Misplaced Pages

Elizabeth Cadbury: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 23:11, 8 January 2008 editAumnamahashiva (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers33,954 edits removed OBE as she was promoted to DBE← Previous edit Latest revision as of 22:49, 23 December 2024 edit undoDuncanHill (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers162,240 edits →top: I meant we don't link every term in this field.Tag: Manual revert 
(115 intermediate revisions by 74 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
]
{{Infobox person
⚫ '''Dame Elizabeth Mary Cadbury, ]''' (] ] – ] ]), was an ] ] and wife of ], the chocolate manufacturer.
| honorific_prefix = ]
| name = Elizabeth Cadbury
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|DBE|sep=,|size=100%}}
| image = File:DameElizabethCadbury.jpg
| caption = Dame Elizabeth Cadbury
| birthname = Elizabeth Mary Taylor
| birth_date = 24 June 1858
| birth_place = ], ], ], England, UK
| death_date = {{dda|1951|12|4|1858|6|24|df=y}}
| death_place = ], England, UK
| education = ]
| party = ]
| spouse = {{marriage|]|1888|1922|end=d}}
| children = 6, including:<br />]<br />]
| parents = John Taylor<br/>Mary Jane Cash
}}

⚫ '''Dame Elizabeth Mary Cadbury''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|DBE}} (''{{nee}}'' '''Taylor'''; 24 June 1858 – 4 December 1951) was a British activist, politician and ]. Her husband was ], the chocolate manufacturer.<ref name=":1" />


==Early life== ==Early life==
Born '''Elizabeth Mary Taylor''' in ], ], she was one of ten children of the ] company director and ] John Taylor (d. ]) and his wife, Mary Jane Cash (d. 1887). She grew up in an affluent family background. Her parents were active ] crusaders, and enthusiasts for the adult education provided by mechanics' institutes. Born in ], ], ], she was one of ten children of the ] company director and ] John Taylor (d. 1894) and his wife, Mary Jane Cash (d. 1887). She grew up in an affluent family background.<ref name=":1" /> Her parents were active ] crusaders, and enthusiasts for the adult education provided by mechanics' institutes. She was raised as a ],<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Bailey |first1=Adrian |last2=Bryson |first2=John |date=2015-01-29 |title=A Quaker Experiment in Town Planning: George Cadbury and the Construction of Bournville Model Village |url=https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/quakerstudies/vol11/iss1/6/ |journal=Quaker Studies |volume=11 |issue=1 |issn=1363-013X}}</ref> visited workhouses with her mother and volunteered at children’s hospitals in her youth.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Halifax |first=Justine |date=2016-03-17 |title=Remembered: Dame Elizabeth Cadbury's tireless work to improve the lives of Birmingham people |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/nostalgia/remembered-dame-elizabeth-cadburys-tireless-11053560 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Birmingham Live |language=en}}</ref>


Elizabeth (or Elsie, as she was known) and her sister Margaret were educated privately in ], and Elizabeth then attended ] from 1874 to 1876. In 1876 she passed the senior Cambridge examination in ten subjects, but did not enter higher education. On leaving school she did ] in the London docks and ], as well as teaching at the ] of her Quaker meeting. She and her sister Margaret were educated privately in ], and Elizabeth then attended ] from 1874 to 1876. In 1876 she passed the senior ] examination in ten subjects, but did not enter higher education. She did attend public lectures held at the ].<ref name=":3" />


On leaving school she carried out ] in the London docks and ], as well as teaching at the ] of her ] meeting,<ref name=":1">{{Cite ODNB |last=Delamont |first=Sarah |date=23 September 2004 |title=Cadbury , Dame Elizabeth Mary (1858–1951), welfare worker and philanthropist |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-45784 |access-date=2024-11-28 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/45784}}</ref> taking a class of 40 boys in a poor district of south London. Following this in 1884, she started a boys’ club, as well as working with women in the slums of London. These activities were highly unusual for a lady of her age, marital status and social class.<ref name="QW" />
⚫ ==Family life & career==
In ] she married George Cadbury, then a widower with five children. Together they had a further six children: Laurence John Cadbury (b. 1889), George Norman (b. 1890), Elsie Dorothea (b. 1892), ] (b. 1893), ] (b. 1894) and Ursula (b. 1906).


⚫ ==Family life==
⚫ Together with her husband she played a great role in the development of ] and opened the 200th house there herself. In 1909 opened the Woodland Hospital, which became the ]. Later she built The Beeches, to give holidays for children from the Birmingham slums. She chaired the Birmingham school medical service committee and worked energetically to provide medical inspection in schools. From 1941 to 1948 she was president of the United Hospital in Birmingham. Throughout her life she campaigned for the education and welfare of women. She was a convinced non-militant suffragist. The founder in 1898 of the Birmingham Union of Girls' Clubs, she was active in the YWCA and in the ] from 1896 to her death. In 1936, at the age of seventy-eight, she led the UK delegation to the ] which was held in ].
On a visit to her aunt and uncle in Birmingham, she met ], co-founder of the Bournville chocolate factory. She and George were both Quakers who shared an interest in the temperance movement and adult education. They became friends and colleagues for over ten years due to these mutual interests.<ref name="QW" />


George's first wife Mary Tylor died in 1887 and he became a widower with five children.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wordsworth |first=Diane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfvLDwAAQBAJ&dq=elizabeth+cadbury&pg=PT7 |title=A History of Cadbury |date=2018-11-30 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-5267-3338-2 |language=en}}</ref> In ], on 19 June 1888,<ref name=":1" /> Elizabeth married George and became his second wife. She moved to Birmingham.<ref name=":4" /> They had six children together: Laurence John, George Norman, Elsie Dorothea, ], ], and Ursula.<ref name=":1" />
An active ] she was the first chair of the Peace and International Relations Committee of the National Council of Women, established in 1914. In 1916 she was elected to the ], becoming its treasurer and then its vice-president. Along with Lady Aberdeen, ], and Mrs Corbett Ashby, she pressed for the inclusion of women's issues in the agenda of the ]. She was an energetic supporter of the ] Union. In the Second World War, she worked with Belgian refugees, and after that war continued her efforts with the International Council of Women.


==Activism==
⚫ In national politics Elizabeth Cadbury's sympathies were similar to those usually associated with ], and she was a pillar of the ]. She was a Birmingham city councillor, for King's Norton ward, from 1919 to 1924, as a Liberal, losing her seat to a Conservative. Her political platform was a reformist one: municipal action in housing improvement, a school health service, and equality of opportunity. Among her political successes were her co-option to the Birmingham education committee in 1919, and her services as a ] from 1926.
⚫ Cadbury and her husband played a great role in the development of ] and she opened the 200th house there. In 1909, she opened the Woodland Hospital, which became the ]. She also built ''The Beeches'', to provide holidays for slum children. She chaired the Birmingham school medical service committee and worked energetically to provide ]. Together with her husband, she participated in the reform of industrial working and living conditions through supporting the welfare, health and education of women and children in ]. Amongst the original Trustees of the ], in 1922 she succeeded George Cadbury as Chairman and supported the development of housing schemes and community life in Bournville village for over fifty years.<ref name=":2" />


From 1941-48, she was president of the United Hospital in Birmingham. Throughout her life she campaigned for the education and welfare of women as a philanthropist and convinced, but non-militant, ].<ref name=":2" /> She taught a class for the wives of her husband's students at the Severn Street Adult School in Birmingham.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=SMITH |first=HELEN VICTORIA |date=2012 |title=ELIZABETH TAYLOR CADBURY (1858-1951): RELIGION, MATERNALISM AND SOCIAL REFORM IN BIRMINGHAM, 1888-1914 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/40017441.pdf |journal=University of Birmingham Research Archive}}</ref>
Their family home until 1894 was Woodbrooke in ], ], but in 1894 they moved to the Manor House, ], Birmingham. They lived there together until George's death in 1922, and Elizabeth continued to live there until her own death in 1951.


The founder in 1898 of the Birmingham Union of Girls' Clubs, Cadbury was active in the ] from 1896 to her death. She was the founder of the Midlands Division of the ].<ref name=":5" /> She was Vice President of the ], an organisation which sought to promote the benefits of electricity in the home and alleviate women's domestic drudgery.<ref>{{Cite book|last=EAW|title=EAW Silver Jubilee Handbook 1950|year=1950|location=IET Library and Archives}}</ref> In 1911 she was appointed Chairman of Birmingham City Education Committee’s Hygiene Sub-Committee.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Helen |date=22 August 2010 |title=Uncovering the Life and Archive of Dame Elizabeth Taylor Cadbury, Quaker Philanthropist (1858-1951) |url=https://womenshistorynetwork.org/uncovering-the-life-and-archive-of-dame-elizabeth-taylor-cadbury-quaker-philanthropist-1858-1951/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |website=Women's History Network |language=en-GB}}</ref>
⚫ In 1948, at the family gathering to celebrate her ninetieth birthday, there were 150 relatives, and at her death she left thirty-seven grandchildren and forty-nine great-grandchildren.

An active ], Cadbury opposed the ],<ref name="QW" /> fought between the British Empire and two independent Boer states, although ] did donate chocolate free of charge in unbranded tins to soldiers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-17 |title=Century-old chocolate bars from Queen Victoria discovered in attic |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-62939310 |access-date=2024-11-28 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> She was the first chair of the Peace and International Relations Committee of the National Council of Women, established in 1914.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Bournville Women |url=https://sellymanormuseum.org.uk/news/2020-03-31/international-womens-month-bournville |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Selly Manor |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 1916, she was elected to the ], becoming its treasurer and then its vice-president. Along with ], ], and Mrs Corbett Ashby, she pressed for the inclusion of women's issues in the agenda of the Congress of Versailles.<ref name=":5" /> She was an energetic supporter of the ] Union. In 1924 she led the work of a Public Utility Society, Residential Flats Ltd., which erected a residential club ‘designed to meet the needs of business and professional women who are enabled to have ‘a home of their own’, with the additional advantages of the communal services of a club’.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |title=The Forgotten Pioneers, celebrating the women of the garden city movement |url=https://tcpa.formandfunction.dev/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/tcpaforgottenpioneers.pdf |journal=TCPA |date=November 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

During and immediately following the ], Cadbury led local efforts to provide housing and schooling for young refugees from ] and ] who came to Birmingham to escape conflict and poverty in their home countries.<ref name=":2" /> During the ], she worked with Belgian refugees, and after that war continued her efforts with the ].<ref name=":1" />

⚫ In national politics Cadbury's sympathies were similar to those usually associated with ], and she was a pillar of the ]. She was a Birmingham city councillor, for King's Norton ward, from 1919 to 1924, as a Liberal, losing her seat to a ]. Her political platform was a reformist one: municipal action in housing improvement, a school health service, and equality of opportunity. Among her political successes were her co-option to the Birmingham education committee in 1919, and her services as a ] from 1926. Cadbury also fought the ] seat for the Liberals at the ] coming third but maintaining the Liberal share of the vote at 25%.<ref>Craig, F. W. S. (1969) ''British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949.'' Glasgow: Political Reference Publications. p. 86.</ref>

In 1936, aged 78, she led the UK delegation to the ], held in ].<ref name="HM">Maiden, Helen. . History West Midlands </ref>

== Garden City Movement ==
Cadbury was influential in the development of Bournville Village and was vice-president of the Ruskin Society of Birmingham (RSB).<ref name=":3" /> The founder of the ] in 1904, ] was inspired by a visit to Cadbury at ]<ref name=":0" />

==Manor Farm==
The family home was ] in ], ], until 1903, when they moved to Manor Farm,<ref name="QW">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Mary Cadbury |url=https://www.quakersintheworld.org/quakers-in-action/277/Elizabeth-Mary-Cadbury |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Quakers in the World}}</ref> now ], Bristol Road, ], Birmingham. Woodbrooke then became the ].

Elizabeth and George lived at the Manor together until George's death in 1922, and Elizabeth resided there until her own death in 1951, aged 93.

During ], she invited the ] to establish its training centre in the grounds.<ref>Adams, Josephine. (2020) Friends of Manor Farm Park.</ref> The grounds were also sometimes used for garden parties and other events in aid of worthy causes.

⚫ In 1948, at the family gathering to celebrate her 90th birthday, there were 150 relatives. At her death in 1951,<ref name=":1" /> Cadbury was survived by, among others, 37 grandchildren and 49 great-grandchildren.


==Honours== ==Honours==
For her public service Elizabeth Cadbury was made an ] in 1918 and a DBE in 1934. The Belgian government honoured her in 1918 for her work with refugees, making her an officer of the Order of the Crown, and she was decorated by Queen Elizabeth of the Belgians. The ] organizations of ], ], and ] also made awards to her for her war work. The ] made her an honorary MA in 1919 for her services to education and to the city. A technical college in Birmingham is named in her honour.<ref></ref>
* For her public service Cadbury was made an ] in 1918<ref name=":4" /> and a ] in 1934.<ref name=HM />
* The Belgian government honoured her in 1918 for her work with refugees, making her an Officer of the ], and she was decorated by Queen Elisabeth of the Belgians.
* The ] organizations of ], ], and ] also made awards to her for her war work.<ref name=QW /><ref name=":5" />
* The ] made her an honorary ] in 1919 for her services to education and to the city.<ref name=QW />
* ] in Birmingham is named in her honour.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dame Elizabeth Cadbury School |url=https://www.decschool.co.uk/about/|accessdate=21 November 2022}}</ref>

The ten medals that Dame Cadbury was awarded throughout her life are now held at the Cadbury Research Library, ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UoB Calmview5: Search results |url=https://calmview.bham.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=XMS938 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=University of Birmingham}}</ref>


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}

*]
==Sources==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101045784/|title=Dame Elizabeth Cadbury|last=Delamont|first=Sara|access-date=2009-06-03}}

{{start box}}
{{s-npo}}
{{succession box|title=President of the ]|years=1905–1907|before=]|after=]}}
{{end box}}

{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Cadbury, Elizabeth}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cadbury, Elizabeth}}
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]
] ]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 22:49, 23 December 2024

DameElizabeth CadburyDBE
Dame Elizabeth Cadbury
BornElizabeth Mary Taylor
24 June 1858
Peckham Rye, Southwark, Surrey, England, UK
Died4 December 1951(1951-12-04) (aged 93)
Northfield, Birmingham, England, UK
EducationNorth London Collegiate School
Political partyLiberal Party (UK)
Spouse George Cadbury ​ ​(m. 1888; died 1922)​
Children6, including:
Egbert Cadbury
Marion Greeves
Parent(s)John Taylor
Mary Jane Cash

Dame Elizabeth Mary Cadbury DBE (née Taylor; 24 June 1858 – 4 December 1951) was a British activist, politician and philanthropist. Her husband was George Cadbury, the chocolate manufacturer.

Early life

Born in Peckham Rye, Southwark, Surrey, she was one of ten children of the Quaker company director and stockbroker John Taylor (d. 1894) and his wife, Mary Jane Cash (d. 1887). She grew up in an affluent family background. Her parents were active temperance crusaders, and enthusiasts for the adult education provided by mechanics' institutes. She was raised as a Quaker, visited workhouses with her mother and volunteered at children’s hospitals in her youth.

She and her sister Margaret were educated privately in Germany, and Elizabeth then attended North London Collegiate School from 1874 to 1876. In 1876 she passed the senior Cambridge University examination in ten subjects, but did not enter higher education. She did attend public lectures held at the London Institution.

On leaving school she carried out social work in the London docks and Paris, as well as teaching at the Sunday school of her Quaker meeting, taking a class of 40 boys in a poor district of south London. Following this in 1884, she started a boys’ club, as well as working with women in the slums of London. These activities were highly unusual for a lady of her age, marital status and social class.

Family life

On a visit to her aunt and uncle in Birmingham, she met George Cadbury, co-founder of the Bournville chocolate factory. She and George were both Quakers who shared an interest in the temperance movement and adult education. They became friends and colleagues for over ten years due to these mutual interests.

George's first wife Mary Tylor died in 1887 and he became a widower with five children. In Peckham Rye, on 19 June 1888, Elizabeth married George and became his second wife. She moved to Birmingham. They had six children together: Laurence John, George Norman, Elsie Dorothea, Egbert, Marion Janet, and Ursula.

Activism

Cadbury and her husband played a great role in the development of Bournville and she opened the 200th house there. In 1909, she opened the Woodland Hospital, which became the Royal Orthopaedic Hospital. She also built The Beeches, to provide holidays for slum children. She chaired the Birmingham school medical service committee and worked energetically to provide medical inspection in schools. Together with her husband, she participated in the reform of industrial working and living conditions through supporting the welfare, health and education of women and children in Bournville. Amongst the original Trustees of the Bournville Village Trust, in 1922 she succeeded George Cadbury as Chairman and supported the development of housing schemes and community life in Bournville village for over fifty years.

From 1941-48, she was president of the United Hospital in Birmingham. Throughout her life she campaigned for the education and welfare of women as a philanthropist and convinced, but non-militant, suffragist. She taught a class for the wives of her husband's students at the Severn Street Adult School in Birmingham.

The founder in 1898 of the Birmingham Union of Girls' Clubs, Cadbury was active in the National Council for Women from 1896 to her death. She was the founder of the Midlands Division of the Young Women's Christian Association. She was Vice President of the Electrical Association for Women, an organisation which sought to promote the benefits of electricity in the home and alleviate women's domestic drudgery. In 1911 she was appointed Chairman of Birmingham City Education Committee’s Hygiene Sub-Committee.

An active pacifist, Cadbury opposed the Second Boer War, fought between the British Empire and two independent Boer states, although Cadburys did donate chocolate free of charge in unbranded tins to soldiers. She was the first chair of the Peace and International Relations Committee of the National Council of Women, established in 1914. In 1916, she was elected to the National Peace Council, becoming its treasurer and then its vice-president. Along with Ishbel Hamilton-Gordon, Lady Aberdeen, Millicent Fawcett, and Mrs Corbett Ashby, she pressed for the inclusion of women's issues in the agenda of the Congress of Versailles. She was an energetic supporter of the League of Nations Union. In 1924 she led the work of a Public Utility Society, Residential Flats Ltd., which erected a residential club ‘designed to meet the needs of business and professional women who are enabled to have ‘a home of their own’, with the additional advantages of the communal services of a club’.

During and immediately following the First World War, Cadbury led local efforts to provide housing and schooling for young refugees from Serbia and Austria who came to Birmingham to escape conflict and poverty in their home countries. During the Second World War, she worked with Belgian refugees, and after that war continued her efforts with the International Council of Women.

In national politics Cadbury's sympathies were similar to those usually associated with Christian socialism, and she was a pillar of the Liberal Party. She was a Birmingham city councillor, for King's Norton ward, from 1919 to 1924, as a Liberal, losing her seat to a Conservative. Her political platform was a reformist one: municipal action in housing improvement, a school health service, and equality of opportunity. Among her political successes were her co-option to the Birmingham education committee in 1919, and her services as a magistrate from 1926. Cadbury also fought the King's Norton seat for the Liberals at the 1923 general election coming third but maintaining the Liberal share of the vote at 25%.

In 1936, aged 78, she led the UK delegation to the World Congress of the International Council of Women, held in Calcutta.

Garden City Movement

Cadbury was influential in the development of Bournville Village and was vice-president of the Ruskin Society of Birmingham (RSB). The founder of the Hampstead Garden Suburb in 1904, Henrietta Barnett was inspired by a visit to Cadbury at Bournville Village.

Manor Farm

The family home was Woodbrooke in Selly Oak, Birmingham, until 1903, when they moved to Manor Farm, now the Manor House, Bristol Road, Northfield, Birmingham. Woodbrooke then became the Woodbrooke Quaker Study Centre.

Elizabeth and George lived at the Manor together until George's death in 1922, and Elizabeth resided there until her own death in 1951, aged 93.

During World War II, she invited the Friends' Ambulance Unit to establish its training centre in the grounds. The grounds were also sometimes used for garden parties and other events in aid of worthy causes.

In 1948, at the family gathering to celebrate her 90th birthday, there were 150 relatives. At her death in 1951, Cadbury was survived by, among others, 37 grandchildren and 49 great-grandchildren.

Honours

The ten medals that Dame Cadbury was awarded throughout her life are now held at the Cadbury Research Library, University of Birmingham.

References

  1. ^ Delamont, Sarah (23 September 2004). "Cadbury [née Taylor], Dame Elizabeth Mary (1858–1951), welfare worker and philanthropist". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/45784. Retrieved 28 November 2024. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  2. ^ Bailey, Adrian; Bryson, John (29 January 2015). "A Quaker Experiment in Town Planning: George Cadbury and the Construction of Bournville Model Village". Quaker Studies. 11 (1). ISSN 1363-013X.
  3. ^ Halifax, Justine (17 March 2016). "Remembered: Dame Elizabeth Cadbury's tireless work to improve the lives of Birmingham people". Birmingham Live. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  4. ^ "Elizabeth Mary Cadbury". Quakers in the World. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  5. Wordsworth, Diane (30 November 2018). A History of Cadbury. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-5267-3338-2.
  6. ^ Smith, Helen (22 August 2010). "Uncovering the Life and Archive of Dame Elizabeth Taylor Cadbury, Quaker Philanthropist (1858-1951)". Women's History Network. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  7. SMITH, HELEN VICTORIA (2012). "ELIZABETH TAYLOR CADBURY (1858-1951): RELIGION, MATERNALISM AND SOCIAL REFORM IN BIRMINGHAM, 1888-1914" (PDF). University of Birmingham Research Archive.
  8. ^ "Bournville Women". Selly Manor. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  9. EAW (1950). EAW Silver Jubilee Handbook 1950. IET Library and Archives.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. "Century-old chocolate bars from Queen Victoria discovered in attic". BBC News. 17 September 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  11. ^ "The Forgotten Pioneers, celebrating the women of the garden city movement" (PDF). TCPA. November 2021.
  12. Craig, F. W. S. (1969) British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949. Glasgow: Political Reference Publications. p. 86.
  13. ^ Maiden, Helen. Elizabeth Cadbury Social Reformer. History West Midlands
  14. Adams, Josephine. (2020) Friends Ambulance Unit Friends of Manor Farm Park.
  15. "Dame Elizabeth Cadbury School". Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  16. "UoB Calmview5: Search results". University of Birmingham. Retrieved 21 June 2021.

Sources

Non-profit organization positions
Preceded byMary Clifford President of the National Union of Women Workers
1905–1907 		Succeeded byAlmyra Gray
Categories: