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{{Short description|Ethnic group in Romania}}
''']''' have been present in what is now ] and ] for over a millennium, and have been an important presence as traders since the 14th century. Numbering only in the thousands in modern times, they were culturally suppressed in the ], but have undergone a cultural revival since the ].
{{Multiple issues|
{{Expand Romanian|Armenii din România|date=June 2012}}
{{Expand Armenian|Հայերը Ռումինիայում|date=July 2013}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2022}}
}}

{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Armenians in Romania
| pop = 1,361 (2011 census); 10,000 (estimate)
| popplace = ], ]
| langs = ] (Western Dialect), ]
| religions = ]
| related-c = ]
| footnotes =
}}
{{Armenians}}

''']''' have been present in what are now the states of ] and ] for over a millennium, and have been an important presence as traders since the 14th century. Numbering only in the thousands in modern times, they were culturally suppressed in the ], but have undergone a cultural revival since the ] of 1989.


==History== ==History==
{{stack|]}}

===Danubian Principalities=== ===Danubian Principalities===
The earliest traces of Armenians in what was later ] are dated by 967 (recorded presence in ]). Early ]s stemmed in the fall of the ] rule (c. 885–1045) and other disasters, including the 13th-century ].
]
The earliest traces of Armenians in what was later ] are dated by ] (recorded presence in ]). Early ]s stemmed in the fall of the ] rule and other disasters, including the ]. In ]-], ] was ] (]) of Moldavia, grandson of ], son of ] and his Armenian ] '''Serpega'''.


Armenian expatriates were awarded ]s at different times in the ]' history. Encouraged to settle as early as the ], they became a familiar presence in towns, usually as the main entrepreneurs of the community - for this, in early modern ] and several other places, Armenians as a ] were awarded political representation and degrees of self rule. A considerable number of noble families in the Principalities were of Armenian ]. Armenian expatriates were awarded ]s at different times in the ]' history. Encouraged to settle as early as the 14th century, they became a familiar presence in towns, usually as the main entrepreneurs of the community – for this, in early modern ] and several other places, Armenians as a ] were awarded political representation and degrees of self-rule. A considerable number of noble families in the Principalities were of Armenian ]. In 1572–1574, ], grandson of ] and son of ] and his Armenian ] Serpega, was ] (]) of Moldavia.


In ], an Armenian presence was first recorded in the second half of the 14th century - most likely, immigrants from the ]-ruled ], as well as from the area around ] and towns in Moldavia; throughout the 19th century, a large part of Armenian Bucharesters had arrived from ], in present-day ]. The ] were given the right to build a church around ] - it was rebuilt and expanded in ], but was damaged by the ] attack during the ]. In ], an Armenian presence was first recorded in the second half of the 14th century – most likely, immigrants from the ]-ruled ], as well as from the area around ] and towns in Moldavia; throughout the 19th century, a large part of Armenian Bucharesters had arrived from ], in present-day Bulgaria. The ] were given the right to build a church around 1638 – it was rebuilt and expanded in 1685, but was damaged by the ] attack during the ].


Citizenship was bestowed on the community only with the decision taken by the international protectorate over the two countries (instituted after the ] and the ensuing ]) to extend ] to all religious minorities. Citizenship was bestowed on the community only with the decision taken by the international protectorate over the two countries (instituted after the ] and the ensuing ]) to extend ] to all religious minorities.


===Transylvania=== ===Transylvania===
]
] cathedral in ]]]
Armenians were present from early on in ], clearly attested in a document issued by ] ] ] (late ]). Here, they were even allowed to found their own trading towns, the most notable one being ], called ''Armenopolis''/''Armenierstadt'' or ''Hayakaghak'' (Հայաքաղաք). Armenians were present from early on in ], clearly attested in a document issued by ] ] ] (late 13th century). Here, they were even allowed to found their own trading towns, the most notable one being ], called ''Armenopolis''/''Armenierstadt'' or ''Hayakaghak'' (Հայաքաղաք). The second important Armenian town in Transylvania is ] (Elisabethstadt).


Despite their increasing autonomy, the townspeople's adherence to the ] was nonetheless demanded (a conversion begun through the efforts of a ]-born prelate, ]), and further submitted to forced integration by the ] since the ]. The ], an ] of the ], is nowadays centered on Gherla, and is placed under the jurisdiction of the ] archbishops of ]. Despite their increasing autonomy, the townspeople's adherence to the ] was nonetheless demanded (a conversion begun through the efforts of a ]-born prelate, ], 1655–1715), and further submitted to forced integration by the ] since the 18th century. The ] is nowadays centered on Gherla, and is placed under the jurisdiction of the ] archbishops of ].

Most Armenians from Transylvania were ] in the last half of the 19th century.


===Romania=== ===Romania===
After the ] of ], Romania was the first state to officially provide ] to ]s from the area. After the ] of 1915, Romania was the first state to officially provide ] to ]s from the area.


Following ], Romania acquired territories including 40,000 Armenians (15,000 in ], 20,000 in ], and 5,000 refugees), thereby raising the Armenian population of Romania to 50,000—they were represented by the Union of Romanian Armenians (headed by Harutiun A. Khentirian who would later become the honorary consul-general of ] in Romania in 1922–1924) which sought to gain them minority rights and to facilitate repatriation to Armenia. Despite cosigning the ] with Armenia, Romania withheld '']'' recognition "pending the final determination of Armenia's boundaries and ratification of the Turkish peace treaty."<ref>{{cite book |last=Hovannisian |first=Richard G. |title=The Republic of Armenia |publisher=University of California Press |year=1996 |isbn=0-520-01805-2 |volume=3 |location=Berkeley |page=402 |author-link=Richard G. Hovannisian}}</ref>
In ] about 40,000 Armenians lived in Romania. Under ], Armenians started to leave the country, and ]'s regime eventually closed all Armenian schools.


In 1940 about 40,000 Armenians lived in Romania. Under ], Armenians started to leave the country, and ]'s regime eventually closed all Armenian schools.
==Present situation==


In the 1990s, after the ], the poor economic conditions in Armenia and the military conflicts in the ], ] or ] caused a number of Armenians to seek a better future in Romania as emigrants or travel through Romania to Western Europe or the United States. Since the 1990s, Armenians of Romania enjoyed a cultural revival. As a state-recognized national minority, the Armenians of Romania have 1 seat in the ]. The Armenians of Romania have 3 newspapers: ''Nor Ghiank'', ''Ararat'' and the Romanian-funded ''Lăcașuri de cult''.
Since ], there has been an Armenian cultural and political revival in Romania. As of 2002, there were 1,780 Armenians, many of them from mixed families, and the number of native speakers of the ] is 721. There is one Armenian church in Bucharest in what is called ''Armeneasca'' (Armenian) street.


==Churches and monasteries==
The community presently publishes the periodicals ''Nor Ghiank'' (in Armenian), ''Ararat'', and the state-sponsored ''Lăcaşuri de cult''.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140">
File:Bucharest Armenian Church.jpg|] in Bucharest


File:Gherla Armenian-Catholic cathedral-1.JPG|Armenian Catholic ] in ]
== Notable Romanians of Armenian descent ==

*] - director, critic, journalist, and fascist activist, his brother ] - journalist, biographer, and fascist activist, and their sister ] - writer, director, and memoirist
File:Mănăstirea Zamca27.jpg|] in ]
*] - writer and journalist

*] - journalist and television host
File:Biserica armeneasca din Iasi.jpg|] in ]
*] - writer, engineer, visual artist and journalist

*] - ]
File:Biserica Sf. Cruce din Suceava11.jpg|Armenian Holy Cross Church in ]
*] - visual artist
</gallery>
*] - poet and mathematician

*] - actress
==Notable Romanians of Armenian descent==
*] - philosopher
{{Main|List of Romanians of Armenian descent}}
*] - football manager

*] - mathematician, physicist, and politician
Romanians of Armenian descent have been very active in Romanian political, cultural, academic and social life. Most worthy of mention would be ], ], and ], a general in the ] during ].
*] - writer, essayist, and journalist
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140">
*] - ]
File:Ioan Voda.jpg|]
*] - ] and ]
File:Manuc bei.jpg|]
*] - politician, economist, and sociologist
File:StahiAsachi.jpg|]
*] - famous innkeeper, founder of '']'' in ]
File:Garabet Ibraileanu - Foto01.jpg|]
*] - ] activist
File:Vosganian senat.jpg|]
*] - opera ]
File:1910 - Vasile G Morţun - ministrul lucrărilor publice.PNG|Vasile G. Morțun - journalist, politician, and art collector
*] - ], represents the Armenian minority in the ]
File:Madgearu.png|], politician, prominent member and main theorist of the Peasants' Party
*] - historian, ] expert and translator of ]'s works
</gallery>
*] - film director
*] - ]
*] - lawyer and diplomat
*] - ] and politician
*], ]
*] - economist and political figure
*] - ] general in ]
*] - ], the contributor to what is today the ]


== See also == == See also ==
*] *]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]


== References == == References ==
{{Reflist}}
* (retrieved on 28 November 2005) * (retrieved on 28 November 2005)
*{{ro icon}} ("The Armenians"), on ''Divers'' online bulletin of ethnic minorities in Romania (retrieved on 28 November 2005) *{{in lang|ro}} ("The Armenians"), on ''Divers'' online bulletin of ethnic minorities in Romania (retrieved on 28 November 2005)
*], ''Între Orient şi Occident. Ţările române la începutul epocii moderne'' ("Between Orient and Occident. The Romanian lands from at the beginning of the modern era"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 1995, p.178 *], ''Între Orient și Occident. Țările române la începutul epocii moderne'' ("Between Orient and Occident. The Romanian lands from at the beginning of the modern era"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 1995, p.&nbsp;178
*], ''Istoria Bucureştilor. Din cele mai vechi timpuri pînă în zilele noastre'' ("History of Bucharest. From the earliest times to our day"), Ed. Pentru Literatură, Bucharest, 1966, p.98, 270-271 *], ''Istoria Bucureștilor. Din cele mai vechi timpuri pînă în zilele noastre'' ("History of Bucharest. From the earliest times to our day"), Ed. Pentru Literatură, Bucharest, 1966, p.&nbsp;98, 270-271
*], ''Choses d’art arméniennes en Roumanie'' ("Artworks of Armenians in Romania"), 1935 *], ''Choses d’art arméniennes en Roumanie'' ("Artworks of Armenians in Romania"), 1935
* {{Cite book|last=Kornél|first=Nagy|chapter=The Catholicization of Transylvanian Armenians (1685-1715): Integrative or Disintegrative Model?|title=Integrating Minorities: Traditional Communities and Modernization|year=2011|location=Cluj-Napoca|publisher=Editura ISPMN|pages=33–56|isbn=9786069274491|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztgwoGq1OYQC}}


== External links == == External links ==


*{{ro icon}} *{{in lang|ro}}
* *
*{{ro icon}} , in '']'' *{{in lang|ro}} , in '']''


{{Ethnic groups in Romania}} {{Ethnic groups in Romania}}
{{Armenian diaspora}} {{Armenian diaspora}}
{{Portal bar|Romania}}


] ]
]
] ]
] ]
]

]

Latest revision as of 15:39, 17 December 2024

Ethnic group in Romania
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Ethnic group
Armenians in Romania
Total population
1,361 (2011 census); 10,000 (estimate)
Regions with significant populations
Transylvania, Wallachia
Languages
Armenian (Western Dialect), Romanian
Religion
Armenian Orthodox Church
Related ethnic groups
Armenian diaspora
Part of a series on
Armenians
Armenian culture
By country or region
Armenian diaspora
Subgroups
Religion
Languages and dialects
Armenian: Eastern (Zok) • Western (Homshetsi)
Sign languages: Armenian Sign • Caucasian Sign
Persian: Armeno-Tat
Cuman: Armeno-Kipchak
Armenian–Lom: Lomavren
Persecution

Armenians have been present in what are now the states of Romania and Moldova for over a millennium, and have been an important presence as traders since the 14th century. Numbering only in the thousands in modern times, they were culturally suppressed in the Communist era, but have undergone a cultural revival since the Romanian Revolution of 1989.

History

The distribution of Armenians in Romania (2002 census)

Danubian Principalities

The earliest traces of Armenians in what was later Moldavia are dated by 967 (recorded presence in Cetatea Albă). Early Armenian Diasporas stemmed in the fall of the Bagratuni rule (c. 885–1045) and other disasters, including the 13th-century Mongol invasion.

Armenian expatriates were awarded tax exemptions at different times in the Danubian Principalities' history. Encouraged to settle as early as the 14th century, they became a familiar presence in towns, usually as the main entrepreneurs of the community – for this, in early modern Botoșani and several other places, Armenians as a guild were awarded political representation and degrees of self-rule. A considerable number of noble families in the Principalities were of Armenian descent. In 1572–1574, John III the Terrible, grandson of Stephen the Great and son of Bogdan III and his Armenian concubine Serpega, was Hospodar (Prince) of Moldavia.

In Bucharest, an Armenian presence was first recorded in the second half of the 14th century – most likely, immigrants from the Ottoman-ruled Balkans, as well as from the area around Kamianets-Podilskyi and towns in Moldavia; throughout the 19th century, a large part of Armenian Bucharesters had arrived from Rousse, in present-day Bulgaria. The Gregorian Armenians were given the right to build a church around 1638 – it was rebuilt and expanded in 1685, but was damaged by the Russian attack during the 1768–1774 war with the Ottomans.

Citizenship was bestowed on the community only with the decision taken by the international protectorate over the two countries (instituted after the Crimean War and the ensuing 1856 Treaty of Paris) to extend civil rights to all religious minorities.

Transylvania

Armenians of Transylvania (1850)

Armenians were present from early on in Transylvania, clearly attested in a document issued by Hungarian King Ladislaus IV the Cuman (late 13th century). Here, they were even allowed to found their own trading towns, the most notable one being Gherla, called Armenopolis/Armenierstadt or Hayakaghak (Հայաքաղաք). The second important Armenian town in Transylvania is Dumbrăveni (Elisabethstadt).

Despite their increasing autonomy, the townspeople's adherence to the Roman Catholic Church was nonetheless demanded (a conversion begun through the efforts of a Botoșani-born prelate, Oxendius Vărzărescu, 1655–1715), and further submitted to forced integration by the Habsburg monarchy since the 18th century. The Ordinariate for Catholics of Armenian Rite in Romania is nowadays centered on Gherla, and is placed under the jurisdiction of the Romanian Roman-Catholic Church archbishops of Alba Iulia.

Most Armenians from Transylvania were magyarized in the last half of the 19th century.

Romania

After the Armenian genocide of 1915, Romania was the first state to officially provide political asylum to refugees from the area.

Following World War 1, Romania acquired territories including 40,000 Armenians (15,000 in Bessarabia, 20,000 in Transylvania, and 5,000 refugees), thereby raising the Armenian population of Romania to 50,000—they were represented by the Union of Romanian Armenians (headed by Harutiun A. Khentirian who would later become the honorary consul-general of Armenia in Romania in 1922–1924) which sought to gain them minority rights and to facilitate repatriation to Armenia. Despite cosigning the Treaty of Sèvres with Armenia, Romania withheld de jure recognition "pending the final determination of Armenia's boundaries and ratification of the Turkish peace treaty."

In 1940 about 40,000 Armenians lived in Romania. Under communist rule, Armenians started to leave the country, and Nicolae Ceaușescu's regime eventually closed all Armenian schools.

In the 1990s, after the dissolution of the USSR, the poor economic conditions in Armenia and the military conflicts in the Caucasus, Iraq or Lebanon caused a number of Armenians to seek a better future in Romania as emigrants or travel through Romania to Western Europe or the United States. Since the 1990s, Armenians of Romania enjoyed a cultural revival. As a state-recognized national minority, the Armenians of Romania have 1 seat in the Chamber of Deputies. The Armenians of Romania have 3 newspapers: Nor Ghiank, Ararat and the Romanian-funded Lăcașuri de cult.

Churches and monasteries

Notable Romanians of Armenian descent

Main article: List of Romanians of Armenian descent

Romanians of Armenian descent have been very active in Romanian political, cultural, academic and social life. Most worthy of mention would be Vazgen I, Catholicos of Armenia, and Iacob Zadig, a general in the Romanian Army during World War I.

See also

References

  1. Hovannisian, Richard G. (1996). The Republic of Armenia. Vol. 3. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 402. ISBN 0-520-01805-2.
  • Armenians in Romania at the Central European University site (retrieved on 28 November 2005)
  • (in Romanian) Armenii ("The Armenians"), on Divers online bulletin of ethnic minorities in Romania (retrieved on 28 November 2005)
  • Neagu Djuvara, Între Orient și Occident. Țările române la începutul epocii moderne ("Between Orient and Occident. The Romanian lands from at the beginning of the modern era"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 1995, p. 178
  • Constantin C. Giurescu, Istoria Bucureștilor. Din cele mai vechi timpuri pînă în zilele noastre ("History of Bucharest. From the earliest times to our day"), Ed. Pentru Literatură, Bucharest, 1966, p. 98, 270-271
  • Nicolae Iorga, Choses d’art arméniennes en Roumanie ("Artworks of Armenians in Romania"), 1935
  • Kornél, Nagy (2011). "The Catholicization of Transylvanian Armenians (1685-1715): Integrative or Disintegrative Model?". Integrating Minorities: Traditional Communities and Modernization. Cluj-Napoca: Editura ISPMN. pp. 33–56. ISBN 9786069274491.

External links

Ethnic groups in Romania
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