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{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{Taxobox
{{use list-defined references|date=December 2024}}
| color = pink
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = ''Troglodytes''
| image = HouseWren23.jpg | image = Troglodytes musculus.jpg
| image_caption = ], ''Troglodytes aedon'' | image_caption = ] (''Troglodytes musculus'') in ] Botanic Garden (])
| regnum = ] | taxon = Troglodytes
| authority = ], 1809
| phylum = ]
| type_species = ''Troglodytes aedon''<br>]
| classis = ]
| type_species_authority = ], 1809
| subclassis = ]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| infraclassis = ]
| subdivision = See text
| superordo = ]
| synonyms = *''Anorthura''
| ordo = ]
| subordo = ]
| infraordo = ]
| familia = ]
| genus = ''''' Troglodytes '''''
| genus_authority = ], ]
| subdivision_ranks = ]
| subdivision =
About one dozen, see text.
}} }}


'''''Troglodytes'''''{{efn|]: ] τρωγλοδύτες "cave-dwellers" (compare ]), from ''trogle'' (τρώγλη) "hole" + ''dyein'' (δυειν) "to enter", in reference to the tendency of these wrens to enter small crevices as they search for food.}} is a ] of small ] birds in the ] family.
'''''Troglodytes'''''<ref>
These wrens are around {{convert|11|-|13|cm|in}} long. They are brownish above and somewhat paler below, with strong legs. Their short rounded wings and frequently cocked tail have a dark barred pattern. The flight is direct and buzzing.
]: ] τρωγλοδύτες "cave-dwellers" (compare ]), from ''trogle'' (τρώγλη) "hole" + ''dyein'' (δυειν) "to enter". In reference to the tendency of these wrens to enter small crevices as they search for food.</ref>
is a genus of small ] ]s in the ] family.
These wrens are around 11 or 12 cm long. They are typically streaked brown above and somewhat paler below, with short rounded wings, strong legs and a cocked tail. The flight is direct and buzzing.


''Troglodytes'' wrens are mostly found in somewhat cooler habitats than most of their relatives. Most of the species are found in the mountains from ] to northern ]. Three species are found in temperate latitudes: The ] occurs widely in both tropical and temperate lowlands. The hardy ] has a wide distribution in ], ] and ] and is the only wren of any genus which occurs outside the ]. The ] of the ] is another species which tolerates harsh conditions well. ''Troglodytes'' wrens are mostly found in somewhat cooler habitats than most of their relatives. Most of the species are found in the mountains from ] to northern ]. Five species are found in temperate latitudes. The house wren occurs widely in both tropical and temperate lowlands, but is now split into several species. Until recently, the hardy ] was believed to have a wide distribution in ], ], ] and ], but it has recently been split into three species, of which the ] is the only wren of any genus found outside the ]. The ] of the ] is another species which tolerates harsh conditions well.


Like other wrens, this group have skulking lifestyles as they hunt for small ]s and ]s but readily reveal their positions through their loud songs. Like other wrens, they are elusive as they hunt for small ]s and ]s, but they readily reveal their positions through their loud songs.


These are territorial birds, but the tiny Winter Wren will roost communally in a cavity in cold weather to help conserve heat. These are territorial birds, but the tiny winter wren will roost communally in a cavity in cold weather to help conserve heat.


==Species and systematics== ==Systematics and species==
The genus ''Troglodytes'' was introduced by the French ornithologist ] in 1809.<ref name="histoire" /> The ] was subsequently designated as the ''Troglodytes aedon'', the ].<ref name="checklist" />
* ], ''Troglodytes aedon''
** Brown-throated Wren, ''Troglodytes (aedon) brunneicollis''
** Southern House Wren, ''Troglodytes (aedon) musculus''
** Cozumel Wren, ''Troglodytes (aedon) beani''
* ], ''Troglodytes tanneri''
* ], ''Troglodytes sissonii''
* ], ''Troglodytes cobbi''
* ], ''Troglodytes brunneicollis''
* ], ''Troglodytes rufociliatus''
* ], ''Troglodytes rufulus''
* ], ''Troglodytes solstitialis''
* ], ''Troglodytes ochraceus''
* ], ''Troglodytes monticola''
* ], ''Troglodytes troglodytes''


The closest living relatives of this genus are possibly the ] and the '']'' species, rather than the '']'' wood-wrens as is sometimes proposed.<ref name = martinezgomezetal2005 />
A number of these species, such as the Clarion Island Wren, were formerly considered subspecies of the House Wren, and it has been argued that the tropical forms of the House Wren should be further split as the Southern House Wren, ''Troglodytes musculus''<ref>noted in Howell & Webb (1995)</ref>. The Socorro Wren, formerly placed into ''Thryomanes'' (]), is actually a close relative of the House Wren complex, as indicated by "manners, song, plumage, etc"<ref>Howell & Webb (1995)</ref> and by ] and ] ] ] 2 ] analysis<ref name = martinezgomezetal2005>Martínez Gómez ''et al.'' (2005)</ref>.


A number of the ''Troglodytes'' species, such as the ], were formerly considered subspecies of the house wren, and it has been argued that at least the tropical forms of the house wren should be further split as the southern house wren, ''Troglodytes musculus''. The ], in older times placed into ''Thryomanes'' (]), is actually a close relative of the house wren complex, as indicated by "manners, song, plumage, etc."<ref name=howell/> and by ] and ] ] ] 2 ] analysis.<ref name = martinezgomezetal2005/>
Even with hte help of the most recent molecular data<ref name = martinezgomezetal2005 /> the relationships of the species could not be fully resolved however. There appear to be 2 ]s, one comprising the house wren group and another containing Central and South American species. The relationships of the ] and ]s are indeterminable with the present molecular data; they appear fairly ] and the former might be closer to the house wren group than the latter. The ] is quite enigmatic and little-studied.


The closest living relatives of this genus are possibly the ] and the '']'' species rather than the '']'' wood-wrens as is sometimes proposed<ref name = martinezgomezetal2005 />. The Winter Wren is less closely related to the other members of the genus, and is occasionally split as the ] genus ''Nannus''{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. It might actually be closely related to ''Cistothorus''<ref name = martinezgomezetal2005 />, but again, the molecular data is insufficient to properly resolve this issue. The ] is less closely related to the other members of the genus, and is occasionally split as the ] genus ''Nannus''. It might actually be closely related to ''Cistothorus'',<ref name = martinezgomezetal2005 /> but again, the molecular data is insufficient to properly resolve this issue.


Even using the most recent molecular data,<ref name = martinezgomezetal2005 /> the relationships of the species have not been fully resolved, however. There appear to be two ]s, one comprising the house wren group and another containing Central and South American species. The relationships of the ] and ]s are indeterminable with the present molecular data; they appear fairly ] and the former might be closer to the house wren group than the latter. The ] is quite enigmatic and little-studied.
==Footnotes==

{{Reflist}}
===Species===
] (''Troglodytes musculus'')]]
The genus contains 18 species:<ref name="ioc" />
* ], ''Troglodytes troglodytes''
* ], ''Troglodytes hiemalis''
* ], ''Troglodytes pacificus''
* ], ''Troglodytes tanneri''
* ], ''Troglodytes aedon'' – formerly house wren before split of complex
* ], ''Troglodytes musculus'' – split from ''T. aedon''
* ], ''Troglodytes beani'' – split from ''T. aedon''
* ], ''Troglodytes martinicensis'' – split from ''T. aedon''
* ], ''Troglodytes mesoleucus'' – split from ''T. aedon''
* ], ''Troglodytes musicus'' – split from ''T. aedon''
* ], ''Troglodytes grenadensis'' – split from ''T. aedon''
* ], ''Troglodytes cobbi'' – split from ''T. aedon''
* ], ''Troglodytes sissonii''
* ], ''Troglodytes rufociliatus''
* ], ''Troglodytes ochraceus''
* ], ''Troglodytes solstitialis''
* ], ''Troglodytes monticola''
* ], ''Troglodytes rufulus''

==Notes==
{{notelist}}


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
* {{aut|ffrench<!---not capitalised--->, Richard; O'Neill, John Patton & Eckelberry, Don R.}} (1991): ''A guide to the birds of Trinidad and Tobago'' (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing, Ithaca, N.Y.. <small>ISBN 0-8014-9792-2</small>
<ref name="histoire">{{ cite book |last=Vieillot |first=Louis Pierre |author-link=Louis Pierre Vieillot |year=1809 |title=Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale : contenant un grand nombre d'espèces décrites ou figurées pour la première fois |volume=2 |language=French |location=Paris |publisher=Desray |page=52 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47004903}} Dated 1807 on title page but not published until 1809.</ref>
* {{aut|Hilty, Steven L.}} (2003): ''Birds of Venezuela''. ], London. <small>ISBN 0-7136-6418-5</small>
* {{aut|Howell, Steven N.G. & Webb, Sophie}} (1995): ''A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America''. Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York. <small>ISBN 0-19-854012-4</small> <ref name="howell">{{cite book |last1=Howell |first1=Steven N. G. |last2=Webb |first2=Sophie |title=A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-854012-4}}</ref>
* {{aut|Martínez Gómez, Juan E.; Barber, Bruian R. & Peterson, A. Townsend}} (2005): Phylogenetic position and generic placement of the Socorro Wren (''Thryomanes sissonii''). '']'' '''122'''(1): 50–56. <small>]:10.1642/0004-8038(2005)1222.0.CO;2</small> <ref name=martinezgomezetal2005>{{cite journal |doi=10.1642/0004-8038(2005)1222.0.CO;2 |title=Phylogenetic position and generic placement of the Socorro Wren (''Thryomanes sissonii'') |journal=The Auk |volume=122 |pages=50 |url=http://www.specifysoftware.org/Informatics/bios/biostownpeterson/MBP_A_2005.pdf |year=2005 |last1=Gómez |first1=Juan E. Martínez |last2=Barber |first2=Brian R. |last3=Peterson |first3=A. Townsend |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217114932/http://www.specifysoftware.org/Informatics/bios/biostownpeterson/MBP_A_2005.pdf |archive-date=2008-12-17 |hdl=1808/16612 |s2cid=20879561 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name=ioc>{{cite web |editor1-last=Gill |editor1-first=Frank |editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=Pamela |editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen |date=August 2024 |title=Dapple-throats, sugarbirds, fairy-bluebirds, kinglets, hyliotas, wrens & gnatcatchers |work=IOC World Bird List Version 14.2 |url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/sugarbirds/ |publisher=International Ornithologists' Union |access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>
* {{aut|]}} (2002): ''Field Guide to the Birds of North America''. National Geographic, Washington DC. <small>ISBN 0-792-26877-6</small>
<ref name="checklist">{{ cite book |editor1-last=Mayr |editor1-first=Ernst |editor1-link=Ernst Mayr |editor2-last=Greenway |editor2-first=James C. Jr |year=1960 |title=Check-list of Birds of the World |volume=9 |publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology |place=Cambridge, Massachusetts |page=415 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14481090}}</ref>
* {{aut|Rice, Peterson and Escalona-Segura: ''Phylogenetic patterns in montane ''Troglodytes'' wrens''
}}
* {{aut|Stiles, F. Gary & Skutch, Alexander Frank}} (1989): ''A guide to the birds of Costa Rica''. Comistock, Ithaca. <small>ISBN 0-8014-9600-4</small>

* {{aut|Svensson, Lars; Zetterström, Dan; Mullarney, Killian & Grant, P. J.}} (1999): ''Collins bird guide''. Harper & Collins, London. <small>ISBN 0-00-219728-6</small>
== External links ==


* Wren videos, photos and facts at Arkive.org


{{Passerida|M.|state=collapsed}}
]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3888717}}
]
{{Authority control}}


]
]
] ]
]
]

Latest revision as of 20:28, 22 December 2024

Genus of birds

Troglodytes
Southern house wren (Troglodytes musculus) in São Paulo Botanic Garden (Brazil)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Troglodytidae
Genus: Troglodytes
Vieillot, 1809
Type species
Troglodytes aedon
Northern house wren
Vieillot, 1809
Species

See text

Synonyms
  • Anorthura

Troglodytes is a genus of small passerine birds in the wren family. These wrens are around 11–13 centimetres (4.3–5.1 in) long. They are brownish above and somewhat paler below, with strong legs. Their short rounded wings and frequently cocked tail have a dark barred pattern. The flight is direct and buzzing.

Troglodytes wrens are mostly found in somewhat cooler habitats than most of their relatives. Most of the species are found in the mountains from Mexico to northern South America. Five species are found in temperate latitudes. The house wren occurs widely in both tropical and temperate lowlands, but is now split into several species. Until recently, the hardy winter wren was believed to have a wide distribution in North America, Europe, Asia and North Africa, but it has recently been split into three species, of which the Eurasian wren is the only wren of any genus found outside the New World. The Cobb's wren of the Falkland Islands is another species which tolerates harsh conditions well.

Like other wrens, they are elusive as they hunt for small insects and spiders, but they readily reveal their positions through their loud songs.

These are territorial birds, but the tiny winter wren will roost communally in a cavity in cold weather to help conserve heat.

Systematics and species

The genus Troglodytes was introduced by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot in 1809. The type species was subsequently designated as the Troglodytes aedon, the northern house wren.

The closest living relatives of this genus are possibly the timberline wren and the Cistothorus species, rather than the Henicorhina wood-wrens as is sometimes proposed.

A number of the Troglodytes species, such as the Clarión wren, were formerly considered subspecies of the house wren, and it has been argued that at least the tropical forms of the house wren should be further split as the southern house wren, Troglodytes musculus. The Socorro wren, in older times placed into Thryomanes (Bewick's wren), is actually a close relative of the house wren complex, as indicated by "manners, song, plumage, etc." and by biogeography and mtDNA NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 sequence analysis.

The winter wren is less closely related to the other members of the genus, and is occasionally split as the monotypic genus Nannus. It might actually be closely related to Cistothorus, but again, the molecular data is insufficient to properly resolve this issue.

Even using the most recent molecular data, the relationships of the species have not been fully resolved, however. There appear to be two clades, one comprising the house wren group and another containing Central and South American species. The relationships of the rufous-browed and brown-throated wrens are indeterminable with the present molecular data; they appear fairly basal and the former might be closer to the house wren group than the latter. The Santa Marta wren is quite enigmatic and little-studied.

Species

Southern house wren (Troglodytes musculus)

The genus contains 18 species:

Notes

  1. Etymology: Ancient Greek τρωγλοδύτες "cave-dwellers" (compare troglodyte), from trogle (τρώγλη) "hole" + dyein (δυειν) "to enter", in reference to the tendency of these wrens to enter small crevices as they search for food.

References

  1. Vieillot, Louis Pierre (1809). Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale : contenant un grand nombre d'espèces décrites ou figurées pour la première fois (in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Desray. p. 52. Dated 1807 on title page but not published until 1809.
  2. Mayr, Ernst; Greenway, James C. Jr, eds. (1960). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 9. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 415.
  3. ^ Gómez, Juan E. Martínez; Barber, Brian R.; Peterson, A. Townsend (2005). "Phylogenetic position and generic placement of the Socorro Wren (Thryomanes sissonii)" (PDF). The Auk. 122: 50. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0050:PPAGPO]2.0.CO;2. hdl:1808/16612. S2CID 20879561. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-17.
  4. Howell, Steven N. G.; Webb, Sophie (1995). A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854012-4.
  5. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2024). "Dapple-throats, sugarbirds, fairy-bluebirds, kinglets, hyliotas, wrens & gnatcatchers". IOC World Bird List Version 14.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 8 October 2024.

External links

  • Wren videos, photos and facts at Arkive.org
Genera of passerides and their extinct allies
Passerida
Chaetopidae?
Chloropseidae?
Hyliotidae?
Irenidae
Paridae
Picathartidae?
Promeropidae?
Remizidae
Stenostiridae
Muscicapida
    • See below ↓
Sylvioidea
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Passeroidea
Muscicapida
Regulidae
Bombycilloidea
Bombycillidae
Dulidae
Hylocitreidae
Hypocoliidae
†Mohoidae
Ptiliogonatidae
Certhioidea
incertae sedis
Certhiidae
Polioptilidae
Sittidae
Tichodromidae
Troglodytidae
Muscicapoidea
Buphagidae
Cinclidae
Elachuridae
Mimidae
Muscicapidae
Erithacinae
Muscicapinae
Copsychini
Muscicapini
Niltavinae
Saxicolinae
Sturnidae
Turdidae
Myadestinae
Turdinae
Sylvioidea
Acrocephalidae
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Alaudidae
Alaudinae
Certhilaudinae
Mirafrinae
Alcippeidae
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Cettiidae
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Donacobiidae
Erythrocercidae
Hirundinidae
Hyliidae
Leiothrichidae
Locustellidae
Macrosphenidae
Nicatoridae
Panuridae
Paradoxornithidae
Pellorneidae
Phylloscopidae
Pnoepygidae
Pycnonotidae
Scotocercidae
Sylviidae
Timaliidae
Zosteropidae
Taxon identifiers
Troglodytes
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