Vietnam War. Estimates of the losses in the massacre have been cited as high as 6,000 dead. The United States Army recorded as killed "3800 killed in and around Huế, 2786 confirmed civilians massacred, 2226 civilians found in mass graves and 16 non Vietnamese civilians killed." While some historians have claimed that the majority of these deaths occurred as the result of US bombing in the fight to retake the city, the vast majority of the dead were found in mass graves outside the city. Benjamin A. Valentino has estimated a total death toll of between 45,000 and 80,000 people between 1954 and 1975 from VC terrorism.

Douglas Pike also described the Đắk Sơn massacre, in which the Viet Cong used flamethrowers against civilians in Đắk Sơn, killing 252, as a terrorist act. In May 1967, Tran Van-Luy reported to the World Health Organization "that over the previous 10 years Communist terrorists had destroyed 174 dispensaries, maternity homes and hospitals." Ami Pedahzur has written that "the overall volume and lethality of Viet Cong terrorism rivals or exceeds all but a handful (e.g. Algeria, Sri Lanka) of terrorist campaigns waged over the last third of the twentieth century," and that the VC used suicide terrorism as a form of propaganda of the deed. Arthur J. Dommen has written that the majority of those killed due to VC terrorism were civilians, caught in ambushes as they traveled on buses, and that the group burnt down villages and forcibly conscripted members.

See also

References

Citations

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  3. Clymer page 107
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  63. Lanning pp185
  64. {Anderson, David L. The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War. 2004, page 98-9}
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