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| {{Short description|1392 treaty ending the Lithuanian Civil War}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ], Poland]] | ] | ||
| ], Poland]] | |||
| '''Ostrów |
The '''Ostrów''' or '''Astrava Agreement''' ({{langx|lt|Astravos sutartis}}, {{langx|be|Востраўскае пагадненне}}, {{langx|pl|Ugoda w Ostrowie}}) was a treaty between ] (Władysław II Jagiełło), ] and ], and his cousin ], signed on 4 August 1392. The treaty ended the destructive ], launched in 1389 by Vytautas who hoped to gain political power, and concluded the power struggle between the two cousins that erupted in 1380 after Jogaila secretly signed the ] with the ]. The Ostrów Agreement did not stop attacks from the Teutonic Knights and the territorial dispute over Samogitia continued up to 1422. According to the treaty, Vytautas became the ruler of Lithuania (styled Grand Duke), but he also acknowledged Jogaila's (styled Supreme Duke) rights to Lithuania. The details of the ] were clarified in several later treaties, including the ] in 1401 and ] in 1413. | ||
| ==Background== | ==Background== | ||
| {{main|Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392)}} | |||
| Jogaila and Vytautas were the grandsons of ], who ruled Lithuania from about 1316 to 1341. His sons, ] and ], successfully shared power after Gediminas died. However, Algirdas' son Jogaila and Kestutis's son Vytautas came into conflict after their fathers' deaths in 1377 and 1382, respectively. In 1390, Jogaila's rule in Lithuania faced a challenge from Vytautas, who resented the power given to Jogaila's regent in Lithuania, ], at the expense of Vytautas' patrimony in ].<ref name = "Mick">], ''From Pamphlet to Political Theory: The Establishment of Lithuanian Dynastic Tradition'' in Erik Kooper, ''The Medieval Chronicle II'', Rodopi, 2002, ISBN 90-420-0834-2, </ref><ref name="Stone1">], ''The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386–1795''. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001, ISBN 0-295-98093-1, </ref> Vytautas' growing popularity forced Jogaila to see him as the rival to his position in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which led to open conflict between the two leaders.<ref name=Gud173>{{cite book | last = Gudavičius | first = Edvardas | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Lietuvos istorija. Nuo seniausių laikų iki 1569 metų | publisher = | date = 1999 | location = Vilnius | pages = p.173 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 9986-39-112-1}}</ref> The governmental changes implemented in Lithuania by Jogaila were resented by Lithuanian elites as well.<ref name=Gud173/> Vytautas was supported by Lithuanians who resented Polish interpretations of the recent ]<ref name="NCMH">], ''The new Cambridge medieval history'', Cambridge University Press, 1995, ISBN 0521382963, Vol. 7 </ref> and ]<ref name="NCMH"/>, tying ] to the ]. Vytautas maintained good relations with the leadership of the Teutonic Knights; he hoped to persuade them to aid his cause a second time - they would agree, expecting territorial gains, but asked for hostages as a guarantee of Vytautas' loyalty.<ref name = "Mick"/><ref name="Szajnocha"/> | |||
| In 1389, Vytautas started a civil war against ], Jogaila's unpopular regent in Lithuania. Skirgaila was appointed after Jogaila signed the ] in 1385 and was crowned King of Poland in 1386. The Lithuanians were dissatisfied with the growing Polish influence in Lithuania.<ref name=jakstas/> Vytautas promised ] to the ] in reward for their military assistance. Their joint armies made frequent incursions into Lithuania; the largest attack was launched in the early fall of 1390 when ] was besieged for five weeks.<ref name=turnbull/> Invaders managed to capture the ] and turn much of the suburbs into ruins, but failed to take the city. Both sides realized that a quick victory would be impossible and raids were devastating the same country which they sought to rule.<ref name=kiaupa/> Polish nobles were dissatisfied that Jogaila spent so much attention on Lithuanian matters and that the Union of Krewo did not bring the expected results.<ref name=kiaupa/> In such situation Jogaila decided to seek a compromise with Vytautas. | |||
| ==Negotiations and treaty== | |||
| ==Civil war== | |||
| Jogaila sent a secret envoy, ], ], to negotiate with Vytautas and convince him to accept Jogaila's compromise.<ref name=koncius/> The negotiations were started in the ] Castle on an island the ] near ], where Vytautas resided at the time. To avoid arousing the suspicion of the Teutonic Knights,<ref name=Gud176/> Henry proposed to Vytautas' sister ] and they soon married.<ref name=Gud176/> The quick marriage of a Catholic official (though he had not received the ] of priesthood)<ref name=urban/> and his sudden death within a year were scandalous and sparked many rumors and speculations. | |||
| Warfare started in 1389. After securing his position in ] Vytautas turned his sights on ], but he was betrayed and the Vilnius campaign did not succeed.<ref name=Gud173/> Vytautas formed an alliance with the Teutonic Knights after these military reversals<ref name="Stone1"/> and soon afterwards a large German force successfully invaded Lithuania and took several castles. Jogaila did not hesitate either, taking a major town and castle at ].{{fact}} | |||
| Vytautas accepted Jogaila's proposal, but could not act immediately, as the Knights held many Vytautas' relatives as hostages. It took some time for him to receive permission from the Knights to transfer the relatives to relative safety. For example, his wife ] was freed so that she could travel to Lithuania and spread pro-Lithuanian rumors and convert remaining pagans; many nobles were asked to take part in military campaigns.<ref name=u204/> In July 1392 Vytautas openly turned against the Teutonic Knights. He spread false rumors that the army of Jogaila and Skirgaila was moving towards ] and organized his forces for a campaign against them.<ref name=koncius/> However, instead of marching to Hrodna, Vytautas attacked Ritterswerder and two other understaffed Teutonic castles on the Neman River before returning to Vilnius.<ref name=ivins/> His brother ] remained in Prussia as prisoner until the ] in 1398.<ref name=koncius/> ] spread a false rumor that Iwan and Georg, two young sons of Vytautas, were poisoned by a knight to revenge their father for the betrayal.<ref name=jonynas/> No reliable historical sources know about such incident or any sons that Vytautas fathered. | |||
| Another campaign was organized at the end of summer in 1390. On ] ]<ref name=Gud174/> the joint forces of Vytautas and the ], ], initiated a five-week siege on Vilnius.<ref name=Gud174>Gudavičius, Edvardas (1999) p.174</ref> This siege of the Lithuanian capital is notable for the participation of Henry, Earl of Derby, the future King ].<ref>Turnbull, Stephen (2003) p.54</ref> The city's castles were held by Skirgaila, commanding combined Polish, Lithuanian and ] troops.<ref name="Siege of Vilna">The joint forces of Vytautas and the Teutonic Knights consisted largely of volunteers and mercenaries from western Europe, notably from France, the German states, and England. ], ''Polska Jagiellonów'', Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. ISBN 83-06-01796-X., p. 83–84.</ref> Although the Knights, "with all their powder shot away", lifted the siege of the castle after a month, they reduced much of the outer city to ruins.<ref>The phrase "with all their powder shot away" is quoted by Stephen Turnbull from the chronicler ]; Turnbull also mentions that Henry Bolingbroke, the future ], took part in the siege of Vilnius. ], ''Crusader Castles of the Teutonic Knights, Vol. 2: The Stone Castles of Latvia and Estonia, 1185-1560'', Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-712-3, p.53–54.</ref> The siege did not bring an end to the conflict, but it demonstrated an increased dissatisfaction with Jogaila among the regional inhabitants.<ref name=Gud174/> | |||
| During the summer Jogaila met Vytautas in person in the place called ''Ostrowo''. The exact location of the agreement is not known, due to the popularity of such toponym in the region. The most likely place where the two rulers met is ], close to the border of both countries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Polekhov |first=Sergey |date=2019 |title=Itinerarium wielkiego księcia litewskiego Witolda: 4/5 sierpnia 1392–27 października 1430 |journal=Rocznik Lituanistyczny |volume=5 |pages=99–100}}</ref> Another possbile location is Ostrovo mansion near ] in modern ].<ref name=el/> Its exact location is not known, but one suggested site is near ] to the east of the village of ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pawet.net/library/history/city_district/common/wostrau/Agreement_1392_in_Ostrov_(Vostrau).html |title=Востраўскае пагадненне 1392 г. |publisher=Pawet | year=2007 |access-date=2008-07-29 |language=be}}</ref> Jogaila handed over the government of Lithuania to his cousin in exchange for peace. Vytautas was to rule Lithuania as its ] (''Magnus Dux''), while Jogaila adopted the higher title Supreme Prince (''Prince Supremus'').<ref name=mckit/><ref name=stone1/> Thus Vytautas recognized that he was Jogaila's vassal whose lands upon his death would pass to the King of Poland.<ref name=kiaupa/> Skirgaila was removed from the Duchy of ] to become Duke of ].<ref name=stone1/> The treaty was ratified in separate documents of the Polish and Lithuanian states as well as in separate documents signed by ], wife of Vytautas, and ], wife of Jogaila.<ref name=el/> The treaty was enacted in several phases, adjusting the equivocal points stated in the ].<ref name=Gud176/> The treaty strengthened Lithuania's central government as well.<ref name=Gud176/> | |||
| Neither Jogaila nor Vytautas had gained a clear advantage. The territories of the Grand Duchy affected by the civil war were being devastated, and only the Teutonic Knights were gaining power.<ref name="Stone1"/>{{dubious}} | |||
| == |
==Aftermath== | ||
| Vytautas began his reign as the Grand Duke. It is not entirely known what powers were given to him by Jogaila, but he had considerable independence. He replaced some of Jogaila's brothers and supporters with trusted viceroys appointed from Lithuanian nobles: ] was removed from ], ] from ], ] from ], ] from ], ] from ], and Fyodor ] from ].<ref name=jucas/> He also made territorial secession in 1398 without approval from Jogaila.<ref name=kiaupa2/> While Skirgaila always signed documents first in the name of Jogaila and only then in his own name, Vytautas used only his own name.<ref name=kiaupa2/> Lithuania was drifting away from Poland, but the defeat of Vytautas army in the ] against the ] in 1399 forced to renew the union and conclude the ] in 1401.<ref name=stone1/> It legalized Vytautas independence in the Grand Duchy giving him all the powers of sovereign ruler.<ref name=kiaupa2/> However, after his death all lands and powers were to return to the King of Poland.<ref name=stone1/> The two countries turned their joint forces against the Teutonic Knights delivering a crushing defeat in the ] in 1410.<ref name=stone1/> | |||
| The Ostrów Agreement ended the civil war and over decade of power struggle, but not the war with the Teutonic Knights. They sought ], which was promised to them by Vytautas. In January 1393 Hrodna fell; in 1394 a large army assembled in Prussia.<ref name=u207/> Grand Master ] led crusaders to Kaunas and then south along the Neman River to ]. One body of the invaders was left to plunder the countryside and secure route of retreat, another marched about sixty miles east of Hrodna, and the main force reached ] deep inside Lithuania.<ref name=u207/> Later the same year another campaign was organized. The crusaders marched through ] and on 29 August 1394 attacked Vilnius.<ref name=u207/> While the siege failed it prompted Vytautas to start negotiations. He was still busy establishing his newly acquired power in the east. The Knights contemplated expedition against the ] in ] as their piratical activities interfered with trade of the ].<ref name=u207/> A preliminary truce was signed in 1396 and final ] in 1398. It was only a temporary peace and hostilities would lead to the ] in 1410 and would drag until the ] in 1422. | |||
| Military conflict continued during 1391. Vytautas successfully took ] and several other settlements.{{fact}} In the face of this situation Jogaila made the decision to send a secret envoy, ], ], to negotiate with Vytautas and convince him to switch sides.<ref name="Szajnocha"/>{{dubious}} Secret negotiations were started in the ] Castle on an island the ] near ].<ref name="Szajnocha">], ''Dzieła'', Nakl. i Drukiem J. Ungra, 1877, (public domain)</ref> Henry of Masovia delivered Jogaila's proposal, which satisfied Vytautas. To avoid arousing the suspicion of the Teutonic Knights,<ref name=Gud176/> Henry proposed to Vytautas' sister ] (Rymgajla, Rimgailė) and they soon married;<ref name=Gud176>Gudavičius, Edvardas (1999) p.176</ref> (19th century sources assert that Henry became friends with Vytautas, and fell in love with his sister Ryngałła<ref name="Szajnocha"/>{{dubious}}) this marriage of a bishop would have several repercussions. Henry would die about a year later, amidst many speculations.{{fact}} However, Vytautas could not act immediately, as the Knights held Vytautas' relatives as guarantees; it took some time for him to arrange their transfer to safety. In July 1392 Vytautas turned against the Teutonic Knights, launching surpise attacks against several smaller castles and ].<ref name="Szajnocha"/> | |||
| ⚫ | ==References== | ||
| During the summer Jogaila met Vytautas in person in a mansion in the ], in the village of Astrava (Polish: Ostrów, near ] and ] river, now ] in ]) to finalize the treaty.<ref name="Szajnocha"/> Jogaila handed over the government of Lithuania to his cousin in exchange for peace. Vytautas was to rule Lithuania as its ] (''Magnus Dux''), while Jogaila adopted for a few years the higher title Supreme Prince (''Prince Supremus'').<ref>. ''New Cambridge Medieval History'', 732. ], ''The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386–1795''. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001, ISBN 0-295-98093-1, .</ref> Skirgaila was removed from the Duchy of ] to become prince of ].<ref name="Stone1"/> The treaty was enacted in several phases, adjusting the equivocal points stated in the Act of Kreva.<ref name=Gud178>Gudavičius, Edvardas (1999) p.178</ref> The treaty strengthened Lithuania's central government as well.<ref name=Gud178/> | |||
| {{Reflist|2|refs= | |||
| <ref name=el>{{cite encyclopedia | editor-first=Simas |editor-last=Sužiedėlis | encyclopedia=] | title=Astravas | year=1970–1978 | publisher=Juozas Kapočius | volume=I | location=Boston, Massachusetts | page=193|lccn=74-114275 }}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Gud176>{{cite book | last= Gudavičius |first= Edvardas |author-link= Edvardas Gudavičius |title= Lietuvos istorija. Nuo seniausių laikų iki 1569 metų | publisher= Lietuvos rašytojų sąjungos leidykla |year= 1999 |location= Vilnius |pages= 176–178 |isbn= 9986-39-112-1|language=lt}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=ivins>{{cite book |first=Zenonas |last=Ivinskis |author-link=Zenonas Ivinskis |title=Lietuvos istorija iki Vytauto Didžiojo mirties |year=1978 |location=Rome |publisher=Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademija |page=308 |lccn=79346776 |language=lt}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=jakstas>{{cite book | last=Jakštas | first=Juozas | editor-first=Albertas |editor-last=Gerutis | others=translated by Algirdas Budreckis |title=Lithuania: 700 Years | year=1984 | edition=6th | publisher=Manyland Books | location=New York |isbn=0-87141-028-1 | page=60 | chapter=Lithuania to World War I | lccn=75-80057 }}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=jonynas>{{cite book| chapter=Vytauto šeimyna |title=Istorijos baruose | first=Ignas |last=Jonynas |author-link=Ignas Jonynas | publisher=Mokslas | location=Vilnius |year=1984 |orig-year=1932 |page=82 |lccn=84212910 |language=lt}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=jucas>{{cite book| title=Lietuvos istorija: nuo seniausių laikų iki 1917 metų |first1=Mečislovas |last1=Jučas |first2=Ingė |last2=Lukšaitė |author2-link=Ingė Lukšaitė |first3=Vytautas |last3=Merkys |publisher=Mokslas |location=Vilnius |year=1988 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LDMxAAAAIAAJ&q=kaributo+1404 |isbn=978-5-420-00619-1|language=lt}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=kiaupa>{{cite book | last1=Kiaupa | first1=Zigmantas |author-link=Zigmantas Kiaupa |first2=Jūratė |last2=Kiaupienė |author-link2=Jūratė Kiaupienė |first3=Albinas |last3=Kuncevičius | title=The History of Lithuania Before 1795 | year=2000 | publisher=] | location=Vilnius | isbn=9986-810-13-2 | pages=132–133}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=kiaupa2>{{cite book | last1=Kiaupa | first1=Zigmantas |author-link=Zigmantas Kiaupa |first2=Jūratė |last2=Kiaupienė |author-link2=Jūratė Kiaupienė |first3=Albinas |last3=Kuncevičius | title=The History of Lithuania Before 1795 | year=2000 | publisher=] | location=Vilnius | isbn=9986-810-13-2 | pages=134, 136}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=koncius>{{cite book |title=Vytautas the Great, Grand Duke of Lithuania |first=Joseph B. |last=Koncius | year=1964 |publisher=Franklin Press |location=Miami |pages=43–44 |lccn=66089704 }}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=mckit>{{cite book| author-link=Rosamond McKitterick | first=Rosamond |last=McKitterick |title=The New Cambridge Medieval History, c.1415–c.1500 |publisher= ] |year=1998 |isbn=0-521-38296-3 |volume=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qzc8OeuSXFMC&pg=RA2-PA732 | page=732}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=stone1>{{cite book | title=The Polish–Lithuanian State, 1386–1795 |first=Daniel |last=Stone |publisher=] | year=2001 |series=A History of East Central Europe |pages=10–11 |isbn=0-295-98093-1}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=turnbull>{{cite book |author-link=Stephen Turnbull (historian) |first=Stephen |last=Turnbull |title=Crusader Castles of the Teutonic Knights, Vol. 2: The Stone Castles of Latvia and Estonia, 1185-1560 |date=25 May 2004 | publisher=]| isbn=1-84176-712-3 |pages=53–54}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=u204>{{cite book| title=Samogitian Crusade |first=William |last=Urban |author-link=William Urban |publisher=Lithuanian Research and Studies Center |location=Chicago |year=2006 | isbn=0-929700-56-2 |page=204}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=u207>{{cite book| title=Samogitian Crusade |first=William |last=Urban |author-link=William Urban |publisher=Lithuanian Research and Studies Center |location=Chicago |year=2006 | isbn=0-929700-56-2 |pages=207–209}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=urban>{{cite book| title=Tannenberg and After |first=William |last=Urban |author-link=William Urban |publisher=Lithuanian Research and Studies Center |location=Chicago |year=2003 | isbn=0-929700-25-2 |page=20}}</ref> | |||
| }} | |||
| Vytautas accepted his new status but continued to demand Lithuania's complete separation from Poland.<ref name="Dvornik">], ''The Slavs in European History and Civilization''. Rutgers University Press. 1992. ISBN 0-8135-0799-5, </ref> The Lithuanian defeat at the ] against the ] made him abandon his hopes of breaking union with Poland and becoming king of his own, and convinced him of the need to ally himself with Poland once again.<ref name="Stone1"/>{{dubious}} Further agreements were made in 1401 via the ]. The conflicts with the Teutonic Knights continued until 1422; Samogitia was regained by Lithuania. Vytautas reigned until 1430; Jogaila reigned until 1434. | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Ostrow Agreement}} | |||
| ⚫ | ==References== | ||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| * ], ''Monarchia Piastów'', Warszawa-Wrocław 2003, Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, ISBN 83-7023-989-7 | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
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Latest revision as of 17:30, 27 October 2024
1392 treaty ending the Lithuanian Civil War
The Ostrów or Astrava Agreement (Lithuanian: Astravos sutartis, Belarusian: Востраўскае пагадненне, Polish: Ugoda w Ostrowie) was a treaty between Jogaila (Władysław II Jagiełło), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and his cousin Vytautas the Great, signed on 4 August 1392. The treaty ended the destructive Lithuanian Civil War, launched in 1389 by Vytautas who hoped to gain political power, and concluded the power struggle between the two cousins that erupted in 1380 after Jogaila secretly signed the Treaty of Dovydiškės with the Teutonic Knights. The Ostrów Agreement did not stop attacks from the Teutonic Knights and the territorial dispute over Samogitia continued up to 1422. According to the treaty, Vytautas became the ruler of Lithuania (styled Grand Duke), but he also acknowledged Jogaila's (styled Supreme Duke) rights to Lithuania. The details of the Polish–Lithuanian relationship were clarified in several later treaties, including the Union of Vilnius and Radom in 1401 and Union of Horodło in 1413.
Background
Main article: Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392)In 1389, Vytautas started a civil war against Skirgaila, Jogaila's unpopular regent in Lithuania. Skirgaila was appointed after Jogaila signed the Union of Krewo in 1385 and was crowned King of Poland in 1386. The Lithuanians were dissatisfied with the growing Polish influence in Lithuania. Vytautas promised Samogitia to the Teutonic Knights in reward for their military assistance. Their joint armies made frequent incursions into Lithuania; the largest attack was launched in the early fall of 1390 when Vilnius was besieged for five weeks. Invaders managed to capture the Crooked Castle and turn much of the suburbs into ruins, but failed to take the city. Both sides realized that a quick victory would be impossible and raids were devastating the same country which they sought to rule. Polish nobles were dissatisfied that Jogaila spent so much attention on Lithuanian matters and that the Union of Krewo did not bring the expected results. In such situation Jogaila decided to seek a compromise with Vytautas.
Negotiations and treaty
Jogaila sent a secret envoy, Henry of Masovia, Bishop of Płock, to negotiate with Vytautas and convince him to accept Jogaila's compromise. The negotiations were started in the Ritterswerder Castle on an island the Neman River near Kaunas, where Vytautas resided at the time. To avoid arousing the suspicion of the Teutonic Knights, Henry proposed to Vytautas' sister Rymgajla and they soon married. The quick marriage of a Catholic official (though he had not received the Holy Orders of priesthood) and his sudden death within a year were scandalous and sparked many rumors and speculations.
Vytautas accepted Jogaila's proposal, but could not act immediately, as the Knights held many Vytautas' relatives as hostages. It took some time for him to receive permission from the Knights to transfer the relatives to relative safety. For example, his wife Anna was freed so that she could travel to Lithuania and spread pro-Lithuanian rumors and convert remaining pagans; many nobles were asked to take part in military campaigns. In July 1392 Vytautas openly turned against the Teutonic Knights. He spread false rumors that the army of Jogaila and Skirgaila was moving towards Hrodna and organized his forces for a campaign against them. However, instead of marching to Hrodna, Vytautas attacked Ritterswerder and two other understaffed Teutonic castles on the Neman River before returning to Vilnius. His brother Sigismund Kęstutaitis remained in Prussia as prisoner until the Treaty of Salynas in 1398. Simon Grunau spread a false rumor that Iwan and Georg, two young sons of Vytautas, were poisoned by a knight to revenge their father for the betrayal. No reliable historical sources know about such incident or any sons that Vytautas fathered.
During the summer Jogaila met Vytautas in person in the place called Ostrowo. The exact location of the agreement is not known, due to the popularity of such toponym in the region. The most likely place where the two rulers met is Ostrów Lubelski, close to the border of both countries. Another possbile location is Ostrovo mansion near Lida in modern Belarus. Its exact location is not known, but one suggested site is near Dzitva River to the east of the village of Yantsavichy. Jogaila handed over the government of Lithuania to his cousin in exchange for peace. Vytautas was to rule Lithuania as its Grand Duke (Magnus Dux), while Jogaila adopted the higher title Supreme Prince (Prince Supremus). Thus Vytautas recognized that he was Jogaila's vassal whose lands upon his death would pass to the King of Poland. Skirgaila was removed from the Duchy of Trakai to become Duke of Kiev. The treaty was ratified in separate documents of the Polish and Lithuanian states as well as in separate documents signed by Anna, wife of Vytautas, and Jadwiga, wife of Jogaila. The treaty was enacted in several phases, adjusting the equivocal points stated in the Union of Krewo. The treaty strengthened Lithuania's central government as well.
Aftermath
Vytautas began his reign as the Grand Duke. It is not entirely known what powers were given to him by Jogaila, but he had considerable independence. He replaced some of Jogaila's brothers and supporters with trusted viceroys appointed from Lithuanian nobles: Skirgaila was removed from Polotsk, Švitrigaila from Vitebsk, Kaributas from Severian Novgorod, Vladimir from Kiev, Fyodor Koriatovych from Podolia, and Fyodor Lubartovich from Volhynia. He also made territorial secession in 1398 without approval from Jogaila. While Skirgaila always signed documents first in the name of Jogaila and only then in his own name, Vytautas used only his own name. Lithuania was drifting away from Poland, but the defeat of Vytautas army in the Battle of the Vorskla River against the Golden Horde in 1399 forced to renew the union and conclude the Union of Vilnius and Radom in 1401. It legalized Vytautas independence in the Grand Duchy giving him all the powers of sovereign ruler. However, after his death all lands and powers were to return to the King of Poland. The two countries turned their joint forces against the Teutonic Knights delivering a crushing defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410.
The Ostrów Agreement ended the civil war and over decade of power struggle, but not the war with the Teutonic Knights. They sought Samogitia, which was promised to them by Vytautas. In January 1393 Hrodna fell; in 1394 a large army assembled in Prussia. Grand Master Konrad von Jungingen led crusaders to Kaunas and then south along the Neman River to Merkinė. One body of the invaders was left to plunder the countryside and secure route of retreat, another marched about sixty miles east of Hrodna, and the main force reached Navahrudak deep inside Lithuania. Later the same year another campaign was organized. The crusaders marched through Kernavė and on 29 August 1394 attacked Vilnius. While the siege failed it prompted Vytautas to start negotiations. He was still busy establishing his newly acquired power in the east. The Knights contemplated expedition against the Victual Brothers in Gotland as their piratical activities interfered with trade of the Hanseatic League. A preliminary truce was signed in 1396 and final Treaty of Salynas in 1398. It was only a temporary peace and hostilities would lead to the Battle of Grunwald in 1410 and would drag until the Treaty of Melno in 1422.
References
- Jakštas, Juozas (1984). "Lithuania to World War I". In Gerutis, Albertas (ed.). Lithuania: 700 Years. translated by Algirdas Budreckis (6th ed.). New York: Manyland Books. p. 60. ISBN 0-87141-028-1. LCCN 75-80057.
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