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#Redirect ] |
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{{wikipedia subcat guideline|style guideline|Footnotes|WP:FN|WP:FOOT}} |
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{{dablink|] redirects here; you may be looking for ].}} |
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A ''']''' is a note placed at the bottom of an article that expands on a specific portion of the text. The connection between that portion of the text and the corresponding footnote is indicated by a number or symbol in the text. |
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{{Redirect category shell|1= |
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Footnotes add material that explains a point in greater detail, but that would be distracting if included in the main text. |
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{{Redirect from move}} |
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{{Redirect from merge}} |
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Footnotes are also used to ] sources. ], a key content policy, says that any material that is challenged or likely to be challenged, including any contentious material about ], and all quotations, must have a source. Unsourced material may be removed from any article, and if it is, the burden of proof is on the editor who wishes to restore it. |
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{{Redirect to project namespace}} |
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{{Redirect to section}} |
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Footnotes are one way to ]. Alternative methods are ] and ] (also known as ''author-date'' or ''parenthetical'' referencing). For more information, see ], the main style guide on citations. |
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}} |
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You can add a footnote to an article by writing your note within <nowiki><ref> ... </ref></nowiki> tags, as explained below. |
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If you are not interested in reading about how to use the <nowiki><ref> ... </ref></nowiki> tags, but more interested in how to implement these tags in your own wiki, go directly to the section ]. |
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{{style}} |
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==How to use== |
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:''A simplified explanation is given at ]'' |
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# Place a '''<ref>''' ... '''</ref>''' where you want a footnote reference number to appear in an article—type the text of the note between the ref tags. |
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# Place the '''<nowiki><references /></nowiki>''' tag (9 or fewer references) or '''<nowiki>{{reflist}}</nowiki>''' tag (10 or more) in a "Notes" or "References" section near the end of the article—the list of notes will be generated here. |
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This page itself uses footnotes, such as the one at the end of this sentence.<ref name="example">This footnote is used as an example in the "How to use" section.</ref> If you view the Wikicode of this page by clicking "Edit this page," you can see a working example of footnotes. For the purpose of adding references, the more recent cannot be mixed on a page with the old ] format—you must pick one or the other. It is possible, however, to use the template system to e.g. separate content notes and references when that is deemed a good idea (this is often the case when content notes must be themselves cited, see, for example, ]). However, as with all ], consensus should be achieved on the talk page before implementing such a change. |
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===Where to place ref tags=== |
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Some words, phrases or facts must be referenced mid-sentence, while others are referenced at the end. Frequently, a reference tag will coincide with punctuation and Misplaced Pages's house style is to put the reference tags after punctuation (except dashes), as is recommended by the ] (CMoS).<ref> This has been Misplaced Pages's house style since (also noted for Cite.php references ).</ref><ref>"''Note reference numbers.'' The superior numerals used for note reference numbers in the text should follow any punctuation marks except the dash, which they precede. The numbers should also be placed outside closing parentheses." (''The Chicago Manual of Style'', 14th ed. 1993, Clause 15.8, p. 494)</ref> |
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For example: |
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<blockquote style="color:#999; background:white; margin:0; padding:1em; border:1px solid #999;"> |
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<div> |
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<tt> |
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According to scientists, the Sun is pretty big;<span style="color:black;">'''<ref>'''Miller, E: "The Sun.", page 23. Academic Press, 2005.'''</ref>'''</span> |
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however, the moon is not so big.<span style="color:black;">'''<ref>'''Smith, R: "Size of the Moon", <nowiki>''Scientific American''</nowiki>, 46(78):46.'''</ref>'''</span> |
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<span style="color:#666;">== Notes ==</span> |
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<span style="color:black;">'''<references />'''</span> |
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</tt> |
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</div> |
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</blockquote> |
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=== Naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once (ibid) === |
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To give a footnote an unique identifier, use '''<ref name="name">''' ... '''</ref>'''. You can then refer to the same footnote again by using a ref tag with the same name. The name cannot be a number, or the extension will return an error. The ref name need not be placed within quotes unless it consists of more than one word (the wiki parser converts single word quoteless attribute values into validly quoted XHTML). |
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Though some printed texts use ], ditto, or similar shorthand for multiple references, ]. Please do not use "ibid" or other footnote shorthands; the available tools for multiple references are more powerful, and safer. (The chief problem with ''ibid'' is that a rearrangement of the article will make ''ibid.'' meaningless or mistaken.) |
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Named references are used when there are several cases of repetition of exactly the same reference, including the page number for books; they should not be used to cite different pages in the same book. |
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Only the first occurrence of text in a named ref will be used, although that occurrence may be located anywhere in the article. You can either copy the whole footnote, or you can use a terminated empty ref tag that looks like this: '''<nowiki><ref name="name"/></nowiki>'''. Such forward-slash-terminated named tags may precede the definition of the named reference.<ref>]. November 13, 2006.</ref> |
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In the following example, the same source is cited three times. |
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<blockquote style="color:#999; background:white; margin:0; padding:1em; border:1px solid #999;"> |
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<div> |
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<tt> |
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This is an example of multiple references to the same footnote.<span style="color:black;">'''<ref name="multiple"/>'''</span> |
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Such references are particularly useful when citing sources, if different statements come from |
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the same source.<span style="color:black;">'''<ref name="multiple">'''Remember that when you refer to the same footnote multiple times, the text from the first reference is used.'''</ref>'''</span> |
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A concise way to make multiple references is to use empty ref tags, which have a slash at the |
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end.<span style="color:black;">'''<ref name="multiple">'''This text is superfluous, and won't show up anywhere. We may as well just use an empty tag.'''</ref>'''</span> |
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<span style="color:#666;">== Notes ==</span> |
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<span style="color:black;">'''<references />'''</span> |
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</tt> |
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</div> |
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</blockquote> |
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The text above gives the following result in the article (see also ] below): |
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{{quote|This is an example of multiple references to the same footnote.<ref name="multiple" /> |
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Such references are particularly useful when citing sources, when different statements come from the same source.<ref name="multiple">Remember that when you refer to the same footnote multiple times, the text from the first reference is used.</ref> |
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A concise way to make multiple references is to use empty ref tags, which have a slash at the end.<ref name="multiple">This text is superfluous, and won't show up anywhere. We may as well just use an empty tag.</ref>}} |
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One should be particularly careful when deleting one of multiple named references, because the footnote text will be deleted unless it is copied to another ref tag with the same name. |
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===Citation templates=== |
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Text placed between <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki></ref></nowiki></code> may be short notes or full bibliographic references, and may be formatted either by hand or with the assistance of templates. Instructions on available templates to help format bibliographic references may be found at ]. Use of such templates is not required; see ]. |
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=== Previewing === |
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When you ] on a long page, the "Notes" or "References" section will not be visible when you ]. Thus you ordinarily cannot see how your footnotes (text you place between <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki></ref></nowiki></code> tags) will later appear when you save your edits. |
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A simple workaround is to ''temporarily'' insert a <code><nowiki><references/></nowiki></code> tag at the bottom of the section you are editing. Your footnotes will appear at the bottom of your section so you can preview them. When you are satisfied with your edits to the section, delete your temporary <code><nowiki><references/></nowiki></code> tag, and save your edits. Now your footnotes should appear in the "Notes" or "References" section along with other footnotes on the page. |
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While you preview the footnotes in a section this way, the first footnote in the section will temporarily have a number of one (1), because the preview will not show footnotes from elsewhere on the page. The footnotes will renumber properly across the entire article after you save your edited section. |
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Another complication is that you won't be able to preview the effect of ] merely by citing its name (for example: <code><nowiki><ref name="</nowiki>''multiple''<nowiki>"/></nowiki></code>). If the section you want to edit reuses footnotes from elsewhere on the page, you may have to edit the whole page at once if you need to preview the footnotes accurately. |
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==Style recommendations== |
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* Avoid using ] or similar abbreviations in footnotes. Other editors who add new references to the article may not take the time to correct Ibid references broken by their addition. Furthermore, not all readers are familiar with the meaning of the term. If a reference is reused in more than one footnote, it is preferable to use the format "Smith, ''Short Title'', 182" rather than "Ibid, 182", so as to avoid these problems, or use ] if appropriate. |
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* Consider maintaining a separate bibliography/references section that gives full publication details for frequently cited sources, then you only need to cite the author, short title, and page number in specific notes, following ]. For example see ] and ]. |
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* Internal links and wiki formatting work as normal within the text of the citation, like this: <tt><nowiki><ref>'']'', ], ].</ref></nowiki></tt> However, you cannot rely on the "]" to expand a link for you in ref text; you must type out <tt><nowiki>]</nowiki></tt>, instead of just typing <tt><nowiki>]</nowiki></tt> and letting the software fill in the text after the pipe. See ]. |
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* Avoid using <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags within transcluded templates. They are not numbered correctly. See ], and ] for an illustration of the issue. Ref tags may also not handle template parameters correctly. They can be used within template ''variables'', though (for example, {{tl|taxobox}}'s status_ref parameter). |
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* References cannot be nested: <nowiki><ref name="Ran1912">J. Random, 1912. Cited in <ref name="Foo2005"/></ref></nowiki> does not render correctly. |
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* There is a Mediawiki bug that prevents the expansion of certain (if not all) "subst"'s within refs. |
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==Resizing references== |
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Some editors prefer references to be in a smaller font size than the text in the body of the article. Although smaller text has some disadvantages, it is common when there is a long list of references (as a rule of thumb, at least ten) to replace the basic <nowiki><references /></nowiki> tag with <tt>]</tt>, which reduces the text size to 90%. (''Note:'' Do '''not''' use <tt>]</tt> with a "subst:".) The underlying CSS class is "references-small", so an alternative is to use this directly: <tt><nowiki><div class="references-small"><references /></div></nowiki></tt>. If this class is used to make other sections at the bottom of the page ("Notes", "See also", "External links", etc.) small for consistency (this is rarely done), the div tags must be opened and closed within each section. |
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A similar CSS class exists to create small footnotes in two columns, but this displays as a single column in some common browsers (like Internet Explorer). If desired, use <nowiki><div class="references-2column"><references /></div></nowiki> |
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The same effect (with any number of columns) can be accomplished by using {{tlx|Reflist|<var>number of columns</var>}}. |
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==Compatibility with other MediaWiki sites== |
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As of late December 2005, the ] extension to ] has been installed on all Wikimedia wikis. Other wikis that use the ] software may not have this extension installed, and therefore may be unable to display Cite.php footnotes. The ] page on a MediaWiki wiki shows the installed extensions. |
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==Technical details, installation== |
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See ] for a technical explanation of the Cite.php extension on MediaWiki. |
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A MediaWiki site (such as Misplaced Pages) must have the extension Cite/Cite.php installed to render the <nowiki><ref>, </ref>, <references/></nowiki> tags. Extensions like Cite/Cite.php are installed after installing MediaWiki; these extension files are placed in the directory <code>wiki/extensions/</code>. |
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==Converting citation styles== |
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An older system using {{tl|ref}} and {{tl|note}} templates is still common. Converting this older system<ref>The ] system created footnotes with the {{tl|ref}}/{{tl|note}} and the {{tl|ref_label}}/{{tl|note_label}} pairs of templates. The system may be encountered on many Misplaced Pages pages.</ref> to the new <nowiki><ref>...</ref></nowiki> system can make the references in an article easier to maintain. |
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Converting citation styles should not be done without first gaining consensus for the change on the article's talk page. |
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<!-- Sorry, if what follows sounds harsh, but I found no way of formulating it softer without making the links to the ArbCom case, and the SEWilco bot user page: the ArbCom decision did not leave any margin that SEWilco could use his bot or convert citation styles "after consensus", no, he was forbidden throughout, quote from the RFAr "Remedies" section: "SEWilco should not use a bot to convert citations on articles, nor should he manually convert citation styles on any articles." (Passed 7-0) / this note inserted by ~~~~ --> |
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A ] ruled that the following scripts could no longer be used by a ]: |
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* ], explained at ] |
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* ], explained at ] |
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Similarly, individual users may be forbidden to "manually convert citation styles on any articles." |
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So, ''tread lightly'', and ''seek consensus first'', before converting citation styles. For example, when using ] as listed below: |
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* ] converts articles that use the {{tl|ref}} and {{tl|note}} system into the more recent ] system; |
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* ] diagnoses and fixes sequencing and duplication errors in Cite.php references. In the future, Citation Tool may (optionally) enable user-guided conversion of some or all of the ] numbered citations to named notes using the ] ''template'' technology (which includes Harvard references). |
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'''CAUTION: do not edit-war with automated tools that convert in opposing directions.''' |
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==See also== |
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*], the relevant policy regarding what material should be cited |
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*], the relevant style guide. |
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*], listing also several examples of ''non-numbered'' APA style and Harvard referencing techniques |
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*] for complete list of templates that are available for citations; note that several of these templates can easily be combined with "footnote3" footnotes, see ] for an example. |
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*]: Proposal for use of database of citations. |
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*] |
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*Other types of ''numbered'' footnotes: |
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**], a very old, manually-numbered footnote system that should not be used. |
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**], another obsolete system that should not be used. |
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**], an automatically-numbered footnote system using templates, which is widely used but has been replaced by MediaWiki footnotes. |
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*] |
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*] (formerly at ]) - description of the <nowiki><ref>...</ref>/<references/></nowiki> system at metawiki |
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*] - Biblio.php, an extension of Mediawiki which provides a citation manager. (beta maturity) |
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*] |
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*]. |
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*] - adds ability to handle ] page number citations to Cite.php inline references (intended for use when one source is cited a large number of times, and would produce either too many individual entries under <nowiki><references /></nowiki> for the same source, or one exceedingly long entry that cited too many pages to possibly be useful to readers). |
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* ] an idea for standardizing how facts are cited. |
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* ] is the bibliographic catalog used by the WikiTextrose project. |
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** ], a text relationship database for mapping the various interactions between interpretable artifacts. |
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==Notes== |
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<references /> |
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# Additional references that are not created with '''<ref>''' ... '''</ref>''' (as per ], section 3.5.2) do not continue the numbering. These are ''mistakes''; they should be corrected by converting them to footnotes using "ref" tags. |
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