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{{short description|Study of currencies, coins and paper money}}
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{{About|numismatics as an academic discipline|collecting|Coin collecting}}
{{Numismatics}}
'''Numismatics''' is the study or collection of ], including coins, tokens, paper money, ], and related objects.


'''Numismatics''' (ancient ]: '''{{polytonic|νομισματική}}''') is the scientific study of ] and its history in all its varied forms. While numismatists are often characterized as studying ]s, the discipline also includes the study of ]s, medallions, and ]s (also referred to as ''']'''). Specialists, known as ]s, are often characterized as students or collectors of ], but the discipline also includes the broader study of ] and other means of ] used to resolve ]s and exchange ].


], ], in 2022.]]
== Monies studied by numismatists ==
]
Checks, bank notes, paper money, ], and ]s are also subjects of numismatistic interest. Early money used by primitive people is referred to as "Odd and Curious", but the use of other goods in ] exchange is excluded, even where used as a circulating ] (e.g. prison ]s). For instance, the ] people used ]s as the principal currency unit and gave small change in lambskins<sup id="Footnote_1">]</sup>. The ]skins may be a suitable for numismatic study, the horse is not.
The earliest forms of money used by people are categorised by collectors as "odd and curious",<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maurer |first1=B |chapter=Primitive and Nonmetallic Money |editor1-last=Yago |editor1-first=K. |editor2-last=Battilosi |editor2-first=S. |editor3-last=Cassis. |editor3-first=Y. |title=Handbook of the History of Money and Currency |publisher=Springer |page=87-104}}</ref> but the use of other goods in barter exchange is excluded, even where used as a circulating ] (e.g., ]s or ] in prison).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gibson-Light |first=Michael |date=2018-06-01 |title=Ramen Politics: Informal Money and Logics of Resistance in the Contemporary American Prison |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-018-9376-0 |journal=Qualitative Sociology |language=en |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=199–220 |doi=10.1007/s11133-018-9376-0 |s2cid=254976793 |issn=1573-7837}}</ref> As an example, the ] used ]s as the principal currency unit, and gave small change in ];<ref name="Timeline">{{Cite book |last=Glyn Davies |url=http://www.ex.ac.uk/~RDavies/arian/amser/chrono14.html |title=Chronology of Money 1900 — 1919 |year=1996 |publisher=University of Wales Press |isbn=978-0-7083-1351-0 |access-date=2006-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060714171102/http://www.ex.ac.uk/~RDavies/arian/amser/chrono14.html |archive-date=2006-07-14 |url-status=live}}</ref> the lambskins may be suitable for numismatic study, but the horses are not.{{dubious|date=January 2023}} Many objects have been used for centuries, such as ], ]s, ], ], and ].


==Etymology==
] and ] studies of money's use and development are separate to the numismatists' study of money's physical embodiment (although the fields are related; economic theories of money's origin depend upon numismatics, for example).
First attested in English in 1829, the word ''numismatics'' comes from the adjective ''numismatic'', meaning {{gloss|of coins}}. It was borrowed in 1792 from ] {{Lang|fr|numismatique}}, itself a derivation from ] {{Lang|la|numismatis}}, genitive of {{Lang|la|numisma}}, a variant of {{Lang|la|nomisma}} meaning {{gloss|coin}}.<ref>{{OEtymD|numismatics}}</ref><ref>{{L&S|nomisma|ref}}</ref> {{Lang|la|Nomisma}} is a ] of the ] {{lang|grc|νόμισμα}} ({{transl|grc|nomisma}}) which means {{gloss|current coin/custom}},<ref>{{LSJ|no/misma|νόμισμα|ref}}.</ref> which derives from {{lang|grc|]}} ({{transl|grc|nomizein}}) {{gloss|to hold or own as a custom or usage, to use customarily}},<ref>{{LSJ|nomi/zw|νομίζειν|shortref}}.</ref> in turn from {{lang|grc|]}} ({{transl|grc|nomos}}) {{gloss|usage, custom}},<ref>{{LSJ|no/mos2|νόμος|shortref}}.</ref> ultimately from {{lang|grc|]}} ({{transl|grc|nemein}}) {{gloss|to dispense, divide, assign, keep, hold}}.<ref>{{LSJ|ne/mw|νέμειν|shortref}}.</ref>


== History == ==History of money==
{{Main|History of money}}
Throughout its history, money itself has been made to be a ] good. Many materials have been used to form money, from naturally scarce ]s and ]s through ]s to entirely artificial money, called ], such as ]s. Many complementary currencies use time as a unit of measure, using mutual credit accounting that keeps the balance of money intact.


Modern money (along with most ancient money) is essentially a token – an abstraction. Paper currency is perhaps the most common type of contemporary physical money. However, goods such as ] or ] retain many of the essential properties of money, such as price fluctuation and limited supply, although these goods are not controlled by one single authority.
Numismatics is an ancient discipline, reaching as far back as ] who is often credited with writing the first book on numismatics. Numismatics can include the study of many different aspects relating to coins, including ], ], ], ], usage, and ] processes.


==History of numismatics==
== Numismatists ==
{{refimprove|date=December 2024}}
] ], a standardized ]]]
] may have possibly existed in ancient times. ] gave "coins of every device, including old pieces of the kings and foreign money" as ] gifts.<ref>], ''Augustus'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731043834/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus%2A.html#75 |date=2022-07-31 }}</ref>


], who wrote in a letter that he was often approached by vine diggers with old coins asking him to buy or to identify the ruler, is credited as the first ] collector. Petrarch presented a collection of Roman coins to ] in 1355.
Numismatists are sometimes differentiated from coin collectors inasmuch as the latter chiefly derive pleasure from the simple ownership of monetary devices, whereas the former are more concerned with acquiring knowledge about monetary devices and systems. In fact, many numismatists are also collectors and vice-versa. ] is a well-known example of a noted numismatist who was not an avid collector, while King ] was an avid collector who had very little interest in numismatics. Harry Bass by comparison was a noted collector who was also a numismatist.


The first book on coins was ''De Asse et Partibus'' (1514) by ].<ref>''] '' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725015240/http://net.lib.byu.edu/aldine/44Bude.html |date=2008-07-25 }}</ref> During the early Renaissance ancient coins were collected by European royalty and nobility. Collectors of coins were Pope ], Emperor ] of the Holy Roman Empire, ] of France, Ferdinand I, Elector ] of Brandenburg who started the Berlin coin cabinet and ] to name a few. Numismatics is called the "Hobby of Kings", due to its most esteemed founders.
Numismatists frequently research the production and use of money in historical contexts using mint or other records in order to determine the relative rarity of the coins they study. Varieties, ], the results of progressive die wear, mintage figures and even the socio-political context of coin mintings are also matters of interest. In sum, there is very little about money that is not a valid numismatic field of study.


Professional societies organised in the 19th century. The ] was founded in 1836 and immediately began publishing the journal that became the ''Numismatic Chronicle''. The ] was founded in 1858 and began publishing the ''American Journal of Numismatics'' in 1866.
Many professional numismatists authenticate or grade coins for commercial purposes. The buying and selling of coin collections by numismatists who are professional dealers advances the study of money, and expert numismatists are consulted by historians, museum curators, and archaeologists.


In 1931 the ] launched the ] publishing collections of ]. The first volume of ] was published in 1958.
== Market value of rare coins ==
The idea of using numismatic material as an investment vehicle has become more popular over the last several decades. When the public took notice of the ultra-rare U.S. coins fetching tens or hundreds of thousands of dollars at ]s, an investment hype ensued. The most notable era of coin-price ] was around ]. Rare U.S. coins were seen as a way to diversify


In the 20th century, coins gained recognition as archaeological objects, and scholars such as ] of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna realized their value in providing a temporal context and the difficulty that curators faced when identifying worn coins using classical literature. After ] in Germany, a project, '']'' (Coin finds of the Classical Period) was launched to register every coin found within Germany. This idea found successors in many countries.


In the United States, the US Mint established a coin cabinet in 1838 when chief coiner ] donated his personal collection.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-8247-2037-7 |page=281|last1=Kent |first1=Allen }}</ref> William E. Du Bois' ''Pledges of History...'' (1846) describes the cabinet.


]' ''American colonial history illustrated by contemporary medals'' (1894) set the groundwork for the study of American historical medals.


]'s "A short history of Chinese numismatics in European languages" (2012–2013) gives an outline history of Western countries' understanding of Chinese numismatics.<ref>], "A short history of Chinese numismatics in European languages", in ''Early China'' vols 35-36 (2012–2013), pp. 395-429,</ref> ]'s ''Les amis des monnaies'' is an in-depth study of Chinese numismatics in China in the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jankowski |first=Lyce |title=Les amis des monnaies – la sociabilité savante des collectionneurs et numismates chinois de la fin des Qing |publisher=Maisonneuve et Larose nlle édition |year=2018 |isbn=978-2-37701-030-1 |location=Paris}}</ref>
assets in the wake of the ] of ].


===Modern numismatics===
<!--
] coins from the ]]]
Insert price trend examples here
Modern numismatics is the study of the coins of the mid-17th century onward, the period of machine-struck coins.<ref>{{cite web |title=Collectibles |url=http://www.mainecollectibles.com/Collectibles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914063749/http://www.mainecollectibles.com/Collectibles/ |archive-date=September 14, 2013 |access-date=June 13, 2013 |publisher=Maritime International}}</ref> Their study serves more the need of collectors than historians, and it is more often successfully pursued by amateur aficionados than by professional scholars. The focus of modern numismatics frequently lies in the research of production and use of money in historical contexts using mint or other records in order to determine the relative rarity of the coins they study. Varieties, ], the results of progressive die wear, mintage figures, and even the sociopolitical context of coin mintings are also matters of interest.
-->
Rare dates of some series of U.S. coins doubled, tripled, or even more in a short time. "]" coins became the object of obsession. Certified and graded coins were born. ] was established in ] as a "first-generation" third-party grading company, which allowed coins to be guaranteed authentic, deterring ]s. Coins could now have an established grade which facilitated easy sight-unseen comparison, making the coin market more ]. It is interesting to note that during the height of the coin market, PCGS was so innundated with grading submissions, that some coins (submitted on the Economy level) experienced an 11-month turnaround time. Coin prices have dropped sharply from their peak.


==See also== ===Subfields===
{{Main|Exonumia|Notaphily|Scripophily}}
] (UK English: Paranumismatica)<ref>The First Dictionary of Paranumismatica: All About Tokens, Checks, Tickets, Passes, Medalets, Counters, Tallies and Weights (ed. Brian Edge), 1991. {{ISBN|978-0951691007}}</ref> is the study of ]-like objects such as ]s and ]s, and other items used in place of legal currency or for commemoration. This includes ]s, encased coins, souvenir medallions, tags, badges, counter-stamped coins, ]s, ]s, and other similar items. It is related to numismatics proper (concerned with coins which have been ]), and many ]s are also exonumists.


] is the study of ] or banknotes.
* ]
It is believed that people have been collecting paper money for as long as it has been in use. However, people only started collecting paper money systematically in Germany in the 1920s, particularly the ''Serienscheine'' (Series notes) ]. The turning point occurred in the 1970s when notaphily was established as a separate area by collectors.
* ]
At the same time, some developed countries such as the ], ], and ] began publishing their respective national catalogs of paper money, which represented major points of reference literature.

] from the Temnos Mint {{Circa|188–170 BC}}]]
] is the study and collection of companies' shares and ] certificates. It is an area of collecting due to both the inherent beauty of some historical documents as well as the interesting historical context of each document. Some stock certificates are excellent examples of ]. Occasionally, an old stock document will be found that still has value as stock in a successor company.

== See also ==

{{portal|Numismatics}}
* {{annotated link|Awards for numismatics}}
* {{annotated link|Glossary of numismatics}}
* {{annotated link|List of numismatic collections}}
* {{annotated link|List of numismatic journals}}
* {{annotated link|List of numismatists}}
* {{annotated link|Numismatic associations}}

==Further reading==
*Krmnicek Stefan and Hadrien Rambach. (2023). ''The Numismatic World in the Long Nineteenth Century.'' New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
*Martín Esquivel, Alberto; Ferrandes, F. Antonio and Pardini, Giacomo. (2023). ''Archeonumismatica: analisi e studio dei reperti monetali da contesti pluristratificati'' (Workshop Internazionale di Numismatica, 2). Roma: Quasar. <ref name="j2679589">{{cite journal |last1=Moreno Pulido |first1=Elena |year=2024 |title=Book Review: Archeonumismatica: Analisi e studio dei reperti monetali da contesti pluristratificati Edited by Alberto Martín Esquivel, Antonio F. Ferrandes, and Giacomo Pardini (Workshop Internazionale di Numismatica 2). Rome: Edizioni Quasar 2023. Pp 493. ISBN 978-88-5491-198-7 (paperback) $67. |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/731320 |journal=The Journal of the Archaeological Institute of America |volume=128 |issue=3 |pages=072–074 |doi=10.1086/731320}}</ref>
* Pritsak, O. (1998). ''The Origins of the Old Rus’ Weights and Monetary Systems: Two Studies in Western Eurasian Metrology and Numismatics in the Seventh to Eleventh Centuries'' (Harvard Series In Ukrainian Studies). Cambridge: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute.<ref name=d10.2307/2697226>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/2697226|jstor=2697226 |last1=Hellie |first1=Richard |title=Reviewed work: The Origins of the Old Rus' Weights and Monetary Systems: Two Studies in Western Eurasian Metrology and Numismatics in the Seventh to Eleventh Centuries, Omeljan Pritsak |journal=Slavic Review |year=1999 |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=909–910 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}


==External links== ==External links==
*{{Wiktionary-inline|numismatics}}
*American Numismatic Association
*{{Commons category-inline|Numismatics}}
*
*{{Wikivoyage-inline}}
* (e.g. the ])


{{Coin collecting}}
== Footnotes ==
{{Orders and phaleristics}}
{{Portal bar|Numismatics|Business and economics|Money}}


{{Authority control}}
] See ]' monetary timeline , taken from his ] book with ], ''A Comparative Chronology of Money: Monetary History from Ancient Times to the Present Day'', University of Wales Press, ISBN 0-7083-1351-5. The timeline reports horses and sheep as the principle monetary units until circa ].


] ]
]

]
]
]
]
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Latest revision as of 17:36, 20 December 2024

Study of currencies, coins and paper money This article is about numismatics as an academic discipline. For collecting, see Coin collecting.
Part of a series on
Numismatics
the study of currency
Currency
Circulating currencies
Local currencies
Fictional currencies
Proposed currencies
History of money
Historical currencies
Medieval currencies
Production
Collection
Coin collecting
Notaphily
Exonumia
Scripophily

Numismatics is the study or collection of currency, including coins, tokens, paper money, medals, and related objects.

Specialists, known as numismatists, are often characterized as students or collectors of coins, but the discipline also includes the broader study of money and other means of payment used to resolve debts and exchange goods.

Coin collectors and enthusiasts at an exhibition organized by the Numismatic Society of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, in 2022.
Numismatic specimens from Ancient, medieval and British India, made of silver.

The earliest forms of money used by people are categorised by collectors as "odd and curious", but the use of other goods in barter exchange is excluded, even where used as a circulating currency (e.g., cigarettes or instant noodles in prison). As an example, the Kyrgyz people used horses as the principal currency unit, and gave small change in lambskins; the lambskins may be suitable for numismatic study, but the horses are not. Many objects have been used for centuries, such as cowry shells, precious metals, cocoa beans, large stones, and gems.

Etymology

First attested in English in 1829, the word numismatics comes from the adjective numismatic, meaning 'of coins'. It was borrowed in 1792 from French numismatique, itself a derivation from Late Latin numismatis, genitive of numisma, a variant of nomisma meaning 'coin'. Nomisma is a latinisation of the Greek νόμισμα (nomisma) which means 'current coin/custom', which derives from νομίζειν (nomizein) 'to hold or own as a custom or usage, to use customarily', in turn from νόμος (nomos) 'usage, custom', ultimately from νέμειν (nemein) 'to dispense, divide, assign, keep, hold'.

History of money

Main article: History of money

Throughout its history, money itself has been made to be a scarce good. Many materials have been used to form money, from naturally scarce precious metals and cowry shells through cigarettes to entirely artificial money, called fiat money, such as banknotes. Many complementary currencies use time as a unit of measure, using mutual credit accounting that keeps the balance of money intact.

Modern money (along with most ancient money) is essentially a token – an abstraction. Paper currency is perhaps the most common type of contemporary physical money. However, goods such as gold or silver retain many of the essential properties of money, such as price fluctuation and limited supply, although these goods are not controlled by one single authority.

History of numismatics

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Numismatics" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
A Roman denarius, a standardized silver coin

Coin collecting may have possibly existed in ancient times. Augustus gave "coins of every device, including old pieces of the kings and foreign money" as Saturnalia gifts.

Petrarch, who wrote in a letter that he was often approached by vine diggers with old coins asking him to buy or to identify the ruler, is credited as the first Renaissance collector. Petrarch presented a collection of Roman coins to Emperor Charles IV in 1355.

The first book on coins was De Asse et Partibus (1514) by Guillaume Budé. During the early Renaissance ancient coins were collected by European royalty and nobility. Collectors of coins were Pope Boniface VIII, Emperor Maximilian of the Holy Roman Empire, Louis XIV of France, Ferdinand I, Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg who started the Berlin coin cabinet and Henry IV of France to name a few. Numismatics is called the "Hobby of Kings", due to its most esteemed founders.

Professional societies organised in the 19th century. The Royal Numismatic Society was founded in 1836 and immediately began publishing the journal that became the Numismatic Chronicle. The American Numismatic Society was founded in 1858 and began publishing the American Journal of Numismatics in 1866.

In 1931 the British Academy launched the Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum publishing collections of Ancient Greek coinage. The first volume of Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles was published in 1958.

In the 20th century, coins gained recognition as archaeological objects, and scholars such as Guido Bruck of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna realized their value in providing a temporal context and the difficulty that curators faced when identifying worn coins using classical literature. After World War II in Germany, a project, Fundmünzen der Antike (Coin finds of the Classical Period) was launched to register every coin found within Germany. This idea found successors in many countries.

In the United States, the US Mint established a coin cabinet in 1838 when chief coiner Adam Eckfeldt donated his personal collection. William E. Du Bois' Pledges of History... (1846) describes the cabinet.

C. Wyllys Betts' American colonial history illustrated by contemporary medals (1894) set the groundwork for the study of American historical medals.

Helen Wang's "A short history of Chinese numismatics in European languages" (2012–2013) gives an outline history of Western countries' understanding of Chinese numismatics. Lyce Jankowski's Les amis des monnaies is an in-depth study of Chinese numismatics in China in the 19th century.

Modern numismatics

Two 20 kr gold coins from the Scandinavian Monetary Union

Modern numismatics is the study of the coins of the mid-17th century onward, the period of machine-struck coins. Their study serves more the need of collectors than historians, and it is more often successfully pursued by amateur aficionados than by professional scholars. The focus of modern numismatics frequently lies in the research of production and use of money in historical contexts using mint or other records in order to determine the relative rarity of the coins they study. Varieties, mint-made errors, the results of progressive die wear, mintage figures, and even the sociopolitical context of coin mintings are also matters of interest.

Subfields

Main articles: Exonumia, Notaphily, and Scripophily

Exonumia (UK English: Paranumismatica) is the study of coin-like objects such as token coins and medals, and other items used in place of legal currency or for commemoration. This includes elongated coins, encased coins, souvenir medallions, tags, badges, counter-stamped coins, wooden nickels, credit cards, and other similar items. It is related to numismatics proper (concerned with coins which have been legal tender), and many coin collectors are also exonumists.

Notaphily is the study of paper money or banknotes. It is believed that people have been collecting paper money for as long as it has been in use. However, people only started collecting paper money systematically in Germany in the 1920s, particularly the Serienscheine (Series notes) Notgeld. The turning point occurred in the 1970s when notaphily was established as a separate area by collectors. At the same time, some developed countries such as the United States, Germany, and France began publishing their respective national catalogs of paper money, which represented major points of reference literature.

Alexander the Great tetradrachm from the Temnos Mint
Alexander the Great memorial tetradrachm from the Temnos Mint c. 188–170 BC

Scripophily is the study and collection of companies' shares and bonds certificates. It is an area of collecting due to both the inherent beauty of some historical documents as well as the interesting historical context of each document. Some stock certificates are excellent examples of engraving. Occasionally, an old stock document will be found that still has value as stock in a successor company.

See also

Further reading

  • Krmnicek Stefan and Hadrien Rambach. (2023). The Numismatic World in the Long Nineteenth Century. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Martín Esquivel, Alberto; Ferrandes, F. Antonio and Pardini, Giacomo. (2023). Archeonumismatica: analisi e studio dei reperti monetali da contesti pluristratificati (Workshop Internazionale di Numismatica, 2). Roma: Quasar.
  • Pritsak, O. (1998). The Origins of the Old Rus’ Weights and Monetary Systems: Two Studies in Western Eurasian Metrology and Numismatics in the Seventh to Eleventh Centuries (Harvard Series In Ukrainian Studies). Cambridge: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute.

References

  1. Maurer, B. "Primitive and Nonmetallic Money". In Yago, K.; Battilosi, S.; Cassis., Y. (eds.). Handbook of the History of Money and Currency. Springer. p. 87-104.
  2. Gibson-Light, Michael (2018-06-01). "Ramen Politics: Informal Money and Logics of Resistance in the Contemporary American Prison". Qualitative Sociology. 41 (2): 199–220. doi:10.1007/s11133-018-9376-0. ISSN 1573-7837. S2CID 254976793.
  3. Glyn Davies (1996). Chronology of Money 1900 — 1919. University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-7083-1351-0. Archived from the original on 2006-07-14. Retrieved 2006-08-09.
  4. Harper, Douglas. "numismatics". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  5. nomisma. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.
  6. νόμισμα. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
  7. νομίζειν in Liddell and Scott.
  8. νόμος in Liddell and Scott.
  9. νέμειν in Liddell and Scott.
  10. Suetonius, Augustus 75 on-line text Archived 2022-07-31 at the Wayback Machine
  11. Brigham Young University library web page Archived 2008-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
  12. Kent, Allen (1985). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. p. 281. ISBN 978-0-8247-2037-7.
  13. Helen Wang, "A short history of Chinese numismatics in European languages", in Early China vols 35-36 (2012–2013), pp. 395-429,
  14. Jankowski, Lyce (2018). Les amis des monnaies – la sociabilité savante des collectionneurs et numismates chinois de la fin des Qing. Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose nlle édition. ISBN 978-2-37701-030-1.
  15. "Collectibles". Maritime International. Archived from the original on September 14, 2013. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
  16. The First Dictionary of Paranumismatica: All About Tokens, Checks, Tickets, Passes, Medalets, Counters, Tallies and Weights (ed. Brian Edge), 1991. ISBN 978-0951691007
  17. Moreno Pulido, Elena (2024). "Book Review: Archeonumismatica: Analisi e studio dei reperti monetali da contesti pluristratificati Edited by Alberto Martín Esquivel, Antonio F. Ferrandes, and Giacomo Pardini (Workshop Internazionale di Numismatica 2). Rome: Edizioni Quasar 2023. Pp 493. ISBN 978-88-5491-198-7 (paperback) $67". The Journal of the Archaeological Institute of America. 128 (3): 072–074. doi:10.1086/731320.
  18. Hellie, Richard (1999). "Reviewed work: The Origins of the Old Rus' Weights and Monetary Systems: Two Studies in Western Eurasian Metrology and Numismatics in the Seventh to Eleventh Centuries, Omeljan Pritsak". Slavic Review. 58 (4): 909–910. doi:10.2307/2697226. JSTOR 2697226.

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