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Latest revision as of 03:39, 28 August 2024 view source Dollasdal (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users1,593 edits {{About|the cultural description of buttocks|the anatomical description of the hip|Hip}} |
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{{Short description|Anatomical feature on the posterior of some primates}} |
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{{Infobox Anatomy | |
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{{About|the cultural description of buttocks|the anatomical description of the hip|Hip}} |
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Name = Buttocks | |
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{{Redirect|Hiney||Hiney (surname)}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} |
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Image = male_human_buttocks.jpg | |
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{{Infobox anatomy |
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Caption = Male human buttocks.| |
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| Name = Buttocks |
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Width = 140 | |
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| Latin = clunis |
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| Image = Human buttocks.jpg |
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| Caption = Buttocks of a human female (upper) and a human male (lower) |
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Artery = ], ] | |
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Nerve = ], ], ] | |
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:''] commonly refers to the human buttocks but also has other uses.'' |
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The '''buttocks''' (] nates, clunium, gluteus, regio glutealis) are rounded portions of the anatomy located on the posterior of the ] region of the ]s, including ]s and many other bipeds or quadrupeds. |
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The '''buttocks''' ({{singular}}: '''buttock''') are two rounded portions of the exterior anatomy of most ], located on the posterior of the pelvic region. In humans, the buttocks are located between the lower back and the ]. They are composed of a layer of exterior skin and underlying ] fat superimposed on a left and right ] and ]s. The two gluteus maximus muscles are the largest muscles in the human body. They are responsible for movements such as straightening the body into the upright (standing) posture when it is bent at the waist; maintaining the body in the upright posture by keeping the hip joints extended; and propelling the body forward via further leg (hip) extension when walking or running.<ref>Norman Eizenberg et al., ''General Anatomy: Principles and Applications'' (2008), p. 17.</ref> |
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==Anatomy== |
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The buttocks are formed by the masses of the gluteal muscles or 'glutes' (the ] and the ]) superimposed by a layer of ]. The superior aspect of the buttock ends at the ], and the lower aspect is outlined by the ]. The gluteus maximus has two insertion points: 1/3 superior portion of the ] of the ], and the superior portion of the ]. The masses of the gluteus maximus muscle are separated by an intermediate ] or "crack" in which the ] is situated. |
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In many cultures, the buttocks play a role in ].<ref>{{cite book | title = The rear view: A brief and elegant history of bottoms through the ages | first = Jean-Luc | last = Hennig | year = 1995 | publisher = Souvenir | location = London | isbn = 0-285-63303-1}}</ref> Many cultures have also used the buttocks as a primary target for ],<ref name="times18940322">{{cite news |url= https://www.corpun.com/uks89403.htm |title= Police. |newspaper= The Times |location= London |date=22 March 1894 |quote= Mr. Curtis Bennett deprecated caning on the hands and boxing the ears, and said they were exceedingly dangerous forms of punishment. Nature provided a special place for boys to be punished upon and it should be used. |access-date=5 December 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140701190927/http://www.corpun.com/uks89403.htm |archive-date= 1 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> as the buttocks' layer of subcutaneous fat offers protection against injury while still allowing for the infliction of pain. |
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The buttocks allow primates to sit upright without needing to rest their weight on their ] as ] do. |
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== Structure == |
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Some ]s and all ]s, though otherwise ]-covered, have characteristic naked ] on their buttocks. While women and boys generally have smooth, so-called 'baby-bottoms', adult men often have varying degrees of hairgrowth, as on other parts of their body. |
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The buttocks are formed by the masses of the gluteal muscles or "glutes" (the ] and the ]) superimposed by a layer of ]. The superior aspect of the buttock ends at the ], and the lower aspect is outlined by the ]. The gluteus maximus has two insertion points: {{Frac|1|3}} superior portion of the ] of the ], and the superior portion of the iliotibial tractus. The masses of the gluteus maximus muscle are separated by an intermediate ] or "crack" in which the ] is situated. |
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The buttocks allow primates to sit upright without resting their weight on their feet as ] do. Females of certain species of ] have red buttocks that blush to attract males. In the case of humans, females tend to have proportionally wider and thicker buttocks due to higher ] and proportionally wider ]s. In humans they also have a role in propelling the body in a forward motion and aiding bowel movement.<ref>Foundations of Osteopathic Medicine, Page 586, Anthony G. Chila – 2010</ref><ref>Recent Advances in Pediatrics, 2013 Suraj Gupte, p 141</ref> |
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==Connotations== |
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] replica of ]'s ] of ].]] |
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The English word of Greek origin "]" indicates someone who has beautiful buttocks. However, the qualities that make buttocks "beautiful" or "well-formed" are not fixed, as sexual aesthetics of the buttocks vary considerably from culture to culture, from one period of fashion to another and even from person to person. |
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In ancient ], various parts of the body were associated with signs of the ] - e.g. the buttocks to the ]. |
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Depending on the context, exposure of the buttocks in non-intimate situations often causes feelings of shame, embarrassment or humiliation in a non-exhibitionist subject, and embarrassment or amusement in a non-voyeurist audience (see "]"). Expressions such as being "caught with one's pants/ trousers down" or more explicitly in Dutch, ''"met de billen bloot"'' ("with bared buttocks"), use the image as a metaphor for non-physical embarrassment as well. |
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Some baboons and all ]s, though otherwise ]-covered, have characteristic naked ] on their buttocks. While human children generally have smooth buttocks, mature males and females have varying degrees of hair growth, as on other parts of their body. Females may have hair growth in the gluteal cleft (including around the anus), sometimes extending laterally onto the lower aspect of the cheeks. Males may have hair growth over some or all of the buttocks. |
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] conduct a "mass-mooning" in May 1995.]] |
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Willfully exposing one's own ] buttocks as a protest, a provocation, or just for fun (especially but not exclusively practiced by youngsters such as North American frat boys) is called "]". |
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==Names == |
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A "]" is pulling someone's undergarments or swimming trunks up through their buttock "crack" to be hauled over the top of the victim's trousers, sometimes partially baring the victim's buttocks. |
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{{hatnote|See ] for a list of synonyms and slang words for buttocks in many languages. For unrelated homophones of butt(ocks), see also ] and ].}} |
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It is no coincidence that the English verb ''to spank'' is the only one specifically meant for physical discipline of a specific part of the body, and various other languages have terms specifically referring to ]; in many punitive traditions, the buttocks are the preferential target for painful lessons, from educational to judicial, as offering them for punishment (especially divested) adds a psychological dose of embarrassment and even sexual humiliation to the pain, which can be meted out with less risk of long-term corporal harm than elsewhere. Thus in various cultural traditions, expressions like "A black man's ears are in his buttocks" (e.g. in Uganda) or "seat of learning" clearly refer to the preferential paining of the posterior in a submissively bent and exposed position. |
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The ] name for the buttocks is {{Lang|la|nates}} (English pronunciation {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|eɪ|t|iː|z}} {{respell|NAY|teez}},<ref>{{cite web |title=Nates Definitions & Meanings {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/nates |access-date=10 June 2022 |website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref> classical pronunciation ''nătes'' {{IPA|la|ˈnateːs|}}<ref>A New Dictionary of the Latin and English Languages, published Ward, Lock & Co., London, 1908</ref>) which is plural; the singular, {{Lang|la|natis}} (buttock), is rarely used. There are many colloquial terms for them. |
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Many comedians, writers and others rely on the buttocks in these and other ways (such as ] and ]) as a source of amusement, camaraderie and fun, despite (or in some cases for the sake of) the risk of being in dubious taste, if not censored. |
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==Gallery of art== |
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Because in most cultures the buttocks are rarely shown naked, they are generally considered unsuitable for ornamental body markings and body modification, but may be preferential for discreet markings, such as secretive membership proof or to be shown in intimate company (e.g. amongst lovers). |
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<gallery mode="packed" heights="200" widths="200"> |
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File:Boxer or Apollo Side.jpg|Prominent, muscular buttocks are a standard feature of athletic and military artwork from ], as demonstrated by this statue of a boxer. ] ({{circa|460 BC}}) |
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File:The Motya Charioteer, made by a Greek sculptor in Sicily, about 460-450 BC, found in 1979 on the Sicilian island of Motya (Mozia), Winning at the ancient Games, British Museum (7642744838).jpg|The ], from Ancient Greece ({{circa|460}}–450 BC) |
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File:Studio Jean Jacques Lequeu.jpg|] ({{circa|1785}}) |
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File:Odalisque.jpg|] ({{circa|1874}}) |
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File:Étude de fesses.jpg|] ({{circa|1884}}) |
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File:Georges Seurat - A Sunday on La Grande Jatte -- 1884 - Google Art Project.jpg|]'s 1884 painting '']'' depicts a woman on the right with a prominent ] under her dress. |
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</gallery> |
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==Gallery== |
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In ], phrases use the buttocks or synonyms (especially butt and arse/ass) as a ] for a whole person, but generally with a negative connotation. For example, terminating an employee may be described as "firing his ass". One might say "move your ass" or "haul ass" (or the polite, understood euphemisms "move it" or "haul it") as an exhortation to greater haste or urgency. Expressed as a function of punishment, defeat or assault becomes "kicking one's ass". Such phrases also may suggest a person's characteristics, e.g. difficult people are termed "hard asses" (polite euphemism: "hard nosed"). People deemed excessively puritanical or proper may be termed "tight asses". An annoying person or any source of frustration may be termed "a pain in the ass" (euphemism: "a pain in the neck", though some claim that this alleged euphemism actually appeared in English earlier than the former). |
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Certain physical dispositions of the buttocks — particularly size — are sometimes identified, controversially, as a racial characteristic (see ]). The most famous intersection of ] and buttocks may be the case of ], the so-called Hottentot Venus. |
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<gallery mode="packed" heights="200" widths="200"> |
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==Synonyms== |
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File:Stage Door Johnnies.jpg|A ] stage show with three men in Las Vegas |
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{{wiktionarypar|buttocks}} |
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Image:Fremont naked cyclists 2007 - 59.jpg|Seattle's ] cyclists with painted buttocks |
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The anatomical ] name for the buttocks is ''nates'' (] {{IPA|/'neɪti:z/}} in English), which is plural; the singular, ''natis'' (buttock), is rarely used. |
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Image:Japanese traditional swimwear FUNDOSHI red rokushaku back photomodel fthong 1.jpg|Japanese man in a traditional swimwear ]-rokushaku |
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As buttocks are an object of both shame and fascination, it is not surprising that there are many colloquial terms, euphemistic, ironic or other, to refer to them. These include the following: |
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File:Posterior view of human female and male, without labels.jpg|Posterior view of human female and male to show the comparison of their buttocks |
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* backside, posterior, behind and its derivates (hind-quarters, hinder or the childish homophone ], strictly the whole body behind the hind leg-trunk attachment), rear or ], ''derrière'' (French for "behind") - all strictly positional descriptions, as the inaccurate use of ] (as in 'rump roast', after a 'hot' spanking), thighs, upper legs; analogous are: |
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File:Bikini girls Holland beach 1999.jpg|Some female clothing, such as the ] or ], show part of the female buttocks (''woman on left''). ]s, in particular, leave almost all of the buttocks exposed (''woman on right''). Photo is of a beach in ], 1999. |
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** ], ] and ], naval in origin; in nautical jargon, buttocks also designates the aftermost portion of a ] above the ] and in front of the rudder, merging with the run below the water line |
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File:D6B 1320 - Got Ass? Girls (12079087053).jpg|upright|] participate in "''got ass?''", a competition to judge the woman with best buttocks, at ], Las Vegas, 2014. |
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** ], originally a ship's galley in wooden cabin on deck; also the "rear end" car of a freight train, considered a cute synonym suitable for any audience |
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</gallery> |
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** ] (and the shortening "bot" as well as childish diminutives "bottie" or "botty"), but the use of similar-sounding ] (slang for the female body since the 1920s) as famously by K.C. and the Sunshine Band's ''Shake Your Booty'', is an 'artistic liberty'; equivalents in other languages include the Latino ] from Latin ''culus'', 'bottom' |
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** ] (strictly anatomically a ], humans only have a ], yet the illogical ] was popularized by musicians; also used for the even more sensual ]) and ''tail-end'' |
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** '']'' or ''tushy'' (from the ] language "tuchis" or "tochis" meaning "under" or "beneath") |
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** ] sometimes denotates the buttocks, especially when talking about a large butt. |
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** ], in American English, particularly when describing large buttocks "junk in the trunk". This usage refers metaphorically to an automobile's trunk. |
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* ] or ass, and (butt-)] - a ''pars pro toto'' (strictly only the actual body cavity and directly adjoining anal region); also used as an insult for a person |
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* ] - ] slang meaning the voluptuously bouncing, large yet firm buttocks of a woman |
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* ''breech'', a metaphorical sense derived from on older form of the garment ] (as the French ''culotte'' meaning pantoloons, via ''cul'' from Latin ''culus'' 'butt'), so 'bare breech' means without breeches, i.e. trouserless butt |
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* ] - in British English, used frequently in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and many other English speaking Commonwealth countries, also historically in U.S., is a mild often humorous reference to buttocks, not necessarily in vulgar or sexual context: "I've a boil on my bum, thrice as large as my thumb" - ''The Judge With The Sore Rump'', ]. Also used in reference to anal intercourse, often as an insult, as in ] (for a homosexual). Also verb - to practise anal intercourse. |
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* ], ]s (cfr. ], a geographical mound, known since 1805 in American English, from (Old) French ''butte'' "mound, knoll") and orbs - shape-metaphors, used mostly to describe male buttocks only |
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* bund - derived from ] |
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* ] - bottom, of ] origin. |
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] woman exhibiting ].]] |
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* butt - the common term for a pair of buttocks (singular, as one body-part; cognate but neither its root nor an abbreviation) in the US, used in everyday speech. It is also acceptable in print. |
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* can (a container) had an unusual development: Slang meaning "toilet" is c. 1900, said to be a shortening of piss-can, meaning "buttocks" from c. 1910, verb meaning "fire an employee" (to flush=dump?) from 1905. |
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* ], a shape-metaphor within human anatomy, but also used in the singular: left cheek and right cheek; sounds particularly naughty because of the homonym and the adjective cheeky, lending themselves to word puns |
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*] - slang, usually meaning a voluptuous, round and firm buttocks of a woman. Put simply the ] equivalent for a booty, although in Spanish it is considered vulgar and offensive (but less so in Spain than in Latin America). |
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* ] - a socially acceptable term in print, in the United States at least, for many years before some of the bolder terms came along; and a subject of jokes, since "Fannie" can be a woman's name, diminutive of "Frances"; however, in ] ''fanny'' refers to the female genitals or vulva and is considered vulgar. The figure of a bare-bottomed lass named Fanny is ubiquitous in Provence (the south of France) wherever ] is played. There it is traditional that when a player loses 13 to 0 it is said that “il est fanny” (he's fanny), and that he has to kiss the bottom of a girl called Fanny. Since there is rarely an obliging Fanny, there is always a substitute picture, woodcarving or pottery so that Fanny’s bottom is always available.<ref></ref> |
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*fourth point of contact: in military slang, because of the sequence of textbook ] landing |
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* ''fundament'' (literally "foundation", not common in this general sense in English, but for the butt since 1297) |
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* Gand or Gaand - a Hindi derivate |
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*], like buttocks generally as a plural, after the meat cut from the analogous part of a ] <!-- coexistent, be it anatomically confusing, with the other meaning, as in hamstrings, similar to the ]s of the ]s in the upper back of the thigh, the ]; in some cognate languages, e.g. Dutch, the only meaning is the (usual pork) butt - see http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=ham and http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=ham&searchmode=none-->; ''pressed ham'' refers to mooning against a window; ], a singular derived from the Frankish for ham or roast, is also used for both a muscular body part (but either on arms or legs) or boar meat, especially roast |
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*moneymaker, a term coming from exotic dancers and other entertainers who use their buttocks (even clothed) to earn money. It is usually used in reference to females. |
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*] - British, origin unknown, also applied to the whole rump |
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*] was a common shape-metaphor for the butt in English since 1756, and the verb ''to moon'' meant 'to expose to (moon)light' since 1601, long before they were combined in US student slang in the verb (al expression) ] "to flash the buttocks" in 1968. |
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* ] (British English, origin unknown; as in ], a ] term; also a term of abuse for a person) |
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* seat (of the trousers; or metaphorically) another long-standing socially acceptable term, referring to the use for sitting - but compare the sarcastic use of ] and similar expressions, such as 'seat of learning', referring to use as target for an 'educational' ]. |
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* sit-upon; has various independent counterparts in other languages, e.g. Dutch ''zitvlak'' ('sitting plain'), German ''Gesass'', Italian ''sedere'' |
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* six; in military terminology, particularly in the ], it refers to the term "six o'clock", i. e. a point directly behind the referenced person. |
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*] (Latin, literally 'the outer-most') was used in slang c.1820s. |
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:''For more ] terms for the buttocks, see ] — the ] list of synonyms and slang words for buttocks in many languages.'' |
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:''For unrelated homophones of butt(ocks), see also ] and ]'' |
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==Related terms== |
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] |
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* The word "callipygian" is sometimes used to describe someone with notably attractive buttocks. The term comes from the Greek ''kallipygos'', (first used for the ]) which literally means "beautiful buttocks"; the prefix is also a root of "calligraphy" ("beautiful writing") and "calliope" ("beautiful voice"); ''callimammapygian'' means having both beautiful breasts and - buttocks. |
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* Both the English ''(in) tails'' and the Dutch ''billentikker'' ('tapping the buttocks') are ironic terms for very formal coats with a significantly longer tail end as part of festive (especially wedding party) dress |
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* ''macropygia'' means 'heaving large buttocks, hindquarter', and occurs in biological species names, |
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* a ''pygopag(ous)'' (from the Greek ''pygè'' 'buttock' and ''pagein'' 'attached') was a monster in Ancient (Greek) mythology consisting of two bodies joint by common buttocks, now a medical term for ] thus joint back-to-back |
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* ''pygophilia'' is sexual arousal or excitement caused by seeing, playing with or touching the woman's buttocks; people who have strong attraction to buttocks are called pygophilists. |
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* ''pygoscopia'' means observing someone's rear; ''pygoscopophobia'' a pathological fear to be its unwilling object |
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* ''pygalgia'' is soreness in the buttocks, i.e. a pain in the rump. |
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* ] is a marked accumulation of fat in and around the buttocks. |
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* ''uropygial'' in ornithology mean, situated on, belonging to, the ''uropygium'', i.e. the rump of a bird |
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* "bubble butt" has at least two connotations, which are at odds with each other: either a small, round and firm pair of buttocks resembling a pair of soap bubbles next to each other, or a large rear end, seemingly about to burst from the strain. In both cases, the term implies an appealing shapeliness about the buttocks. |
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==Fashion== |
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].]] |
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Because many cultures have a (partial) nudity taboo, which usually applies specifically to the buttocks (as usually to the most ]s), mainstream garments generally cover the buttocks completely, even when it is not a practical requirement. Nevertheless male and female clothing is often designed in a way that reveals the shape of the buttocks under the clothing. |
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Some articles of clothing are designed to expose the buttocks. Such clothing is not generally worn in public situations, however it is considered appropriate to wear such clothing at swimming facilities or at the beach. |
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Emphasis on one part or another of the body tends to shift with generations. The ] were well-known for the fashion trend among women called the ], which made even the smallest buttocks seemingly huge. The popularity of this fashion is shown in the famous ] painting '']'' in the two women to the far left and right. Like long underwear with the ubiquitous 'butt flap' (used to allow baring only the bottom with a simple gesture, as for hygiene), this clothing style was acknowledged in popular media such as cartoons and comics for generations afterward. |
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More recently, the ] could be exposed by some women as fashion dictated trousers be worn lower. (known as a "coin slot", or "vertical smile"). |
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An example of another attitude in an otherwise hardly exhibitionist culture is the Japanese ].<!-- Popular culture section has been removed again as per edits by administrator ]. Do not re-insert --> |
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==Biblical and Church Father references== |
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The term buttocks occurs three times in the Old Testament (King James translation) and three times in the ]: |
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*], Chapter 20 : 4. So shall the king of the ]ns lead away the prisoners of ] Egypt, and the captivity of Ethiopia, young and old, naked and barefoot, with their buttocks uncovered to the shame of Egypt. |
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*], Chapter 10, verse 4 : Wherefore Hanon took the servants of ], and shaved off the one half of their beards, and cut away half of their garments even to the buttocks, and sent them away. ''Nearly identical is'': |
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*], Chapter 19, vers 4: Wherefore ] shaved the heads and beards of the servants of David, and cut away their garments from the buttocks to the feet, and sent them away. |
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*], Book II (by ]) : Why should I speak of other nations when I myself, a youth on a visit to ], heard that the Atticoti, a British tribe, eat human flesh, and that although they find herds of swine, and droves of large or small cattle in the woods, it is their custom to cut off the buttocks of the shepherds and the breasts of their women, and to regard them as the greatest delicacies? |
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*], Book I (also by Saint Jerome) : There is not a day but you may see the dressed-up clown in the streets whacking the buttocks of some blockhead, or half-pulling out people's teeth with the scorpion which he twists round for them to bite. |
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*] (], part of several chapters praising the human body) : The flesh rounded off into the buttocks, how adapted to the office of sitting! and this also more firm than in the other limbs, lest by the pressure of the bulk of the body it should give way to the bones. |
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==See also== |
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==See also== |
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==References== |
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==Sources and references== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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<references/> |
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* one can also search for most synonyms |
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* For synonyms: |
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*{{Catholic}} passim |
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==External links== |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons category}} |
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* (by Henry Gray) at , 1918. |
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{{Wiktionary|buttocks}} |
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* (by Henry Gray) at , 1918. |
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{{human anatomical features}} |
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{{Human regional anatomy}} |
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{{Lower limb general}} |
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{{Muscles of lower limb}} |
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{{Superficial anatomy of limbs}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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The buttocks allow primates to sit upright without resting their weight on their feet as four-legged animals do. Females of certain species of baboon have red buttocks that blush to attract males. In the case of humans, females tend to have proportionally wider and thicker buttocks due to higher subcutaneous fat and proportionally wider hips. In humans they also have a role in propelling the body in a forward motion and aiding bowel movement.
Buttocks of a human female (upper) and a human male (lower)
Prominent, muscular buttocks are a standard feature of athletic and military artwork from Ancient Greece, as demonstrated by this statue of a boxer. British Museum (c. 460 BC)
The Motya Charioteer, from Ancient Greece (c. 460–450 BC)
Jean-Jacques Lequeu (c. 1785)
Jules Lefebvre (c. 1874)
Félix Vallotton (c. 1884)
Georges Seurat's 1884 painting A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte depicts a woman on the right with a prominent bustle under her dress.
,_Winning_at_the_ancient_Games,_British_Museum_(7642744838).jpg)
A burlesque stage show with three men in Las Vegas
Seattle's nudist cyclists with painted buttocks
Japanese man in a traditional swimwear Fundoshi-rokushaku
Posterior view of human female and male to show the comparison of their buttocks
Some female clothing, such as the bikini or panties, show part of the female buttocks (woman on left). Thongs, in particular, leave almost all of the buttocks exposed (woman on right). Photo is of a beach in Holland, 1999.
Models participate in "got ass?", a competition to judge the woman with best buttocks, at AVN Adult Entertainment Expo, Las Vegas, 2014.
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