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{{Short description|Antisemitic and anti-communist conspiracy theory}}
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{{For|the involvement of the Jews in Bolshevism and Russian Revolution|History of the Jews in Russia}}
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{{Antisemitism|Canards}}


'''Jewish Bolshevism''', also '''Judeo–Bolshevism''', is an ] and ] ] that claims that the ] of 1917 was a Jewish plot and that Jews controlled the ] and international communist movements, often in furtherance of a plan to destroy ]. It was one of the main ] beliefs that served as an ideological justification for the ] and ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kellogg |first1=Michael |title=The Russian Roots of Nazism: White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945 |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-44299-2 |page=search "helped to inspire Hitler to" |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GeOR5LbOQwsC |language=en}}</ref>
{{Mergeto|The Jewish Bolshevism|date=October 2007}}
{{Mergefrom|Żydokomuna|date=October 2007}}
{{Original research|date=October 2007}}
]


After the Russian Revolution, the ] was the title of the pamphlet ''The Jewish Bolshevism'', which featured in the racist propaganda of the anti-communist ] forces during the ] (1918–1922). During the 1930s, the ] in Germany and the ] in the United States propagated the antisemitic theory to their followers, sympathisers, and ]s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Partridge |first1=Christopher |last2=Geaves |first2=Ron |year=2007 |chapter=Antisemitism, Conspiracy Culture, Christianity, and Islam: The History and Contemporary Religious Significance of the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion |title=The Invention of Sacred Tradition |editor1-first=James R. |editor1-last=Lewis | editor2-first=Olav |editor2-last=Hammer |pages=75–95 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511488450.005 |isbn=9780511488450 |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/the-invention-of-sacred-tradition/antisemitism-conspiracy-culture-christianity-and-islam-the-history-and-contemporary-religious-significance-of-the-protocols-of-the-learned-elders-of-zion/0E2AA1576054F229D6F97F6C5379DAFA |access-date=12 April 2016}}
'''Jewish Bolshevism''', '''Judeo-Bolshevism''', '''Judeo-Communism''', or in Polish, ''']''', is an antisemitic ] which blames the Jews for ]; it is an ] ].
*{{cite journal|last1=Frederickson|first1=Kari|title=Cathrine Curtis and Conservative Isolationist Women, 1939–1941|journal=The Historian|volume=58|issue=4|year=1996|page=826|issn=0018-2370|doi=10.1111/j.1540-6563.1996.tb00977.x}}
*{{cite book|author=Glen Jeansonne|title=Women of the Far Right: The Mothers' Movement and World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7JZoQuU3eMC|date=9 June 1997|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-39589-0|page=8|access-date=5 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118035539/https://books.google.com/books?id=B7JZoQuU3eMC|archive-date=18 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Russia and Germany|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5madOAUfKZUC|publisher = Transaction Publishers|year = 1965|isbn = 9781412833547|first = Walter Ze'ev|last = Laqueur|page = 105|access-date = 25 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160508040539/https://books.google.com/books?id=5madOAUfKZUC|archive-date = 8 May 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> ] used the trope to implement ] policies and initiate ] against ], portraying Slavs as inferior humans controlled by Jews to destroy ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weikart |first=Richard |title=Hitler's Ethic: The Nazi Pursuit of Evolutionary Progress |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-349-38073-2 |location=175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 |pages=71, 72, 74 |chapter=3: Racial Struggle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Adam |title=Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-415-48618-7 |edition=2nd |location=270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 |pages=270}}</ref>


In Poland, {{lang|pl|]}} was a term for the ] opinion that the Jews had a disproportionately high influence in the administration of ]. In ], the antisemitic canards of "Jewish Bolshevism", "Jewish Communism", and the ] are catchwords falsely asserting that ] is a Jewish conspiracy.<ref>{{cite web|author=Philip Mendes|title=Debunking the myth of Jewish communism|url=https://www.eurekastreet.com.au/article/debunking-the-myth-of-jewish-communism|year=2010|access-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428201948/https://www.eurekastreet.com.au/article/debunking-the-myth-of-jewish-communism|archive-date=28 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
The expression was the title of a pamphlet, '']'', and became current after the ] (]) in Russia, and spread worldwide in the ] with the publication and circulation of the '']''. It made an issue out of the Jewishness of Bolsheviks (most notably ]) during and after the revolution.


==Origins==
The ] "Judeo-Bolshevism" was used in ] to equate Jews with ], implying that the communist movement served Jewish interests and/or that all Jews were communists.<ref>] (1965): ''Russia and Germany'' (Boston: Little, Brown and Company)</ref>
] era (1919), a caricature of ], who was viewed as a symbol of Jewish Bolshevism<ref name="Plokhy2015">{{cite book|author=Serhii Plokhy|title=The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bm0uCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA223%C2%B7|date=1 December 2015|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-07394-8|page=223|access-date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516214532/https://books.google.com/books?id=bm0uCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA223%C2%B7|archive-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>]]


The conflation of Jews and revolution emerged in the atmosphere of destruction of ]. When the ] ] crippled Russia's war effort, conspiracy theories developed far from ] and ]. Some commentators in Britain ascribed the revolution to an "apparent conjunction of Bolsheviks, Germans and Jews".<ref>Fromkin (2009) pp. 247–248.</ref> By December 1917, five of the twenty-one members of the Communist ] were Jews: the commissar for foreign affairs, the president of the ], the deputy chairman of the ], the president of Petrograd Soviet, and the deputy director of the ] secret police.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the Jews in the Modern World|last=Sachar|first=Howard|publisher=Vintage|year=2006|isbn=9781400030972}}</ref>
Nowadays, it is used in the antisemitic site ]. {{Fact|date=October 2007}}


The worldwide spread of the concept in the 1920s is associated with the publication and circulation of '']'', a fraudulent document that purported to describe a secret Jewish conspiracy aimed at world domination. The expression made an issue out of the Jewishness of some leading Bolsheviks (such as ]) of the October Revolution. ] said that "primarily through ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'', the ] spread these charges to an international audience."{{sfn|Pipes|1997|p=93}} ] wrote that it is rare to find an antisemitic source after 1917 that "does not stand in debt to the ] analysis of the Revolution".{{sfn|Webb|1976|p=295}}
The idea of linking Jewishnes with Bolshevism was elaborated by the ] in ]. The claim was that Jewishness and Bolshevism are one. <ref name =laqueur>] (1965): ''Russia and Germany'' (Boston: Little, Brown and Company)</ref> Laqueur asserts that the identification of Bolshevism with Jewry was perhaps the only truly original contribution which Nazism made to the study of Bolshevism or Communism:


==Jewish involvement in Russian Communism==
:"''If Nazism made any original contribution to this field of study, it was the identification of world Jewry and Bolshevism;
:''a dogma it repeated time and again on every level of sophistication from the quasi-scientific to the most vulgar.
:''From the factual angle it was an uphill struggle; true, a fairly large percentage of the early Bolshevik leaders
:''had been Jewish by origin. But what the Nazis chose to ignore was the inconvenient fact that these Jewish Bolsheviks
:''had turned against their own religion and people and wanted nothing to do with them;
:''and the percentage of Jews in anti-Bolshevik political parties — such as the Mensheviks — was even higher.
:''They also ignored the fact that even within the Bolshevik party leadership the participation of Jews
:''had begun to decrease in the middle twenties, and had become quite insignificant after the big purges
:''of the late thirties; ] was in fact the only Communist of Jewish origin left
:''in the supreme party leadership.
:...
:''Hitler and Rosenberg had decided, once and forever, that ] was the revolt of the underlings;
:''a racial, not an ideological movement. Ideological discussions with Marxists, they said,
:''were not merely senseless and absurd but positively harmful;
:''it would imply that National Socialism accepted the Communists as more or less equal partners;
:''that the Communists had an ideology which deserved to be taken seriously;
:''what was important was to analyse the true (racial) sources of Communism.
:''As a Communist one could win an argument simply by provingthat one's ideas
:''conformed to those of Marx, Lenin, or Stalin.
:''As a Nazi any connection with Marx or Marxism was ''a priori'' evil,
:''for Marx had been born a Jew.''|"<ref name=laqueur>


{{Main|History of the Jews in Russia|History of the Jews in the Soviet Union}}
Laqueur gives the background to the association of ''Jewishness'' with ''Bolshevism'' as follows (p. 177):
] existed both culturally and institutionally. The Jews were restricted to live within the ], and they also suffered ]s.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Triumph of Survival: The Story of the Jews in the Modern Era 1650–1990|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=11f9xBbOBBEC|publisher = Mesorah Publications|date = 1 September 1990|isbn = 9780899064987|first = Berel|last = Wein|page = 173|access-date = 25 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160617154658/https://books.google.com/books?id=11f9xBbOBBEC|archive-date = 17 June 2016|url-status = live}}</ref>
:"Hitler and Rosenberg had decided, once and forever, that ] was the revolt of the underlings;
a racial, not an ideological movement. Ideological discussions with Marxists, they said,
were not merely senseless and absurd but positively harmful;
it would imply that National Socialism accepted the Communists as more or less equal partners;
that the Communists had an ideology which deserved to be taken seriously;
what was important was to analyse the true (racial) sources of Communism.
As a Communist one could win an argument simply by provingthat one's ideas
conformed to those of Marx, Lenin, or Stalin.
As a Nazi any connection with Marx or Marxism was ''a priori'' evil,
for Marx had been born a Jew."<ref name=laqueur>


As a result, many Jews supported gradual or revolutionary changes to the ]. Those movements ranged among the far left (],<ref>{{cite web |last=Goncharok |first=Moshe |script-title=ru:Век воли. Русский анархизм и евреи (XIX–XX вв.) |title=Vek voli. Russky anarkhizm I evreyi (XIX–XX vv.) |trans-title=Century of Will: Russian Anarchism and the Jews (19th–20th centuries) |location=Jerusalem |publisher=Mishmeret Shalom |year=1996 |url=http://makhno.ru/lit/vek_voli/3.php |language=ru |access-date=12 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113183532/http://www.makhno.ru/lit/vek_voli/3.php |archive-date=13 January 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> ], ], ],{{sfn|Levin|1988|p=13}}) and moderate left (]{{sfn|Ascher|1992|p=148}}) and constitutionalist (]{{sfn|Witte|1907}}) parties. According to the 1922 Bolshevik party census, there were 19,564 Jewish Bolsheviks, comprising 5.21% of the total, and in the 1920s of the 417 members of the Central Executive Committee, the party Central Committee, the Presidium of the Executive of the Soviets of the USSR and the Russian Republic, the People's Commissars, 6% were ethnic Jews.{{sfn|Herf|2008|p=96}} Between 1936 and 1940, during the ], ] and after the ], Stalin had largely eliminated Jews from senior party, government, diplomatic, security and military positions.{{sfn|Levin|1988|pp=318–325}}
:] says that "primarily through ''the ]'', the ] spread these charges to an international audience."<ref>] (1997): ''Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From'' (The Free Press - Simon & Shuster) p.93. ISBN 0-684-83131-7</ref> ] writes: "t is rare to find an anti-Semitic source after 1917 which does not stand in debt to the ] analysis of the Revolution."<ref>] (1976): ''Occult Establishment: The Dawn of the New Age and The Occult Establishment'', (Open Court Publishing), p.295. ISBN 0-87548-434-4</ref>


Some scholars have grossly exaggerated Jewish presence in the Soviet Communist Party. For example, ] said that in the 1920s "75 per cent of the leading Bolsheviks" were "of Jewish origin".<ref name="past" /> According to David Aaronovitch, "a cursory examination of membership of the top committees shows this figure to be an absurd exaggeration".<ref name=past>{{cite web|last=Aaronovitch|first=David|title=Our Jewish Communist past|url=http://www.thejc.com/comment-and-debate/columnists/55272/our-jewish-communist-past|date=23 September 2011|work=The Jewish Chronicle|access-date=18 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103062205/http://www.thejc.com/comment-and-debate/columnists/55272/our-jewish-communist-past|archive-date=3 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Background==
], in his ], ''Russia and Germany, A Century of Conflict'', traces this conspiracy theory to the most important ] ] and ], ]:


In 2013, speaking about the ] at the Moscow ], Russian President ] erroneously<ref name="Vedmosti"/><ref name="Lancet"/><ref name="Ryzhkov"/> said: <blockquote>"The decision to nationalize the library was made by the first Soviet government, and Jews were approximately 80–85% members".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Владимир Путин решил судьбу библиотеки Шнеерсона|url=https://rg.ru/2013/06/14/biblioteka.html|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Российская газета|date=13 June 2013 |language=ru}}</ref> </blockquote>According to historian ], Putin's ignorant statement about the predominance of Jews in the Council of People's Commissars is due to the fact that "during the years of ], he read the low-quality nationalist tabloid press".<ref name="Ryzhkov">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-02 |title=Владимир Рыжков — Перехват — Эхо Москвы, 15.06.2013 |url=https://echo.msk.ru/programs/interception/1095292-echo/ |access-date=2024-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302162857/https://echo.msk.ru/programs/interception/1095292-echo/ |archive-date=2 March 2022 }}</ref> Some media outlets also criticized the statements of the President of the Russian Federation. So the editors of the newspaper '']'', condemning the head of state for marginality, posted the following statistics:<ref name="Lancet">{{Citation|title=Sprigge, Sir Squire, (22 June 1860–17 June 1937), Editor of the Lancet|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u217438}}</ref><ref name="Vedmosti">{{Cite news|title=Message "From the Editor: Fifth Fad. The Rhetoric of the First Persons of the Russian State Feeds the Prejudices of the Backward Part of the Inhabitants". "Vedomosti" dated June 17, 2013|newspaper=Ведомости |date=17 June 2013 |url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/opinion/articles/2013/06/17/ot-redakcii:-pyatyj-punktik}}</ref><blockquote>"If we discard the speculations of pseudoscientists who know how to find the Jewish origin of every revolutionary, it turns out that in the first composition of the ] of Jews there were 8%: of its 16 members, only Leon Trotsky was a Jew. In the government of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic of 1917–1922 Jews were 12% (six out of 50 people). Apart from the government, the ] on the eve of October 1917 had 20% Jews (6 out of 30), and in the first composition of the political bureau of the ] – 40% (3 out of 7)".— ] (dated 17 June 2013).</blockquote>
{{quote|Rosenberg's ''] about Russia and Communism are found in the '']'' and in countless brochures and booklets: Bolshevism is the revolt of the Jewish and ] ]s against the Germans (]) element in Russia; it is the revolt of the ], the hatred of the nomads of everything great, heroic, racially healthy; all big things in Russian history had been achieved by Germans or those of German blood, but the ] had exterminated the aryan element. . . ., nor did the Jewish-Soviet Government represent the Russian people. To the Nazi ideologists, all leading Soviet statesmen were Jews: ] and ], ] and ], ] and ], ] and ] among them. Whoever was not a Jew was a Chinese. Rosenberg developed an elaborate theory about the leading role of Chinese silk merchants in the Russian revolution. While other observers of the Soviet scene engaged in political speculation and social analysis, the Nazis' Russian experts were preoccupied with another kind of scientific investigation which hardly left them time for anything else. They tracked down the 'real' (Jewish) names of all Soviet leaders; Lunacharsky, for instance, became ] - for who did not know that ']' was 'moon' in Latin? This, by and large, was the level of Nazi ].|Laqueur|''Ibid.'', pp. 21-22}}


==Nazi Germany==
Jews had been a persecuted minority in the Russian Empire. They had endured a form of physical ] in the ], as well as sporadic persecutions supported by Tsarist governments. More than two millions Russian Jews emigrated (in the period from 1881 to 1920, more than two million Jews left the Russian Empire<ref name="FP_PAE"> Beyond the Pale. The History of Jews in Russia. (Exhibition by Friends and Partners Project)</ref>).
{{quote box|"] itself then brought about a further bleeding of Russia’s ]-] elements, and the last remnants were finally eradicated by the revolution and ].. With the help of the Slavic racial instinct, the Jews—pushing toward the upper class and therefore upper leadership—exterminated the previous foreign upper class... with the ], Jews took over leadership in all areas of Russian life, then this is a self evident process, because in and of itself the Slavic people completely lack any organizational capability and thus also any state-forming and state-maintaining power. If one were to pull out of the ] all of the elements that are not purely Slavic, then the state would also immediately break up."
| source = — ] outlining his view of the ], in ]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hitler |first=Adolf |title=Hitler's Second Book |publisher=Enigma Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-929631-61-2 |editor-last=L. Weinberg |editor-first=Gerhard |edition=1st English-language |volume= |location=New York, USA |pages=151, 152 |language=German |translator-last=Smith |translator-first=Krista |chapter=11 - Germany’s Political Situation: No Alliance with Russia}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 25em
}}
]'' of 28 September 1941, accuses Jews of creating Marxism]]
] traces the Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy theory to Nazi ideologue ], for whom Bolshevism was "the revolt of the Jewish, Slavic and ] ] against the German (]) element in Russia". Germans, according to Rosenberg, had been responsible for Russia's historic achievements and had been sidelined by the Bolsheviks, who did not represent the interests of the Russian people, but instead those of its ethnic Jewish and Chinese population.{{sfn|Laqueur|1990|pp=33–34}}


Michael Kellogg in his Ph.D. thesis argued that the racist ideology of Nazis was to a significant extent influenced by ]s in Germany, many of whom, while former subjects of the Russian Empire, were of non-Russian descent: ], residents of Baltic lands including ], and ]. Of particular note was their ''Aufbau'' organization (Aufbau: Wirtschafts-politische Vereinigung für den Osten (Reconstruction: Economic-Political Organization for the East), whose leader was instrumental in making ''The Protocols of The Elders of Zion'' available in German. He argues that the early Hitler was rather ], and became rabidly antisemitic after 1919 under the influence of White émigré convictions about a conspiracy of Jews, an unseen unity from financial capitalists to Bolsheviks, to conquer the world.<ref>{{cite book|first=Michael |last=Kellogg |title=The Russian Roots of Nazism: White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945 |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-521-84512-0 |url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780511079498&ss=exc}}</ref> Therefore, he concluded, White émigrés were at the source of the Nazi concept of Jewish Bolshevism. Annemarie Sammartino argues that this view is contestable. While there is no doubt that White emigres were instrumental in reinforcing the idea of 'Jewish Bolshevism' among Nazis, the concept is also found in many early post–World War I German documents. Also, Germany had its own share of Jewish Communists "to provide fodder for the paranoid fantasies of German antisemites" without Russian Bolsheviks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=12282 |title=Michael Kellogg: ''The Russian Roots of Nazism'' (review) |first=Annemarie |last=Sammartino |work=Humanities and Social Sciences Net |date=September 2006 |access-date=4 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105223657/https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=12282 |archive-date=5 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
On the eve of the ], the Bolshevik party had about 10,000 members<ref>], ''Soviet Civilization'', vol. 1 () {{ru icon}} </ref>, of which 364 were ethnic Jews.<ref name="FP_PAE"/>


Adolf Hitler primarily viewed ] as an usurpation of power from Nordic-Germanic elites by Jews. Hitler classified Slavs as among the inferior races and believed that they lacked an independent ability for statecraft. Hitler wrote in '']'' that the ] had been dominated by an Aryan Germanic aristocracy who ruled over Russian masses, whom he viewed as primitive.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weikart |first=Richard |title=Hitler's Ethic: The Nazi Pursuit of Evolutionary Progress |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-349-38073-2 |location=175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 |pages=71–74 |chapter=3: Racial Struggle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Adam |title=Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-415-48618-7 |edition=2nd |location=270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 |pages=270, 271}}</ref> During the 1920s, Hitler declared that the mission of the Nazi movement was to destroy "Jewish Bolshevism".{{sfn|Kershaw|1999|p=257}} Hitler asserted that the "three vices" of "Jewish Marxism" were democracy, pacifism and internationalism,{{sfn|Kershaw|1999|p=303}} and that Jews were behind Bolshevism, communism and Marxism.{{sfn|Kershaw|1999|p=259}} ] also used the trope to advance ] racism, depicting Slavs as primitive hordes controlled by Jews to attack Aryans.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Adam |title=Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-415-48618-7 |edition=2nd |location=270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 |pages=270}}</ref> Hitler ordered ] with firm convictions of an inevitable German victory, due to his beliefs that Judeo-Bolshevism had liquidated Russia's Aryan aristocracy, which in his view, made the country into a ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weikart |first=Richard |title=Hitler's Ethic: The Nazi Pursuit of Evolutionary Progress |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-349-38073-2 |location=175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 |pages=71, 72, 74 |chapter=3: Racial Struggle}}</ref>
In 1924, the ] issued a report, titled ''Conditions in Russia'', in which it reproduced the ] results which the Soviet government had published in '']''. Those results showed that the majority of Bolsheviks were Russian, with ]s in second place. Nevertheless, no prominent expressions, such as "Russian Bolshevism," or "Ukrainian Bolshevism" had emerged.


In ], this concept of Jewish Bolshevism reflected a common perception that Communism was a Jewish-inspired and Jewish-led movement seeking world domination from its origin. The term was popularized in print in German journalist ]'s 1924 pamphlet "{{lang|de|italic=no|Der Bolschewismus von Moses bis Lenin}}" ("Bolshevism from Moses to Lenin") which depicted both ] and Lenin as Communist and Jewish. This was followed by ]'s 1923 edition of '']'' and ]'s '']'' in 1925, which saw Bolshevism as "Jewry's twentieth century effort to take world dominion unto itself".
{{main|History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union|Cantonist|May Laws|Pogrom|Beilis trial}}


According to French spymaster and writer ], "Hitlerism" was based on "anti-Soviet counter-revolution" promoting the "myth of a mysterious Jewish–Masonic–Bolshevik plot", entailing that the ] had been instigated by a vast Jewish–Masonic conspiracy to topple the Russian, German, and Austro-Hungarian Empires and implement Bolshevism by fomenting liberal ideas.{{sfn|Kellogg|2008}}{{page needed|date=September 2013}} A major source for ] about Jewish Bolshevism in the 1930s and early 1940s was the pro-Nazi and antisemitic international ''{{ILL|Welt-Dienst|fr}}'' news agency founded in 1933 by ]. Within the German Army, a tendency to see Soviet Communism as a Jewish conspiracy had grown since the ], something that became officialized under the Nazis. A 1932 pamphlet by ] of the Government-financed German National Association for the Military Sciences described the Soviet leadership as mostly Jewish, dominating an apathetic and mindless Russian population.{{sfn|Förster|2005|p=119}}
==Jewish Bolsheviks==
{{main|History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union#Jews and Bolshevism}}


]
(Beyond the Pale)</ref>]]
By the mid thirties, the ] had created a special agency called the ], dedicated to creating anti-communist propaganda and heavily publicizing their theory of Judeo-Bolshevism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waddington |first=Lorna L. |title=The Anti-Komintern and Nazi Anti-Bolshevik Propaganda in the 1930s |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009407081488 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |year=2007 |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=573–594 |doi=10.1177/0022009407081488 |s2cid=159672850 |issn=0022-0094}}</ref>
A high percentage of ethnic Jews in comparison to the percentage of the total population took an active part in Bolshevik movement and revolutionary leadership before the revolution and for years after<ref name=madiyevsky>Samson Madiyevsky, ''Jews and the Russian Revolution: whether there Was a Choice'', an article in '']'' () </ref><ref name=laqueur/>, see details below. Most of these Jews were hostile to traditional ] and Jewish political parties, and were eager to prove their loyalty to the Communist Party's ] and ], and committed to stamp out any sign of "Jewish cultural particularism".


Propaganda produced in 1935 by the psychological war laboratory of the German War Ministry described Soviet officials as "mostly filthy Jews" and called on ] soldiers to rise up and kill their "Jewish commissars". This material was not used at the time, but served as a basis for propaganda in the 1940s.{{sfn|Förster|2005|pp=122–127}}
Of the nine members of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik party in April 1917, three were of Jewish decent (], ] and ]). Of the twelve committee members (Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin, Sverdlov, Yakovleva, Oppokov, Zinoviev, Kamenev) who, during a historic meeting on October 10, 1917, agreed for the necessity of armed revolution (leading to the ]), six were Jewish (Zinoviev, Kamenev, ], ], Sverdlov, and ], although Kamenev and Zinoviev opposed the revolution).<ref>http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/oct/10a.htm</ref> <!-- See for more numbers (in Russian). Also see Soljenitsyn's :"Deux Siecles Ensemble ...",Tome 2,page 85. -->


Nazi Propaganda Minister ] speaking at the Nuremberg Party Rally in September 1935 said:
Out of ]'s fifteen Peoples' Commissars (]s) in 1919, six were Jewish (Trotsky, Uritsky, ], I. A. Teodorovich, ] and Sokolnikov). Among the 23 Narkoms between 1923–1930, there were twelve Russians, five Jews, two Georgians (] and ]), one Pole, one Moldavian, one Latvian, and one Ukrainian. The situation had clearly evolved, within a relatively short time, to the advantage of the Russian majority. In the 1930s, there was one person of Jewish descent in the Politburo (]).
{{Quote|While National Socialism brought about a new version and formulation of European culture, Bolshevism is the declaration of war by Jewish-led international subhumans against culture itself. It is not only anti-bourgeois, but it is also anti-cultural. It means, in the final consequence, the absolute destruction of all economic, social, state, cultural, and civilizing advances made by western civilization for the benefit of a rootless and nomadic international clique of conspirators, who have found their representation in Jewry.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_fi.php?MediaId=192 |title = Goebbels Claims Jews Will Destroy Culture |publisher = United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |date = September 1935 |access-date = 11 February 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140223000619/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_fi.php?MediaId=192 |archive-date = 23 February 2014 |url-status = live }}</ref>}}


Members of the Nazi ] (SS) were encouraged to fight against "Jewish Bolshevik sub-humans". In the pamphlet ''The SS as an Anti-Bolshevist Fighting Organization'', published in 1936, '']'' ] wrote:
In 1922, of the 44,148 members of the Bolshevik party that had joined before 1917 (the ], as Lenin referred to them) 7.1% were Jewish (65% were Russian).


{{Quote|We shall take care that never again in Germany, the heart of Europe, will the Jewish-Bolshevik revolution of subhumans be able to be kindled either from within or through emissaries from without.{{sfn|Himmler|1936|p=8}}}}
The number of Jews in top administrative positions began to decline soon after 1917. It continued to shrink heavily in the 1930s when Stalin had his old comrades Kamenev and Zinoviev executed while in prison, after a rigged trial in 1936. Kamenev and Zinoviev had previously been expelled, in 1926 and 1927, from the top positions they shared with Stalin in the Soviet ruling elite. Leon Trotsky had concurrently been expelled from the Soviet Union in 1927 and was then assassinated in ] in 1940, by Soviet agent ]. Thus by the year 1940, and after his rapprochement with Hitler's Germany, Stalin had eliminated virtually all Jews from very high level government positions inside the Soviet Union.


After ] Nazi propaganda depicted the war as a "European crusade against Bolshevism" and ] units consisted largely or solely of foreign volunteers and conscripts.<ref>Paul Hanebrink. A Specter Haunting Europe The Myth of Judeo-Bolshevis,. p. 148</ref> In private conversations held in 1940s, Hitler also labelled Christianity a Jewish product analogous to Judeo-Bolshevism:
] states in his book ''The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day'':
<blockquote>To what extent did the presence of many Jews among the Communist leadership contribute to antisemitism? It certainly played an important role in antisemitic propaganda, and it is certainly true that during the 1920s Jews were heavily overrepresented in the ranks of party and state officials. With the rise of Stalin, Jews were removed from key positions and very often "liquidated." The fact that other minorities were also disproportionately highly represented did not greatly matter - there was no tradition of anti-Latvianism in Russia, nor were Latvians found in the very top positions. Nor did it matter that Jews were equally strongly represented among other anti-Communist parties of the left such as the Mensheviks and the Social Revolutionaries, or that the anti-Stalinist opposition was to a considerable extent of Jewish extraction.<ref name=laqueur>]. ''The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day''. Oxford University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-19-530429-2 p.105</ref></blockquote>


{{Blockquote|text="The heaviest blow that ever struck humanity was the coming of Christianity. Bolshevism is Christianity's illegitimate child. Both are inventions of the Jew. The deliberate lie in the matter of religion was introduced into the world by Christianity. Bolshevism practises a lie of the same nature, when it claims to bring liberty to men, whereas in reality it seeks only to enslave them. In the ancient world, the relations between men and gods were founded on an instinctive respect. It was a world enlightened by the idea of tolerance. Christianity was the first creed in the world to exterminate its adversaries in the name of love. Its key-note is intolerance."|title=], p. 7|source=<ref>{{Cite book |last=Trevor-Roper |first=Hugh |title=Hitler's Table Talk 1941-1944: His Private Conversations |publisher=Enigma Books |year=2000 |isbn=1-929631-05-7 |location=New York, NY |page=7 |chapter=Part One: 5th July—31st December}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bullock |first=Alan |title=Hitler: A Study in Tyranny |publisher=Harper & Row Publishers |year=1964 |lccn=63-21045 |location=New York, USA |page=672 |chapter=12: The Unachieved Empire, 1941-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=H. Lichtblau |first=John |date=28 September 1956 |title=Hitler's Raw Memoirs |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-leader_1953-09-28_36_39/page/22/mode/2up?q=The+heaviest+blow+that+ever+struck+humanity+was+the+coming+of+Christianity.+Bolshevism+is+Christianity%5C%27s+illegitimate+child.+Both+are+inventions+Jew&view=theater |journal=The New Leader |volume=36 |issue=39 |pages=22}}</ref>|character=]}}
]'' in Russian language. Paris, France. Text on the cover reads: "Jewish Government in Russia"]]
In his 1938 book ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion: A Proved Forgery'', based on his testimony at the ], ] wrote:
<blockquote>"Antisemites... refused to acknowledge the important and indisputable fact that the Jews who participated in the Socialist and Anarchist movements around the world, including the Russian Jews in particular, were renegades of the Jewish nation who had no connection with Jewish history nor with Jewish religion nor with Jewish masses, but were rather exclusively ]s, promoting the ideas shared by Socialists of other ethnicities, and were hostile to the Jewish nation in general."<ref>{{ru icon}} (Ch. 3) by ]</ref>
</blockquote>


In his speech to the ''Reichstag'' justifying Operation Barbarossa in 1941, Hitler said:
==Reactions and allegations==
{{quote|For more than two decades the Jewish Bolshevik regime in Moscow had tried to set fire not merely to Germany but to all of Europe&nbsp;... The Jewish Bolshevik rulers in Moscow have unswervingly undertaken to force their domination upon us and the other European nations and that is not merely spiritually, but also in terms of military power&nbsp;... Now the time has come to confront the plot of the Anglo-Saxon Jewish war-mongers and the equally Jewish rulers of the Bolshevik centre in Moscow!{{sfn|Hillgruber|1987}}}}
"The great majority of non-Jews reacted negatively to the intensification of Jewish political activity, and it became one of the important factors in the exacerbation of differences between Jews and their surroundings that cast its shadow over the two inter-war decades. ... It was apparently the emigrants who fled the Russian Revolution who brought to the West the claim that Bolshevism was a Jewish affair (the old anti-Semitic argument regarding 'Jewish domination' in new guise)."<ref>Ben-Sasson, H.H., ed. (1976): ''A History of the Jewish People.'' (Harvard University Press, Cambridge). ISBN 0-674-39730-4, p.944</ref>


Field-Marshal ] gave an order on 12 September 1941 which declared: "the struggle against Bolshevism demands ruthless and energetic, rigorous action above all against the Jews, the main carriers of Bolshevism".{{sfn|Kershaw|2000|p=465}}
===Nazi Germany===
] poster in Lithuanian language equating ] and Jews]]


Historian ] wrote that Wehrmacht officers regarded the Russians as "sub-human", and were from the time of the invasion of Poland in 1939 telling their troops the war was caused by "Jewish vermin", explaining to the troops that the war against the Soviet Union was a war to wipe out what were variously described as "Jewish Bolshevik subhumans", the "Mongol hordes", the "Asiatic flood" and the "red beast", language clearly intended to produce war crimes by reducing the enemy to something less than human.{{sfn|Evans|1989|pp=59–60}}
In ], this term expressed the common perception that ] was a Jewish-inspired and Jewish-led movement seeking world domination from its very origin: ]. The term was popularized in print by German journalist ], who authored the pamphlet "''Der Bolschewismus von Moses bis Lenin''" in the early 1920s, thereby tying ] and Lenin as both Communists and Jews. ]'s 1923 edition of the ''Protocols'' "gave a forgery a huge boost".<ref name=DPipes_p95>] (1997): ''Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From'' (The Free Press - Simon & Shuster) p.95. ISBN 0-684-83131-7</ref> This was followed by ]'s highly inflammatory statement in "Mein Kampf" (1924): "''In Russian Bolshevism we must see Jewry's twentieth century effort to take world dominion unto itself''".


] published an article in 1942 called "the so-called Russian soul" in which he claimed that Bolshevism was exploiting the ] and that the battle of the Soviet Union determined whether Europe would become under complete control by international Jewry.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/goeb11.htm |title=Die sogenannte russische Seele |trans-title=The So-Called Russian Soul |first=Joseph |last=Goebbels |translator-first=Randall |translator-last=Bytwerk |work=Das eherne Herz |trans-work=The iron heart |location=Munich |publisher=Zentralverlag der NSDAP |year=1943 |pages=398–405 |via=German Propaganda Archive at Calvin University |access-date=14 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124174842/http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/goeb11.htm |archive-date=24 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
According to Michael Kellogg, the author of ''The Russian Roots of Nazism. White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945'':
<blockquote>In his groundbreaking 1939 book, ''L’Apocalypse de notre temps: Les dessous de la propagande allemande d’après des documents inédits'' (The Apocalypse of Our Times: The Hidden Side of German Propaganda According to Unpublished Documents), Henri Rollin stressed that “Hitlerism” represented a form of “anti-Soviet counter-revolution” which employed the “myth of a mysterious Jewish-Masonic-Bolshevik plot.” Rollin investigated the National Socialist belief, which was taken primarily from White émigré views, that a vast Jewish-Masonic conspiracy had provoked World War Ⅰ, toppled the Russian, German, and Austro-Hungarian Empires, and unleashed Bolshevism after undermining the existing order through the insidious spread of liberal ideas. German forces promptly destroyed Rollin’s work in 1940 after they occupied France, and the book has remained in obscurity ever since.<ref> by Michael Kellogg (excerpt)
</ref></blockquote>


Nazi propaganda presented Barbarossa as an ideological-racial war between German Nazism and "Judeo-Bolshevism", dehumanising the Soviet enemy as a force of Slavic '']'' (sub-humans) and "Asiatic" savages engaging in "barbaric Asiatic fighting methods" commanded by evil Jewish commissars whom German troops were to grant no mercy.{{sfn|Förster|2005|p=126}} The vast majority of the Wehrmacht officers and soldiers tended to regard the war in Nazi terms, seeing their Soviet opponents as sub-human.{{sfn|Förster|2005|p=127}}
===United States and Great Britain, 1920s===


==Outside Nazi Germany==
The American Ambassador to Russia, David Francis, wrote in January 1918 that most of the Bolshevik leaders were Jewish.<ref>Francis, David R. ''Russia From the American Embassy''. New York: C. Scribner's & Sons, 1921. p. 214.</ref> Also, in a report to the United States and other governments from British Intelligence, entitled "A Monthly Review of the Progress of Revolutionary Movements Abroad", it is stated in the first paragraph that international Communism is controlled by Jews.<ref>U.S. National Archives. Dept. of State Decimal File, 1910–1929, file 861.00/5067.</ref>


===Great Britain, 1920s===
Captain Montgomery Schuyler, a military intelligence officer in Russia, reported regularly to the chief of staff of ] Intelligence (the Army handled intelligence before the ] was established), who relayed the reports to the President. In one of these, declassified in 1958, Schuyler states:


In the early 1920s, leading British antisemite ] stated that Bolshevism was the same thing as Judaism.{{sfn|Webb|1976|p=130}} In the same decade, future wartime Prime Minister ] penned an editorial entitled "Zionism versus Bolshevism", published in the '']''. In the article, which asserted that ] and Bolshevism were engaged in a "struggle for the soul of the Jewish people", he called on Jews to repudiate "the Bolshevik conspiracy" and make clear that "the Bolshevik movement is not a Jewish movement" but stated that:
<blockquote>''It is probably unwise to say this loudly in the United States, but the Bolshevik movement is and has been since its beginning, guided and controlled by Russian Jews of the greasiest type …''<ref name="schuyler">U.S. National Archives. Record group 120: Records of the American Expeditionary Forces, June 9, 1919.</ref></blockquote>


<blockquote> among the Jews is nothing new. From the days of ] to those of Karl Marx, and down to Trotsky (Russia), ] (Hungary), ] (Germany), and ] (United States), this world-wide conspiracy for the overthrow of civilisation and for the reconstitution of society on the basis of arrested development, of envious malevolence, and impossible equality, has been steadily growing.{{sfn|Churchill|1920}}</blockquote>
In another report on June 9, 1919, Schuyler cites ], who was then the chief correspondent in Russia for ]. He writes the following, which the historical record shows{{Fact|date=February 2007}}, incidentally, to be mostly inaccurate:


Author ] noted that Churchill's analysis failed to analyze the role that Russian oppression of Jews had played in their joining various revolutionary movements, but instead "to inherent inclinations rooted in Jewish character and religion".{{sfn|Lebzelter|1978|p=181}}
<blockquote>''A table made up in 1918, by Robert Wilton, correspondent of the ''London Times'' in Russia, shows at that time there were 384 commissars including 2 Negroes, 13 Russians, 15 Chinamen, 22 Armenians and more than 300 Jews. Of the latter number, 264 had come from the United States since the downfall of the Imperial Government.''<ref name="schuyler" /></blockquote>


===Finland===
"Even ] briefly joined this bandwagon, blaming the Russian Revolution on Jews."<ref name=DPipes_p95/> In his article in the ''Illustrated Sunday Herald'' on February 8 1920, Churchill asserted:
] addressing an ] meeting; "''Liberate the working man from the lie of Judeo-Marxism!''", 1933]]
<blockquote>''There is no need to exaggerate the part played in the creation of Bolshevism and in the actual bringing about of the Russian Revolution by these international and for the most part atheistic Jews. It is certainly a very great one; it probably outweighs all others. With the notable exception of Lenin, the majority of the leading figures are Jews. ''<ref>Churchill, Winston. "Zionism versus Bolshevism: A Struggle for the Soul of the Jewish People." ''Illustrated Sunday Herald''. 8 February 1920.</ref></blockquote>
]


White Guard associated newspapers spread the myth of Judeo-Bolshevism and a rumor spread among the White Guard that the Jews of ] had aided the Red Guard, and a group of Jägers planned to round up and execute all the Jews living in the city. The plan was never executed in its planned extent, though a number of Jews were executed in the ].<ref>{{cite web|author=Turo Manninen|publisher=]|editor=Mauno Jokipii|title=Vapaustaistelu, Kansalaissota Ja Kapina|date=18 July 2024|url=https://jyx.jyu.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/76182/1/Manninen_Turo_screen.pdf|page=161}}</ref>
Churchill also declared that Bolshevism must be "strangled in its cradle".<ref> Interview with Jeffrey Wallin. (The Churchill Centre)</ref> Such attitudes were not uncommon in the UK at the time of the ]. The British court of inquiry, appointed to investigate the Arab ], associated Zionism with Bolshevism and identified ] with a ] party ], which the court called "a definite Bolshevist institution."<ref name=Segev>], ''One Palestine, Complete'', Metropolitan Books, 1999. p.141</ref> In reality he was a right-wing leader. "The association of the fiercely antisocialist Jabotinsky with a Marxist party was not the only nonsense in the report."<ref name=Segev/>


In 1919, the White Guard-associated propaganda organ Church-National Enlightenment Bureau published "What is Bolshevism", targeted at former Red Guards. The book argued that communism was a Jewish plot and communist leaders were almost exclusively Jewish and Jews were a race "that has a peculiar ability to live without working at the expense of others by swindling".<ref name=Hanski>{{cite book| author=Hanski, Jari | title=Juutalaisviha Suomessa 1918–1944 | publisher=Ajatus | year=2006 | url = https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/21807/juutalai.pdf?sequence=2 | isbn=951-20-7041-3}}</ref>
In the early 1920s, a leading British antisemite ] announced that "] was ]."<ref>] (1976): ''Occult Establishment: The Dawn of the New Age and The Occult Establishment'', (Open Court Publishing), p.130. ISBN 0-87548-434-4</ref>


In 1920, the chief of the newly established Finnish Security Police advised his personnel on how to proceed with Jews coming from Russia: “One must be very much on one’s guard, particularly with the Jews, for according to the received information, at least 80 percent of all Bolshevik leaders are thought to be Jews”.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Karcher|first1=Nicola |last2=Markus|first2=Lundström|date=2022 |title=NORDIC FASCISM FRAGMENTS OF AN ENTANGLED HISTORY|publisher=Routledge |page=55 |isbn=9781032040301}}</ref>
===Iran, 2006===
The allegation was revived in a December 28, 2006 interview by ]ian Presidential Advisor Mohammad Ali Ramin who was appointed secretary-general of the new "World Foundation for Holocaust Studies" established at the ]:
<blockquote>"The Bolshevik Soviet government in Lenin's time, and later, in Stalin's - both of whom were Jewish, though they presented themselves as Marxists and atheists... - was one of the forces that, until the Second World War, cooperated with Hitler in promoting the idea of establishing the State of Israel."<ref> (] Special Dispatch Series No.1408) January 3, 2007</ref></blockquote>


The Finnish charge d'affaires to the USSR and future Prime Minister ] wrote in the 1920s that Jews controlled the state spying and terror apparatus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hs.fi/ulkomaat/art-2000010242154.html|title=Hitler oli "nousukas, entinen koristemaalari ja poliittinen snobbi" – Suomen varhaiset diplomaatit eivät aina osuneet oikeaan|work=]|date=22 February 2024}}</ref>
==References==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>


], the chairman of the ], one of the most prominent nationalist organizations in Finland, stated several times his belief that the Soviet Union was led by the Jews and that "the God-forsaken nation" invented communism:
== See also ==
<blockquote>That is why the Russian has never been able to build a state and to uphold it, it has instead been done by outwardly russified Vikings, Tatars, Germans and the English and others. After the German born royal house has fallen Jews have now taken control and are ruling in the name of Russia, like the Tsars once did.<ref>Martti Ahti : Ryssänvihassa : Elmo Kaila 1888-1935 : aktivistin asevoimien harmaan eminenssin ja Akateemisen Karjala-Seuran puheenjohtajan elämäkerta. WSOY 1999 ISBN, 951-0-22043-4, ote Kailan A.K.S:lle pitämästä puheesta</ref></blockquote>
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In the 1930s and 1940s, several far-right newspapers such as ], ] and ] spread the myth of Judeo-Bolshevism. The ] also spread leaflets in prints of tens of thousands, tirelessly trying to prove the Jews sought world domination through communism.<ref>{{cite book| author = Hanski Jari| title = Juutalaisvastaisuus suomalaisissa aikakauslehdissä ja kirjallisuudessa 1918–1944| location = Helsinki| publisher = Helsingin yliopisto| year = 2006| version = Diss| isbn = 952-10-3015-1| pages = 159–163}} </ref>
==External links==

* by Israeli journalist Sever Plocker (ynetnews.com)
The leader of the ] and the ] ] stated that Communism is "insidious and corrupting it was born in the mind of the Jew that is alien to Christianity and all patriotic feeling" and "it aims to destroy patriotic feeling and our democratic republic, religious foundation and love for fatherland and...enslave the country with Jewish shackles."<ref>Aarni Virtanen: , p. 60. Jyväskylän yliopisto, Jyväskylä 2015.</ref>

After the war, Untersturmführer ]'s memoirs made the case the USSR was led by Jews, and Parvilahti's book became a great success, going through 11 editions and being translated into multiple languages. Parvilahti also became a sought after speaker in veterans events and conservative parties speaking tours.<ref>Vettenniemi, Erkki: Unto Bomanin salattu elämä, s. 345–378 teoksessa Parvilahti, Unto: Berijan tarhat: Havaintoja ja muistikuvia Neuvostoliiton vuosilta 1945–1954, uusintapainos. Otava, Helsinki 2004.</ref>

==Works propagating the canard==
===''The Octopus''===

''The Octopus'' is a 256-page book self-published in 1940 by ] under the pseudonym "Rev. Frank Woodruff Johnson". In it, she describes her theories of Jewish Bolshevism.<ref name="Jeansonne1997">{{cite book|author=Glen Jeansonne|title=Women of the Far Right: The Mothers' Movement and World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7JZoQuU3eMC|date=9 June 1997|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-39589-0|page=25|access-date=5 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118035539/https://books.google.com/books?id=B7JZoQuU3eMC|archive-date=18 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

===''Behind Communism''===
Frank L. Britton, editor of ''The American Nationalist'' published ''Behind Communism'' in 1952. It disseminated the myth that Communism was a Jewish conspiracy originating in ].{{sfn|Primary Source Microfilm|2005}}

=== ''Europa: The Last Battle'' ===
'']'' is a 2017 ] propaganda film which promotes antisemitic conspiracy theories, including claims that communism was a Jewish ideology.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Pope |first=Felix |date=March 2, 2023 |title=TikTok is still hosting Nazi propaganda, despite warnings |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/news/tiktok-is-still-hosting-nazi-propaganda-despite-warnings-4gQbtSbh62F740bRGs8Kpy |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=]}}</ref>

=== ''Red Russian Meat Grinder'' ===
] wrote the book "Red Russian Meat Grinder" (fin. ''Venäjän Punainen Lihamylly'') about his prison experiences in USSR under the pseudonym Boris Berin-Bey. The book was published by the Föreningen Veronica Association, founded by neo-Nazi ]. The book makes the claim USSR was led by the Jews, and on the book's cover is an illustration of the star of David made of barbed wire.<ref>Aleksi Mainio : Terroristien pesä. Suomi ja taistelu Venäjästä 1918–1939. Siltala 2015, luku "Pomminheittäjä saapuu Brysselistä", sivut 255-261</ref>

==Analysis==
Researchers in the field such as Polish philosopher ]<ref name="Jews, Communists and Jewish Communists, in Poland, Europe and Beyond">{{cite journal|last=Krajewski|first=Stanislaw|author-link=Stanisław Krajewski|title=Jews, Communists and Jewish Communists, in 0Poland, Europe and Beyond|url=http://www.covenant.idc.ac.il/en/vol1/issue3/Jews-Communists-and-Jewish-Communists.html|access-date=4 November 2019|journal=Covenant|volume=1|issue=3|date=October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921105309/http://covenant.idc.ac.il/en/vol1/issue3/Jews-Communists-and-Jewish-Communists.html|archive-date=21 September 2019|url-status=live}} Originally in a CEU annual Jewish Studies at the Central European University, ed. by Andras Kovacs, co-editor Eszter Andor, CEU 2000, 119–133</ref> or André Gerrits,{{sfn|Gerrits|2009|p=195}} denounce the concept of Jewish Bolshevism as prejudice. Law professor ] agrees, and compares Jewish involvement in other communist countries: <blockquote>"Overrepresentation of a group in a political movement does not prove either that the movement was 'dominated' by that group or that it primarily serves that group's interests. The idea that communist oppression was somehow Jewish in nature is belied by the record of communist regimes in countries like ], ], and ], where the Jewish presence was and is minuscule."<ref name="Communism and the Jews">{{cite news|last=Somin|first=Ilya|title=Communism and the Jews|url=http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/29/communism-and-the-jews/|newspaper=The Volokh Conspiracy|date=October 29, 2011|access-date=30 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330064320/http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/29/communism-and-the-jews/|archive-date=30 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>Several scholars have observed that Jewish involvement in Communist movements was primarily a response to antisemitism and rejection by established politics.<ref name="generation">Jaff Schatz, ''The Generation: The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Communists of Poland'', University of California Press, 1991, p. 95.</ref><ref name="google2">Jaff Schatz, "Jews and the Communist Movement in Interwar Poland," in Jonathan Frankel, '' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301224303/https://books.google.com/books?id=POkxdm6DoAsC&pg=PA13 |date=1 March 2020 }}'', Oxford University Press US, 2005, p. 30.</ref><ref name="Mendes 2014">{{Cite book |title=Jews and the left : the rise and fall of a political alliance |last=Mendes |first=Philip |publisher=Springer |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-137-00829-9 |location=New York |oclc=865063358}}</ref> Others note that this involvement was greatly exaggerated to accord with existing antisemitic narratives.<ref name="ferguson">Niall Ferguson, ''The War of the World'', The Penguin Press, New York 2006, page 422</ref><ref name="Polonsky 2">Antony Polonsky, '' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417124241/http://www.yale.edu/isps/seminars/antisemitism/seminar_papers/Polonsky_seminar.pdf |date=17 April 2009 }}'', ], ], ], page: 20 (PDF file: 208 KB)</ref><ref name="Gerrits71">Andre Gerrits. "Antisemitism and Anti-Communism: The Myth of 'Jiudeo-Communism' in Eastern Europe". ''East European Jewish Affairs''. 1995, Vol. 25, No. 1:49–72. Page 71.</ref><ref name="Magdalena Opalski 1992. P29-30">Magdalena Opalski, Israel Bartal. '' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308010251/https://books.google.com/books?id=VQqO8LBNBbsC&pg=PA29 |date=8 March 2020 }}'' University Press of New England, 1992. P29-30</ref><ref name="books.google.com">Joanna B. Michlic. '' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309205445/https://books.google.com/books?id=t6h2pI7o_zQC&pg=PA48 |date=9 March 2020 }}'' University of Nebraska Press, 2006. Pages 47–48.</ref><ref name="ez">Ezra Mendelsohn, ''Studies in Contemporary Jewry'', Oxford University Press US, 2004, {{ISBN|0-19-517087-3}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306003932/https://books.google.com/books?id=NfD3lk_KhI0C&pg=PA279 |date=6 March 2020 }}</ref>

Philip Mendes observed this on a ] level:
{{Quote|The increasing Jewish involvement in political radicalism... left government authorities with a number of potential options for response. One option was to recognize the structural link between the oppression of the Jews and their involvement in the Left, and to introduce social and political reforms which ended discrimination against Jews... This option would have meant accepting that Jews had as much right as any other religious or ethnic grouping to freely participate in political activities. The second option... was to reject any social or political emancipation of Jews... Instead, this policy blamed the Jewish victims for their persecution, and assumed that anti-Semitic legislation and violence was justified as a response to the alleged threat of ‘Jewish Bolshevism’. In short, cause and effect were reversed, and Jewish responses to anti-Semitism were utilized to rationalize anti-Semitic practices.<ref name="Mendes 2014"/>}}

==See also==
{{Portal|History|Politics}}
*]
*]
*]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
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| title = The Jewish Community in British Politics
| publisher = Clarendon Press
| location = Oxford, England
| year = 1983
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}}
* {{cite book
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| first = Abraham
| author-link = Berel Wein
| title = The Revolution of 1905
| publisher = Stanford University Press
| location = Palo Alto, CA
| year = 1992
}}
* {{cite news
| last = Churchill
| first = Winston
| author-link = Winston Churchill
| title = Zionism versus Bolshevism
| url = http://en.wikisource.org/Zionism_versus_Bolshevism
| newspaper = Illustrated Sunday Herald
| date = 8 February 1920
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Evans
| first = Richard J.
| title = In Hitler's Shadow West German Historians and the Attempt to Escape the Nazi Past
| publisher = Pantheon
| location = New York, NY
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| url = https://archive.org/details/inhitlersshadow00rich
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Figes
| first = Orlando
| title = The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia
| publisher = Picador
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}}
* {{cite book
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| first = Jürgen
| author-link = Jürgen Förster
| contribution = The German Military's Image of Russia
| editor1-last = Erickson
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| title = Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy
| publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicolson
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| year = 2005
}}
* Friedman, Isaiah (1997). ''Germany, Turkey, and Zionism 1897–1918''. Transaction Publishers. {{ISBN|978-0765804075}}
* ] (2009). '']''. Holt Paperbacks. {{ISBN|978-0805088090}}.
* {{cite book
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| title = The Myth of Jewish Communism: A Historical Interpretation
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}}
* {{cite book
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| title = The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda During World War II and the Holocaust
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* {{cite journal
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| title = War in the East and the Extermination of the Jews
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| year = 1987
| volume = 18
| pages = 103–132
| url = http://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/documents/studies/Andreas_Hillgruber.pdf
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Himmler
| first = Heinrich
| title = Die Schutzstaffel als antibolschewistische Kampforganisation
| trans-title = The SS as an Anti-Bolshevist Fighting Organization
| url = https://archive.org/details/Himmler-Heinrich-Die-Schutzstaffel
| year = 1936
| language = de
| publisher = Franz Eher Verlag
}}
* {{cite book
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| first2 = Ezra
| title = The Revolution of 1905 and Russia's Jews
| publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press
| location = Philadelphia, PA
| year = 2008
}}
* {{cite book
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| first = Michael
| title = The Russian Roots of Nazism. White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945
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* {{cite book
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* {{cite book
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}}
* {{cite book
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}}
* {{cite book
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| location = New York University Press
| year = 1988
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* McMeekin, Sean (2012). ''The Berlin-Baghdad Express: The Ottoman Empire and Germany's Bid for World Power''. Belknap Press. {{ISBN|978-0674064324}}
* {{cite book
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| title = A History of Russia: Since 1855
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| year = 2005
| isbn = 1-84331-034-1
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Pinkus
| first = Benjamin
| title = The Jews of the Soviet Union: The History of a National Minority
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| location = Cambridge, England
| year = 1990
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Pipes
| first = Daniel
| title = Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where it Comes From
| publisher = Simon & Schuster
| location = New York, NY
| year = 1997
| isbn = 0-684-83131-7
| url = https://archive.org/details/conspiracy00dani
}}
* {{cite web
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| series = The Hall-Hoag Collection of Dissenting and Extremist Printed Propaganda
| publisher = Primary Source Microfilm
| location = ]
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| ref = {{harvid|Primary Source Microfilm|2005}}
| access-date = 22 July 2011
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120706190442/http://microformguides.gale.com/Data/Download/9049000C.rtf
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite journal
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| first = Albert
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| author-link = Albert Resis
| title = The Fall of Litvinov: Harbinger of the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
| journal = Europe-Asia Studies
| year = 2000
| volume = 52
| issue = 1
| pages = 33–56
| jstor = 153750
| doi = 10.1080/09668130098253
| issn=0966-8136}}
* {{cite book
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| title = Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union
| publisher = Routledge
| year = 1995
| isbn = 0-7146-4619-9
}}
* {{cite book
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| publisher = Open Court Publishing
| year = 1976
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* {{cite book
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* {{cite news
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| title = Just Before the Duma Opened
| url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1907/03/24/106111482.pdf
| newspaper = ]
| date = 24 March 1907
}}
{{refend}}


==Further reading== ==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* Arkady Vaksberg: ''Stalin against the Jews'', 1994, Vintage Books (a division of Random House, New York), ISBN 0-679-42207-2
* ]: ''The Jewish Century'', 2004, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-11995-3 * Mikhail Agursky: ''The Third Rome: National Bolshevism in the USSR'', Boulder: Westview Press, 1987 {{ISBN|0-8133-0139-4}}
* Harry Defries, ''Conservative Party Attitudes to Jews, 1900–1950'' , p.&nbsp;70, {{ISBN|0-7146-5221-0}}
* ]: ''Russia under the Bolshevik regime'', 1993, Alfred A.Knopf, New York, ISBN 0-394-50242-6
*{{cite journal |last1=Fay |first1=Brendan |s2cid=201410358 |title=The Nazi Conspiracy Theory: German Fantasies and Jewish Power in the Third Reich |journal=Library & Information History |date=26 July 2019 |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=75–97 |doi=10.1080/17583489.2019.1632574}}
* Mikhail Agursky: ''The Third Rome.National Bolshevism in the USSR'',1987,Westview Press, ISBN 08133-0139-4
*Johannes Rogalla von Bieberstein: '"Juedischer Bolschewismus". Mythos und Realität'. Dresden: Antaios, 2003, {{ISBN|3-935063-14-8}}; 2.ed. Graz: Ares, 2010.
* ]: ''Revolutionary Jews from Marx to Trotsky'', 1976, Harrap, London, ISBN 0-245-52785-0
*{{cite book |last1=Muller |first1=Jerry Z. |title=Capitalism and the Jews |date=2010 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-3436-5 |language=en |chapter=Radical Anticapitalism: the Jew as Communist}}
* ]: ''The Jewish Century'', Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004 {{ISBN|0-691-11995-3}}
* Scott Ury, Barricades and Banners: The Revolution of 1905 and the Transformation of Warsaw Jewry (Stanford, 2012). {{ISBN|978-0-804763-83-7}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hanebrink |first1=Paul |title=A Specter Haunting Europe: The Myth of Judeo-Bolshevism |date=2018 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-04768-6 |language=en}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Jewish Bolshevism}}

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Latest revision as of 06:51, 13 December 2024

Antisemitic and anti-communist conspiracy theory For the involvement of the Jews in Bolshevism and Russian Revolution, see History of the Jews in Russia.

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Jewish Bolshevism, also Judeo–Bolshevism, is an antisemitic and anti-communist conspiracy theory that claims that the Russian Revolution of 1917 was a Jewish plot and that Jews controlled the Soviet Union and international communist movements, often in furtherance of a plan to destroy Western civilization. It was one of the main Nazi beliefs that served as an ideological justification for the German invasion of the Soviet Union and the Holocaust.

After the Russian Revolution, the antisemitic canard was the title of the pamphlet The Jewish Bolshevism, which featured in the racist propaganda of the anti-communist White movement forces during the Russian Civil War (1918–1922). During the 1930s, the Nazi Party in Germany and the German American Bund in the United States propagated the antisemitic theory to their followers, sympathisers, and fellow travellers. Nazi Germany used the trope to implement anti-Slavic policies and initiate racial war against Soviet Union, portraying Slavs as inferior humans controlled by Jews to destroy Aryan people.

In Poland, Żydokomuna was a term for the antisemitic opinion that the Jews had a disproportionately high influence in the administration of Communist Poland. In far-right politics, the antisemitic canards of "Jewish Bolshevism", "Jewish Communism", and the ZOG conspiracy theory are catchwords falsely asserting that Communism is a Jewish conspiracy.

Origins

White movement propaganda poster from the Russian Civil War era (1919), a caricature of Leon Trotsky, who was viewed as a symbol of Jewish Bolshevism

The conflation of Jews and revolution emerged in the atmosphere of destruction of Russia during World War I. When the revolutions of 1917 crippled Russia's war effort, conspiracy theories developed far from Berlin and Petrograd. Some commentators in Britain ascribed the revolution to an "apparent conjunction of Bolsheviks, Germans and Jews". By December 1917, five of the twenty-one members of the Communist Central Committee were Jews: the commissar for foreign affairs, the president of the Supreme Soviet, the deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, the president of Petrograd Soviet, and the deputy director of the Cheka secret police.

The worldwide spread of the concept in the 1920s is associated with the publication and circulation of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a fraudulent document that purported to describe a secret Jewish conspiracy aimed at world domination. The expression made an issue out of the Jewishness of some leading Bolsheviks (such as Leon Trotsky) of the October Revolution. Daniel Pipes said that "primarily through The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, the Whites spread these charges to an international audience." James Webb wrote that it is rare to find an antisemitic source after 1917 that "does not stand in debt to the White Russian analysis of the Revolution".

Jewish involvement in Russian Communism

Main articles: History of the Jews in Russia and History of the Jews in the Soviet Union

Antisemitism in the Russian Empire existed both culturally and institutionally. The Jews were restricted to live within the Pale of Settlement, and they also suffered pogroms.

As a result, many Jews supported gradual or revolutionary changes to the Russian Empire. Those movements ranged among the far left (Jewish Anarchism, Bundists, Bolsheviks, Mensheviks,) and moderate left (Trudoviks) and constitutionalist (Constitutional Democrats) parties. According to the 1922 Bolshevik party census, there were 19,564 Jewish Bolsheviks, comprising 5.21% of the total, and in the 1920s of the 417 members of the Central Executive Committee, the party Central Committee, the Presidium of the Executive of the Soviets of the USSR and the Russian Republic, the People's Commissars, 6% were ethnic Jews. Between 1936 and 1940, during the Great Purge, Yezhovshchina and after the rapprochement with Nazi Germany, Stalin had largely eliminated Jews from senior party, government, diplomatic, security and military positions.

Some scholars have grossly exaggerated Jewish presence in the Soviet Communist Party. For example, Alfred Jensen said that in the 1920s "75 per cent of the leading Bolsheviks" were "of Jewish origin". According to David Aaronovitch, "a cursory examination of membership of the top committees shows this figure to be an absurd exaggeration".

In 2013, speaking about the Schneerson Collection at the Moscow Jewish Museum and the Center for Tolerance, Russian President Vladimir Putin erroneously said:

"The decision to nationalize the library was made by the first Soviet government, and Jews were approximately 80–85% members".

According to historian Vladimir Ryzhkov, Putin's ignorant statement about the predominance of Jews in the Council of People's Commissars is due to the fact that "during the years of perestroika, he read the low-quality nationalist tabloid press". Some media outlets also criticized the statements of the President of the Russian Federation. So the editors of the newspaper Vedomosti, condemning the head of state for marginality, posted the following statistics:

"If we discard the speculations of pseudoscientists who know how to find the Jewish origin of every revolutionary, it turns out that in the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars of Jews there were 8%: of its 16 members, only Leon Trotsky was a Jew. In the government of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic of 1917–1922 Jews were 12% (six out of 50 people). Apart from the government, the Central Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) on the eve of October 1917 had 20% Jews (6 out of 30), and in the first composition of the political bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) – 40% (3 out of 7)".— Vedomosti (dated 17 June 2013).

Nazi Germany

"Great War itself then brought about a further bleeding of Russia’s Nordic-German elements, and the last remnants were finally eradicated by the revolution and Bolshevism.. With the help of the Slavic racial instinct, the Jews—pushing toward the upper class and therefore upper leadership—exterminated the previous foreign upper class... with the Bolshevik Revolution, Jews took over leadership in all areas of Russian life, then this is a self evident process, because in and of itself the Slavic people completely lack any organizational capability and thus also any state-forming and state-maintaining power. If one were to pull out of the Slavic people all of the elements that are not purely Slavic, then the state would also immediately break up."

Adolf Hitler outlining his view of the Bolshevik revolution, in Hitlers Zweites Buch
Wochenspruch der NSDAP of 28 September 1941, accuses Jews of creating Marxism

Walter Laqueur traces the Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy theory to Nazi ideologue Alfred Rosenberg, for whom Bolshevism was "the revolt of the Jewish, Slavic and Mongolian races against the German (Aryan) element in Russia". Germans, according to Rosenberg, had been responsible for Russia's historic achievements and had been sidelined by the Bolsheviks, who did not represent the interests of the Russian people, but instead those of its ethnic Jewish and Chinese population.

Michael Kellogg in his Ph.D. thesis argued that the racist ideology of Nazis was to a significant extent influenced by White émigrés in Germany, many of whom, while former subjects of the Russian Empire, were of non-Russian descent: ethnic Germans, residents of Baltic lands including Baltic Germans, and Ukrainians. Of particular note was their Aufbau organization (Aufbau: Wirtschafts-politische Vereinigung für den Osten (Reconstruction: Economic-Political Organization for the East), whose leader was instrumental in making The Protocols of The Elders of Zion available in German. He argues that the early Hitler was rather philosemitic, and became rabidly antisemitic after 1919 under the influence of White émigré convictions about a conspiracy of Jews, an unseen unity from financial capitalists to Bolsheviks, to conquer the world. Therefore, he concluded, White émigrés were at the source of the Nazi concept of Jewish Bolshevism. Annemarie Sammartino argues that this view is contestable. While there is no doubt that White emigres were instrumental in reinforcing the idea of 'Jewish Bolshevism' among Nazis, the concept is also found in many early post–World War I German documents. Also, Germany had its own share of Jewish Communists "to provide fodder for the paranoid fantasies of German antisemites" without Russian Bolsheviks.

Adolf Hitler primarily viewed Bolshevik Revolution as an usurpation of power from Nordic-Germanic elites by Jews. Hitler classified Slavs as among the inferior races and believed that they lacked an independent ability for statecraft. Hitler wrote in Mein Kampf that the Russian Empire had been dominated by an Aryan Germanic aristocracy who ruled over Russian masses, whom he viewed as primitive. During the 1920s, Hitler declared that the mission of the Nazi movement was to destroy "Jewish Bolshevism". Hitler asserted that the "three vices" of "Jewish Marxism" were democracy, pacifism and internationalism, and that Jews were behind Bolshevism, communism and Marxism. Nazi propaganda also used the trope to advance anti-Slavic racism, depicting Slavs as primitive hordes controlled by Jews to attack Aryans. Hitler ordered Operation Barbarossa with firm convictions of an inevitable German victory, due to his beliefs that Judeo-Bolshevism had liquidated Russia's Aryan aristocracy, which in his view, made the country into a failed state.

In Nazi Germany, this concept of Jewish Bolshevism reflected a common perception that Communism was a Jewish-inspired and Jewish-led movement seeking world domination from its origin. The term was popularized in print in German journalist Dietrich Eckhart's 1924 pamphlet "Der Bolschewismus von Moses bis Lenin" ("Bolshevism from Moses to Lenin") which depicted both Moses and Lenin as Communist and Jewish. This was followed by Alfred Rosenberg's 1923 edition of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion and Hitler's Mein Kampf in 1925, which saw Bolshevism as "Jewry's twentieth century effort to take world dominion unto itself".

According to French spymaster and writer Henri Rollin, "Hitlerism" was based on "anti-Soviet counter-revolution" promoting the "myth of a mysterious Jewish–Masonic–Bolshevik plot", entailing that the First World War had been instigated by a vast Jewish–Masonic conspiracy to topple the Russian, German, and Austro-Hungarian Empires and implement Bolshevism by fomenting liberal ideas. A major source for propaganda about Jewish Bolshevism in the 1930s and early 1940s was the pro-Nazi and antisemitic international Welt-Dienst [fr] news agency founded in 1933 by Ulrich Fleischhauer. Within the German Army, a tendency to see Soviet Communism as a Jewish conspiracy had grown since the First World War, something that became officialized under the Nazis. A 1932 pamphlet by Ewald Banse of the Government-financed German National Association for the Military Sciences described the Soviet leadership as mostly Jewish, dominating an apathetic and mindless Russian population.

German antisemitic and anti-Soviet propaganda poster, written in the Polish language. The text reads "Death! to Jewish-Bolshevik pestilence of murdering!"

By the mid thirties, the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda had created a special agency called the Anti-Komintern, dedicated to creating anti-communist propaganda and heavily publicizing their theory of Judeo-Bolshevism.

Propaganda produced in 1935 by the psychological war laboratory of the German War Ministry described Soviet officials as "mostly filthy Jews" and called on Red Army soldiers to rise up and kill their "Jewish commissars". This material was not used at the time, but served as a basis for propaganda in the 1940s.

Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels speaking at the Nuremberg Party Rally in September 1935 said:

While National Socialism brought about a new version and formulation of European culture, Bolshevism is the declaration of war by Jewish-led international subhumans against culture itself. It is not only anti-bourgeois, but it is also anti-cultural. It means, in the final consequence, the absolute destruction of all economic, social, state, cultural, and civilizing advances made by western civilization for the benefit of a rootless and nomadic international clique of conspirators, who have found their representation in Jewry.

Members of the Nazi Schutzstaffel (SS) were encouraged to fight against "Jewish Bolshevik sub-humans". In the pamphlet The SS as an Anti-Bolshevist Fighting Organization, published in 1936, Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler wrote:

We shall take care that never again in Germany, the heart of Europe, will the Jewish-Bolshevik revolution of subhumans be able to be kindled either from within or through emissaries from without.

After Operation Barbarossa Nazi propaganda depicted the war as a "European crusade against Bolshevism" and Waffen-SS units consisted largely or solely of foreign volunteers and conscripts. In private conversations held in 1940s, Hitler also labelled Christianity a Jewish product analogous to Judeo-Bolshevism:

"The heaviest blow that ever struck humanity was the coming of Christianity. Bolshevism is Christianity's illegitimate child. Both are inventions of the Jew. The deliberate lie in the matter of religion was introduced into the world by Christianity. Bolshevism practises a lie of the same nature, when it claims to bring liberty to men, whereas in reality it seeks only to enslave them. In the ancient world, the relations between men and gods were founded on an instinctive respect. It was a world enlightened by the idea of tolerance. Christianity was the first creed in the world to exterminate its adversaries in the name of love. Its key-note is intolerance."

— Adolf Hitler, in Hitler's Table Talk, p. 7,

In his speech to the Reichstag justifying Operation Barbarossa in 1941, Hitler said:

For more than two decades the Jewish Bolshevik regime in Moscow had tried to set fire not merely to Germany but to all of Europe ... The Jewish Bolshevik rulers in Moscow have unswervingly undertaken to force their domination upon us and the other European nations and that is not merely spiritually, but also in terms of military power ... Now the time has come to confront the plot of the Anglo-Saxon Jewish war-mongers and the equally Jewish rulers of the Bolshevik centre in Moscow!

Field-Marshal Wilhelm Keitel gave an order on 12 September 1941 which declared: "the struggle against Bolshevism demands ruthless and energetic, rigorous action above all against the Jews, the main carriers of Bolshevism".

Historian Richard J. Evans wrote that Wehrmacht officers regarded the Russians as "sub-human", and were from the time of the invasion of Poland in 1939 telling their troops the war was caused by "Jewish vermin", explaining to the troops that the war against the Soviet Union was a war to wipe out what were variously described as "Jewish Bolshevik subhumans", the "Mongol hordes", the "Asiatic flood" and the "red beast", language clearly intended to produce war crimes by reducing the enemy to something less than human.

Joseph Goebbels published an article in 1942 called "the so-called Russian soul" in which he claimed that Bolshevism was exploiting the Slavs and that the battle of the Soviet Union determined whether Europe would become under complete control by international Jewry.

Nazi propaganda presented Barbarossa as an ideological-racial war between German Nazism and "Judeo-Bolshevism", dehumanising the Soviet enemy as a force of Slavic Untermensch (sub-humans) and "Asiatic" savages engaging in "barbaric Asiatic fighting methods" commanded by evil Jewish commissars whom German troops were to grant no mercy. The vast majority of the Wehrmacht officers and soldiers tended to regard the war in Nazi terms, seeing their Soviet opponents as sub-human.

Outside Nazi Germany

Great Britain, 1920s

In the early 1920s, leading British antisemite Henry Hamilton Beamish stated that Bolshevism was the same thing as Judaism. In the same decade, future wartime Prime Minister Winston Churchill penned an editorial entitled "Zionism versus Bolshevism", published in the Illustrated Sunday Herald. In the article, which asserted that Zionism and Bolshevism were engaged in a "struggle for the soul of the Jewish people", he called on Jews to repudiate "the Bolshevik conspiracy" and make clear that "the Bolshevik movement is not a Jewish movement" but stated that:

among the Jews is nothing new. From the days of Spartacus-Weishaupt to those of Karl Marx, and down to Trotsky (Russia), Bela Kun (Hungary), Rosa Luxemburg (Germany), and Emma Goldman (United States), this world-wide conspiracy for the overthrow of civilisation and for the reconstitution of society on the basis of arrested development, of envious malevolence, and impossible equality, has been steadily growing.

Author Gisela C. Lebzelter noted that Churchill's analysis failed to analyze the role that Russian oppression of Jews had played in their joining various revolutionary movements, but instead "to inherent inclinations rooted in Jewish character and religion".

Finland

Captain Arvi Kalsta addressing an SKJ meeting; "Liberate the working man from the lie of Judeo-Marxism!", 1933
Hundreds of people belonging to ethnic minorities were executed in Vyborg for their supposed Bolshevik leanings.

White Guard associated newspapers spread the myth of Judeo-Bolshevism and a rumor spread among the White Guard that the Jews of Vyborg had aided the Red Guard, and a group of Jägers planned to round up and execute all the Jews living in the city. The plan was never executed in its planned extent, though a number of Jews were executed in the Vyborg massacre.

In 1919, the White Guard-associated propaganda organ Church-National Enlightenment Bureau published "What is Bolshevism", targeted at former Red Guards. The book argued that communism was a Jewish plot and communist leaders were almost exclusively Jewish and Jews were a race "that has a peculiar ability to live without working at the expense of others by swindling".

In 1920, the chief of the newly established Finnish Security Police advised his personnel on how to proceed with Jews coming from Russia: “One must be very much on one’s guard, particularly with the Jews, for according to the received information, at least 80 percent of all Bolshevik leaders are thought to be Jews”.

The Finnish charge d'affaires to the USSR and future Prime Minister Antti Hackzell wrote in the 1920s that Jews controlled the state spying and terror apparatus.

Elmo Kaila, the chairman of the Academic Karelia Society, one of the most prominent nationalist organizations in Finland, stated several times his belief that the Soviet Union was led by the Jews and that "the God-forsaken nation" invented communism:

That is why the Russian has never been able to build a state and to uphold it, it has instead been done by outwardly russified Vikings, Tatars, Germans and the English and others. After the German born royal house has fallen Jews have now taken control and are ruling in the name of Russia, like the Tsars once did.

In the 1930s and 1940s, several far-right newspapers such as Ajan Suunta, Kansallissosialisti and Herää Suomi spread the myth of Judeo-Bolshevism. The Patriotic Citizens of Viitasaari also spread leaflets in prints of tens of thousands, tirelessly trying to prove the Jews sought world domination through communism.

The leader of the Lapua Movement and the Patriotic People's Movement Vihtori Kosola stated that Communism is "insidious and corrupting it was born in the mind of the Jew that is alien to Christianity and all patriotic feeling" and "it aims to destroy patriotic feeling and our democratic republic, religious foundation and love for fatherland and...enslave the country with Jewish shackles."

After the war, Untersturmführer Unto Parvilahti's memoirs made the case the USSR was led by Jews, and Parvilahti's book became a great success, going through 11 editions and being translated into multiple languages. Parvilahti also became a sought after speaker in veterans events and conservative parties speaking tours.

Works propagating the canard

The Octopus

The Octopus is a 256-page book self-published in 1940 by Elizabeth Dilling under the pseudonym "Rev. Frank Woodruff Johnson". In it, she describes her theories of Jewish Bolshevism.

Behind Communism

Frank L. Britton, editor of The American Nationalist published Behind Communism in 1952. It disseminated the myth that Communism was a Jewish conspiracy originating in Palestine.

Europa: The Last Battle

Europa: The Last Battle is a 2017 neo-Nazi propaganda film which promotes antisemitic conspiracy theories, including claims that communism was a Jewish ideology.

Red Russian Meat Grinder

Boris Popper wrote the book "Red Russian Meat Grinder" (fin. Venäjän Punainen Lihamylly) about his prison experiences in USSR under the pseudonym Boris Berin-Bey. The book was published by the Föreningen Veronica Association, founded by neo-Nazi Pekka Siitoin. The book makes the claim USSR was led by the Jews, and on the book's cover is an illustration of the star of David made of barbed wire.

Analysis

Researchers in the field such as Polish philosopher Stanisław Krajewski or André Gerrits, denounce the concept of Jewish Bolshevism as prejudice. Law professor Ilya Somin agrees, and compares Jewish involvement in other communist countries:

"Overrepresentation of a group in a political movement does not prove either that the movement was 'dominated' by that group or that it primarily serves that group's interests. The idea that communist oppression was somehow Jewish in nature is belied by the record of communist regimes in countries like China, North Korea, and Cambodia, where the Jewish presence was and is minuscule."

Several scholars have observed that Jewish involvement in Communist movements was primarily a response to antisemitism and rejection by established politics. Others note that this involvement was greatly exaggerated to accord with existing antisemitic narratives.

Philip Mendes observed this on a policy level:

The increasing Jewish involvement in political radicalism... left government authorities with a number of potential options for response. One option was to recognize the structural link between the oppression of the Jews and their involvement in the Left, and to introduce social and political reforms which ended discrimination against Jews... This option would have meant accepting that Jews had as much right as any other religious or ethnic grouping to freely participate in political activities. The second option... was to reject any social or political emancipation of Jews... Instead, this policy blamed the Jewish victims for their persecution, and assumed that anti-Semitic legislation and violence was justified as a response to the alleged threat of ‘Jewish Bolshevism’. In short, cause and effect were reversed, and Jewish responses to anti-Semitism were utilized to rationalize anti-Semitic practices.

See also

References

Citations

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Sources

Further reading

  • Mikhail Agursky: The Third Rome: National Bolshevism in the USSR, Boulder: Westview Press, 1987 ISBN 0-8133-0139-4
  • Harry Defries, Conservative Party Attitudes to Jews, 1900–1950 Jewish Bolshevism, p. 70, ISBN 0-7146-5221-0
  • Fay, Brendan (26 July 2019). "The Nazi Conspiracy Theory: German Fantasies and Jewish Power in the Third Reich". Library & Information History. 35 (2): 75–97. doi:10.1080/17583489.2019.1632574. S2CID 201410358.
  • Johannes Rogalla von Bieberstein: '"Juedischer Bolschewismus". Mythos und Realität'. Dresden: Antaios, 2003, ISBN 3-935063-14-8; 2.ed. Graz: Ares, 2010.
  • Muller, Jerry Z. (2010). "Radical Anticapitalism: the Jew as Communist". Capitalism and the Jews. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-3436-5.
  • Yuri Slezkine: The Jewish Century, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004 ISBN 0-691-11995-3
  • Scott Ury, Barricades and Banners: The Revolution of 1905 and the Transformation of Warsaw Jewry (Stanford, 2012). ISBN 978-0-804763-83-7
  • Hanebrink, Paul (2018). A Specter Haunting Europe: The Myth of Judeo-Bolshevism. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-04768-6.

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