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| {{Afd-merge to|Contemporary anarchism#Currents|Postcolonial anarchism|20 December 2024}} | |||
| ⚫ | {{anarchism}} | ||
| {{Short description|Anarchist school of thought}} | |||
| {{Anarchism sidebar |schools}} | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}} | |||
| '''Post-colonial anarchism''' is a term used to describe ] in an ] framework. Whereas traditional anarchism arose from industrialized ]—and thus sees history from their perspective—post-colonial anarchism approaches the same principles of anarchism from the perspective of colonized peoples. It is highly critical of the contributions of the established anarchist movement, and seeks to add what it sees as a unique and important perspective. The tendency is strongly influenced by ], anti-state forms of ], and anarchism among ethnic minorities, among other sources. | |||
| '''Celtic Anarchism''' is a new tendency within the larger anarchist movement. It is not an ideology, but an attempt to bring together disparate aspects and tendencies within the existing anarchist movement and re-envision them from a "celtic" perspective. The tendancy is strongly influenced by ], Anti-State forms of ], ], the ] movement, ], ], and many other sources. There are no formal publications promoting this tendency, rather it is organized loosely through the use of internet listserves<ref> on RiseUp.net</ref> and a website <ref></ref>. | |||
| The term was first coined by Roger White. Between 1994 and 2004, White wrote a series of essays reflecting on his experiences in the anarchist movement. He identifies racial isolation and ] as important features of the experience of people of color in the anarchist movement and attributes this to the prevalence European ] and an approach to ] as a binary relationship between workers and capitalists which does not take account of the cultural aspects of ].<ref name="PCA">{{cite book|last1=White|first1=Roger|title=Post Colonial Anarchism Essays on race, repression and culture in communities of color 1999–2004|publisher=Jailbreak Press|location=Oakland California|url=http://colours.mahost.org/articles/Post-Colonial%20Anarchism.pdf|access-date=9 February 2017|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103114336/http://colours.mahost.org/articles/Post-Colonial%20Anarchism.pdf|archive-date=3 January 2006}}</ref> | |||
| Celtic Anarchism is syncretic and diverse, incorporating a wide range of sources, as is to be expected from a tendency representing a ] community. | |||
| ⚫ | At root, the basic difference between anarchism and anti-state nationalism is that in nationalism the primary political unit is the nation, or ], whereas in an anarchist system the primary political unit is the local community or the place where labor occurs. Post-colonial anarchism is therefore clearly distinct from any form of nationalism in that it does not seek to make the nation a political unit – let alone the primary political unit. Just as social anarchists seek to create a socialist economy but oppose the tyranny of Marxist ], post-colonial anarchists oppose the tyranny of nationalism, and argue that the achievement of meaningful ] for all of the world's nations requires an anarchist political system based on local control, free federation and mutual aid.<ref>Post Colonial Anarchism, by Roger White. Anarchism, nationalism, and national liberation from an APOC perspective.</ref> | ||
| == History == | |||
| ⚫ | == References == | ||
| The most basic aspect of the tendency is the belief that pre-Roman ] societies had aspects in common with Anarchist ideals of how society should be structured, and that modern Anarchists would do well to investigate these early models. Celtic Ireland, prior to ]'s invasion, is frequently held up as a positive example. The tendency is thus similar to ] in that it seeks inspiration for anarchism in the history and practices of ancestors, rather then relying solely on political theory and speculation. | |||
| {{Reflist|2}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| === Celtic Ireland (650-1650) === | |||
| * {{cite book|last=Galián|first=Laura|year=2020|chapter=Decolonizing Anarchism|title=Colonialism, Transnationalism, and Anarchism in the South of the Mediterranean|publisher=]|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-45449-4_2|isbn=978-3-030-45449-4|pages=27–54}} | |||
| In ]ic ] society of the ] and ] period, courts and the law were largely ], and operated in a purely stateless manner. This society persisted in this manner for roughly a thousand years until its conquest by England in the seventeenth century. In contrast to many similarly functioning tribal societies (such as the ]s in West Africa), preconquest Ireland was not in any sense "primitive": it was a highly complex society that was, for centuries, the most advanced, most scholarly, and most civilized in all of Western Europe. A leading authority on ancient Irish law wrote, "There was no legislature, no bailiffs, no police, no public enforcement of justice... There was no trace of State-administered justice.<ref>Joseph R. Pedea, “Property Rights in Celtic Irish Law,” Journal of Libertarian Studies I (Spring 1977), p. 83; see also pp. 81–95. For a summary, see Peden, “Stateless Societies: Ancient Ireland,” The Libertarian Forum (April 1971), pp. 3–4.</ref> | |||
| * {{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Uri|year=2016|chapter=Anarchism and multiculturalism|editor-first1=Luis|editor-last1=Cordeiro-Rodrigues|editor-first2=Marko|editor-last2=Simendic|title=Philosophies of Multiculturalism|publisher=]|pages=71–87|isbn=9781315516370|doi=10.4324/9781315516370-11|doi-broken-date=5 November 2024 }} | |||
| * {{Cite book |last1=Hirsch |first1=Steven |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004188495.i-432 |title=Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870-1940 |last2=van der Walt |first2=Lucien |date=2010 |publisher=BRILL |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004188495.i-432 |isbn=978-90-04-18848-8}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last=Larson|first=Ole Birk|chapter=Anti-Imperialism|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|year=2018|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=149–167|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_8|s2cid=150357033 }} | |||
| * {{cite book|last=Ramnath|first=Maia|chapter=Non-Western Anarchisms and Postcolonialism|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|year=2018|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=677–695|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_38|s2cid=150357033 }} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Matthew|last2=Kinna|first2=Ruth|author-link2=Ruth Kinna|year=2012|chapter=Key terms|editor-last=Kinna|editor-first=Ruth|title=The Continuum Companion to Anarchism|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-4411-4270-2|pages=329-352<!--345-346-->}} | |||
| == External links == | |||
| All "freemen" who owned land, all professionals, and all craftsmen, were entitled to become members of a ]. Each tuath's members formed an annual assembly which decided all common policies, declared war or peace on other tuatha, and elected or deposed their "kings." In contrast to tribal organizations, no one was stuck or bound to a given tuath, either because of kinship or of geographical location. Individual members were free to, and often did, secede from a tuath and join a competing tuath. Professor Peden states, "the tuath is thus a body of persons voluntarily united for socially beneficial purposes and the sum total of the landed properties of its members constituted its territorial dimension.<ref>Peden, “Stateless Societies,” p. 4.</ref> The "king" had no political power; he could not decree or administer justice or declare war. Basically he was a priest and militia leader, and presided over the tuath assemblies. The Tuath is thus one of the earliest verifiable examples of Stateless and non-hierarchal political organization in the western world. | |||
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| ⚫ | {{anarchism}} | ||
| Celtic Ireland survived many invasions, but was finally vanquished by ]'s reconquest in 1649-50. | |||
| == Ecology == | |||
| The intersections between Celtic culture and Anarchism are particularly evident within the radical wing of the ] movement, particularly ]. ] is one of the largest networks organizing around these issues and is organized along anarchist lines with many of the people who work under its banner self-identifying as anarchists. It is perhaps natural that the ] and ] Earth First movements in particular would seek inspiration from and consciously seek linkages with Celtic identities, given that the ancient Celts are commonly portrayed as being more in touch with nature then modern consumer society. The Earth First Journal, the main publication of the movement, organizes its printing schedule around the Neopagan ], which consists of four Gaelic festivals and four Germanic ones, with issues named for ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. <ref></ref> | |||
| == Spirituality == | |||
| While many Anarchists are ], many others have sought spiritual inspiration in a wide range of traditions ranging from ] and other eastern philosophies to ], ], and ] religious traditions. For Anarchists in the Atlantic Isles and among the ] who are interested in indigenous and tribal traditions, the desire to avoid ] has led many to investigate ]; which seeks to reconstruct and revive ancient Celtic religious practices in a modern context. The process works in the other direction as well and some individuals who enjoy the ] of these religious traditions find themselves drawn to Anarchism. | |||
| === Paganism === | |||
| ] and/or ] have grown immensely in influence in recent years. Prominent Anarchist Pagans such as ] have gone out of their way to incorporate ] into protests and Neopagans are very much present in the ] movement. While explicitly Pagan Anarchist groupings like ]<ref></ref> are a minority both within the Pagan community and the Anarchist movement, they are quite assertive in promoting the idea of a linkage between their ] spiritual practice and the ideals of liberty, egalitarianism, and mutual aid that form the basis of Anarchist thought. | |||
| === Celtic Christianity === | |||
| Recent years have also seen an attempt to revive the ancient ], both in the form of organized churches such as the ], and by individuals who seek to re-envision Christianity along lines more consistent with ideals of gender equality. ] has a long tradition going back at least to ], with some claiming that its roots go back much further. Within Anarchist circles, attempts to ground Christian Anarchism in Christian history lead adherents to look to the early Christian church, prior to the adoption of Christianity as the State religion by the ] Emperor ]. The Celtic Christian church was the last Christian church in Western Europe to be brought under the control of Rome, and is thus seen as an inspiration for Christian Anarchists seeking an example of an early egalitarian Christianity. | |||
| === Liberation Theology === | |||
| ] priests and missionaries have played a large role in the spread of Catholicism since very early in the history of the Catholic Church. In Latin America in particular, many clergy embraced what was known as ], which has been described as "a marxist interpretation of the gospel" <ref></ref>. While there are clear differences between ], the two share a basic commitment to social justice and have influenced each other over the years. Liberation Theology has also been influential within Irish Nationalist movement. | |||
| === Athiest Humanism === | |||
| Anarchism, and especially ], have traditionally been associated with ] and ] and these ideas remain powerful among Anarchist Celts, as well as among the larger Anarchist movement. | |||
| == Nationalism == | |||
| ] have a long history, going back to ]'s early involvement in the ] movement. Anarchists have participated in Left-Nationalist movements in ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and many other nations. Modern Anarchist organizations working on national liberation struggles in the ] include the ] In ] and the ] in ]. | |||
| ⚫ | At root, the basic difference between |
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| === Irish Nationalism === | |||
| The armed struggle against British rule in Ireland, particularly up to and during the War of Independence, is portrayed as a ] struggle with the Celtic Anarchist mileau. Anarchists, including the Irish ], support a complete end to British involvement in Ireland, a stance traditionally associated with ], but are also very critical of Stateist ] and the ] in particular. | |||
| In two articles published on Anarkismo.net, Andrew Flood of the WSM outlines what he argues was the betrayal of class struggle by the IRA during the war of independence,<ref> from Anarkismo.net</ref><ref> from Anarkismo.net</ref> and argues that the Stateism of traditional Irish Nationalism forced it to place the interests of wealthy Irish Nationalists who were financing the revolution ahead of the interests of the vast majority of Ireland's poor. | |||
| Anarchists are also extremely critical of the modern I.R.A., both because of its use of terrorist violence and because of its internal ]ism. From the Anarchist view, British and Irish nationalisms are both Stateist, authoritarian, and seek to dominate and exploit the Irish ] to empower their competing ]s. Anarchism would instead create a political system without States and where communities are self-governing on the local level. The achievement of home-rule, or political self-determination, is therefore a precondition for and a consequence of Anarchism. At root then, the Anarchist objection to Irish Nationalism is that Nationalists use reprehensible means to demand far too little. | |||
| Still, Anarchists seek to learn from and examine the liberatory aspects of the Irish Nationalist movement and the WSM includes a demand for complete British withdrawal from Ireland in its platform. | |||
| == Anti-Racism == | |||
| Celtic Anarchism is distinct from certain other fusions of Anarchism and Nationalism in that it is explicitly anti-racist. Celtic identity is defined along ethnic lines, not racially. This is significant because in diaspora communities in particular Celtic people's have had very high rates of inter-racial marriage for generations and there are millions of self-identified Celts around the world who are not "white". By adopting a Pan-celtic outlook that explicitly opposes racism and the race system itself in favor of an emphasis on shared history and culture, Celtic Anarchism stands in stark contrast to certain forms of so-called ], ], and other post-fascist movements that appropriate anarchist rhetoric to promote "voluntary" racial segregation. | |||
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| ⚫ | == |
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| <references/> | |||
Latest revision as of 08:16, 24 December 2024
 | This article was nominated for deletion. The discussion was closed on 20 December 2024 with a consensus to merge the content into the article Contemporary anarchism#Currents. If you find that such action has not been taken promptly, please consider assisting in the merger instead of re-nominating the article for deletion. To discuss the merger, please use the destination article's talk page. (December 2024) |
Post-colonial anarchism is a term used to describe anarchism in an anti-imperialist framework. Whereas traditional anarchism arose from industrialized Western nations—and thus sees history from their perspective—post-colonial anarchism approaches the same principles of anarchism from the perspective of colonized peoples. It is highly critical of the contributions of the established anarchist movement, and seeks to add what it sees as a unique and important perspective. The tendency is strongly influenced by indigenism, anti-state forms of nationalism, and anarchism among ethnic minorities, among other sources.
The term was first coined by Roger White. Between 1994 and 2004, White wrote a series of essays reflecting on his experiences in the anarchist movement. He identifies racial isolation and tokenism as important features of the experience of people of color in the anarchist movement and attributes this to the prevalence European universalism and an approach to class struggle as a binary relationship between workers and capitalists which does not take account of the cultural aspects of imperialism.
At root, the basic difference between anarchism and anti-state nationalism is that in nationalism the primary political unit is the nation, or ethnic group, whereas in an anarchist system the primary political unit is the local community or the place where labor occurs. Post-colonial anarchism is therefore clearly distinct from any form of nationalism in that it does not seek to make the nation a political unit – let alone the primary political unit. Just as social anarchists seek to create a socialist economy but oppose the tyranny of Marxist state socialism, post-colonial anarchists oppose the tyranny of nationalism, and argue that the achievement of meaningful self-determination for all of the world's nations requires an anarchist political system based on local control, free federation and mutual aid.
References
- White, Roger. Post Colonial Anarchism Essays on race, repression and culture in communities of color 1999–2004 (PDF). Oakland California: Jailbreak Press. Archived from the original on 3 January 2006. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - Post Colonial Anarchism, by Roger White. Anarchism, nationalism, and national liberation from an APOC perspective.
Further reading
- Galián, Laura (2020). "Decolonizing Anarchism". Colonialism, Transnationalism, and Anarchism in the South of the Mediterranean. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 27–54. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45449-4_2. ISBN 978-3-030-45449-4.
- Gordon, Uri (2016). "Anarchism and multiculturalism". In Cordeiro-Rodrigues, Luis; Simendic, Marko (eds.). Philosophies of Multiculturalism. Routledge. pp. 71–87. doi:10.4324/9781315516370-11 (inactive 5 November 2024). ISBN 9781315516370.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - Hirsch, Steven; van der Walt, Lucien (2010). Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870-1940. BRILL. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004188495.i-432. ISBN 978-90-04-18848-8.
- Larson, Ole Birk (2018). "Anti-Imperialism". In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 149–167. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_8. ISBN 978-3319756196. S2CID 150357033.
- Ramnath, Maia (2018). "Non-Western Anarchisms and Postcolonialism". In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 677–695. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_38. ISBN 978-3319756196. S2CID 150357033.
- Wilson, Matthew; Kinna, Ruth (2012). "Key terms". In Kinna, Ruth (ed.). The Continuum Companion to Anarchism. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 329–352. ISBN 978-1-4411-4270-2.
External links
- Post Colonial Anarchism: Essays on race, repression and culture in communities of color 1999–2004 by Roger White
- Black Anarchism: A Reader
- Por la independencia total y la anarquía sin límites by the Icària collective
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