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{{Short description|Sámi temporary dwelling}}
] (the picture is taken around 1900).]]
]
A '''lavvu''' (or {{langx|se|lávvu}}, {{langx|smj|låvdagoahte}}, {{langx|smn|láávu}}, {{langx|sms|kååvas}}, {{langx|sjd|коавас}} (''kåvas''), {{langx|fi|kota or umpilaavu}}, {{langx|no|lavvo or sametelt}}, and {{langx|sv|kåta}}) is a temporary dwelling used by the ] of northern extremes of ]. It has a design similar to a ] ] but is less vertical and more stable in high winds. It enables the indigenous cultures of the treeless plains of northern ] and the high ] of Eurasia to follow their ] herds. It is still used as a temporary shelter by the Sami, and increasingly by other people for camping. It should not be confused with the ], another type of Sami dwelling, or the Finnish ].


== Historical definition ==
]
] in the foreground and a lavvu in the background (the picture is taken around 1900).]]
There are several historical references that describe the lavvu structure used by the Sami. These structures have the following in common:<ref>]. ''History of Lappland'' (English trans. '']''), 1674, p.80-86</ref><ref>Manker, Ernst and Vorren, Ørnulv. ''Lapp Life and Customs: A Survey''., Trans. Kathleen McFarlane, Oxford University Press London, 1962, p.42-46</ref><ref>Muus, Nathan. "Building a Lavvu", ''Bulletin of Primitive Technology'', Fall, 1997, No.14. p.21-22</ref><ref>]. ''People of Eight Seasons'', Crescent Books, New York, 1963, p.80-81</ref><ref>]. "Ethno-Political Development among the Sami after World War II", ''Sami Culture in a New Era: The Norwegian Sami Experience'', Gaski, H. ed. (1997) p.49</ref>


# The lavvu is supported by three or more evenly spaced forked or notched poles that form a tripod.
'''Lavvu''' (or {{lang-se|lávvu}}, {{lang-sms|kååvas}}, {{lang-smn|láávu}}
# There are upwards of ten or more unsecured straight poles that are laid up against the tripod and which give form to the structure.
{{lang-fi|laavu or umpilaavu}}, {{lang-no|lavvo or sametelt}}, and {{lang-sv|kåta}}) is a temporary dwelling used by the ] of northern Scandinavia. It has a design similar to a ] ] but it is less vertical and more stable in high winds. It enables the indigenous cultures of the treeless plains of northern ] and the high ] of Eurasia to follow their ] herds. It is still used as a temporary shelter by the Sami, and increasingly by other people for camping.
# The lavvu does not need any ], ] or ropes to provide shape or stability to the structure.
# The shape and volume of the lavvu is determined by the size and quantity of the poles that are used for the structure.
# There is no center pole needed to support this structure.


No historical record has come to light that describes the Sami using a single-pole structure claimed to be a lavvu, or any other Scandinavian variant name for the structure. The definition and description of this structure has been fairly consistent since the 17th century and possibly many centuries earlier.
==Definition==
{{POV-section|date=December 2007}}


The ], also used by the Sami, has a different pole configuration. While trees suitable to make lavvu poles are quite easy to find and often left at the site for later use, the four curved poles of the goahti have to be carried.
For the definition of a lavvu, there are several historical references that describe this tent structure used by the Sami that was called a lavvu, kota, or variation of these or other names. These structures have the following in common: <ref>Schefferus, Johannes. ''History of Lappland'', 1674, p.80-86</ref> <ref>Manker, Ernst and Vorren, Ørnulv. ''Lapp Life and Customs: A Survey''., Trans. Kathleen McFarlane, Oxford University Press London, 1962, p.42-46</ref> <ref>Muus, Nathan. “Building a Lavvu”, ''Bulletin of Primitive Technology'', Fall, 1997, No.14. p.21-22</ref> <ref>Manker, Ernst. ''People of Eight Seasons'', Crescent Books, New York, 1963, p.80-81</ref> <ref>Eidheim, Harald. "Ethno-Political Development among the Sami after World War II", ''Sami Culture in a New Era: The Norwegian Sami Experience'', Gaski, H. ed. (1997) p.49</ref>


== Traditional and modern lavvu ==
1) The lavvu is supported by three or more forked or notched poles that form a tripod that is evenly spaced from each other.
The traditional lavvu consists of two types of wooden poles: 1) three or more ''forked poles'' and; 2) several ''straight poles''. The ''forked poles'' have a two-stem fork at the top end. These three poles are interlocked so that they form a tripod. Upon this assembly of the forked poles, the ''straight poles'' are laid in a circular fashion. Reindeer hides were used as a cover until the mid-19th century when large amounts of inexpensive manufactured ] were made available to the Sami.


The traditional lavvus are still in use, but for ease of transportation modern designs have replaced the wooden poles with ] ones and heavier textiles with lighter fabrics. In addition, instead of an open fire an oven can be used. This reduces the smoke but produces less light making it quite dark inside. A lavvu of this type is easier to carry and is a common alternative to the tents often used for camping.
2) That there are upwards of ten or more unsecured straight poles that are used to be laid up against the tripod and give form to the structure.


Very large lavvus also exist with enough room for dozens of people. These are typically used for large families.
3) That the lavvu does not need any ], ] or ropes to provide fullness or stability to the structure.


== Symbolism ==
4) That the fullness of the lavvu is determined by the size and quantity of the poles that is supplied for the lavvu structure.
] Municipality (]), Norway.]]
] building in ] (Karasjok), Norway in 2005.]]
The lavvu has been – and still is – a strong symbol for the Sami as a cultural haven. The lavvu played a prominent role in two events during the 20th century as more than just a shelter. The first was at the end of ] during the winter of 1944/45 when the German troops retreated westward across northern Norway, burning most of the housing in ] and eastern ] counties before the ]n ]. Because of this destruction, many Sami lived in lavvus for many years afterward because of the lack of housing and unemployment from this period.<ref>Manker, Ernst and Vorren, Ørnulv. ''Lapp Life and Customs: A Survey''., Trans. Kathleen McFarlane, Oxford University Press London, 1962, p.154</ref> Some of these Sami are still alive today who were born in these lavvus and have fond memories of them.<ref>Kitti, Anja. (Sami Elder; former Chair, ], Toronto, Canada), interview. July, 1995/Nov., 2007.</ref>


The second event was when the lavvu was used during the ] in Norway from 1979 to 1981. A lavvu was set up in front of the ] (Norwegian Parliament Building) which became an international focal point as several Sami went on a hunger strike to protest the proposed dam project that would have destroyed reindeer grazing grounds of the Sami herders in the area and inundated the Sami village of ]. This lavvu became center stage in the political fight for Sami indigenous rights.<ref>Somby, Ande. http://somban.com/nealg06.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209111750/http://somban.com/nealg06.html |date=2012-02-09 }}. Retrieved 11/5/2007</ref><ref>Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation, ''Ville bruke soldater i Alta-aksjon''; {{cite web |url=http://nrk.no/nyheter/innenriks/5620578.html |title=Ville bruke soldater i Alta-aksjon - Innenriks - NRK Nyheter |access-date=2008-02-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807164055/http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/innenriks/5620578.html |archive-date=2007-08-07 }} Retrieved: 11/7/2007</ref><ref>Eidheim, Harald. "Ethno-Political Development among the Sami after World War II", ''Sami Culture in a New Era: The Norwegian Sami Experience'', Gaski, H. ed. (1997) p.49</ref> The irony was not missed when the Oslo police bulldozed the lavvu during the protest.<ref>Somby, Ande. http://somban.com/nealg09.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209111754/http://somban.com/nealg09.html |date=2012-02-09 }}. Retrieved 11/5/2007</ref> This conflict gave birth to the ''Sami Rights Committee'' which addressed Sami legal rights within Norway, resulting in the ''Sami Act of 1987''. This in turn became the foundation for the ] (Sami Parliament of Norway), a democratically elected body for the Sami in Norway in 1989, and the ] of 2005.
5) That there are no center poles in the middle of the lavvu that are needed to support this structure.


The strong symbolism of the lavvu has also been shown in its pictorial form as the coat-of-arms for ] (Kautokeino) and in the physical shape of the ] building, whose shape was inspired by the lavvu.
In fact, there have been no historical record that has come to light that describes the Sami useing a single-pole structure claimed to be a lavvu, or by any other Scandinavian word.


== Using a lavvu ==
This definition and description of this structure has been fairly consistent since the 1600’s and possibly many centuries earlier.
], ].]]
Inside the living quarters of the lavvu, there is a fireplace in the middle used for heating and to keep ] away. The smoke escapes through the ] in the top of the lavvu that is usually left open. Occasionally a rough blanket is wrapped round the smoke hole to make the opening smaller, but not to the point where smoke would be prevented from escaping. In order to prevent smoke from building up inside, proper air circulation is maintained by leaving an opening between the ground and the cover, or leaving the door slightly open. Keeping the fire hot enough to let the heated smoke rise through the smoke hole is necessary.


Traditionally, there was a smaller door in the back of the lavvu, opposite the front door, called the ''bear door''. This was used for ceremonial purposes, such as removing the dead (not appropriate out of the front door) and similar functions.<ref>Schibe, Tom (North American Sami Elder and reindeer owner; ], Milltown, WI, USA), interview. July, 2006.</ref> Few lavvus today have this door for such purposes.
==Traditional and modern lavvu==
The traditional lavvu consists of two types of wooden poles: 1) three or more ''forked poles'' and the; 2) several ''straight poles''. The ''forked poles'' have a two-stem fork at the top end. These three poles are interlocked together so that they form a tripod. Upon the assembly of the forked poles, the ''straight poles'' are then laid up against the tripod in a circular fashion. Reindeer hides were used as a cover until the mid-1800s when large amounts of inexpensive manufactured ] were made available to the Sami.


== Other tent designs similar to lavvu ==
The traditional lavvus are still in use, but for ease of transportation modern designs have replaced the wooden poles with ] ones and lighter fabric. In addition, instead of an open fire an oven can be used. This reduces the smoke but produces less light making it quite dark inside. A lavvu of this type is easier to be carried and is an common alternative to the tents often used for camping.
* ] - The Native American tipi is visually similar to the lavvu but has a different cut to the fabric and a slightly different pole structure and placement.
* ] - The peoples of northern ], northern ] and the Tyvan Todzhans of southern Siberia have a tent structure that is similar in design and often much larger than the lavvu. It is still in use by these people as a year-round shelter.
* ] ({{langx|no|gamme}}, {{langx|fi|kota}}, {{langx|sv|kåta}}) - The goahti is often confused with a lavvu, although it has a different pole structure, is more elongated and is typically lower to the ground. In the first photo above, the tent in the background is a lavvu, while the tent in the foreground is a goahti.
* ], a traditional ] ] tent derived from the Lavvu, but is usually black.


==See also==
Very large lavvus also exist with enough room for dozens of people. These are typically used to host parties.
*]


==Symbolism== == References ==
{{reflist}}
The lavvu has been - and still is, a strong symbol for the Sami as a cultural haven. The lavvu played a prominent role in two events during the twentieth century as more than just a shelter. The first was at the end of ] when the retreating ] burned most of the housing in ] and the eastern part of ] county. Because of this destruction, some Sami lived in lavvus for many years afterward because of the lack of housing and unemployment from this period.<ref>Manker, Ernst and Vorren, Ørnulv. ''Lapp Life and Customs: A Survey''., Trans. Kathleen McFarlane, Oxford University Press London, 1962, p.154</ref> Some Sami were born in these lavvus that are still alive today with fond memories of this structure.<ref>Kitti, Anja. (Sami Elder; former Chair, ], Toronto, Canada), interview. July, 1995/Nov., 2007.</ref>


== External links ==
The second event was when the lavvu was used during the ] in Norway from 1979 to 1981. A lavvu was set up in front of the ] (Norwegian Parliament Building) which became an international focus point as several Sami went on a hunger strike to protest the proposed dam project that would have destroyed reindeer grazing grounds of the Sami herders in the area and inundated the Sami village of ]. This lavvu became center stage in the political fight for Sami indigenous rights.<ref>Somby, Ande. http://somban.com/nealg06.html. Retrieved 11/5/2007</ref> <ref>Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation, ''Ville bruke soldater i Alta-aksjon'';, www.nrk.no/nyheter/innenriks/5620578.html, Retrieved: 11/7/2007</ref> <ref>Eidheim, Harald. "Ethno-Political Development among the Sami after World War II", ''Sami Culture in a New Era: The Norwegian Sami Experience'', Gaski, H. ed. (1997) p.49</ref> The irony was not missed when the Oslo police bulldozed the lavvu during the protest.<ref>Somby, Ande. http://somban.com/nealg09.html. Retrieved 11/5/2007</ref>. The conflict gave birth to the ''Sami Rights Committee'' which addressed Sami legal rights within Norway which resulted in the ''Sami Act of 1987''. This in turn became the foundation for the ] (Sami Parliament of Norway), a democratically elected body for the Sami in Norway in 1989, and the ] of 2005.
* Emmons, Rebecca (Risten), ''An Investigation of Sami Building Structures.'' December 4, 2004, http://www.utexas.edu/courses/sami/dieda/anthro/architecture.htm Retrieved 11/6/2007.
* In Norwegian with illustrations. Retrieved 5/16/2009


{{Tents}}
] building in ] (Kautokeino), Norway in 2005.]]


]
The strong symbolism of the lavvu has been shown in its pictorial form as the coat-of-arms for the municipality of ] (Kautokeino) and in the physical shape of the ] building, whoes shape was inspired by the lavvu.
]

]
==Controversy==
]
{{POV-section|date=December 2007}}
{{Unreferencedsection|date=November 2007}}
] U.S. Patent #14740 from April 22, 1856. Invented by Henry Hopkins Sibley. Easily confused with a lavvu, but having a very different pole structure.]]Since the late 1990’s there have been several Euorpean companies that claim to offer a lavvu, but with a very different construction. This ‘lavvu’ has a single pole which supports the tent in the middle of the structure, and is maintained and supported by stakes to the ground, often with guy-wires ropes to expand the cover outward giving its fullness. This pole and rope structure is closer in construction to a ] or conical tent which has been in use since the 1850's, and possibly earlier. This bell/conical tent is different from the lavvu in three major ways:

1) “The tent is pitched by means of a single pole…” in the center of the tent which is essential for support of the structure. Without it the structure would collapse.<ref>Sibley, Henry Hopkins. ''Conical Tent'', US Patent #14740, April 22, 1856. p.2-3</ref>

2) stakes are used and are essential to provide support and fullness to the tent. Without it the structure would collapse, and;

3) guy-wires or ropes are often needed to provide fullness to the stucture, depending on the size of the tent.

For these reasons, this single-pole tent does not fit the definition of the lavvu as described above based on commonly and historically held knowledge of the lavvu.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} This single-pole tent would be considered a bell or conical tent and not a lavvu.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}

Most importantly, there have been no historical record that has been found that describes the Sami using this single-pole construction {{Fact|date=November 2007}}, and is only mentioned by tent manufactures from the late 1990’s who claim this structure to be a ‘lavvu’{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. In addition, it is unknown who started calling this single-pole tent a ‘lavvu’, either Sami or non-Sami, since there are numerous companies outside of Scandinavia that claim to offer a single-pole - ‘lavvu’ {{Fact|date=November 2007}}. Because the word 'lavvu' has been placed on a tent structure that does not fit the historical tent used be the Sami, this can be an example of ] {{Fact|date=November 2007}}.

==Using a lavvu==
Inside the living quarters of the lavvu, there is a fireplace the middle used for heating and to keep ] away. The smoke escapes through a hole on top of the lavvu, called a ] that is usually left open. Occasionally a rough blanket could be used to make the opening smaller by wrapping it around the smoke hole, but not to the point where is would prevent the smoke from escaping. In order to prevent smoke from building up inside, proper air circulation must be maintained by leaving an opening between the ground and the cover, or leaving the door slightly open, to let air in and/or to keep the fire hot enough to force the smoke through the smoke hole. Also, the lavvu should be placed in the terrain such that wind does not blow down the smoke hole. Therefore lavvus are typically placed on top of hills, and never on side of a hill.

==Tent designs similar to lavvu==
The ] and ] people also have a tent structure that is similar in design called the ]. It is often much larger than the lavvu and still in use by these people as a year round shelter.

The lavvu is sometimes confused with a ] ({{lang-no|gamme}}, {{lang-fi|kota}}). A goahti has a different pole design, is more elongated and is typically lower to the ground than the lavvu. In the photo above, the tent in the background is a lavvu, while the tent in the foreground is a goahti.


==External links==
*Emmons, Rebecca (Risten), ''An Investigation of Sami Building Structures.'' December 4, 2004, http://www.utexas.edu/courses/sami/dieda/anthro/architecture.htm Retrieved 11/6/2007.

==References==

<references/>

]
]
]

]
]

Latest revision as of 11:19, 29 October 2024

Sámi temporary dwelling
A lavvu in the late 1800s, from "Norge i det nittende aarhundrede" (1900).

A lavvu (or Northern Sami: lávvu, Lule Sami: låvdagoahte, Inari Sami: láávu, Skolt Sami: kååvas, Kildin Sami: коавас (kåvas), Finnish: kota or umpilaavu, Norwegian: lavvo or sametelt, and Swedish: kåta) is a temporary dwelling used by the Sami people of northern extremes of Northern Europe. It has a design similar to a Native American tipi but is less vertical and more stable in high winds. It enables the indigenous cultures of the treeless plains of northern Scandinavia and the high arctic of Eurasia to follow their reindeer herds. It is still used as a temporary shelter by the Sami, and increasingly by other people for camping. It should not be confused with the goahti, another type of Sami dwelling, or the Finnish laavu.

Historical definition

A Sami family in front of a goahti in the foreground and a lavvu in the background (the picture is taken around 1900).

There are several historical references that describe the lavvu structure used by the Sami. These structures have the following in common:

  1. The lavvu is supported by three or more evenly spaced forked or notched poles that form a tripod.
  2. There are upwards of ten or more unsecured straight poles that are laid up against the tripod and which give form to the structure.
  3. The lavvu does not need any stakes, guy-wire or ropes to provide shape or stability to the structure.
  4. The shape and volume of the lavvu is determined by the size and quantity of the poles that are used for the structure.
  5. There is no center pole needed to support this structure.

No historical record has come to light that describes the Sami using a single-pole structure claimed to be a lavvu, or any other Scandinavian variant name for the structure. The definition and description of this structure has been fairly consistent since the 17th century and possibly many centuries earlier.

The goahti, also used by the Sami, has a different pole configuration. While trees suitable to make lavvu poles are quite easy to find and often left at the site for later use, the four curved poles of the goahti have to be carried.

Traditional and modern lavvu

The traditional lavvu consists of two types of wooden poles: 1) three or more forked poles and; 2) several straight poles. The forked poles have a two-stem fork at the top end. These three poles are interlocked so that they form a tripod. Upon this assembly of the forked poles, the straight poles are laid in a circular fashion. Reindeer hides were used as a cover until the mid-19th century when large amounts of inexpensive manufactured British textiles were made available to the Sami.

The traditional lavvus are still in use, but for ease of transportation modern designs have replaced the wooden poles with aluminum ones and heavier textiles with lighter fabrics. In addition, instead of an open fire an oven can be used. This reduces the smoke but produces less light making it quite dark inside. A lavvu of this type is easier to carry and is a common alternative to the tents often used for camping.

Very large lavvus also exist with enough room for dozens of people. These are typically used for large families.

Symbolism

The coat of arms of Kautokeino Municipality (Guovdageainnu Municipality), Norway.
The lavvu inspired shape of the Sámi Parliament building in Kárášjohka (Karasjok), Norway in 2005.

The lavvu has been – and still is – a strong symbol for the Sami as a cultural haven. The lavvu played a prominent role in two events during the 20th century as more than just a shelter. The first was at the end of World War II during the winter of 1944/45 when the German troops retreated westward across northern Norway, burning most of the housing in Finnmark and eastern Troms counties before the Russian Red Army. Because of this destruction, many Sami lived in lavvus for many years afterward because of the lack of housing and unemployment from this period. Some of these Sami are still alive today who were born in these lavvus and have fond memories of them.

The second event was when the lavvu was used during the Alta controversy in Norway from 1979 to 1981. A lavvu was set up in front of the Storting (Norwegian Parliament Building) which became an international focal point as several Sami went on a hunger strike to protest the proposed dam project that would have destroyed reindeer grazing grounds of the Sami herders in the area and inundated the Sami village of Máze. This lavvu became center stage in the political fight for Sami indigenous rights. The irony was not missed when the Oslo police bulldozed the lavvu during the protest. This conflict gave birth to the Sami Rights Committee which addressed Sami legal rights within Norway, resulting in the Sami Act of 1987. This in turn became the foundation for the Sámediggi (Sami Parliament of Norway), a democratically elected body for the Sami in Norway in 1989, and the Finnmark Act of 2005.

The strong symbolism of the lavvu has also been shown in its pictorial form as the coat-of-arms for Guovdageainnu Municipality (Kautokeino) and in the physical shape of the Sámediggi building, whose shape was inspired by the lavvu.

Using a lavvu

Sami lavvu at the open-air museum in Jukkasjärvi, Sweden.

Inside the living quarters of the lavvu, there is a fireplace in the middle used for heating and to keep mosquitoes away. The smoke escapes through the smoke hole in the top of the lavvu that is usually left open. Occasionally a rough blanket is wrapped round the smoke hole to make the opening smaller, but not to the point where smoke would be prevented from escaping. In order to prevent smoke from building up inside, proper air circulation is maintained by leaving an opening between the ground and the cover, or leaving the door slightly open. Keeping the fire hot enough to let the heated smoke rise through the smoke hole is necessary.

Traditionally, there was a smaller door in the back of the lavvu, opposite the front door, called the bear door. This was used for ceremonial purposes, such as removing the dead (not appropriate out of the front door) and similar functions. Few lavvus today have this door for such purposes.

Other tent designs similar to lavvu

  • Tipi - The Native American tipi is visually similar to the lavvu but has a different cut to the fabric and a slightly different pole structure and placement.
  • Chum (tent) - The peoples of northern Ural, northern Siberia and the Tyvan Todzhans of southern Siberia have a tent structure that is similar in design and often much larger than the lavvu. It is still in use by these people as a year-round shelter.
  • Goahti (Norwegian: gamme, Finnish: kota, Swedish: kåta) - The goahti is often confused with a lavvu, although it has a different pole structure, is more elongated and is typically lower to the ground. In the first photo above, the tent in the background is a lavvu, while the tent in the foreground is a goahti.
  • Kohte, a traditional German scouting tent derived from the Lavvu, but is usually black.

See also

References

  1. Schefferus, Johannes. History of Lappland (English trans. Lapponia), 1674, p.80-86
  2. Manker, Ernst and Vorren, Ørnulv. Lapp Life and Customs: A Survey., Trans. Kathleen McFarlane, Oxford University Press London, 1962, p.42-46
  3. Muus, Nathan. "Building a Lavvu", Bulletin of Primitive Technology, Fall, 1997, No.14. p.21-22
  4. Manker, Ernst. People of Eight Seasons, Crescent Books, New York, 1963, p.80-81
  5. Eidheim, Harald. "Ethno-Political Development among the Sami after World War II", Sami Culture in a New Era: The Norwegian Sami Experience, Gaski, H. ed. (1997) p.49
  6. Manker, Ernst and Vorren, Ørnulv. Lapp Life and Customs: A Survey., Trans. Kathleen McFarlane, Oxford University Press London, 1962, p.154
  7. Kitti, Anja. (Sami Elder; former Chair, Sami Siida of North America, Toronto, Canada), interview. July, 1995/Nov., 2007.
  8. Somby, Ande. http://somban.com/nealg06.html Archived 2012-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 11/5/2007
  9. Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation, Ville bruke soldater i Alta-aksjon; "Ville bruke soldater i Alta-aksjon - Innenriks - NRK Nyheter". Archived from the original on 2007-08-07. Retrieved 2008-02-22. Retrieved: 11/7/2007
  10. Eidheim, Harald. "Ethno-Political Development among the Sami after World War II", Sami Culture in a New Era: The Norwegian Sami Experience, Gaski, H. ed. (1997) p.49
  11. Somby, Ande. http://somban.com/nealg09.html Archived 2012-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 11/5/2007
  12. Schibe, Tom (North American Sami Elder and reindeer owner; Sami Siida of North America, Milltown, WI, USA), interview. July, 2006.

External links

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