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{{this|the area administered by ]|Kashmir region}} {{Short description|1952–2019 state administered by India}}
{{About|the former state|the current union territory|Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|the former princely state|Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)}}
{{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction
{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
|type = state
{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
|state_name = Jammu and Kashmir
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
|native_name = Jammu and Kashmir
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
|other_name =
{{Infobox former subdivision
|capital = • ] (winter)<br/>• ] (summer)
| common_name = Jammu and Kashmir
|latd = 33.45 |longd = 76.24
| conventional_long_name = State of Jammu and Kashmir
|base_map = Kashmir map.svg<!--India-LADAKH Full.svg-->
| nation = India
|largest_city = Jammu
| status_text = ]
|abbreviation = IN-JK
| capital = ] (May–October)<br/> ] (November–April)<ref name="Darbar Move">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece |title=What is the Darbar Move in J&K all about? |author=The Hindu Net Desk |date=8 May 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110135648/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece |archive-date=10 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{clarify|reason=Why?|date=August 2022}}
|official_languages = ]]]
| year_start = 1952
|legislature_type = Bicameral
| date_start = 17 November
|legislature_strength = 89 + 36
| event_start = Abolition of monarchy
|leader_title_1 = ]
| event1 = ]
|leader_name_1 = ]
| date_event1 = 14 May 1954
|leader_title_2 = ]
| year_end = 2019
|leader_name_2 = ]
| date_end = 31 October
|established_date = ]
|event_end = ] into ] and ]
|area_total = 222236
| p1 = Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
|area_rank = 6
| flag_p1 =
|area_magnitude = 11
| s1 = Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)
|population_year = 2001
| s2 = Ladakh
|population_total = 10069917
| flag_s1 =
|population_rank = 18th
| flag_s2 =
|population_density = 45.31
| symbol_type = Emblem
|districts = 22
| image_coat = Emblem of Jammu & Kashmir.svg
|website = jammukashmir.nic.in
|seal = Jammu and KashmirSeal.jpg | image_map = Kashmir_region_2004.jpg
| image_map_caption = Map of Jammu and Kashmir
|seal_size = 100px
|seal_caption = Seal of Jammu and Kashmir | image_flag = Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1952-2019).svg
| coordinates = {{coord|34.0|76.5|region:IN-JK_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
|base_map_label = no
| legislature = ]
}}
| house1 = ] (36 seats)
| house2 = ] (89 seats)
| political_subdiv = ]
| title_leader = ]
| leader1 = ] (''first'')
| year_leader1 = 1952–1965 as ''Sadr-e-Riyasat''; 1965–1967
| leader2 = ] (''last'')
| year_leader2 = 2018–2019<ref>{{cite news |title=Satya Pal Malik sworn in as Jammu and Kashmir governor |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/satya-pal-malik-sworn-in-as-jammu-and-kashmir-governor/articleshow/65512757.cms |work=The Economic Times |agency=Press Trust of India |date=23 August 2018 |access-date=31 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823110106/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/satya-pal-malik-sworn-in-as-jammu-and-kashmir-governor/articleshow/65512757.cms |archive-date=23 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| title_deputy = ]
| deputy1 = ] (''first'')
| year_deputy1 = 1952–1953 as ''Prime Minister''
| deputy2 = ] (''last'')
| year_deputy2 = 2016–2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/bjp-pdp-alliance-ends-in-jammu-and-kashmir-live-updates-modi-govt-did-everything-to-normalise-situation-says-ram-madhav-4542011.html|title=BJP-PDP alliance ends in Jammu and Kashmir LIVE updates: Mehbooba Mufti resigns as chief minister; Governor's Rule in state|work=]|access-date=19 June 2018|date=19 June 2018}}</ref>
| footnotes =
|native_name=|demonym=|today=}}


<!-- COMMENT: PLEASE DO ''not'' ADD NASTALIQ, DEVANAGARI OR OTHER SCRIPTS TO THE LEAD SECTION. FOR RATIONALE, SEE WP:INDICSCRIPTS // -->
'''Jammu and Kashmir''' (]: جموں و کشمیر) is the northernmost ] of ]. Situated mostly in the ]n mountains, Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with the Indian states of ] and ] to the south, ]] to the west and the ] to the north and east. The territory is ] and it is referred to by Pakistan as Indian-occupied Kashmir. Conversely, India refers to Pakistan-administered Kashmir as Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.
'''Jammu{{efn|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|æ|m|uː}} {{respell|JAM|oo}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ʌ|m|uː}} {{respell|JUM|oo}}.<ref name="EPD">{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link= Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title= English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |orig-date=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-12-539683-8 }}</ref>}} and Kashmir'''{{efn|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|ʃ|m|ɪər}} {{respell|KASH|meer}} or {{IPAc-en|k|æ|ʃ|ˈ|m|ɪər}} {{respell|kash|MEER}}.<ref name="EPD"/>}} was a region formerly administered by ] as a state from 1952 to 2019, constituting the southern and southeastern portion of the larger ] region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India, ] and ] since the mid-20th century.<ref name=britannica-jammu-kashmir>{{citation|last1=Akhtar|first1=Rais|last2=Kirk|first2=William|title=Jammu and Kashmir, State, India|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir |access-date=7 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir, state of India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and westernmost Himalayan mountain ranges. The state is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947."</ref><ref name="Osmańczyk2003">{{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref> The underlying region of this state were parts of the former ], whose western districts, now known as ], and northern territories, now known as ], are administered by Pakistan. The ] region in the east, bordering ], has been under Chinese control since 1962.

After the Government of India repealed the special status accorded to Jammu and Kashmir under ] of the Indian constitution in 2019, the Parliament of India passed the ], which contained provisions that dissolved the state and reorganised it into two ] – ] in the west and ] in the east, with effect from 31 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-to-be-scrapped-jk-will-ceases-to-be-a-state-2-union-territories-created/articleshow/70531899.cms|title=Jammu Kashmir Article 370: Govt revokes Article 370 from Jammu and Kashmir, bifurcates state into two Union Territories|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=5 August 2019|agency=PTI|date=5 August 2019|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805100108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-to-be-scrapped-jk-will-ceases-to-be-a-state-2-union-territories-created/articleshow/70531899.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time of its dissolution, Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a Muslim-majority population.


==History== ==History==
{{main|History of Kashmir}} {{For|the pre-1952 history|Kashmir#History}}


=== Establishment ===
The Valley of Kashmir was once the great lake Satisar. According to ], the Hindu sage ] drained a lake lying north of the ] range by cutting the mountain near ''Varamulla''. The sage then encouraged people from India to settle in the valley that was formed after the lake was drained. The locals named the valley Kashyap-Mar and Kashyap-Pura in honour of the sage. The name Kashmir is derived from ''ka'' (the water) and ''shimeera'' (to desiccate).{{Fact|date=October 2007}} In other words, the word Kashmir implies land desiccated from water.
After the ], the princely state of ] was divided between India (which controlled the regions of ], ], and ]) and Pakistan (which controlled ] and ]).<ref name="britannica-kashmir"/> Maharaja ] signed the ] on 26 October 1947 after an invasion by Pakistani tribesmen. ] was appointed as the ] as part of an interim government by Maharaja Hari Singh in March 1948.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA184|title=Jammu and Kashmir|author=Jyoti Bhushan Daz Gupta|publisher=]|page=184|date=6 December 2012|isbn=9789401192316 }}</ref> In order to integrate the provisions of the instrument of accession relating to the powers of the state and Indian government, the ] drew up the draft provision named Article 306-A, which would later become ].<ref name="Waseem">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtwzEAAAQBAJ&pg=79|title=Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir|author=Waseem Ahmad Sofi|pages=79–81|publisher=]|isbn=9789811610196|date=18 June 2021}}</ref>


A ] for Jammu and Kashmir was convened to frame a new constitution for the state in October 1951, after an ] in which all the seats were won by the ] party of Abdullah.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBBfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT124|title=The Power of the Ballot: Travail and Triumph in the Elections|author1=Vipul Maheshwari|author2=Anil Maheshwari|publisher=]|page=124|date=28 March 2022|isbn=9789354353611 }}</ref>
Kashmir was one of the major centres of Sanskrit scholars in ancient times. According to ] evidence,<ref>Mahabharata 7.4.5.</ref> ] had ruled over Kashmir during ] times and it was a ]an system of government under the ].<ref>Mahabharata 7/91/39-40.</ref> The capital city of Kashmir (Kamboj) during epic times was Rajapura<ref> Asoka, 2001, p 31, R. G. Bhandarkar - Biography & Autobiography; Ancient Indian History , 1988, p 149, Madhavan Arjunan Pillai - History; Ancient Indian Republics: From the Earliest Times to the 6th Century A.D, 1976, p 92, Misra, Shivenandan; Purana Index, 1992, p 79, A. B. L. Awasthi.</ref> e.g. Karna-Rajapuram-gatva-Kambojah-nirjitastava.<ref> Mahabharata 7.4.5</ref> Epic Rajapura is the same as ''Ho-lo-she-pu-lo'' of ] and has been identified with modern ].<ref>Watters, Yuan Chawang, Vol I, p 284.</ref> Later, the ]s are stated to have established their sway. The name ''Peer Panjal'', which is a part of modern Kashmir, is a witness to this fact. Panjal is simply a distorted form of the ]ic tribal term Panchala. The ]s had prefixed the word " peer " to it in memory of one Siddha Faqir and the name thence-after is said to have changed into Peer Panjal.<ref></ref>


Abdullah reached an agreement termed as the "Delhi Agreement" with ], the Prime Minister of India, on 24 July 1952. It extended provisions of the ] regarding citizenship and ] to the state, in addition to the jurisdiction of the ]. Agreements were also reached on issues of abolishing the monarchy, as well as the state being allowed a separate flag and official language. The Delhi Agreement spelt out the relationship between the central government and the state through recognizing the autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir, while also declaring it as an integral part of India and granting the central government control of several subjects that were not a part of the instrument of accession.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtwzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91|title=Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir|author=Waseem Ahmad Sofi|publisher=]|pages=91–93|date=17 June 2021|isbn=9789811610196 }}</ref>
The Kashmir valley was first incorporated into the ] and then into the ]. In the early 8th century, Kashmir became the center of Hindu warrior ]'s empire spanning much of ] and ]. Kashmir was invaded in mid 12th century by the Muslim Turkish army but it was completely occupied by Turkish Zulkadur Khan in 1322. Later in 1394, another Turkish occupation took place by Sikandar who made ] the state religion allegedly resulting in forced mass conversions. Udayan Dev was the last free Kashmiri ruler but after his death in 1338, Kashmir was completely occupied by the Muslims Turks. Turkish rule ended when the Mughal Emperor Akbar invaded Kashmir in 1586, led by Hindu King Bhagawant Das and his aide Ramchandra I. The Mughal army easily defeated Yusuf Khan of Kashmir. After the battle, Akbar appointed Ramchandra I as the governor of the Himalayan kingdom. Ramchandra I founded the city of Jammu (named after Hindu goddess ''Jamwa Mata'') south of the Pir Panjal range. Ramchandra was the ancestor of the last Maharaja of Jammu & Kashmir ] whose kingdom was invaded by Pakistan on ] ].


The government of Jammu and Kashmir quickly moved to adopt the provisions of the agreement.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA200|title=Jammu and Kashmir|author=Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta|publisher=]|page=200|date=6 December 2012|isbn=9789401192316 }}</ref> The recommendations of the Drafting Committee on the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir regarding the monarchy were accepted by the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir on 21 August 1952. The ] was amended in November 1952 to adopt the resolutions and the monarchy was officially abolished on 12 November. The regent ] was formally elected as the ''Sadar-i-Riyasat'' or head of state by the Constituent Assembly and was later recognized by the ].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtwzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91|title=Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir|author=Waseem Ahmad Sofi|publisher=]|page=94|date=17 June 2021|isbn=9789811610196 }}</ref> The amendments incorporating the provisions into the state constitution entered into force on 17 November.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2tsCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA222|title=Jammu & Kashmir: A Victim|author1=Daya Sagar|author2=Daya Ram|publisher=]|page=222|date=15 June 2020|isbn=9788184303131 }}</ref>
]. The names of different regions, important cities, rivers, and mountains are underlined in red.]]
]. (Artist: James Duffield Harding).]]


===Integration with India===
In 1780, after the death of Ranjit Deo, a descendant of Ramchandra I, Jammu and Kashmir was captured by the ] under ] of ] and afterwards, until 1846, became a tributary to the Sikh power.<ref name=imperialgazet-gulabsingh> ''Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume 15''. 1908. "Kashmir: History." page 94-95.</ref> Ranjit Deo's grand-nephew, ], subsequently sought service at the court of Ranjit Singh, distinguished himself in later wars, and was appointed as the Governor or Raja of Jammu in 1820. With the help of his able officer, ], Gulab Singh soon captured ] and ], regions to the east and north-east of Kashmir.<ref name=imperialgazet-gulabsingh/> In 1845, the ] broke out, and Gulab Singh "contrived to hold himself aloof till the ] (1846), when he appeared as a useful mediator and the trusted advisor of Sir ]. Two treaties were concluded. By the first the State of Lahore (''i.e.'' West ]) was handed over to the British, as equivalent for (]) one ] of indemnity, the hill countries between ] and ]; by the second the British made over to Gulab Singh for (]) 75 ] all the hilly or mountainous country situated to the east of ] and west of ]" (''i.e.'' the ]).<ref name=imperialgazet-gulabsingh/> Soon after Gulab Singh's death in 1857, his son, ], added the emirates of ], ] and ] to the kingdom.


Abdullah however sought to make Article 370 permanent and began calling for the secession of the state from India, which led to his arrest in 1953.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwqe_JdLDUYC&pg=PA179|title=Autonomy and Armed Separatism in South and Southeast Asia|author=Bibhu Prasad Routray|year=2012 |department=Chapter: Autonomy and Armed Separatism in Jammu and Kashmir|page=179|editor=Michelle Ann Miller|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=9789814379977 }}</ref> ] then became the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. The Constituent Assembly of the state passed a resolution in February 1954, extending some provisions of the Constitution of India and formally ratifying the accession of the state to India per the Instrument of Accession. A ] was passed on 14 May 1954 to implement the Delhi Agreement, drawing its validity from the resolution of the Constituent Assembly.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT712|title=Constitutional Questions and Citizens' Rights: An Omnibus Comprising Constitutional Questions in India: The President, Parliament and the States and Citizens' Rights, Judges and State Accountability|author=]|publisher=]|page=712|date=5 December 2005|isbn=978-0-19-908778-5 }}</ref><ref name = "Schofield">{{Harvnb|Schofield|2003|p=94}}</ref>
Ranbir Singh's grandson ], who had ascended the throne of Kashmir in 1925, was the reigning monarch in 1947 at the conclusion of British rule in the subcontinent. As a part of the ] process, both countries had agreed that the rulers of princely states would be given the right to opt for either Pakistan or India or—in special cases—to remain independent. In 1947, Kashmir's population "was 77 per cent Muslim and it shared a boundary with Pakistan. On 20 October Pakistan violating the Stand-Still agreement invaded Jammu & Kashmir. Initially the Maharaja fought back but on 27 October appealed to ]<ref>Viscount Louis Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of British India, stayed on to serve as the first Governor-General of the Union of India from 1947 to 1948.</ref> for assistance, and the ] agreed on the condition that the ruler accede to India."<ref name=stein> Stein, Burton. 1998. ''A History of India''. Oxford University Press. 432 pages. ISBN 0195654463. Page 368.</ref> Once the papers of accession to India were signed, "Indian soldiers entered Kashmir but they got the order just to stop any further occupation but they were not allowed to drive out the invaders from the state. India took the matter to the United Nations. The UN resolution asked Pakistan to vacate the areas it has occupied and asked India to assist the U.N. Plebiscite Commission to organize a plebiscite to determine the will of the people. Pakistan has refused to vacate the occupied areas.
In course of time relations between India and Pakistan soured for many other reasons,<ref name=stein/> and eventually led to three more wars in Kashmir in ], ] and ]. India has control of 60 percent of the area of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir; Pakistan controls 30 percent of the region, the ] and ] and China has occupied 10 percent of the state in 1962. According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Although there was a clear Muslim majority in Kashmir before the 1947 partition and its economic, cultural, and geographic contiguity with the Muslim-majority area of the Punjab (in Pakistan) could be convincingly demonstrated, the political developments during and after the partition resulted in a division of the region. Pakistan was left with territory that, although basically Muslim in character, was thinly populated, relatively inaccessible, and economically underdeveloped. The largest Muslim group, situated in the Vale of Kashmir and estimated to number more than half the population of the entire region, lay in Indian-administered territory, with its former outlets via the Jhelum valley route blocked."<ref name=britannica-kashmir/>


The new ] was adopted on 17 November 1956 and came into force on 26 January 1957.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmhjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250|title=Historical Title, Self-Determination and the Kashmir Question|author=Fozia Nazir Lone|publisher=]|page=250|date=17 May 2018|isbn=9789004359994 }}</ref> Following this, the state constituent assembly dissolved itself and ] were held for the ] in 1957, with the National Conference winning 68 out of 75 seats.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BK9FEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|title=Kashmir at the Crossroads: Inside a 21st-Century Conflict|author=]|publisher=]|page=39|isbn=9780300256871|year=2021}}</ref>
The eastern region of the erstwhile princely state of Kashmir has also been beset with a boundary dispute. In the late 19th- and early 20th centuries, although some boundary agreements were signed between Great Britain, Tibet, Afghanistan and Russia over the northern borders of Kashmir, China never accepted these agreements, and the official Chinese position did not change with the communist takeover in 1949. By the mid-1950s the Chinese army had entered the north-east portion of Ladakh:<ref name=britannica-kashmir>Kashmir. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 27, 2007, from .</ref> "By 1956–57 they had completed a military road through the ] area to provide better communication between ] and western ]. India's belated discovery of this road led to border clashes between the two countries that culminated in the Sino-Indian war of October 1962."<ref name=britannica-kashmir/> China has occupied Aksai Chin since 1962 and, in addition, an adjoining region, the ] was ceded by Pakistan to China in 1963.


In 1956–57, China constructed a road through the disputed ] area of Ladakh. India's belated discovery of this road culminated in the ] of 1962; China has since administered Aksai Chin.<ref name="britannica-kashmir">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent|title=Kashmir – region, Indian subcontinent|access-date=16 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005093248/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent|archive-date=5 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the ], India and Pakistan signed the ], recognising a ] in Kashmir, and committing to a peaceful resolution of the dispute through ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kashmir Fast Facts |url=https://edition-m.cnn.com/2013/11/08/world/kashmir-fast-facts/index.html?r=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.in%2F |website=CNN | date=8 November 2013 |access-date=12 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
Since the 1990s, the state has been hit by confrontation between Islamic separatists supported by Pakistan and ], which has resulted in the deaths of thousands of people and expulsions of the non-Muslims from the Kashmir valley. The ] maintains a significant deployment of troops in Jammu and Kashmir to maintain law and order.


In December 1964, the Indian government extended provisions of Articles 356 and 357 of the Constitution of India, which allowed for ] in the state.<ref name="Hafeez">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yca-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA184|title= India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir, 1947-2004|author=]|publisher=]|page=184|date=27 July 2016|isbn=9781349105731 }}</ref>
==Politics and government==
In April 1965, the legislative assembly approved renaming the positions of ''Sadar-i-Riyasat'' to ] and ''Wazir-i-Azam'' (Prime Minister) to ]. Though the change had no actual effect on the legal structure of the state, it conveyed that the government of Jammu and Kashmir was equal to that of any other Indian state.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2l9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69|title= India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir, 1947-2004|author=]|publisher=]|page=69|date=19 October 2006|isbn=9781134137527 }}</ref>
{{main|Politics of Jammu and Kashmir}}
]
Like all the states of India, Jammu and Kashmir has a multi-party democratic system of governance. Main political parties include the ], the ] and the ] (PDP). Presently, the ] and its ally PDP hold the maximum number of seats in the Jammu and Kashmir state assembly. Congress leader ] replaced PDP's ] as the ] of Jammu and Kashmir in late 2005.


Despite Nehru releasing the imprisoned Abdullah in April 1964 to initiate dialogue with Pakistan, it viewed these developments as leading to the inseparability of Jammu and Kashmir from India and launched an ],<ref name="Hafeez"/> infiltrating Kashmir during ] in August 1965. However, it ultimately failed in its objective and both countries returned to the status quo after the ] of 1966.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ud_fCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40|title= Kashmir's Right to Secede: A Critical Examination of Contemporary Theories of Secession|author=Matthew J. Webb|publisher=]|page=69|date=13 February 2012|isbn=9781136451454 }}</ref> The government of ] meanwhile rapidly extended many provisions of the Indian Constitution to further integrate the state into India.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtwzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127|title= Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir|author=Waseem Ahmed Sofi|publisher=]|page=127|date=17 June 2021|isbn=9789811610196 }}</ref>
The ] grants Jammu and Kashmir special ] status as a temporary provision through ]. However, some Muslim Kashmiris demand greater autonomy and sovereignty, while some non-Muslims would like to see the state fully integrated into India. However, in recent years ] Muslims have been leaning towards being in ] due to economic reasons.<ref></ref>


The failure of Pakistan in the ] weakened the Kashmiri nationalist movement and Abdullah dropped demands of secession. Under the ] of 1975, he recognised the region as a part of India, the state legislature requiring the approval of the President to make laws, and the Parliament of India being able to promulgate laws against secessionism. In return, Article 370 was left untouched and Abdullah became the Chief Minister of the state. The region remained mostly peaceful until his death in 1982.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEBBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT149|title= Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir|author=Kaushik Roy|editor=]|publisher=]|page=149|date=2 March 2017|isbn=9781351877091 }}</ref>
Jammu and Kashmir is the only Indian state that has its own flag. Designed by the Government of India, the state flag of Jammu and Kashmir is the native ] on a red background which is a ] of ]. The three stripes represent the three administrative divisions of the state, namely Jammu, Vale of Kashmir, and Ladakh.<ref>http://jkgad.nic.in/statutory/Rules-Costitution-of-J&K.pdf</ref><!-- This link doesn't however, give source for the claims of symbolism, needs additional source -->


=== Kashmir insurgency ===
==Geography and climate==
In the late 1980s, discontent over the high-handed policies of the union government and allegations of the rigging of the ]<ref name="Schofield_1">{{Harvnb|Schofield|2003|p=137}}</ref> triggered a violent uprising and ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/1987-1998_detailed.shtml |title=1989 Insurgency |publisher=Kashmirlibrary.org |access-date=6 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126044335/http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/1987-1998_detailed.shtml |archive-date=26 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1720/17200800.htm|title=Contours of militancy|access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref> which was backed by Pakistan.<ref name = "Schofield_3">{{Harvnb|Schofield|2003|p=210}}</ref> Pakistan claimed to be giving its "moral and diplomatic" support to the separatist movement.<ref name="bbc2015" /> The ] of ] has been accused by ] and the international community of supporting, supplying arms and training ],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ali|first1=Mahmud|title=Pakistan's shadowy secret service|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6033383.stm|access-date=22 February 2017|work=]|date=9 October 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221224921/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6033383.stm|archive-date=21 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph.co.uk">{{cite news|last1=Rashid|first1=Ahmed|title=Nato's top brass accuse Pakistan over Taliban aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1530756/Natos-top-brass-accuse-Pakistan-over-Taliban-aid.html|access-date=22 February 2017|newspaper=]|date=6 October 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222113552/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1530756/Natos-top-brass-accuse-Pakistan-over-Taliban-aid.html|archive-date=22 February 2017}}</ref> to fight in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="Talib">{{cite news|last1=Gall|first1=Carlotta|title=At Border, Signs of Pakistani Role in Taliban Surge|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/world/asia/21quetta.html|access-date=21 February 2017|newspaper=]|date=21 January 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231131515/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/world/asia/21quetta.html|archive-date=31 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph.co.uk"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Jehl|first1=Douglas|last2=Dugger|first2=Celia W.|last3=Barringer|first3=Felicity|title=Death of Reporter Puts Focus On Pakistan Intelligence Unit|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/25/world/nation-challenged-suspects-death-reporter-puts-focus-pakistan-intelligence-unit.html|access-date=21 February 2017|newspaper=]|date=25 February 2002|archive-date=2 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502010653/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/25/world/nation-challenged-suspects-death-reporter-puts-focus-pakistan-intelligence-unit.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, former ] ] admitted that Pakistan had supported and trained insurgent groups in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan supported, trained terror groups: Pervez Musharraf|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/international/pakistan-supported-trained-terror-groups-pervez-musharraf-115102800015_1.html|access-date=21 February 2017|agency=]|newspaper=]|date=28 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605051514/http://www.business-standard.com/article/international/pakistan-supported-trained-terror-groups-pervez-musharraf-115102800015_1.html|archive-date=5 June 2017}}</ref> India has repeatedly called Pakistan to end its "cross-border terrorism" in Kashmir.<ref name="bbc2015" />
]
Jammu and Kashmir is home to several valleys such as the Kashmir Valley, Tawi Valley, Chenab Valley, Poonch Valley, Sind Valley and Lidder Valley. The main Kashmir valley is 100 km wide and 15,520.3 km² in area. The Himalayas divide the Kashmir valley from Ladakh while the Pir Panjal range, which encloses the Valley from the west and the south, separates it from the Great Plains of northern India. Along the northeastern flank of the Valley runs the main range of the Himalayas. This densely settled and beautiful valley has an average height of 1,850 meters above sea-level but the surrounding Pir Panjal range has an average elevation of 5,000 meters.


Since 1989, a prolonged, bloody conflict between the Islamic militant separatists and the ] took place, both of whom have been accused of widespread ], including abductions, massacres, rapes and armed robbery.{{refn|group=note|Sources that detail human right abuses in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name = "HRW_military">{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/reports/2006/india0906/2.htm#_Toc144362271|title=India: "Everyone Lives in Fear": Patterns of Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir: I. Summary|publisher=]|access-date=2 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522132246/http://hrw.org/reports/2006/india0906/2.htm#_Toc144362271|archive-date=22 May 2008|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatogether.org/peace/kashmir/articles/indhr.htm|title=India and Human Rights in Kashmir&nbsp;– The Myth&nbsp;– India Together|access-date=2 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509060306/http://indiatogether.org/peace/kashmir/articles/indhr.htm|archive-date=9 May 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name = "Schofield_4">{{Harvnb|Schofield|2003|pp=148, 158}}</ref><ref name = "HRW_militants">{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/reports/2006/india0906/7.htm#_Toc144362296|title=India: "Everyone Lives in Fear": Patterns of Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir: VI. Militant Abuses|access-date=2 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527144336/http://hrw.org/reports/2006/india0906/7.htm#_Toc144362296|archive-date=27 May 2008|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/1940088.stm|title=Kashmir troops held after rape|access-date=2 June 2008|work=BBC News|date=19 April 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218120041/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/1940088.stm|archive-date=18 December 2008|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "Shujaat Bukhari">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/24/stories/2010032461230900.htm|title=219 Kashmiri Pandits killed by militants since 1989|quote=The Jammu and Kashmir government on Tuesday said 219 Kashmiri Pandits were killed by militants since 1989 while 24,202 families were among the total 38,119 families which migrated out of the Valley due to turmoil|access-date=31 December 2007|location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325203907/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/24/stories/2010032461230900.htm|archive-date=25 March 2010|work=]|date=24 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name = "P.L. AIMA">{{cite web|url=http://greaterkashmir.com/news/2010/Nov/12/not-myth-but-the-truth-of-migration-23.asp|title=Not myth, but the truth of migration|quote=The Pandits have preserved the threat letters sent to them. They have the audio and video evidence to show what happened. They have preserved the local newspapers through which they were warned to leave the Valley within 48 hours. This evidence also include still photographs of Pandits killed by militants and the desecrated temples.|access-date=31 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124175152/http://greaterkashmir.com/news/2010/Nov/12/not-myth-but-the-truth-of-migration-23.asp|archive-date=24 November 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name = "Tahir Nadeem Khan">{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/pregnant-woman-in-doda-accuses-lashkar-militants-of-gang-raping-her-repeatedly_100151075.html|title=Pregnant woman in Doda accuses Lashkar militants of gang raping her repeatedly|quote=A 31-year-old pregnant Gujjar woman has told police at the Baderwah Police Station in Jammu and Kashmir's Doda District that she was repeatedly gang raped by Lashkar-e-Toiba militants for two months.|publisher=The Indian News|access-date=31 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322101302/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/pregnant-woman-in-doda-accuses-lashkar-militants-of-gang-raping-her-repeatedly_100151075.html|archive-date=22 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "Kanchan Gupta">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/19kanch.htm|title=19/01/90: When Kashmiri Pandits fled Islamic terror|quote=Notices are pasted on doors of Pandit houses, peremptorily asking the occupants to leave Kashmir within 24 hours or face death and worse... In the preceding months, 300 Hindu men and women, nearly all of them Kashmiri Pandits, had been slaughtered following the brutal murder of Pandit Tika Lal Taploo, noted lawyer and BJP national executive member, by the JKLF in Srinagar on September 14, 1989. Soon after that, Justice N K Ganju of the Srinagar high court was shot dead. Pandit Sarwanand Premi, 80-year-old poet, and his son were kidnapped, tortured, their eyes gouged out, and hanged to death. A Kashmiri Pandit nurse working at the Soura Medical College Hospital in Srinagar was gang-raped and then beaten to death. Another woman was abducted, raped and sliced into bits and pieces at a sawmill.|publisher=]|access-date=31 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126101005/http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/19kanch.htm|archive-date=26 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>}} Several new militant groups with radical Islamic views emerged and changed the ideological emphasis of the movement to Islamic. This was facilitated by a large influx of Islamic "Jihadi" fighters (mujahadeen) who had entered the Kashmir valley following the end of the ] in the 1980s.<ref name="bbc2015">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1989.stm|title=India Pakistan – Timeline|publisher=BBC News|access-date=10 April 2015|work=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222035446/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1989.stm|archive-date=22 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
The ] is the only major Himalayan river which flows through the Kashmir valley. The ], ], ] and ] are the major rivers flowing through the state. Jammu and Kashmir is home to several Himalayan glaciers. With an average altitude of 5753 meters above sea-level, the ] is 70 km long making it the longest Himalayan glacier.


By 1999, 94 out of the 97 subjects in the Union List and 260 out of 395 articles of the Constitution of India had become applicable in the state, though it retained some of its autonomy.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgdGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA211|title= Kashmir After 2019: Completing the Partition|editor1=Werner Menski|editor2=Muneeb Yousuf
]
|publisher=]|page=127|date=17 June 2021|isbn=9789811610196 }}</ref> Article 370 had meanwhile become mostly symbolic.<ref name="Waseem"/>
The climate of Jammu and Kashmir varies greatly owing to its rugged topography. In the south around Jammu, the climate is typically monsoonal, though the region is sufficiently far west to average 40 to 50 mm (1.6 to 2 inches) of rain per months between January and March. In the hot season, Jammu city is very hot and can reach up to 40 °C (104 °F) whilst in July and August, very heavy though erratic rainfall occurs with monthly extremes of up to 650 millimetres (25.5 inches). In September, rainfall declines, and by October conditions are hot but extremely dry, with minimal rainfall and temperatures of around 29 °C (84 °F).


]
Across from the Pir Panjal range, the South Asian monsoon is no longer a factor and most precipitation falls in the spring from southwest cloudbands. Because of its closeness to the ], Srinagar receives as much as 25 inches (635 millimetres) of rain from this source, with the wettest months being March to May with around 85 millimetres (3.3 inches) per month. Across from the main Himalaya Range, even the southwest cloudbands break up and the climate of Ladakh and Zanskar is extremely dry and cold. Annual precipitation is only around 100 mm (4 inches) per year and humidity is very low. This region, almost all above 3,000 metres (9,750 ft) above sea level and winters are extremely cold. In Zanskar, the average January temperature is -20 °C (-4 °F) with extremes as low as -40 °C (-40 °F). All the rivers freeze over and locals actually do river crossings during this period because their high levels from glacier melt in summer inhibits crossing. In summer in Ladakh and Zanskar, days are typically a warm 20 °C (68 °F) but with the low humidity and thin air nights can still be cold.
Following the ], secessionist movements in the region were boosted.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/In_Kashmir_theres_azadi_in_the_air/articleshow/3372070.cms|work=Online edition of The Times of India, dated 17 August 2008|title=In Kashmir, there's azadi in air|author=Avijit Ghosh|access-date=28 January 2009|date=17 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103113005/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/In_Kashmir_theres_azadi_in_the_air/articleshow/3372070.cms|archive-date=3 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1838586,00.html | magazine=Time | title=Valley of Tears | date=4 September 2008 | access-date=5 May 2010 | first=Jyoti | last=Thottam | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505142414/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1838586%2C00.html | archive-date=5 May 2010 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The ] resulted in the death of over 90 civilians and the injury of over 15,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/kashmir-unrest-what-was-the-real-death-toll-in-the-state-in-2016-3183290.html|title=Kashmir unrest: What was the real death toll in the state in 2016?|date=2 January 2017|work=]|last1=Yasir|first1=Sameer|access-date=27 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202050228/http://www.firstpost.com/india/kashmir-unrest-what-was-the-real-death-toll-in-the-state-in-2016-3183290.html|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/front-page/after-15000-injuries-govt-to-train-forces-in-pellet-guns/239453.html|title=After 15000 injuries, Govt to train forces in pellet guns|date=23 January 2017|publisher=]|last1=Akmali|first1=Mukeet|access-date=27 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126190856/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/front-page/after-15000-injuries-govt-to-train-forces-in-pellet-guns/239453.html|archive-date=26 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Six policemen, including a sub-inspector were killed in an ambush in Anantnag in June 2017, by trespassing militants of the Pakistan-based ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/five-policemen-killed-in-militant-ambush-in-anantnag-jammu-and-kashmir-live-updates-4707495/|work=Online edition of The Indian Express, dated June 16, 2017|title=Six policemen, including sub-inspector, killed in militant ambush in Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir|author=Express Web Desk|access-date=20 June 2017|date=16 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619142401/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/five-policemen-killed-in-militant-ambush-in-anantnag-jammu-and-kashmir-live-updates-4707495/|archive-date=19 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> An ] on an Indian police convoy in Pulwama, in February 2019, resulted in the deaths of 40 police officers. Responsibility for the attack was claimed by a Pakistan-backed militant group ].<ref name="IT everything"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218104624/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pulwama-attack-2019-everything-about-jammu-and-kashmir-terror-attack-on-crpf-by-terrorist-adil-ahmed-dar-jaish-e-mohammad-1457530-2019-02-16 |date=18 February 2019 }}, India Today, 16 February 2019.</ref>


==Economy== === Dissolution ===
In August 2019, both houses of the ] passed resolutions to ] and extend the ] in its entirety to the state, which was implemented as a constitutional order by the ].<ref name=Venkataramanan>{{citation |author=K. Venkataramanan |title=How the status of Jammu and Kashmir is being changed |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 August 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/explained-how-the-status-of-jammu-and-kashmir-is-being-changed/article28822866.ece?homepage=true |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=29 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129154838/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/explained-how-the-status-of-jammu-and-kashmir-is-being-changed/article28822866.ece?homepage=true |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="co272">{{cite web |title=Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210049.pdf |website=The Gazette of India |publisher=Government of India |access-date=6 August 2019 |date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805094806/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210049.pdf |archive-date=5 August 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the same time, the parliament also passed the ], which contained provisions that dissolved the state of Jammu and Kashmir and established two new ]: the eponymous union territory of ], and that of ].<ref name="Indian Express"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805144345/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jammu-kashmir-bifurcation-ladakh-union-territory-key-takeaways-from-reorganisation-bill-article-370-amit-shah-5880177/ |date=5 August 2019 }}, The Indian Express, 5 August 2019.</ref>
]
]
]. In a famous incident, a ] claimed it to be a ''paradise on Earth''.]]
Jammu and Kashmir's economy is mostly dependent on farming, animal husbandry and tourism.<ref></ref> The Kashmir valley is known for its ], ] as well as agricultural produce like apples, pears and many temperate fruits as well as nuts. ] from Kashmir is used to make high-quality ] bats, popularly known as ''Kashmir Willow''. Kashmiri ] is also very famous and brings the state a handsome amount of foreign exchange. Every year, thousands of Hindu ]s visit holy shrines of ] and ] which has had significant impact on the state's economy.<ref></ref> Though small, the manufacturing and services sector is growing rapidly, especially in the Jammu division. In recent years, several ] companies have opened manufacturing units in the region. The union and state government have planned several industrial parks and ] in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref></ref><ref></ref> However, industrial development in the state faces several major constraints including extreme mountainous landscape and power shortage.<ref></ref> In an attempt to improve the infrastructure in the state, the Indian government has commenced work on the ambitious ] project. The ], which is listed as a ] conglomerate, is based in the state. It reported a gross income of ] 18,394 million for 2005. Before insurgency intensified in 1989, ] formed an important part of the Kashmiri economy. The tourism economy in the Kashmir valley was worst hit. However, the holy shrines of Jammu and the Buddhist monasteries of Ladakh continue to remain popular pilgrimage and tourism destinations. Tourism in the Kashmir valley has rebounded somewhat in recent years, with ] emerging as one of the most popular ] destinations in India. Gulmarg is also home to the world's highest green ].<ref></ref>


The reorganisation act was assented to by the ], and came into effect on 31 October 2019.<ref name="Gazette2">{{citation|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210412.pdf|title=In exercise of the powers conferred by clause a of section 2 of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act.|date=9 August 2019|access-date=9 August 2019|author=Ministry of Home Affairs|work=]|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809153916/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210412.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to these measures, the union government locked down the ], increased security forces, imposed ] that prevented assembly, and placed political leaders such as former Jammu and Kashmir chief ministers ] and ] under house arrest.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806211931/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/article-370-jammu-and-kashmir-live-updates-resolution-to-revoke-article-370-in-lok-sabha-today-2080833 |date=6 August 2019 }}, NDTV, 6 August 2019.</ref> Internet and phone services were also blocked.<ref name="Ratcliffe">{{cite news |last1=Ratcliffe |first1=Rebecca |title=Kashmir: Pakistan will 'go to any extent' to protect Kashmiris |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/06/india-kashmir-pakistan-will-go-to-any-extent-to-protect-kashmiris-special-status |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=6 August 2019 |date=6 August 2019 |archive-date=13 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813083232/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/06/india-kashmir-pakistan-will-go-to-any-extent-to-protect-kashmiris-special-status |url-status=live }}</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813132112/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-49294301 |date=13 August 2019 }}, BBC News, 10 August 2019.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India revokes Kashmir's special status: All the latest updates |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/08/india-revokes-kashmir-special-status-latest-updates-190806134011673.html |website=aljazeera |access-date=10 August 2019 |archive-date=13 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813140034/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/08/india-revokes-kashmir-special-status-latest-updates-190806134011673.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2006, the state's ] stood at ] 12 billion in current prices, making it the ]. Jammu and Kashmir is one of India's least developed states. However it has reaped the benefits of the recent surge in ]. Below is a chart of trend of gross state domestic product of Jammu and Kashmir at market prices by ''Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation'' with figures in millions of Indian Rupees.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Gross State Domestic Product (in million ])
|-
| 1980 || 11,860
|-
| 1985 || 22,560
|-
| 1990 || 36,140
|-
| 1995 || 80,970
|-
| 2000 || 147,500
|-
| 2006 || 539,850
|}


==Administrative divisions==
==Demographics==
] (green), ] (orange) and ] (blue)]]
] praying in a ] in Srinagar.]]
Jammu and Kashmir is the only state in India that has a Muslim majority population. Though Islam is practiced by about 65% of the population of the state and by 95% of the population of the Kashmir valley,<ref name=BBC2003/> the state has large and vibrant communities of ]s, ]s and ]s. In ], Hindus constitute 67% of the population and Muslims 27% and ], 5%; In Ladakh, Buddhists constitute about 51% of the population, the remaining being Muslims. The people of Ladakh are of ] origin, while the southern area of Jammu includes many communities tracing their ancestry to the nearby Indian states of ] and ], as well as the city of ]. In totality, the ] constitute 65% of the population, the ], about 30%, the ], 3% and the ], 2% of the population.<ref></ref>


The state of Jammu and Kashmir consisted of three ]: the ], the ] and ] which are further divided into 22 districts.<ref name=MHA>{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=306 |title=Ministry of Home Affairs:: Department of Jammu & Kashmir Affairs |access-date=28 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208212815/http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=306 |archive-date=8 December 2008 }}</ref> The ], while under Indian military control, did not lie under the administration of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] were districts formed in 2008.<ref name=MHA/>
In the 1901 Census of the British Indian Empire, the population of the princely state of Kashmir was 2,905,578. Of these 2,154,695 were Muslims, 689,073 Hindus, 25,828 Sikhs, and 35,047 Buddhists. The Hindus were found mainly in Jammu, where they constituted a little less than 50% of the population.<ref name=imperialgazetteerkashmir> ''Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume 15''. 1908. Oxford University Press, Oxford and London. pages 99-102.</ref> In the Kashmir Valley, the Hindus represented "only 524 in every 10,000 of the population (''i.e.'' 5.24%), and in the frontier ''wazarats'' of Ladhakh and Gilgit only 94 out of every 10,000 persons (0.94%)."<ref name=imperialgazetteerkashmir/> In the same Census of 1901, in the Kashmir Valley, the total population was recorded to be 1,157,394, of which the Muslim population was 1,083,766, or 93.6% of the population.<ref name=imperialgazetteerkashmir/> These percentages have remained fairly stable for the last 100 years.<ref name=mridurai/> In the 1941 Census of British India, Muslims accounted for 93.6% of the population of the Kashmir Valley and the Hindus constituted 4%.<ref name = mridurai> Rai, Mridu. 2004. ''Hindu Ruler, Muslim Subjects: Islam and the History of Kashmir''. Princeton University Press. 320 pages.


===Districts===
ISBN 0691116881. page 37.</ref> In 2003, the percentage of Muslims in the Kashmir Valley was 95%<ref name=BBC2003>BBC. 2003. </ref> and those of Hindus 4%; the same year, in Jammu, the percentage of Hindus was 67% and those of Muslims 27%.<ref name=BBC2003/>


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 0;"
]
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
In the same Census of 1901, four divisions were recorded among the Muslims of the princely state: ]s, ], Mughals, and ]. The Shaikhs were the most numerous, with clan names (known as ''krams'') including "Tantre," "Shaikh," "Mantu," "Ganai," "Dar," "Damar," "Lon" etc.<ref name=imperialgazetteerkashmir/> The Saiyids, it was recorded "could be divided into those who follow the profession of religion and those who have taken to agriculture and other pursuits. Their ''kram'' name is "Mir." While a Saiyid retains his saintly profession Mir is a prefix; if he has taken to agriculture, Mir is an affix to his name."<ref name=imperialgazetteerkashmir/> The ''Mughals'' who were not numerous were recorded to have ''kram'' names like "Mir" (a corruption of "Mirza"), "Beg," "Bandi," "Bach," and "Ashaye." Finally, it was recorded that the Pathans "who are more numerous than the Mughals, ... are found chiefly in the south-west of the valley, where Pathan colonies have from time to time been founded. The most interesting of these colonies is that of Kuki-Khel Afridis at Dranghaihama, who retain all the old customs and speak Pashtu."<ref name=imperialgazetteerkashmir/>
!rowspan=2| Division
!rowspan=2| Name
!rowspan=2| Headquarters
!| Before 2007<ref>{{citation |url=https://jk.gov.in/jammukashmir/?q=divisions |title=Divisions & Districts |work=Jamu & Kashmir Official Portal |date=2012 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206180631/https://jk.gov.in/jammukashmir/?q=divisions |url-status=live }}</ref>
!colspan=5| After 2007


|-style="vertical-align:top;"
The Hindu population of Kashmir Valley in 1901 was recorded to be 60,641.<ref name=imperialgazetteerkashmir/> Among the Hindus of ''Jammu'' province, who numbered 626,177 (or 90.87% of the Hindu population of the princely state), the most important castes recorded in the census were "] (186,000), the ] (167,000), the ] (48,000) and the ] (93,000)."<ref name=imperialgazetteerkashmir/> According to political scientist Alexander Evans, approximately 95% of the total population of 160,000-170,000 of Kashmiri ], also called ], (''i.e.'' approximately 150,000 to 160,000) left the Kashmir Valley in 1990 as militancy engulfed the state.<ref>Evans, Alexander. 2002. ''Contemporary South Asia'', 11(1):19-37.</ref> According to an estimate by the ], about 300,000 Kashmiri Pandits from the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir have been internally displaced due to the ongoing violence.<ref> https://cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/in.html </ref>
!| Area <br/>(km<sup>2</sup>)
!| Area <br/>(km<sup>2</sup>)
!| Area <br/>(sq miles)
!| Rural Area <br/>(km<sup>2</sup>)
!| Urban Area <br/>(km<sup>2</sup>)
!| Source <br/>for area


|-style="vertical-align:top;"
In Jammu and Kashmir, the principal spoken languages are ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ], Kishtwari. However, Kashmiri written in the Sharada script is the official language of the state. Many speakers of these languages use ] or ] as a second language.<ref name="Ethnologue">{{cite web|url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kas|title = Kashmiri: A language of India |publisher = Ethnologue |accessdate = 2007-09-16}}</ref>
|rowspan=11|]
||]
|| ]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2651|0}}
| {{convert|2502|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2458.84|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|43.16|2}}
|| <ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0107_PART_A_DCHB_KATHUA.pdf |page=8 |work=Census of India 2011, Part A |title=District Census Handbook Kathua |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120172907/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0107_PART_A_DCHB_KATHUA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>


|-style="vertical-align:top;"
== Culture ==
||]
] in Ladakh]]
|| ]
Ladakh is famous for its unique ]-]. ] in ] and ] forms an integral part of Ladakh's Buddhist lifestyle. Annual masked dance festivals, ] and ] are an important part of traditional life in Ladakh. Ladakhi food has much in common with ], the most prominent foods being ], noodle soup; and ], known in Ladakhi as ''Ngampe'', roasted barley flour. Typical garb includes gonchas of velvet, elaborately embroidered waistcoats and boots, and gonads or hats. People, adorned with gold and silver ornaments and turquoise headgears throng the streets during various Ladakhi festivals.
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|3097|0}}
| {{convert|2342|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2089.87|2}} <!-- Part A page 116 says 209810.70 hectares (2,098.1070 km<sup>2</sup>) Part B page 24 says 2,089.87 km<sup>2</sup>-->
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|252.13|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0121_PART_A_DCHB_JAMMU.pdf |pages=13, 51, 116 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Jammu, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116185556/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0121_PART_A_DCHB_JAMMU.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0121_PART_B_DCHB_JAMMU.pdf |pages=13, 24 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Jammu, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055111/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0121_PART_B_DCHB_JAMMU.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>


|-style="vertical-align:top;"
]'' are a common feature in lakes and rivers across the Kashmir valley.]]
||]
The ''Dumhal'' is a famous dance in the Kashmir valley, performed by men of the Wattal region. The women perform the Rouff, another traditional folk dance. Kashmir has been noted for its fine arts for centuries, including poetry and handicrafts. '']'', traditional small wooden boats, and ]s are a common feature in various lakes and rivers across the Valley. The ] does not allow people from regions other than Jammu and Kashmir to purchase land in the state. As a consequence, houseboats became popular among those who were unable to purchase land in the Valley and has now become an integral part of the Kashmiri lifestyle. ''Kawa'', traditional green tea with spices and almond, is consumed all through the day in the chilled winter climate of Kashmir. Most of the buildings in the Valley and Ladakh are made from softwood and is influenced by ], ], and ].
|| ]
|style="text-align:center;"| new district
| {{convert|904|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|865.24|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|38.76|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0122_PART_A_DCHB_SAMBA.pdf |pages=9, 34, 36, 100 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Samba, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054240/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0122_PART_A_DCHB_SAMBA.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0122_PART_B_DCHB_SAMBA.pdf |pages=10, 12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Samba, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055129/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0122_PART_B_DCHB_SAMBA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>


|-style="vertical-align:top;"
Jammu's Dogra culture and tradition is much similar to that of neighbouring ] and ]. Traditional Punjabi festivals such as ] and ] are celebrated with great zeal and enthusiasm throughout the region. After Dogras, '']s'' form the second-largest ethnic group in Jammu. Known for their semi-nomadic lifestyle, Gujjars are also found in large numbers in the Kashmir valley. Similar to Gujjars, ''Gaddis'' are primarily herdsmen who hail from the Chamba region in Himachal Pradesh. Gaddis are generally associated with emotive music played on the ]. The ''Bakkarwala''s found both in Jammu and the Vale of Kashmir are wholly nomadic pastoral people who move along the Himalayan slopes in search for pastures for their huge flocks of goats and sheep.
||]
|| ]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|4550|0}}
| {{convert|2637.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2593.28|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|43.72|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0119_PART_B_DCHB_UDHAMPUR.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Udhampur |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055036/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0119_PART_B_DCHB_UDHAMPUR.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>


|-style="vertical-align:top;"
== Divisions ==
||]
] ] in the ] subdistrict of Kargil.]]
|| ]
Jammu and Kashmir consists of three divisions: Jammu, Kashmir Valley and Ladakh, and is further divided into 22 districts:
|style="text-align:center;"| new district
{|
| {{convert|1719|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|- valign=top
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1679.99|2}}
|
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|39.01|2}}
*]
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0120_PART_A_DCHB_REASI.pdf |pages=9, 37, 88 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Reasi, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054200/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0120_PART_A_DCHB_REASI.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0120_PART_B_DCHB_REASI.pdf |pages=9, 13, 24 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Reasi, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055054/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0120_PART_B_DCHB_REASI.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]


|-style="vertical-align:top;"
| width=25 |
||]
|
|| ]
*]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2630|0}}
*]
| {{convert|2630|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
*]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2608.11|2}}
*]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|21.89|2}}
*]
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0106_PART_A_DCHB_RAJOURI.pdf |pages=11, 107 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Rajouri, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053915/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0106_PART_A_DCHB_RAJOURI.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0106_PART_B_DCHB_RAJOURI.pdf |pages=9, 10, 12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Rajouri, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054900/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0106_PART_B_DCHB_RAJOURI.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
*]
*]
*]


|-style="vertical-align:top;"
| width=25 |
||]
|
|| ]
*]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1674|0}}
*]
| {{convert|1674|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
*]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1649.92|2}}
*]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|24.08|2}}
*]
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0105_PART_A_DCHB_PUNCH.pdf |pages=9, 99 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Punch, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053841/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0105_PART_A_DCHB_PUNCH.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0105_PART_B_DCHB_PUNCH.pdf |pages=11, 13, 24 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Punch, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054835/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0105_PART_B_DCHB_PUNCH.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
*]


|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||]
|| ]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|11691|0}}
| {{convert|8912.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|8892.25|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|19.75|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0116_PART_B_DCHB_DODA.pdf |pages=9, 12, 99 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Doda, Part B |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054946/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0116_PART_B_DCHB_DODA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||]
|| ]
|style="text-align:center"| new district
| {{convert|1329.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1313.92|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|15.08|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0117_PART_B_DCHB_RAMBAN.pdf |pages=10, 12 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Ramban, Part B |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055000/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0117_PART_B_DCHB_RAMBAN.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||]
|| ]
|style="text-align:center;"| new district
| {{convert|1644.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1643.37|2}}<!-- Page 9 says 1643.65, whilst pages 10 and 22 says 1643.37 -->
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|0.63|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0118_PART_B_DCHB_KISHTWAR.pdf |pages=9, 10, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kishtwar, Part B |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055015/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0118_PART_B_DCHB_KISHTWAR.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>Part B page 9 says the rural area is 1643.65 km<sup>2</sup>, whilst pages 10 and 22 says 1643.37 km<sup>2</sup>.</ref>

|- style="background:lightblue; vertical-align:top;"
||Total for division
|| ]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|26293|0}}
| {{convert|26293|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|25794.95|2}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|498.05|2}}
|| calculated

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
|rowspan=11 |]
||]
|| ]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|3984|0}}
| {{convert|3574|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|3475.76|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|98.24|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0114_PART_A_DCHB_ANANTNAG.pdf |page=9 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Anantnag, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053354/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0114_PART_A_DCHB_ANANTNAG.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0114_PART_B_DCHB_ANANTNAG.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Anantnag, Part B |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054309/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0114_PART_B_DCHB_ANANTNAG.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||]
|| ]
|style="text-align:center;"| new district
| {{convert|410|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <!-- Part B page 12 says 404 but page 22 says 410. -->
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|360.20|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|49.80|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0115_PART_A_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |page=10 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kulgam, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053742/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0115_PART_A_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0115_PART_B_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kulgam, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054749/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0115_PART_B_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>Part B page 12 says the area of the district is 404 km<sup>2</sup>, but page 22 says 410 km<sup>2</sup>.</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||]
|| ]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1398|0}}
| {{convert|1086.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1047.45|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|38.55|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0112_PART_B_DCHB_PULWAMA.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Pulwama, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054654/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0112_PART_B_DCHB_PULWAMA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||]
|| ]
|style="text-align:center;"| new district
| {{convert|312.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <!-- Part B pages 12 and 22 say 312.00 km<sup>2</sup>, Part A page 10 says 307.42 km<sup>2</sup>. -->
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|306.56|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|5.44|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0113_PART_A_DCHB_SHUPIYAN.pdf |page=10 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Shupiyan, Part A |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053726/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0113_PART_A_DCHB_SHUPIYAN.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0113_PART_B_DCHB_SUPHIYAN.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Shupiyan, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054712/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0113_PART_B_DCHB_SUPHIYAN.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>Part B pages 12 and 22 say the district area is 312.00 km<sup>2</sup>, but Part A page 10 says 307.42 km<sup>2</sup>.</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||]
|| ]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1371|0}}
| {{convert|1361|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <!-- Part A says 1371, Part B says 1371 (page 11) and 1361 (pages 12 and) -->
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1311.95|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|49.05|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0102_PART_A_DCHB_BADGAM.pdf |pages=10, 46 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Badgam, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053410/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0102_PART_A_DCHB_BADGAM.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0102_PART_B_DCHB_BADGAM.pdf |pages=11, 12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Badgam, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054333/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0102_PART_B_DCHB_BADGAM.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>Part A says the district area is 1371 km<sup>2</sup>, Part B says 1371 km<sup>2</sup> (page 11) and 1361 km<sup>2</sup> (page 12s and 22).</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||]
|| ]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2228|0}}
| {{convert|1978.95|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <!-- Part A page 48 shows the district with an area of 2228.0 km<sup>2</sup> in 2001 and 1978.95 km<sup>2</sup> in 2011 -->
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1684.42|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|294.53|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0110_PART_A_DCHB_SRINAGAR.pdf |pages=11, 48 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Srinagar, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053602/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0110_PART_A_DCHB_SRINAGAR.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>Part A page 48 says the district area was 2228.0 km<sup>2</sup> in 2001 and 1978.95 km<sup>2</sup> in 2011.</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||]
|| ]
|style="text-align:center;"| new district
| {{convert|259|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <!-- Part B page 11 says 393.04 km<sup>2</sup>, pages 12 and 22 say 259.00 km<sup>2</sup> -->
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|233.60|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|25.40|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0111_PART_B_DCHB_GANDERBAL.pdf |pages=11, 12 and 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Ganderbal, Part B |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054514/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0111_PART_B_DCHB_GANDERBAL.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>Part B page 11 says the district area is 393.04 km<sup>2</sup>, but pages 12 and 22 say 259.00 km<sup>2</sup>.</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||]
|| ]
|style="text-align:center;"| new district
| {{convert|345|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|295.37|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|49.63|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0109_PART_A_DCHB_BANDIPORE.pdf |pages=10, 47 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Bandipora, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053429/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0109_PART_A_DCHB_BANDIPORE.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0109_PART_B_DCHB_BANDIPORE.pdf |pages=11, 20 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Bandipora, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054400/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0109_PART_B_DCHB_BANDIPORE.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||]
|| ]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|4588|0}}
| {{convert|4243|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|4179.44|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|63.56|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0108_PART_A_DCHB_BARAMULA.pdf |page=11 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Baramulla, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053447/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0108_PART_A_DCHB_BARAMULA.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0108_PART_B_DCHB_BARAMULA.pdf |page=22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Baramulla, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054424/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0108_PART_B_DCHB_BARAMULA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||]
|| ]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2379|0}}
| {{convert|2379|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2331.66|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|47.34|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0101_PART_A_DCHB_KUPWARA.pdf |page=7 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kupwara, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053817/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0101_PART_A_DCHB_KUPWARA.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0101_PART_B_DCHB_KUPWARA.pdf |pages=11, 12 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kupwara, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054812/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0101_PART_B_DCHB_KUPWARA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

|- style="background:lightblue; vertical-align:top;"
||Total for division
|| ]
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|15948|0}}
| {{convert|15,948.00|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|15226.41|2}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|721.54|2}}
|| calculated

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
|rowspan=3| ]
||]
|| ]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|14036|0}}
| {{convert|14036|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|14033.86|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2.14|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0104_PART_A_DCHB_KARGIL.pdf |page=10 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kargil, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053632/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0104_PART_A_DCHB_KARGIL.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0104_PART_B_DCHB_KARGIL.pdf |pages=11, 12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kargil, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054607/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0104_PART_B_DCHB_KARGIL.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||]
|| ]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|45110|0}}
| {{convert|45110.0|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|45085.99|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|24.01|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0103_PART_B_DCHB_LEH%20(LADAKH).pdf |page=22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Leh, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054453/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0103_PART_B_DCHB_LEH%20(LADAKH).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

|- style="background:lightblue; vertical-align:top;"
||Total for division
|| ] and ]
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|59146.00|0}}
| {{convert|59,146.00|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|59119.85|2}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|26.15|2}}
|| calculated

|-class=sortbottom
|colspan=3| Total
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|101387|0}}
| {{convert|101387.00|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|100141.21|2}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|1245.74|2}}
|| calculated
|} |}


==Demographics==
The ], though under Indian control, does not lie under the administration of the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
{{Historical population
| source = ]<ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |title=A-2 Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901 |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=9 August 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808131957/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| footnoate = † 1951 and 1991 populations are estimated
| 1961 | 3560976
| 1971 | 4616632
| 1981 | 5987389
| 1991 | 7837051
| 2001 | 10143700
| 2011 | 12541302
}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
| caption=Jammu & Kashmir: mother-tongue of population, according to the ].<ref name="census2011-C16">{{cite report |title = C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Jammu & Kashmir |url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0100.XLSX |publisher = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date = 18 July 2020 |date = |archive-date = 12 January 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200112015559/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0100.XLSX |url-status = live }}</ref>
|label1 = ] |value1 = 51.72 |color1 = LightGreen
|label2 = ] |value2 = 20.04 |color2 = Indigo
|label3 = ] |value3 = 9.05 |color3 = MediumVioletRed
|label4 = ] |value4 = 7.80 |color4 = Salmon
|label5 = ] |value5 = 2.43 |color5 = Yellow
|label6 = ] |value6 = 1.75 |color6 = DarkGoldenrod
|label7 = ] |value7 = 0.80 |color7 = DarkSlateBlue
|label8 = ] |value8 = 0.78 |color8 = Tomato
|label9 = ] |value9 = 0.74 |color9 = DarkGreen
|label10 = ]|value10 = 0.62 |color10 = Cyan
|label11 = Others |value11 = 4.27 |color11 = Black
}}


Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a ]-majority population.<ref>Larson, Gerald James. "India's Agony Over Religion", 1995, page 245</ref> In the ] held in 1961, the first to be conducted after the formation of the state, ] was practised by 68.31% of the population, while 28.45% followed ]. The proportion of population that practised Islam fell to 64.19% by 1981 but recovered afterward.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/share-of-muslims-and-hindus-in-jk-population-same-in-1961-2011-censuses/|title=Share of Muslims and Hindus in J&K population same in 1961, 2011 Censuses|date=29 December 2016|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105841/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/share-of-muslims-and-hindus-in-jk-population-same-in-1961-2011-censuses/|archive-date=30 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the 2011 census, the last to be conducted in the state, Islam was practised by about 68.3% of the state population, while 28.4% followed Hinduism and small minorities followed ] (1.9%), ] (0.9%) and ] (0.3%).<ref name="2011census">{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community |publisher=], ] |year=2011 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=13 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Education==
] near Shey.]]
In 1970, the State Government of Jammu and Kashmir established its own education board and university. Education in the state is divided into primary, middle, high secondary, college and university level. Jammu and Kashmir follows 10+2 pattern for education of children. This is handled by ] (abbreviated as JKBOSE). Various private and public schools are recognized by the board to impart education to students. Board examinations are conducted for students in class VIII, X and XII. In addition there are various ''Kendriya Vidyalayas'' (run by the ]) and ] schools that also impart secondary school education. These schools follow the ] pattern. Notable higher education or research institutes in Jammu and Kashmir include Govt. College of Engineering and Technology of Jammu, ] and the Government Medical College of Jammu. University-level education is provided by ], ], ], ], and ].


The state's official language was ], which occupied a central space in media, education, religious and political discourses and the legislature of Jammu and Kashmir; the language functioned as a symbol of identity among Muslims of South Asia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bhat|first1=M. Ashraf|title=Emergence of the Urdu Discourses in Kashmir|date=9 September 2011|publisher=LANGUAGE IN INDIA|edition=11}}</ref> The first language of less than 1% of the population, it was regarded as a "neutral" and non-native language of the multilingual region, and broadly accepted by Kashmiri Muslims.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Farouqi|first1=Ather|title=Redefining Urdu Politics in India|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="Pandharipande"/> The dominant position of Urdu has been criticised for rendering Kashmiri into a functional "minority language", effectively restricting its use to households and family.<ref name="Pandharipande">{{citation |last=Pandharipande |first=Rajeshwari |title=Minority Matters: Issues in Minority Languages in India |url=http://www.unesco.org/most/vl4n2pandhari.pdf |journal=International Journal on Multicultural Societies |volume=4 |number=2 |year=2002 |pages=3–4 |access-date=21 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615133850/http://www.unesco.org/most/vl4n2pandhari.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="KachruKachru2008">{{citation|last1=Kachru|first1=Braj B.|last2=Kachru|first2=Yamuna|last3=Sridhar|first3=S. N.|title=Language in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA132|date=27 March 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-46550-2|pages=132–}}</ref>


The most widely spoken language is ], the mother tongue of {{sigfig|53.27|2}}% of the population according to the 2011 census. Other major languages include ] ({{sigfig|20.04|2}}%), ] ({{sigfig|9.05|2}}%), ] ({{sigfig|7.8|2}}%), ] ({{sigfig|2.43|2}}%), ] ({{sigfig|1.75|2}}%),<ref name="census2011-C16"/> ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. Additionally, several other languages, predominantly found in neighbouring regions, are also spoken by communities within Jammu and Kashmir: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{Ethnologue21}}<!--Khowar not included: ]; Domari not included: see https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/doma1258 inter alia; Sheikhgal and Hindko not listed by ethnologue but see refs in the respective wikipedia articles--></ref>
== Notes ==
{{citation style}}
<!--meaning, no un-encapsulated links: English titles, dates, publications, etc, for each and every one before removing this tag, please]-->
{{reflist}}


==Government==
{{Jammu and Kashmir}}
Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India which had special autonomy under ] of the ], according to which no law enacted by the ], except for those in the field of defence, communication and foreign policy, would be extendable in Jammu and Kashmir unless it was ratified by the state legislature of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiatodaygroup.com/itoday/20000703/states.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021020626/http://www.indiatodaygroup.com/itoday/20000703/states.html|url-status=dead|title=States: Jammu & Kashmir: Repeating History:By Harinder Baweja (3 July 2000)India Today|archive-date=21 October 2007}}</ref> The state was able to define the ] of the state who alone had the privilege to vote in state elections, the right to seek government jobs and the ability to own land or property in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldstory.php?storyid=46240 |title=Sorry |publisher=Indianexpress.com |access-date=18 July 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
{{India}}


Jammu and Kashmir was the only Indian state to have its own official ], along with India's ],<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|title=Under BJP pressure, J&K withdraws flag order|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maintain-sanctity-of-state-flag-says-jk-govt/article6990160.ece|access-date=28 April 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904052545/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maintain-sanctity-of-state-flag-says-jk-govt/article6990160.ece|archive-date=4 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> in addition to a separate constitution. Designed by the then ruling National Conference, the flag of Jammu and Kashmir featured a ] on a red background symbolising labour; it replaced the Maharaja's state flag. The three stripes represented the three distinct administrative divisions of the state, namely Jammu, Valley of Kashmir, and Ladakh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jkgad.nic.in/statutory/Rules-Costitution-of-J&K.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507200338/http://jkgad.nic.in/statutory/Rules-Costitution-of-J%26K.pdf|url-status=dead|title=The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir|archive-date=7 May 2012}}</ref>
== External links ==
* {{wikitravel}}
* {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/India/Jammu_and_Kashmir/}}
*


Like all the states of India, Jammu and Kashmir had a multi-party democratic system of governance and had a bicameral legislature. At the time of drafting the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir, 100 seats were earmarked for direct elections from territorial constituencies. Of these, 25 seats were reserved for the areas of Jammu and Kashmir state that came under Pakistani control; this was reduced to 24 after the 12th amendment of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmir-information.com/LegalDocs/140.html |title=Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir Section 4 Read with Section 48(a) |publisher=Kashmir-information.com |access-date=16 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507120652/http://www.kashmir-information.com/LegalDocs/140.html |archive-date= 7 May 2013 }}</ref> After a ] in 1988, the total number of seats increased to 111, of which 87 were within Indian-administered territory.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/10/24/stories/2002102403261300.htm|title=The vacant seats|author=Luv Puri|access-date=9 April 2009|location=Chennai, India|date=24 October 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106233528/http://www.hindu.com/2002/10/24/stories/2002102403261300.htm|archive-date=6 November 2012|work=]|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Jammu and Kashmir Assembly had a 6-year term, in contrast to the norm of a 5-year term followed in every other state assemblies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/10/27/stories/2005102700451000.htm |work=The Hindu Businessline |date=27 October 2005 |title=It is introspection time for Congress in J&K |author=Rasheeda Bhagat |access-date=9 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106150533/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/10/27/stories/2005102700451000.htm |archive-date=6 January 2006}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|This anomaly arose because Jammu and Kashmir accepted the provision in the ] but did not accept its repeal in the ].<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920133756/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/no-need-for-constitutional-amendment-to-bring-jk-under-one-nation-one-election-bjp/ |date=20 September 2019 }}, Greater Kashmir, 22 June 2019.</ref><ref>Meenakshi Lekhi, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920130750/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/Chargesheet/why-isn-t-kashmir-secular-cong-ncp-must-answer/ |date=20 September 2019 }}, The Economic Times blog, 9 January 2014.</ref>}} In 2005, it was reported that the ]-led government in the state intended to amend the term to bring parity with the other states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051119/j&k.htm#3|work=The Tribune|date=19 November 2005|title=Govt plans to reduce J&K Assembly's term to 5 years|access-date=28 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210095444/http://tribuneindia.com/2005/20051119/j%26k.htm#3|archive-date=10 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
]
]
]
]
]
]
]


=== Central provisions ===
]
In 1990, an ] of India, which gave special powers to the Indian security forces, including the detaining of individuals for up to two years without presenting charges, was enforced in Jammu and Kashmir,<ref> Indian Ministry of Law and Justice Published by the Authority of New Deli</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Huey |first=Caitlin |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2011/03/28/amnesty-international-cites-human-rights-abuse-in-kashmir |title=Amnesty International Cites Human Rights Abuse in Kashmir |work=U.S. News & World Report |date=28 March 2011 |access-date=6 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430022351/http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2011/03/28/amnesty-international-cites-human-rights-abuse-in-kashmir |archive-date=30 April 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> a decision which drew criticism from ] and Amnesty International for violating human rights.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911131209/http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/08/18/india19628.htm |date=11 September 2008 }} ]. Retrieved 11 September 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/07/india-accountability-still-missing-for-human-rights-violations-in-jammu-and-kashmir/|title=India: Accountability still missing for human rights violations in Jammu and Kashmir|date=July 2015|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=16 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110032240/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/07/india-accountability-still-missing-for-human-rights-violations-in-jammu-and-kashmir/|archive-date=10 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Security forces claimed that many missing people were not detained, but had crossed into Pakistan-administered Kashmir to engage in militancy.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|title=Kashmir graves: Human Rights Watch calls for inquiry|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14660253|access-date=30 July 2012|work=BBC News|date=25 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825172700/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14660253|archive-date=25 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
]

]
==Economy==
]
The economy of Jammu and Kashmir was predominantly dependent on agriculture and related activities.<ref name="SDR3A">{{cite web|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_jandk/sdr_jkch3a.pdf|title=CHAPTER III : Socio-Economic and Administrative Development|work=Jammu & Kashmir Development Report|publisher=State Plan Division, Planning Commission, Government of India|access-date=5 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130192441/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_jandk/sdr_jkch3a.pdf|archive-date=30 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Horticulture played a vital role in the economic development of the state; produce included apples, apricots, cherries, pears, plums, almonds and walnuts.<ref name="SDR4">{{cite web|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_jandk/sdr_jkch4.pdf|title=CHAPTER IV : Potential Sectors of State Economy|work=Jammu & Kashmir Development Report|publisher=State Plan Division, Planning Commission, Government of India|access-date=5 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902133139/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_jandk/sdr_jkch4.pdf|archive-date=2 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ], rich in high-grade ], had active mines until the 1989 insurgency; in 1998, the government discovered that smugglers had occupied these mines and stolen much of the resource.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/06/20/stories/2008062050010100.htm |title=Sapphire-rich Kashmir |author=Haroon Mirani |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line |date=20 June 2008 |access-date=5 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091102130509/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/06/20/stories/2008062050010100.htm |archive-date=2 November 2009 }}</ref> Industrial development was constrained by the extreme mountainous landscape and power shortage.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/apr/02power.htm | title = Power shortage to hit India Inc | date = 2 April 2008 | publisher = Rediff News | access-date = 25 January 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121026013942/http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/apr/02power.htm | archive-date = 26 October 2012 | url-status=live | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Along with ] and ], tourism is an important industry for Jammu and Kashmir, accounting for about 7% to its economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/jammu-and-kashmir-s-tourism-flourishes-receives-highest-footfall-since-independence-1947-11665122159734.html|title=Jammu and Kashmir's tourism flourishes, receives highest footfall since Independence|date=7 October 2022 }}</ref>
]

]
Jammu and Kashmir was one of the largest recipients of grants from India; in 2004, this amounted to US$812&nbsp;million.<ref name="Eco">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/18/world/border-tension-a-growth-industry-for-kashmir.html|title=Border Tension a Growth Industry for Kashmir|author=Amy Waldman|newspaper=The New York Times|date=18 October 2002|access-date=5 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830093410/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/18/world/border-tension-a-growth-industry-for-kashmir.html|archive-date=30 August 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Tourism, which was integral to the economy, witnessed a decline owing to the insurgency, but foreign tourism later rebounded, and in 2009, the state was one among the top tourist destinations in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200903181221.htm|work=Online edition of The Hindu, dated 18 March 2009|title=Foreign tourists flock Kashmir|access-date=18 March 2009|location=Chennai, India|date=18 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109091716/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200903181221.htm|archive-date=9 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The economy was also benefited by ] pilgrims who visited the shrines of ] and ] annually.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200709130350.htm |work=Online edition of The Hindu, dated 13 September 2007 |title=Amarnath Board to study yatra impact on Kashmir economy |access-date=6 June 2009 |location=Chennai, India |date=13 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109091413/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200709130350.htm |archive-date=9 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The British government had reiterated its advise against all travel to Jammu and Kashmir in 2013, with certain exceptions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/asia-oceania/india |title=India travel advice&nbsp;– GOV.UK |publisher=Fco.gov.uk |date=9 April 2013 |access-date=16 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325081359/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/asia-oceania/india |archive-date=25 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
]

]
==See also==
]
{{Portal|Geography|Asia|India}}
]
] * ]

]
==Notes==
]
{{reflist|group=note}}
]
{{Notelist}}
]

]
==References==
]
=== Citations ===
]
{{Reflist|30em}}
]

]
=== Sources ===
]
* {{citation |last=Korbel |first=Josef |author-link=Josef Korbel |title=The Kashmir dispute after six years |journal=] |volume=7 |pages=498–510 |number=4 |year=1953 |doi=10.1017/S0020818300007256 |s2cid=155022750 |issn=0020-8183 }}
]
* {{citation |last=Korbel |first=Josef |author-link=Josef Korbel |title=Danger in Kashmir |publisher=Princeton University Press |edition=second |year=1966 |orig-year=first published 1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q7WCgAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Korbel, Danger in Kashmir|1966}}|isbn=9781400875238 }}
]
* {{citation
]
| last = Schofield
]
| first = Victoria
]
| year = 2003
]
| title = Kashmir in Conflict
]
| publisher = I.B.Tauris
]
| isbn = 978-1-86064-898-4
]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC
]
}}
]
* {{citation |last1=Snedden |first1=Christopher |date=2003 |title=Kashmir: The Untold Story |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGO0qkqA2X0C |location=New Delhi |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |isbn=9780143030874}}
]
* {{citation |last=Varshney |first=Ashutosh |author-link=Ashutosh Varshney |chapter=Three Compromised Nationalisms: Why Kashmir has been a Problem |editor=Raju G. C. Thomas |title=Perspectives on Kashmir: the roots of conflict in South Asia |year=1992 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0-8133-8343-9 |pages= |chapter-url=https://apps.cndls.georgetown.edu/courses/rudolph/g238/files/Varshney-_1992-Why-Kashmir.pdf |url=https://archive.org/details/perspectivesonka00thom/page/191 }}
]

]
==Further reading==
]
* {{citation |first=Sumantra |last=Bose |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-674-01173-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/00book939526581 }}
]
* {{citation |title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir |first=Mridu |last=Rai | publisher=C. Hurst & Co |year=2004 |isbn=978-1850656616}}
]

]
{{Regions and administrative territories of Kashmir}}
{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}
{{Authority control}}

]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 15:50, 14 November 2024

1952–2019 state administered by India This article is about the former state. For the current union territory, see Jammu and Kashmir (union territory). For the former princely state, see Jammu and Kashmir (princely state).

State of Jammu and Kashmir
Region formerly administered by India as a state
1952–2019
Flag of Jammu and Kashmir Flag Emblem of Jammu and Kashmir Emblem

Map of Jammu and Kashmir
CapitalSrinagar (May–October)
Jammu (November–April)
Area
 • Coordinates34°00′N 76°30′E / 34.0°N 76.5°E / 34.0; 76.5
Government
Governor 
• 1952–1965 as Sadr-e-Riyasat; 1965–1967 Karan Singh (first)
• 2018–2019 Satya Pal Malik (last)
Chief Minister 
• 1952–1953 as Prime Minister Sheikh Abdullah (first)
• 2016–2018 Mehbooba Mufti (last)
LegislatureJammu and Kashmir Legislature
• Upper houseJammu and Kashmir Legislative Council (36 seats)
• Lower houseJammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly (89 seats)
History 
• Abolition of monarchy 17 November 1952
• Presidential order of 1954 14 May 1954
• Reorganized into Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh 31 October 2019
Political subdivisions22 districts
Preceded by Succeeded by
Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)
Ladakh

Jammu and Kashmir was a region formerly administered by India as a state from 1952 to 2019, constituting the southern and southeastern portion of the larger Kashmir region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India, Pakistan and China since the mid-20th century. The underlying region of this state were parts of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, whose western districts, now known as Azad Kashmir, and northern territories, now known as Gilgit-Baltistan, are administered by Pakistan. The Aksai Chin region in the east, bordering Tibet, has been under Chinese control since 1962.

After the Government of India repealed the special status accorded to Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 of the Indian constitution in 2019, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, which contained provisions that dissolved the state and reorganised it into two union territoriesJammu and Kashmir in the west and Ladakh in the east, with effect from 31 October 2019. At the time of its dissolution, Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a Muslim-majority population.

History

For the pre-1952 history, see Kashmir § History.

Establishment

After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was divided between India (which controlled the regions of Jammu, Kashmir Valley, and Ladakh) and Pakistan (which controlled Gilgit–Baltistan and Azad Kashmir). Maharaja Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession on 26 October 1947 after an invasion by Pakistani tribesmen. Sheikh Abdullah was appointed as the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir as part of an interim government by Maharaja Hari Singh in March 1948. In order to integrate the provisions of the instrument of accession relating to the powers of the state and Indian government, the Constituent Assembly of India drew up the draft provision named Article 306-A, which would later become Article 370.

A constituent assembly for Jammu and Kashmir was convened to frame a new constitution for the state in October 1951, after an election in which all the seats were won by the Jammu & Kashmir National Conference party of Abdullah.

Abdullah reached an agreement termed as the "Delhi Agreement" with Jawaharlal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India, on 24 July 1952. It extended provisions of the Constitution of India regarding citizenship and fundamental rights to the state, in addition to the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India. Agreements were also reached on issues of abolishing the monarchy, as well as the state being allowed a separate flag and official language. The Delhi Agreement spelt out the relationship between the central government and the state through recognizing the autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir, while also declaring it as an integral part of India and granting the central government control of several subjects that were not a part of the instrument of accession.

The government of Jammu and Kashmir quickly moved to adopt the provisions of the agreement. The recommendations of the Drafting Committee on the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir regarding the monarchy were accepted by the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir on 21 August 1952. The Jammu and Kashmir Constitution Act 1939 was amended in November 1952 to adopt the resolutions and the monarchy was officially abolished on 12 November. The regent Karan Singh was formally elected as the Sadar-i-Riyasat or head of state by the Constituent Assembly and was later recognized by the President of India. The amendments incorporating the provisions into the state constitution entered into force on 17 November.

Integration with India

Abdullah however sought to make Article 370 permanent and began calling for the secession of the state from India, which led to his arrest in 1953. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad then became the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. The Constituent Assembly of the state passed a resolution in February 1954, extending some provisions of the Constitution of India and formally ratifying the accession of the state to India per the Instrument of Accession. A Presidential Order was passed on 14 May 1954 to implement the Delhi Agreement, drawing its validity from the resolution of the Constituent Assembly.

The new Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir was adopted on 17 November 1956 and came into force on 26 January 1957. Following this, the state constituent assembly dissolved itself and elections were held for the legislative assembly in 1957, with the National Conference winning 68 out of 75 seats.

In 1956–57, China constructed a road through the disputed Aksai Chin area of Ladakh. India's belated discovery of this road culminated in the Sino-Indian War of 1962; China has since administered Aksai Chin. Following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, India and Pakistan signed the Simla Agreement, recognising a Line of Control in Kashmir, and committing to a peaceful resolution of the dispute through bilateral negotiations.

In December 1964, the Indian government extended provisions of Articles 356 and 357 of the Constitution of India, which allowed for President's rule in the state. In April 1965, the legislative assembly approved renaming the positions of Sadar-i-Riyasat to Governor and Wazir-i-Azam (Prime Minister) to Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. Though the change had no actual effect on the legal structure of the state, it conveyed that the government of Jammu and Kashmir was equal to that of any other Indian state.

Despite Nehru releasing the imprisoned Abdullah in April 1964 to initiate dialogue with Pakistan, it viewed these developments as leading to the inseparability of Jammu and Kashmir from India and launched an armed conflict, infiltrating Kashmir during Operation Gibraltar in August 1965. However, it ultimately failed in its objective and both countries returned to the status quo after the Tashkent Declaration of 1966. The government of Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq meanwhile rapidly extended many provisions of the Indian Constitution to further integrate the state into India.

The failure of Pakistan in the 1971 Indo-Pakistani war weakened the Kashmiri nationalist movement and Abdullah dropped demands of secession. Under the Indira–Sheikh Accord of 1975, he recognised the region as a part of India, the state legislature requiring the approval of the President to make laws, and the Parliament of India being able to promulgate laws against secessionism. In return, Article 370 was left untouched and Abdullah became the Chief Minister of the state. The region remained mostly peaceful until his death in 1982.

Kashmir insurgency

In the late 1980s, discontent over the high-handed policies of the union government and allegations of the rigging of the 1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election triggered a violent uprising and armed insurgency which was backed by Pakistan. Pakistan claimed to be giving its "moral and diplomatic" support to the separatist movement. The Inter-Services Intelligence of Pakistan has been accused by India and the international community of supporting, supplying arms and training mujahideen, to fight in Jammu and Kashmir. In 2015, former President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf admitted that Pakistan had supported and trained insurgent groups in the 1990s. India has repeatedly called Pakistan to end its "cross-border terrorism" in Kashmir.

Since 1989, a prolonged, bloody conflict between the Islamic militant separatists and the Indian Army took place, both of whom have been accused of widespread human rights abuses, including abductions, massacres, rapes and armed robbery. Several new militant groups with radical Islamic views emerged and changed the ideological emphasis of the movement to Islamic. This was facilitated by a large influx of Islamic "Jihadi" fighters (mujahadeen) who had entered the Kashmir valley following the end of the Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s.

By 1999, 94 out of the 97 subjects in the Union List and 260 out of 395 articles of the Constitution of India had become applicable in the state, though it retained some of its autonomy. Article 370 had meanwhile become mostly symbolic.

Police and protesters confronting each other in Kashmir, 2018

Following the 2008 Kashmir unrest, secessionist movements in the region were boosted. The 2016–17 Kashmir unrest resulted in the death of over 90 civilians and the injury of over 15,000. Six policemen, including a sub-inspector were killed in an ambush in Anantnag in June 2017, by trespassing militants of the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Toiba. An attack on an Indian police convoy in Pulwama, in February 2019, resulted in the deaths of 40 police officers. Responsibility for the attack was claimed by a Pakistan-backed militant group Jaish-e-Mohammed.

Dissolution

In August 2019, both houses of the Parliament of India passed resolutions to amend Article 370 and extend the Constitution of India in its entirety to the state, which was implemented as a constitutional order by the President of India. At the same time, the parliament also passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, which contained provisions that dissolved the state of Jammu and Kashmir and established two new union territories: the eponymous union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, and that of Ladakh.

The reorganisation act was assented to by the President of India, and came into effect on 31 October 2019. Prior to these measures, the union government locked down the Kashmir Valley, increased security forces, imposed Section 144 that prevented assembly, and placed political leaders such as former Jammu and Kashmir chief ministers Omar Abdullah and Mehbooba Mufti under house arrest. Internet and phone services were also blocked.

Administrative divisions

The Divisions of Jammu and Kashmir: Kashmir (green), Jammu (orange) and Ladakh (blue)

The state of Jammu and Kashmir consisted of three divisions: the Jammu Division, the Kashmir Division and Ladakh which are further divided into 22 districts. The Siachen Glacier, while under Indian military control, did not lie under the administration of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Kishtwar, Ramban, Reasi, Samba, Bandipora, Ganderbal, Kulgam and Shopian were districts formed in 2008.

Districts

Division Name Headquarters Before 2007 After 2007
Area
(km)
Area
(km)
Area
(sq miles)
Rural Area
(km)
Urban Area
(km)
Source
for area
Jammu Kathua district Kathua 2,651 2,502 966 2,458.84 43.16
Jammu district Jammu 3,097 2,342 904 2,089.87 252.13
Samba district Samba new district 904 349 865.24 38.76
Udhampur district Udhampur 4,550 2,637 1,018 2,593.28 43.72
Reasi district Reasi new district 1,719 664 1,679.99 39.01
Rajouri district Rajouri 2,630 2,630 1,015 2,608.11 21.89
Poonch district Poonch 1,674 1,674 646 1,649.92 24.08
Doda district Doda 11,691 8,912 3,441 8,892.25 19.75
Ramban district Ramban new district 1,329 513 1,313.92 15.08
Kishtwar district Kishtwar new district 1,644 635 1,643.37 0.63
Total for division Jammu 26,293 26,293 10,152 25,794.95 498.05 calculated
Kashmir Anantnag district Anantnag 3,984 3,574 1,380 3,475.76 98.24
Kulgam district Kulgam new district 410 158 360.20 49.80
Pulwama district Pulwama 1,398 1,086 419 1,047.45 38.55
Shopian district Shopian new district 312 120 306.56 5.44
Budgam district Budgam 1,371 1,361 525 1,311.95 49.05
Srinagar district Srinagar 2,228 1,979 764 1,684.42 294.53
Ganderbal district Ganderbal new district 259 100 233.60 25.40
Bandipora district Bandipora new district 345 133 295.37 49.63
Baramulla district Baramulla 4,588 4,243 1,638 4,179.44 63.56
Kupwara district Kupwara 2,379 2,379 919 2,331.66 47.34
Total for division Srinagar 15,948 15,948 6,158 15,226.41 721.54 calculated
Ladakh Kargil district Kargil 14,036 14,036 5,419 14,033.86 2.14
Leh district Leh 45,110 45,110 17,417 45,085.99 24.01
Total for division Leh and Kargil 59,146 59,146 22,836 59,119.85 26.15 calculated
Total 101,387 101,387 39,146 100,141.21 1,245.74 calculated

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1961 3,560,976—    
1971 4,616,632+29.6%
1981 5,987,389+29.7%
1991 7,837,051+30.9%
2001 10,143,700+29.4%
2011 12,541,302+23.6%
Source: Census of India

Jammu & Kashmir: mother-tongue of population, according to the 2011 Census of India.

  Kashmiri (51.72%)  Dogri (20.04%)  Gojri (9.05%)  Pahari (7.80%)  Hindi (2.43%)  Punjabi (1.75%)  Bauti (0.80%)  Bhadrawahi (0.78%)  Purki (0.74%)  Sarazi (0.62%)  Others (4.27%)

Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a Muslim-majority population. In the Census of India held in 1961, the first to be conducted after the formation of the state, Islam was practised by 68.31% of the population, while 28.45% followed Hinduism. The proportion of population that practised Islam fell to 64.19% by 1981 but recovered afterward. According to the 2011 census, the last to be conducted in the state, Islam was practised by about 68.3% of the state population, while 28.4% followed Hinduism and small minorities followed Sikhism (1.9%), Buddhism (0.9%) and Christianity (0.3%).

The state's official language was Urdu, which occupied a central space in media, education, religious and political discourses and the legislature of Jammu and Kashmir; the language functioned as a symbol of identity among Muslims of South Asia. The first language of less than 1% of the population, it was regarded as a "neutral" and non-native language of the multilingual region, and broadly accepted by Kashmiri Muslims. The dominant position of Urdu has been criticised for rendering Kashmiri into a functional "minority language", effectively restricting its use to households and family.

The most widely spoken language is Kashmiri, the mother tongue of 53% of the population according to the 2011 census. Other major languages include Dogri (20%), Gojri (9.1%), Pahari (7.8%), Hindi (2.4%), Punjabi (1.8%), Balti, Bateri, Bhadarwahi, Brokskat, Changthang, Ladakhi, Purik, Sheikhgal, Spiti Bhoti, and Zangskari. Additionally, several other languages, predominantly found in neighbouring regions, are also spoken by communities within Jammu and Kashmir: Bhattiyali, Chambeali, Churahi, Gaddi, Hindko, Lahul Lohar, Pangwali, Pattani, Sansi, and Shina.

Government

Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India which had special autonomy under Article 370 of the Constitution of India, according to which no law enacted by the Parliament of India, except for those in the field of defence, communication and foreign policy, would be extendable in Jammu and Kashmir unless it was ratified by the state legislature of Jammu and Kashmir. The state was able to define the permanent residents of the state who alone had the privilege to vote in state elections, the right to seek government jobs and the ability to own land or property in the state.

Jammu and Kashmir was the only Indian state to have its own official state flag, along with India's national flag, in addition to a separate constitution. Designed by the then ruling National Conference, the flag of Jammu and Kashmir featured a plough on a red background symbolising labour; it replaced the Maharaja's state flag. The three stripes represented the three distinct administrative divisions of the state, namely Jammu, Valley of Kashmir, and Ladakh.

Like all the states of India, Jammu and Kashmir had a multi-party democratic system of governance and had a bicameral legislature. At the time of drafting the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir, 100 seats were earmarked for direct elections from territorial constituencies. Of these, 25 seats were reserved for the areas of Jammu and Kashmir state that came under Pakistani control; this was reduced to 24 after the 12th amendment of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir. After a delimitation in 1988, the total number of seats increased to 111, of which 87 were within Indian-administered territory. The Jammu and Kashmir Assembly had a 6-year term, in contrast to the norm of a 5-year term followed in every other state assemblies. In 2005, it was reported that the Indian National Congress-led government in the state intended to amend the term to bring parity with the other states.

Central provisions

In 1990, an Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act of India, which gave special powers to the Indian security forces, including the detaining of individuals for up to two years without presenting charges, was enforced in Jammu and Kashmir, a decision which drew criticism from Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International for violating human rights. Security forces claimed that many missing people were not detained, but had crossed into Pakistan-administered Kashmir to engage in militancy.

Economy

The economy of Jammu and Kashmir was predominantly dependent on agriculture and related activities. Horticulture played a vital role in the economic development of the state; produce included apples, apricots, cherries, pears, plums, almonds and walnuts. The Doda district, rich in high-grade sapphire, had active mines until the 1989 insurgency; in 1998, the government discovered that smugglers had occupied these mines and stolen much of the resource. Industrial development was constrained by the extreme mountainous landscape and power shortage. Along with horticulture and agriculture, tourism is an important industry for Jammu and Kashmir, accounting for about 7% to its economy.

Jammu and Kashmir was one of the largest recipients of grants from India; in 2004, this amounted to US$812 million. Tourism, which was integral to the economy, witnessed a decline owing to the insurgency, but foreign tourism later rebounded, and in 2009, the state was one among the top tourist destinations in India. The economy was also benefited by Hindu pilgrims who visited the shrines of Vaishno Devi and Amarnath Temple annually. The British government had reiterated its advise against all travel to Jammu and Kashmir in 2013, with certain exceptions.

See also

Notes

  1. Sources that detail human right abuses in Jammu and Kashmir.
  2. This anomaly arose because Jammu and Kashmir accepted the provision in the Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India but did not accept its repeal in the Forty-fourth Amendment.
  1. Pronounced variably as /ˈdʒæmuː/ JAM-oo or /ˈdʒʌmuː/ JUM-oo.
  2. Pronounced variably as /ˈkæʃmɪər/ KASH-meer or /kæʃˈmɪər/ kash-MEER.

References

Citations

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  6. Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003), Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–, ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5 Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."
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