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{{Short description|Second-largest city in France}}
{{otheruses}}
{{About|the Mediterranean city}}
{{French commune
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
|native_name = Ville de Marseille
{{Infobox French commune
|common_name = Marseille
|name = Marseille
|image = ]
|native name = {{native name|oc|Marselha}}
|caption = The Old Port of Marseille
|commune status = ] and ]
|image_flag = Flag_of_Marseille.svg
|image = {{multiple image
|image_flag_size = 105px
|border = infobox
|image_coat_of_arms = Blason_Marseille.jpg
|total_width = 280
|image_coat_of_arms_size = 125px
|image_style = border:1;
|flag_legend = City flag
|caption_align = center
|Coat_of_arms_legend = Coat of arms
|perrow = 1/2/1/2
|city_motto = ''Actibus immensis urbs fulget Massiliensis.''<br>"By her great deeds, the city of Massilia shines"
|image1 = Skyline of the Euroméditerranée in Marseille from Mediterranean Sea.jpg
|image_map = France_jms.png
|caption1 = Skyline of the ]
|x = 197
|image2 = Marseille 20131005 17.jpg
|y = 217
|caption2 = narrow streets near ]
|time zone = CET <small>(GMT +1)</small>
|image3 = Calanque en.JPG
|lat_long = {{coor dms|43|17|51|N|5|22|38|E|type:city}}
|caption3 = ] in ]
|region = ]
|image4 = Marseille - Vieux port 4.jpg
|departement = ] (13)
|caption4 = ] and ]
|mayor = ]
|image5 = France - Marseille (29881013814).jpg
|party = ]
|caption5 = ]
|mandat = since 1995
|image6 = Cathédrale Sainte-Marie-Majeure. 4.JPG
|subdivisions_entry = ]
|caption6 = ]
|subdivisions = 16 arrondissements<br>(in 8 ''secteurs'')
}}
|area = 240.62
|population demonym = Marseillais (French)<br />Marselhés (Occitan)<br />Massiliot (ancient)
|population = 820,900
|image flag = Flag of Marseille.svg <!--City flag-->
|population-ranking=]
|image coat of arms = Armoiries de Marseille.svg <!--City coat of arms-->
|date-population = Jan. 2005 estimate
|city motto = {{lang|la|Actibus immensis urbs fulget massiliensis}}<br /> {{smaller|"The city of Marseille shines from its great achievements"}}
|density = 3.412
|coordinates = {{coord|43.2964|5.37|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|date-density = 2005
|arrondissement = Marseille
|UU-area = 1,290
|canton = ]
|UU-area-date = 1999
|subdivisions entry = ]
|UU-pop = 1,349,772
|subdivisions = 16 ]
|UU-pop-date = 1999
|mayor = ]<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=13 September 2022|language=fr}}</ref>
|AU-area = 2,830.2
|party = ]
|AU-area-date = 1999
|term = 2020&ndash;2026
|AU-pop = 1,604,550
|area km2 = 240.62
|AU-pop-date = 2007
|population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
|intercom-details1 = <br><br>&nbsp; - president<br><br>
|population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
|intercom-details2 = ]
|population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
|cp = 13001-13016
|population ranking = ]
|diallingcode = 0491
|urban area km2 = 1758.2
|}}
|urban area date = 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=UU2020-00759 |title=Comparateur de territoire - Unité urbaine 2020 de Marseille-Aix-en-Provence (00759)|publisher=] |access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref>
'''Marseille''', (] alt. '''Marseilles''' — ]: pronounced {{IPA|/maʀsɛj/}}, locally {{IPA|}} — ] ]: ''Marselha'' {{IPA|}} in classical norm or ''Marsilho'' {{IPA|}} in Mistralian norm — ]: ''Massalia / Μασσαλία'') is the second-largest city of ] and forms the third-largest ], with 1,516,340 inhabitants at the 1999 census and 1,605,000 inhabitants in 2007 (] and ] are larger). Located on the south east coast of France on the ], it is France's largest commercial ]. Marseille is the administrative capital (''préfecture de région'') of the ] ], as well as the ] (''préfecture départemental'') of the ] ]. Its inhabitants are called ''Marseillais''.
|urban pop = 1625845
==Geography==
|urban pop date = Jan. 2021<ref name="UU_pop">{{cite web |url=https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=00759&t=A01&view=map12 |title=Statistiques locales - Marseille-Aix-en-Provence : Unité urbaine 2020 - Population municipale (historique depuis 1876) |author=INSEE |author-link=INSEE |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>
]
|metro area km2 = 3971.8
Marseille is the largest and most populous ] after ] and is the centre of the third largest ]. To the east, starting in the small fishing village of Callelongue on the outskirts of Marseille and stretching as far as ], are the ]s, a rugged coastal area interspersed with small ]. Further east still are the ], a {{convert|1147|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} mountain ridge rising from a forest of ] trees, the town of ] and the ]. To the north of Marseille, beyond the low ] and Etoile mountain ranges, is the {{convert|1011|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} ]. To the west of Marseille is the former artists' colony of ]; further west are the ], the ] and the ] region in the ] ]. The ] lies to the north west of the city at ] on the ].
|metro area date = 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-003 |title=Comparateur de territoire - Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Marseille - Aix-en-Provence (003)|publisher=] |access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref>
|metro area pop = 1888788
|metro area pop date = Jan. 2021<ref name="AAV_pop">{{cite web |url=https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=003&t=A01&view=map13 |title=Statistiques locales – Marseille – Aix-en-Provence : Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 - Population municipale (historique depuis 1876)|author=INSEE |author-link=INSEE |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>
|intercommunality = ]
|postal code = 13001-13016
|INSEE = 13055
|dialling code = 0491 or 0496
|website = {{URL|https://www.marseille.fr|marseille.fr}}
}}


'''Marseille''' or '''Marseilles''' ({{langx|fr|Marseille}}; {{langx|oc|label=]|Marselha}}; see ]) is a city in southern ], the ] of the ] of ] and of the ] ]. Situated in the ] region, it is located on the coast of the ], near the mouth of the ] river. Marseille is the ] in France, after ], with 873,076 inhabitants in 2021.<ref name="population">{{cite web| url=https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=13055&t=A01&view=map1 | title=Statistiques locales - Marseille : Commune - Population municipale (historique depuis 1876) | author=INSEE| access-date=12 July 2024|language=fr| author-link=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques}}</ref> Marseille with its ]s and ]s create the ], with a population of 1,911,311 at the 2021 census.<ref name="Metropolis">{{cite web |url=https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=200054807&t=A01&view=map4 |title=Statistiques locales - Métropole d'Aix-Marseille-Provence : Intercommunalité-Métropole - Population municipale (historique depuis 1876) |publisher=] |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="AAV_pop" />
The city itself is spread across a wide geographical area divided into 16 ]s (]). The central six contain most of the city's historic buildings and its services.


Founded {{circa|600 BC}} by Greek settlers from ], Marseille is the oldest city in France, as well as one of Europe's ].{{sfn|Duchêne|Contrucci|1998|loc=page needed A}} It was known to the ] as '']'' and to ] as ''Massilia''.{{sfn|Duchêne|Contrucci|1998|loc=page needed A}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ebel |first=Charles |title=Transalpine Gaul: the emergence of a Roman province |publisher=Brill Archive |year=1976 |isbn=90-04-04384-5 |pages=5–16 }}, Chapter 2, ''Massilia and Rome before 390 B.C.''</ref> Marseille has been a trading port since ancient times. In particular, it experienced a considerable commercial boom during the colonial period and especially during the 19th century, becoming a prosperous industrial and trading city. Nowadays the ] still lies at the heart of the city, where the manufacture of ] began some six centuries ago. Overlooking the port is the ] or "Bonne-mère" for the people of Marseille, a ] church and the symbol of the city. Inherited from this past, the Grand Port Maritime de Marseille (GPMM) and the maritime economy are major poles of regional and national activity and Marseille remains the first French port, the second Mediterranean port and the fifth European port.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Notteboom |first=Theo |title=Concurrence entre les ports et les liaisons terrestres avec l'arrière-pays |date=11 March 2009 |isbn=9789282102268 |series=Tables rondes FIT |pages=27–81 |chapter=Les ports maritimes et leur arrière-pays intermodal |doi=10.1787/9789282102299-3-fr |access-date=30 October 2020 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789282102299-3-fr}}</ref> Since its origins, Marseille's openness to the Mediterranean Sea has made it a ] city marked by cultural and economic exchanges with Southern Europe, the Middle East, North Africa and Asia. In Europe, the city has the third largest Jewish community after ] and Paris.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mandel |first=Maud S. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400848584 |title=Muslims and Jews in France |date=5 January 2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-4858-4 |doi=10.1515/9781400848584}}</ref>
The city's main thoroughfare, the wide boulevard called the ], stretches eastward from the ] to the ''Réformés'' quarter. The tourist information centre is located on the Canebière at the Old Port (where a marina and fish market are located). Two large forts flank the entrance to the Old Port - ] on the south side and ] on the north. Further out in the Bay of Marseille is the ] which comprises four islands, one of which, ], is the location of ], made famous by the ] novel '']''. The main commercial centre of the city intersects with the Canebière at rue St Ferreol and the Centre Bourse (the main shopping mall). The centre of Marseille has several pedestrianized zones, most notably rue St Ferreol, Cours Julien near the Music Conservatory, the Cours Honoré-d'Estienne-d'Orves off the Old Port and the area around the Hotel de Ville. To the south east of central Marseille in the 6th arrondissement are the Prefecture and the monumental fountain of Place Castellane, an important bus and metro interchange. To the south west are the hills of the 7th arrondissement, dominated by the ] of ]. The railway station - ] - is north of the Centre Bourse in the 1st arrondissement; it is linked by the Boulevard d'Athènes to the Canebière.


In the 1990s, the ] project for economic development and urban renewal was launched. New infrastructure projects and renovations were carried out in the 2000s and 2010s: the ], the renovation of the ] into a luxury hotel, the expansion of the ], the ], as well as other quayside museums such as the ] (MuCEM). As a result, Marseille now has the most museums in France after Paris. The city was named ] in 2013 and European Capital of Sport in 2017. Home of the ] club ], one of the most successful and widely supported clubs in France, Marseille has also hosted matches at the ] and ]. It is also home to several higher education institutions in the region, including the ]. A resident of Marseille is a {{lang|fr|Marseillais}}.
==History==
===Prehistory and classical antiquity===
] towards ]]]
Humans have inhabited Marseille and its environs for almost 30,000 years: ] ]s in the underwater ] near the ] of Morgiou date back to between 27,000 and 19,000 BC; and very recent excavations near the railway station have unearthed ] brick habitations from around 6,000 BC. <ref>J. Buisson-Catil, I. Sénépart, ''Marseille avant Marseille. La fréquentation préhistorique du site''. ''Archéologia'', no. 435, July-August 2006, pages 28-31</ref>
<ref> of INRAP (institut national de recherches archéologiques preventives).</ref>
Marseille was founded in 600 BC by Greeks from ] as a trading port under the name Μασσαλία (''Massalia''; see also ]). The precise circumstances and date of founding remain obscure, but nevertheless a legend survives. Protis, while exploring for a new trading outpost or ''emporion'' for Phocaea, discovered the ] ] of the Lacydon, fed by a freshwater stream and protected by two rocky ]. Protis was invited inland to a banquet held by the chief of the local ] tribe for suitors seeking the hand of his daughter Gyptis in marriage. At the end of the banquet, Gyptis presented the ceremonial cup of wine to Protis, indicating her unequivocal choice. Following their marriage, they moved to the hill just to the north of the Lacydon; and from this settlement grew Massalia.<ref>Marius Dubois, Paul Gaffarel et J.-B. Samat, ''Histoire de Marseille '', Librairie P. Ruat, Marseille, 1913.</ref>


==Name==
Massalia was the first Greek port in Western Europe, growing to a population of over 1000. It was the first settlement given city status in France. Facing an opposing alliance of the ], ] and the ], the Greek colony allied itself with the expanding Roman Republic for protection. This protectionist association brought aid in the event of future attacks, and perhaps equally important it also brought the people of Massalia into the complex Roman market. The city thrived by acting as a link between the interior of Gaul, hungry for Roman goods and wine (of which Massalia was steadily exporting by 500 B.C.),<ref> Hugh Johnson, ''Vintage: The Story of Wine'' pg 40. Simon and Schuster 1989 </ref> and Rome's insatiable need for new products and slaves. Under this arrangement the city maintained its independence until the rise of ], when it joined the losing side (] and the ]) in ], and lost its independence in 49 BC.
The name of Marseille is of unknown ultimate origin, but it is thought it may come from ], which was the local language before the arrival of the Greeks. Forms of the name include:


* In English ''Marseille'' or ''Marseilles'', both pronounced {{IPAc-en|m|ɑːr|ˈ|s|eɪ}} {{respell|mar|SAY}};
It was the site of a ] in which the fleet was confiscated by the Roman authorities. During the ] times the city was called ''Massalia''. It was the home port of ]. Most of the archaeological remnants of the original Greek settlement were replaced by later Roman additions.
* In French {{lang|fr|Marseille}}, which is pronounced {{IPA|fr|maʁsɛj||Fr-Normandie-Marseille.ogg}} in ] and {{IPA-frdia|maχˈsɛjə||Fr-Marseille.ogg}} in ];
* In ] (]) {{lang|oc|Marselha}} ({{IPA|oc|maʁˈsejɔ, maʁˈsijɔ|pron}}) according to the Classical orthographic norm, which may be written {{lang|oc|Marsiho}} according to the ], from the ] {{lang|pro|Marselha}} or {{lang|pro|Masselha}};
* In ] {{lang|la|Massilia}}, from the ] {{lang|grc|Μασσαλία}} ({{transl|grc|Massalía}}), which is the oldest attestation of the name, since ] around 600 BC, and remained for a long time a Greek-speaking place even after it fell under Roman rule.


==Geography==
Marseille thrived as a Roman trading port. Evidence of its growth and wealth is the fact that it was the first town of France to have an official public sewer system. During the Roman era, the city was controlled by a directory of 15 selected “first” among 600 senators. Three of them had the preeminence and the essence of the executive power. The city's laws amongst other things forbade the drinking of wine by women and allowed by vote of the 600, assistance to allow a person to commit suicide.
]) with the ] and the ] in the background]]
] satellite view of Marseille]]
Marseille is the third-largest metropolitan area in France after Paris and Lyon. To the east, starting in the small fishing village of Callelongue on the outskirts of Marseille and stretching as far as ], are the ]s, a rugged coastal area interspersed with small ]-like inlets. Farther east still are the ] (a {{convert|1147|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} mountain ridge rising from a forest of ] trees), the city of ] and the ]. To the north of Marseille, beyond the low ] and Etoile ]s, is the {{convert|1011|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} ]. To the west of Marseille is the former artists' colony of ]; farther west are the ], the ] and the ] region in the ] ]. The ] lies to the north west of the city at ] on the ].<ref name="ReferenceA">Michelin Guide to Provence, {{ISBN|2-06-137503-0}}</ref>


The city's main thoroughfare (the wide boulevard called the ]) stretches eastward from the ] to the Réformés quarter. Two large forts flank the entrance to the Old Port—Fort Saint-Nicolas{{efn|Port Saint-Nicholas is a 17th-century fortress built around the small medieval chapel of Entrecasteaux near the ].}}<ref>{{harvnb|Duchêne| Contrucci|1998|page=384}}</ref> on the south side and ] on the north. Farther out in the Bay of Marseille is the ] which comprises four islands, one of which, If, is the location of ], made famous by the ] novel '']''. The main commercial centre of the city intersects with the Canebière at Rue St Ferréol and the Centre Bourse (one of the city's main shopping malls). The centre of Marseille has several pedestrianised zones, most notably Rue St Ferréol, Cours Julien near the Music Conservatory, the Cours Honoré-d'Estienne-d'Orves off the Old Port and the area around the Hôtel de Ville. To the south east of central Marseille in the ] are the Prefecture and the monumental fountain of Place Castellane, an important bus and metro interchange. To the south west are the hills of the ] and ], dominated by the ] of ]. Marseille's main railway station—]—is north of the Centre Bourse in the 1st arrondissement; it is linked by the Boulevard d'Athènes to the Canebière.<ref name="ReferenceA" />
It was during this time that ] first appeared in Marseille, as evidenced by ]s above the harbour and
records of ] ]. According to ] ], ] ] Marseille with her brother ]. The ] of Marseille was set up in the first century (it became the ] in 1948).


===Climate===
===Middle Ages and Renaissance===
The city has a ] (]: ''Csa'') with cool-mild winters with moderate rainfall, because of the wet westerly winds, and hot, mostly dry summers.<ref name="Marseille, France">{{Cite web |title=Marseille, France Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=5670&cityname=Marseille,+France |access-date=8 February 2019 |website=Weatherbase}}</ref> December, January, and February are the coldest months, averaging temperatures of around {{convert|12|°C|0|abbr=on}} during the day and {{convert|4|°C|0|abbr=on}} at night. July and August are the hottest months, averaging temperatures of around {{convert|28-30|°C|0|abbr=on}} during the day and {{convert|19|°C|0|abbr=on}} at night in the Marignane airport but in the city near the sea the average high temperature is {{convert|27|°C|0|abbr=on}} in July.<ref>Météo France, 1981–2010 averages</ref>
]
With the decline of the Roman Empire, the town fell into the hands of the ], then was given to the ] after the ] to prevent the city from falling to the ]. Eventually Frankish kings succeeded in taking the town in the mid 500s AD. Emperor ] and the ] dynasty granted civic power to Marseille, which remained a major French trading port until the medieval period. The city regained much of its wealth and trading power when it was revived in the 10th century by the counts of Provence. In 1262, the city revolted under Hugues des Baux, brother of ], and ] against the rule of the ] but was put down by ].<ref> {{citation|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History|last=Abulafia|first=David|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1999|id=ISBN 052136289X}} </ref> In 1347, the city suffered terribly from the ]. As a major port, it is believed Marseille was one of the first places in France to encounter the epidemic, and some 50,000 people died in a city of 90,000. The city's fortunes declined still further when it was sacked and pillaged by the ] in 1423.


Marseille receives the most sunlight of any French city, 2,897.6 hours per year on average,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Deluzarche |first1=Céline |title=France : top 20 des villes les plus ensoleillées |url=https://www.futura-sciences.com/planete/questions-reponses/meteorologie-france-top-20-villes-plus-ensoleillees-11296/ |website=Futura Sciences |access-date=29 April 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> while the average sunshine in the country is around 1,950 hours.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} It is also the driest major city with only {{convert|532.3|mm|0|abbr=on}} of precipitation annually, mainly due to the ], a cold, dry wind originating in the ] Valley that occurs mostly in winter and spring and which generally brings clear skies and sunny weather to the region. Less frequent is the ], a hot, sand-bearing wind, coming from the Sahara. Snowfalls are infrequent; over 50% of years do not experience a single snowfall.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}
Marseille soon revived its population and trading status in the Mediterranean and in 1437, the Count of ] ], who succeeded his father ], as King of ] and Duke of ], arrived in Marseille and established it as France's most fortified settlement outside of Paris.<ref> {{citation|first=Raoul| last= Busquet|last2=Laffont|first2=Robert|title=Histoire de Marseille|publisher=Jeanne Laffitte|year= 1998|id=ISBN 2221087348}} (in French) </ref> He helped raise the status of the town to a city and allowed certain privileges to be granted to it. Marseille was then used by Duke of Anjou as a strategic maritime base to reconquer his kingdom of Sicily. King René, who wished to equip the entrance of the port with a solid defense, decided to build on the ruins of the old Maubert tower and to establish a series of ramparts guarding the harbor. Jean Pardo, engineer, conceived the plans and Jehan Robert, mason of Tarascon, carried out the work. The construction of the new city defenses took place between 1447 and 1453. The trading in Marseille also flourished in this term as the Guild began to establish a position of power within the merchants of the city. Notably René also founded the Corporation of Fisherman.


The hottest temperature was {{convert|40.6|°C|1}} on 26 July 1983 during a great heat wave, the lowest temperature was {{convert|-16.8|°C|1}} on 13 February 1929 during a strong cold wave.<ref name=marseilleobsnormals/>
Marseille became a part of France in 1481 but soon acquired a reputation for rebelling against the central government. Some 30 years after its incorporation, ] visited Marseille, drawn by his curiosity to see a ] that King ] of ] was sending to Pope ], but which had been ]ed on the Ile d'If. As a result of this visit, the fortress of ] was constructed; this did little to prevent Marseille being placed under siege by the army of the ] a few years later. {{fact}} Towards the end of the sixteenth century Marseille suffered yet another outbreak of the plague; the hospital of the Hotel-Dieu was founded soon afterwards. A century later more troubles were in store: King ] himself had to descend upon Marseille, at the head of his army, in order to quash a local uprising against the governor.<ref> {{citation|
{{Weather box
first=Roger|last= Duchêne|first2=Jean|last2=Contrucci|title=Marseille, 2600 ans d'histoire|publisher=Fayard|year=1998|id=ISBN 2213601976}} (in French)</ref>
|location = Marseille-] (]), elevation: 36 m, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1921–present{{efn|The altitude provided from the site varies about 31 m, a much larger value than the margin of error, which may mean that the station was relocated ms in one of the data had maintained the elevation from when measured, which should be used.<ref name = infoc /><ref name = noaa />}}
As a consequence, the two forts of St Jean and St Nicholas were erected above the harbour and a large ] and ] were established in the harbour itself.
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 19.9
|Feb record high C = 22.5
|Mar record high C = 25.4
|Apr record high C = 29.6
|May record high C = 34.9
|Jun record high C = 39.6
|Jul record high C = 39.7
|Aug record high C = 39.2
|Sep record high C = 34.3
|Oct record high C = 30.4
|Nov record high C = 25.2
|Dec record high C = 20.7
|year record high C = 39.7
|Jan high C = 11.8
|Feb high C = 12.8
|Mar high C = 16.4
|Apr high C = 19.3
|May high C = 23.5
|Jun high C = 27.9
|Jul high C = 30.7
|Aug high C = 30.5
|Sep high C = 25.9
|Oct high C = 21.3
|Nov high C = 15.7
|Dec high C = 12.4
|year high C = 20.7
|Jan mean C = 7.7
|Feb mean C = 8.3
|Mar mean C = 11.4
|Apr mean C = 14.3
|May mean C = 18.4
|Jun mean C = 22.5
|Jul mean C = 25.2
|Aug mean C = 24.9
|Sep mean C = 20.9
|Oct mean C = 17.0
|Nov mean C = 11.7
|Dec mean C = 8.4
|year mean C = 15.9
|Jan low C = 3.6
|Feb low C = 3.7
|Mar low C = 6.5
|Apr low C = 9.4
|May low C = 13.3
|Jun low C = 17.2
|Jul low C = 19.7
|Aug low C = 19.4
|Sep low C = 15.9
|Oct low C = 12.6
|Nov low C = 7.7
|Dec low C = 4.4
|year low C = 11.1
|Jan record low C = -12.4
|Feb record low C = -16.8
|Mar record low C = -10.0
|Apr record low C = -2.4
|May record low C = 0.0
|Jun record low C = 5.4
|Jul record low C = 7.8
|Aug record low C = 8.1
|Sep record low C = 1.0
|Oct record low C = -2.2
|Nov record low C = -5.8
|Dec record low C = -12.8
|year record low C = -16.8
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 47.1
|Feb precipitation mm = 29.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 29.5
|Apr precipitation mm = 51.6
|May precipitation mm = 37.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 27.9
|Jul precipitation mm = 10.8
|Aug precipitation mm = 25.8
|Sep precipitation mm = 82.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 73.3
|Nov precipitation mm = 75.9
|Dec precipitation mm = 40.9
|year precipitation mm = 532.3
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 5.1
|Feb precipitation days = 4.6
|Mar precipitation days = 4.2
|Apr precipitation days = 5.8
|May precipitation days = 4.4
|Jun precipitation days = 2.8
|Jul precipitation days = 1.4
|Aug precipitation days = 2.7
|Sep precipitation days = 4.8
|Oct precipitation days = 5.9
|Nov precipitation days = 7.0
|Dec precipitation days = 4.7
|year precipitation days = 53.5
|Jan snow days = 0.9
|Feb snow days = 0.5
|Mar snow days = 0.0
|Apr snow days = 0.0
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 0.3
|Dec snow days = 0.2
|year snow days = 1.9
|Jan sun = 147.9
|Feb sun = 173.1
|Mar sun = 234.7
|Apr sun = 250.8
|May sun = 298.6
|Jun sun = 337.8
|Jul sun = 372.2
|Aug sun = 333.8
|Sep sun = 263.7
|Oct sun = 196.1
|Nov sun = 150.8
|Dec sun = 138.1
|year sun = 2897.6
|Jan uv = 1
|Feb uv = 2
|Mar uv = 4
|Apr uv = 5
|May uv = 7
|Jun uv = 8
|Jul uv = 8
|Aug uv = 7
|Sep uv = 5
|Oct uv = 3
|Nov uv = 2
|Dec uv = 1
|source 1 = ]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marignane (13) |url=https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_13054001.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310163158/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_13054001.pdf |archive-date=10 March 2018 |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records |publisher=Meteo France |language=French}}</ref>
|source 2 = Weather Atlas (UV)<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Yu Media Group |title=Marseille, France - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/france/marseille-climate |access-date=2 July 2019 |website=Weather Atlas |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box
|location= Marseille (Longchamp observatory), elevation: 75 m, 1981–2010 averages, extremes 1868–2003{{efn|Although the values have a record of more than two decades, it can not be used as an overview of the local climate, as it does not reach the minimum period of 30 years required by ].<ref>, '']'' (June 2011). Retrieved 8 February 2019.</ref>}}
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|collapsed = yes
|Jan record high C = 21.2
|Feb record high C = 22.7
|Mar record high C = 26.1
|Apr record high C = 28.6
|May record high C = 33.2
|Jun record high C = 36.9
|Jul record high C = 40.6
|Aug record high C = 38.6
|Sep record high C = 33.8
|Oct record high C = 30.9
|Nov record high C = 24.3
|Dec record high C = 23.1
|year record high C = 40.6
|Jan high C = 11.8
|Feb high C = 12.7
|Mar high C = 15.9
|Apr high C = 18.3
|May high C = 22.6
|Jun high C = 26.2
|Jul high C = 29.6
|Aug high C = 29.1
|Sep high C = 25.2
|Oct high C = 20.9
|Nov high C = 15.2
|Dec high C = 12.5
|year high C = 20.0
|Jan mean C = 8.4
|Feb mean C = 8.9
|Mar mean C = 11.6
|Apr mean C = 13.8
|May mean C = 17.9
|Jun mean C = 21.3
|Jul mean C = 24.5
|Aug mean C = 24.1
|Sep mean C = 20.7
|Oct mean C = 16.9
|Nov mean C = 11.8
|Dec mean C = 9.3
|year mean C = 15.8
|Jan low C = 4.9
|Feb low C = 5.1
|Mar low C = 7.3
|Apr low C = 9.3
|May low C = 13.1
|Jun low C = 16.4
|Jul low C = 19.4
|Aug low C = 19.1
|Sep low C = 16.1
|Oct low C = 13.0
|Nov low C = 8.3
|Dec low C = 6.0
|year low C = 11.5
|Jan record low C = -10.5
|Feb record low C = -14.3
|Mar record low C = -7.0
|Apr record low C = -3.0
|May record low C = 0.0
|Jun record low C = 4.7
|Jul record low C = 8.5
|Aug record low C = 8.1
|Sep record low C = 0.0
|Oct record low C = -3.0
|Nov record low C = -6.9
|Dec record low C = -11.4
|year record low C = -14.3
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 51.1
|Feb precipitation mm = 32.1
|Mar precipitation mm = 30.7
|Apr precipitation mm = 51.1
|May precipitation mm = 38.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 23.5
|Jul precipitation mm = 7.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 27.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 71.6
|Oct precipitation mm = 78.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 58.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 52.3
|year precipitation mm = 523.2
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 5.5
|Feb precipitation days = 4.5
|Mar precipitation days = 4.0
|Apr precipitation days = 6.1
|May precipitation days = 4.3
|Jun precipitation days = 2.5
|Jul precipitation days = 1.3
|Aug precipitation days = 2.4
|Sep precipitation days = 4.1
|Oct precipitation days = 6.1
|Nov precipitation days = 6.1
|Dec precipitation days = 5.8
|year precipitation days = 52.6
|source 1 = ]<ref name="marseilleobsnormals">{{Cite web |title=Marseille–Obs (13) |url=https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_13055001.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310161507/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_13055001.pdf |archive-date=10 March 2018 |access-date=10 March 2018 |website=Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records |publisher=Meteo France |language=French}}</ref>
|source 2 = Infoclimat.fr<ref>{{Cite web |title=Normales et records pour la période 1981-2010 à Marseille Observatoire Longchamp |url=http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/normales-records/1981-2010/marseille-observatoire-longchamp/valeurs/STAICA31.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310161956/http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/normales-records/1981-2010/marseille-observatoire-longchamp/valeurs/STAICA31.html |archive-date=10 March 2018 |access-date=10 March 2018 |publisher=Infoclimat |language=French}}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box
| width = 100% <!-- 77% if there is a template or image next to it -->
| collapsed = y <!-- y, if you have normal updates -->
| open =
| metric first = y <!-- always, except UK or US cities -->
| single line = y
| location = Marseille-] (]), elevation: 36 m, 1961–1990 normals and extremes
<!--in the order as it appears in the table, not all of the following data may be available, especially records and days of precipitation -->
| Jan mean C =6.6
| Feb mean C =8.4
| Mar mean C =10.2
| Apr mean C =13.3
| May mean C =17.1
| Jun mean C =20.7
| Jul mean C =23.6
| Aug mean C =23.3
| Sep mean C =20.2
| Oct mean C =16.2
| Nov mean C =10.6
| Dec mean C =7.6
| Jan high C =10.5
| Feb high C =12.3
| Mar high C =14.7
| Apr high C =17.9
| May high C =21.8
| Jun high C =25.6
| Jul high C =28.9
| Aug high C =28.5
| Sep high C =25.2
| Oct high C =20.7
| Nov high C =14.6
| Dec high C =11.5
| Jan record high C =19.1
| Feb record high C =22.1
| Mar record high C =25.4
| Apr record high C =26.6
| May record high C =30.1
| Jun record high C =34.4
| Jul record high C =39.7
| Aug record high C =38.6
| Sep record high C =32.7
| Oct record high C =30.1
| Nov record high C =24.4
| Dec record high C =20.7
| Jan avg record high C =13.3
| Feb avg record high C =16.7
| Mar avg record high C =18.0
| Apr avg record high C =20.5
| May avg record high C =24.9
| Jun avg record high C =28.4
| Jul avg record high C =32.4
| Aug avg record high C =30.9
| Sep avg record high C =27.4
| Oct avg record high C =22.5
| Nov avg record high C =17.0
| Dec avg record high C =14.7
| Jan low C =2.7
| Feb low C =4.0
| Mar low C =5.7
| Apr low C =8.7
| May low C =12.4
| Jun low C =15.7
| Jul low C =18.4
| Aug low C =18.0
| Sep low C =15.4
| Oct low C =11.5
| Nov low C =6.9
| Dec low C =4.0
| Jan record low C =-12.4
| Feb record low C =-15.0
| Mar record low C =-7.4
| Apr record low C =0.3
| May record low C =2.2
| Jun record low C =6.8
| Jul record low C =11.7
| Aug record low C =9.4
| Sep record low C =6.6
| Oct record low C =0.4
| Nov record low C =-5.0
| Dec record low C =-12.3
| Jan avg record low C =-1.6
| Feb avg record low C =-0.6
| Mar avg record low C =2.4
| Apr avg record low C =6.2
| May avg record low C =10.1
| Jun avg record low C =14.2
| Jul avg record low C =16.5
| Aug avg record low C =16.4
| Sep avg record low C =13.3
| Oct avg record low C =6.8
| Nov avg record low C =3.8
| Dec avg record low C =-0.3
|precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm =42.4
| Feb precipitation mm =47.7
| Mar precipitation mm =42.7
| Apr precipitation mm =37.0
| May precipitation mm =38.2
| Jun precipitation mm =23.3
| Jul precipitation mm =6.0
| Aug precipitation mm =25.7
| Sep precipitation mm =37.8
| Oct precipitation mm =45.0
| Nov precipitation mm =48.2
| Dec precipitation mm =56.3
|Jan humidity = 75
|Feb humidity = 72
|Mar humidity = 67
|Apr humidity = 65
|May humidity = 64
|Jun humidity = 63
|Jul humidity = 59
|Aug humidity = 62
|Sep humidity = 69
|Oct humidity = 74
|Nov humidity = 75
|Dec humidity = 77
| Jan percentsun =53
| Feb percentsun =53
| Mar percentsun =59
| Apr percentsun =62
| May percentsun =65
| Jun percentsun =72
| Jul percentsun =79
| Aug percentsun =77
| Sep percentsun =68
| Oct percentsun =61
| Nov percentsun =54
| Dec percentsun =52
| Jan sun =150.0
| Feb sun =155.5
| Mar sun =215.1
| Apr sun =244.8
| May sun =292.5
| Jun sun =326.2
| Jul sun =366.4
| Aug sun =327.4
| Sep sun =254.3
| Oct sun =204.5
| Nov sun =155.5
| Dec sun =143.3
|Jan snow days = 0.8
|Feb snow days = 0.4
|Mar snow days = 0.1
|Apr snow days = 0.0
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 0.2
|Dec snow days = 0.7
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days =6.5
| Feb precipitation days =6.0
| Mar precipitation days =5.5
| Apr precipitation days =5.3
| May precipitation days =4.9
| Jun precipitation days =3.5
| Jul precipitation days =1.6
| Aug precipitation days =3.0
| Sep precipitation days =3.6
| Oct precipitation days =5.8
| Nov precipitation days =5.1
| Dec precipitation days =6.0
| source = ]<ref name="noaa">{{Cite web |title=Marseille-Marignane (07650) - WMO Weather Station |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/FR/07650.TXT |access-date=4 February 2019 |publisher=]}} 8 February 2019, at the ]</ref>
|source 2 = Infoclimat.fr (humidity)<ref name="infoc">{{Cite web |title=Normales et records pour la période 1981-2010 à Marseille Observatoire Longchamp |url=http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/normales-records/1981-2010/marseille-observatoire-longchamp/valeurs/STAICA31.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310161956/http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/normales-records/1981-2010/marseille-observatoire-longchamp/valeurs/STAICA31.html |archive-date=10 March 2018 |access-date=10 March 2018 |publisher=Infoclimat |language=French}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=07650&ano=2021&mes=12&day=30&hora=18&min=0&ndays=30|title= 07650: Marseille / Marignane (France)|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 29 December 2021|website=ogimet.com |publisher=] |access-date= 30 December 2021|quote=}}</ref>
}}


==History==
===18th-19th century===
{{main|History of Marseille}}
] Over the course of the eighteenth century, the port's defenses were improved and Marseille became more important as France's leading military port in the Mediterranean. In 1720 the ], a form of the ], struck down 100,000 people in the city and the surrounding provinces. ], royal notary, wrote from 1770 to 1791 the historical Almanac of Marseille, published as ''Recueil des antiquités et des monuments marseillais qui peuvent intéresser l’histoire et les arts'', (“Collection of antiquities and Marseilles monuments which can interest history and the arts”), which for a long time was the primary resource on the history of the monuments of the city.
{{For timeline}}
] inscribed with MASSA ({{lang|grc|ΜΑΣΣΑ}}), dated 375–200 BC, during the ] of Marseille, bearing the head of the ] ] on the ] and a lion on the reverse]]


Marseille was founded as the ] of ] {{circa|600 BC}}, and was populated by Greek settlers from ] (modern ], Turkey). It became the preeminent Greek '']'' in the ] region of ].<ref>Patrick Boucheron, et al., eds. ''France in the World: A New Global History'' (2019) pp 30–35.</ref> The city-state sided with the ] against ] during the ] (218–201 BC), retaining its independence and commercial empire throughout the ] even as Rome expanded its empire into ] and ]. However, the city lost its independence following the Roman ] in 49 BC, during ], in which Massalia sided with the ] at war with ]. Afterward, the ] was initiated.
The local population enthusiastically embraced the ] and sent 500 volunteers to Paris in 1792 to defend the revolutionary government; their rallying call to revolution, sung on their march from Marseille to Paris, became known as '']'', now the ] of France.


The city maintained its position as a premier maritime trading hub even after its capture by the ] in the fifth century AD, although the city went into decline following the sack of AD 739 by the forces of ] against the ] ]. It became part of the ] during the tenth century, although its renewed prosperity was curtailed by the Black Death of the 14th century and a sack of the city by the ] in 1423. The city's fortunes rebounded with the ambitious building projects of ], Count of Provence, who strengthened the city's fortifications during the mid-15th century. During the 16th century, the city hosted a naval fleet with the combined forces of the ], which threatened the ports and navies of the ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=France-Ottoman {{!}} Ottoman History|url=https://ottoman.ahya.net/node/76|access-date=24 April 2021|website=ottoman.ahya.net}}</ref>
During the nineteenth century the city was the site of industrial innovations and a growth in manufacturing. The rise of the ] and the conquests of France from 1830 onward (notably Algeria) stimulated the maritime trade and raised the prosperity of the city. Maritime opportunities also increased with the opening of the ] in 1869. This period in Marseille's history is reflected in many of its monuments, such as the ] ] at Mazargues and the ] ] in the place d'Aix.


Marseille lost a significant portion of its population during the ] in 1720, but the population had recovered by mid-century. In 1792, the city became a focal point of the ], and though France's ] was born in ], it was first sung in Paris by volunteers from Marseille, hence the name the crowd gave it: '']''. The ] and establishment of the ] during the 19th century allowed for the further expansion of the city, although it was occupied by the German ] in November 1942 and subsequently heavily damaged during ]. The city has since become a major center for immigrant communities from former French colonies in Africa, such as ].
===Twentieth century===
]
During the first half of the twentieth century, Marseille celebrated its trading status and 'port of the empire' status through the colonial exhibitions of 1906 and 1922; the monumental staircase at the ], glorifying ] conquests, dates from then. In 1934 ] arrived at the port to meet with the French foreign minister ]. He was assassinated there by ].


==Economy==
During ], Marseille was bombed by the ] and the ] forces in 1940. The city was occupied by Germans from November 1942 to August 1944. <ref>http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-12520/Marseille</ref>
{{POV section|date=September 2023}}
Over one-third of the city's old quarter was destroyed in a massive clearance project, aimed to reduce opportunities for resistance members to hide and operate in the densely populated old buildings. {{fact}}


Marseille is a major French centre for trade and industry, with excellent transportation infrastructure (roads, sea port and airport). Marseille Provence Airport is the fourth largest in France. In May 2005, the French financial magazine ''L'Expansion'' named Marseille the most dynamic of France's large cities, citing figures showing that 7,200 companies had been created in the city since 2000.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Neumann |first=Benjamin |date=1 May 2005 |title=Les villes qui font bouger la France |trans-title=Cities That Are Moving France |url=http://www.lexpansion.com/economie/les-villes-qui-font-bouger-la-france_23845.html |magazine=L'Express |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Roularta Media Group |access-date=28 January 2008 |archive-date=1 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101122131/http://www.lexpansion.com/economie/les-villes-qui-font-bouger-la-france_23845.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{As of|2019}}, the Marseille metropolitan area had a ],{{efn|Constant ] US dollars, base year 2015.}} or US$43,430 per capita (purchasing power parity).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?datasetcode=FUA_CITY |title=City statistics : Economy |author=]|access-date=16 January 2023}}</ref>
After the war much of the city was rebuilt during the 1950s. The governments of ], ], and ] paid massive ]s, plus ], to compensate civilians killed, injured, or left homeless or destitute as a result of the war.


===Port===
From the 1950s onward, the city served as an entrance port for over a million immigrants to France, many of whom came in 1962 from the newly indepedent ]. About 150,000 migrants arrived from Algeria during this time. <ref>http://www.unesco.org/most/p97mars.doc</ref> Many immigrants have stayed and given the city a vibrant French-African quarter with a large market.
{{main|Marseille-Fos Port|Old Port of Marseille|Docks (Marseille)}}
]
Historically, the economy of Marseille was dominated by its role as a port of the French Empire, linking the North African colonies of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia with ]. The ] was replaced as the main port for trade by the Port de la Joliette (now part of ]) during the ] and now contains restaurants, offices, bars and hotels and functions mostly as a private marina. The majority of the port and ], which experienced decline in the 1970s after the ], have been recently redeveloped with funds from the ]. Fishing remains important in Marseille and the food economy of Marseille is fed by the local catch; a daily fish market is still held on the ] of the Old Port.


The economy of Marseille and its region is still linked to its commercial port, the first French port and the fifth ], which lies north of the Old Port and eastern in ]. Some 45,000 jobs are linked to the port activities and it represents €4&nbsp;billion of added value to the regional economy.<ref name="fos">{{Cite web |date=5 February 2013 |title=Record Container Year as Marseilles Fos Sets Vision for Future |url=http://www.marseille-port.fr/en/Content/Documents/Presse/2013/10/news_port_marseille_fos_0502_2013.pdf |access-date=8 March 2013 |website=Port of Marseille-Fos}}</ref> 100&nbsp;million tons of ] pass annually through the port, 60% of which is petroleum, making it number one in France and the Mediterranean and number three in Europe. However, in the early 2000s, the growth in container traffic was being stifled by the constant strikes and social upheaval.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Les ports français |url=http://www.ccomptes.fr/content/download/2221/22177/file/FichespolitiquePortuaire.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092117/http://www.ccomptes.fr/content/download/2221/22177/file/FichespolitiquePortuaire.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=5 January 2008 |website=Cour de comptes}}</ref> The port is among the 20th firsts in Europe for container traffic with 1,062,408 ] and new infrastructure has already raised the capacity to 2&nbsp;million TEU.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2012 |title=Marseille: Strategic Call for Arkas |url=http://www.portstrategy.com/news101/world/europe/marseille-strategic-call-for-arkas |access-date=12 March 2013 |publisher=Port Strategy}}</ref> Marseille is connected with the Rhône via a ] and thus has access to the extensive waterway network of France. Petroleum is shipped northward to the Paris basin by pipeline. The city also serves as France's leading centre of oil refining.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}
After the oil crisis of 1973 and an economic downturn, Marseille became a haven for ], and began to experience high levels of ]. The city has worked to combat these problems, and through plans from the AT in Paris and funds from the ], the city has developed a modern and advanced economy based on high technology manufacturing, oil refining and service sector employment. In terms of recent social history, Marseille has served as the home of the new right and the ]. Because of high levels of unemployment and a large immigrant population, Marseille is home to a large population of National Front supporters.<ref></ref>


===Companies, services and high technologies===
Politically, from 1950 to the mid 1980s, Marseille was dominated by its mayor ], who was re-elected six times. The three most recent mayors are listed below:
] neighbourhood (]), ferry ship docks, new port, ] business district (]) and surrounding areas]]
In recent years,{{When|date=February 2022}} the city has also experienced a large growth in ] employment and a switch from ] to a cultural, ] economy.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} The Marseille region is home to thousands of companies, 90% of which are ] with less than 500 employees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marseille Metropole Provence |url=http://www.marseille-provence.com/ |access-date=1 February 2010 |publisher=Marseille-provence.com |language=fr}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=June 2015}} Among the most famous are ], container-shipping giant; ] (Comex), a leader in sub-sea engineering and hydraulic systems; ], an ] division; Azur Promotel, an active ] company; ''La Provence'', the local ]; RTM, Marseille's public transport company; and Société Nationale Maritime Corse Méditerranée (SNCM), a major provider of passenger, vehicle and freight transportation in the Western Mediterranean. The urban operation ] has developed a large offer of offices and thus Marseille hosts one of the main business district in France.


Marseille is the home of three main ]s: Château-Gombert (technological innovations), Luminy (biotechnology) and La Belle de Mai (17,000 sq.m. of offices dedicated to multimedia activities).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Technopôles |url=http://www.marseille-provence.fr/index.php/competences/developpement-economique/technopoles |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402170503/http://www.marseille-provence.fr/index.php/competences/developpement-economique/technopoles |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=12 March 2013 |website=Marseille Provence Metropole}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Marseilles Euroméditerranée: Between Europe and the Mediterranean |url=http://www.euromediterranee.fr/fileadmin/multimedia/EUROMEDITERRANEE%20GB.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104901/http://www.euromediterranee.fr/fileadmin/multimedia/EUROMEDITERRANEE%20GB.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=8 March 2003 |website=Euroméditerranée |publisher=Établissement Public d'Aménagement Euroméditerranée |page=5}}</ref>
* 1953-1986: ] (]) (already mayor of 1944 to 1946, re-elected in 1959, 1965, 1971, 1977, 1983)
* 1986-1995: ] (RDSE) (re-elected in 1989)
* 1995 -: ] (]) (re-elected in 6/2001)


===Tourism and attractions===
==Economy==
]
]
]]]
Historically, the economy of Marseille was dominated by its role as a port of the ], linking the North African colonies of ], ] and ] with metropolitan France. The majority of the old port and docks, which experienced decline in the 1970s after the oil crisis, have been recently redeveloped with funds from the ]. {{Fact}} The old port now contains restaurants, offices, bars and hotels and functions mostly as a private marina. ], however, remains important in Marseille and the food economy of Marseille is still dominated by the local catch and a daily fish market is still held at the Belgian Quay at the Old Port.
The port is also an important arrival base for millions of people each year, with 2.4 million including 890,100 from cruise ships.<ref name=fos/>
With its beaches, history, architecture and culture (24 museums and 42 theatres), Marseille is one of the most visited cities in France, with 4.1 million visitors in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2004 |title=Découvrir Marseille – Une ville de tourisme |url=http://www.marseille.fr/sitevdm/decouvrir-marseille/une-ville-de-tourisme |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511062726/http://www.marseille.fr/sitevdm/decouvrir-marseille/une-ville-de-tourisme |archive-date=11 May 2013 |access-date=5 May 2013 |publisher=Marseille.fr |language=fr}}</ref>


They take place in three main sites, the ], Palais des Congrès et des Expositions (Parc Chanot) and World Trade Center.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2004 |title=Economie – Tourisme d'affaires et congrès |url=http://www.marseille.fr/sitevdm/economie/tourisme-daffaires-et-congres |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217182535/http://www.marseille.fr/sitevdm/economie/tourisme-daffaires-et-congres |archive-date=17 February 2013 |access-date=12 March 2013 |publisher=Marseille.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In 2012 Marseille hosted the ].
Today, the economy of Marseille is dominated by the New Port, which runs perpendicular to the Old Port, a commercial ] and a transport port for the Mediterranean sea. 100 million tons of ] pass annually through the port, 60% of which is petroleum, making it number one in France and the Mediterranean and number three in Europe. However, its recent growth in container traffic is being stifled by the constant strikes and social upheaval.<ref></ref> Major imports include ], ], ], ], hides and skins, and tropical agricultural products. Major exports are dominated by wines, liqueurs, processed foods, ], and metal products. Petroleum refining and shipbuilding are the principal industries, but chemicals, ], ], ], building materials, ], ], olive oil, and processed foods are also important products. Marseille is connected with the ] via a ] and thus has access to the extensive waterway network of France. Petroleum is shipped northward to the Paris basin by pipeline. The city also serves as France's leading centre of oil refinement.
Several urban projects have been developed to make Marseille attractive. Thus new parks, museums, public spaces and real estate projects aim to improve the city's quality of life (], ],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravenscroft |first=Tom |date=5 March 2013 |title=Foster Unveils Reflective Events Pavilion in Marseille |url=http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/first-look/foster-unveils-reflective-events-pavilion-in-marseille/8643782.article |access-date=12 March 2013 |publisher=Architects Journal}}</ref> numerous places in ]) to attract firms and people. Marseille municipality acts to develop Marseille as a regional nexus for entertainment in the south of France with high concentration of museums, cinemas, theatres, clubs, bars, restaurants, fashion shops, hotels, and ].


===Employment===
Marseille is a major French centre for ] and ], with an excellent transportation infrastructure (roads, sea port and airport). The airport, ], is the fourth largest in France. It is the main arrival base for millions of tourists each year as well as serving a growing business community. All three branches of the ] - the ], the ] and ] - are represented to varying degrees in both Marseille and ]. The economy is closely associated with the Marseille Provence Metropolis, France's second largest research centre with 3000 research scientists.
Unemployment in the economy fell from 20% in 1995 to 14% in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2004 |title=Jean-Claude Gaudin: Sénateur-Maire de Marseille |url=http://www.polytechnique.fr/eleves/binets/xpassion/article.php?id=28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230071050/http://www.polytechnique.fr/eleves/binets/xpassion/article.php?id=28 |archive-date=30 December 2008 |access-date=1 February 2010 |publisher=Polytechnique.fr |language=fr}}</ref>{{update inline|date=January 2022}} However, Marseille unemployment rate remains higher than the national average. In some parts of Marseille, youth unemployment is reported to be as high as 40%.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kimmelman |first=Michael |date=19 December 2007 |title=In Marseille, Rap Helps Keep the Peace |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/19/arts/music/19rap.html?pagewanted=2 |access-date=12 May 2010}}</ref>{{update inline|date=January 2022}}


==Administration==
Marseille Metropole Provence is home to thousands of companies, 90% of which are small businesses.<ref></ref> Among the most famous ones are
{{main|Arrondissements of Marseille|Cantons of Marseille}}
], container-shipping giant;
]
Comex, world leader in sub-sea engineering and hydraulic systems;
]
], an ] company;
The city of Marseille is divided into 16 ], which are themselves informally divided into 111 neighbourhoods (French: ''quartiers''). The arrondissements are regrouped in pairs, into 8 sectors, each with a mayor and council (like the arrondissements in ] and ]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mairies d'Arrondissements |url=http://www.marseille.fr/vdm/cms/accueil/mairie/mairie_arrondissements |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105082851/http://www.marseille.fr/vdm/cms/accueil/mairie/mairie_arrondissements |archive-date=5 January 2009 |access-date=16 November 2007 |language=fr}}</ref> Municipal elections are held every six years and are carried out by sector. There are 303 councilmembers in total, two-thirds sitting in the sector councils and one third in the city council.
Azur Promotel, an active real estate development company;
''La Provence'', the local daily newspaper;
L'], the famous ] club;
RTM, Marseille's public transport company; and
Société Nationale Maritime Corse Méditerranée (SNCM), a major operator in passenger, vehicle and freight transportation in the Western ].


The ] is the largest in terms of area because it comprises parts of ]. With a population of 89,316 (2007), the ] is the most populous one.
In recent years the city has also experienced a large growth in ] employment and a switch from light manufacturing to a cultural economy. Marseille acts as a regional nexus for entertainment in the south of France and has a high concentration of museums, cinemas, theatres, clubs, bars, restaurants, fashion shops, hotels and art galleries, all geared towards a tourist economy.


From 1950 to the mid-1990s, Marseille was a ] (PS) and ] (PCF) stronghold. ] (PS) was consecutively reelected six times as Mayor of Marseille from 1953 until his death in 1986. He was succeeded by ] of the ] (RDSE). ] of the conservative ] was elected Mayor of Marseille in 1995. Gaudin was reelected in 2001, 2008 and 2014.
Unemployment in the economy fell from 20% in 1995 to 14% in 2004.<ref> with ], Mayor of Marseille since 1995, conducted by the ].</ref> In May 2005, the French financial magazine ''L'Expansion'' named Marseille the most dynamic of France's large cities, citing figures showing that 7,200 companies had been created in the city since 2000.<ref>
(in French)</ref> However, Marseille remains a city with high unemployment against the European average and suffers a lack of jobs for its large immigrant population.


In recent years, the Communist Party has lost most of its strength in the northern boroughs of the city, whereas the ] has received significant support. At the ] in 2014, Marseille was divided between the northern arrondissements dominated by the left (PS) and far-right (FN) and the southern part of town dominated by the conservative (UMP). Marseille is also divided in ], each of them sending two members to the ] of the ] ].
Whilst much of the Marseille economy has been revitalised since its decay in the 1970s it still remains significantly stagnant in regards to growth compared with Paris and the old industrial regions of northeastern France. {{fact}}


===Mayors of Marseille since the beginning of the 20th century===
==Administration==
] served as Mayor of Marseille from 1953 to 1986.]]
Marseille is divided into 16 ]s, which are themselves divided into ''quartiers'' (111 in total). The arrondissements are regrouped, in pairs, into 8 sectors, each sector having its own council and town hall (like the arrondissements ] and ]). <ref></ref>
] served as Mayor of Marseille from 1995 to 2020.]]

{|class="wikitable"
The municipal elections of councillors are carried out by sector. There are 303 councillors in total, two thirds sitting on the sector councils and one third on the city council.
|-
]
! Mayor
Number of councilors elected by sector:
! Term start
{| border="0" style="border: 1px solid #999; background-color:#FFFFFF"
! Term end
|-align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! class=unsortable|&nbsp;
! Sector
! Party
! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! Total
|-
|----- align="center"
|{{Interlanguage link|Siméon Flaissières|fr}}
! Sector councillors
|align=center|1895
| 22 || 16 || 22 || 30 || 30 || 26 || 32 || 24
| style="text-align:center;"|1902
| 202
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|French Section of the Workers' International}}" |
|----- align="center"
|]
! Municipal councillors
|-
| 11 || 8 || 12 || 13 || 15 || 13 || 16 || 12
|{{Interlanguage link|Albin Curet|fr}} <small>(acting)</small>
| 100
|----- align="center" | style="text-align:center;"|1902
| style="text-align:center;"|1902
! Total number of elected officials
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent}}" |
| 33 || 24 || 33 || 42 || 45 || 39 || 48 || 36
|]
| 303
|-
|{{Interlanguage link|Jean-Baptiste-Amable Chanot|fr}}
|align=center|1902
|align=center|1908
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Republican Federation}}" |
|]
|-
|{{Interlanguage link|Emmanuel Allard|fr}}
|align=center|1908
|align=center|1910
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Republican Federation}}" |
|]
|-
|Clément Lévy <small>(acting)</small>
|align=center|1910
|align=center|1910
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|]
|-
|]
|align=center|1910
|align=center|1912
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|French Section of the Workers' International}}" |
|]
|-
|{{Interlanguage link|Jean-Baptiste-Amable Chanot|fr}}
|align=center|1912
|align=center|1914
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Republican Federation}}" |
|]
|-
|{{Interlanguage link|Eugène Pierre|fr|3=Eugène Pierre (homme politique)}}
|align=center|1914
|align=center|1919
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|]
|-
|{{Interlanguage link|Siméon Flaissières|fr}}
|align=center|1919
|align=center|1931
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|French Section of the Workers' International}}" |
|]
|-
|]
|align=center|1931
|align=center|1931
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|]
|-
|{{Interlanguage link|Georges Ribot|fr}}
|align=center|1931
|align=center|1935
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party (historical)}}" |
|]
|-
|]
|align=center|1935
|align=center|1939
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|French Section of the Workers' International}}" |
|]
|-
|''Nominated administrators''
|align=center|1939
|align=center|1946
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|]
<!-- |-
|]
|align=center|1944
|align=center|1946
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|French Section of the Workers' International}}" |
|]
|-
|Marcel Renault
|align=center|1946
|align=center|1946
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|] -->
|-
|]
|align=center|1946
|align=center|1947
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|French Communist Party}}" |
|]
|-
|]
|align=center|1947
|align=center|1953
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Rally of the French People}}" |
|]
|-
|]
|align=center|1953
|align=center|1986
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Socialist Party (France)}}" |
|], ]
|-
|{{Interlanguage link|Jean-Victor Cordonnier|fr}} <small>(acting)</small>
|align=center|1986
|align=center|1986
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Socialist Party (France)}}" |
|]
|-
|]
|align=center|1986
|align=center|1995
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Miscellaneous Left}}" |
|], ]
|-
|]
|align=center|1995
|align=center|2020
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Union for a Popular Movement}}" |
|], ], ], ]
|-
|]
|align=center|2020
|align=center|2020
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Europe Ecology - The Greens}}" |
|]
|-
|-
|]
|align=center|2020
|align=center|''Incumbent''
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Socialist Party (France)}}" |
|]
|} |}
]
]
'''The Sector Mayors''' :
* 1st sector (1st and 7th arrondissements): ] (Representative) UMP
* 2nd sector (2nd and 3rd arrondissements): ] (General Councilor) PS
* 3rd sector (4th and 5th arrondissements): ] (representative) UMP
* 4th sector (6th and 8th arrondissements): ] (representative) UMP
* 5th sector (9th and 10th arrondissements): ] (representative) UMP
* 6th sector (11th and 12th arrondissements): ] (representative) UMP
* 7th sector (13th and 14th arrondissements): ] PS
* 8th sector (15th and 16th arrondissements): ] (representative) ]

'''The cantons of Marseille :'''

Marseille holds 25 of the 58 seats at the general council of the ]. Since the last election, these 25 cantons are held by the following councilors:
* ] (pop. 25,878); General Councilor: ] PS (Mayor of the 2ème sector de Marseille)
* ] (pop. 27,992); General Councilor: ] PS
* ] (pop. 30,168); General Councilor ] ]
* ] (pop. 27,506); General Councilor: ] PS (Municipal councilor of Marseille)
* ] (pop. 34,292); General Councilor: ] PS
* ] (pop. 29,846); General Councilor: ] PS (Representative européenne)
* ] (pop. 29,060); General Councilor: ] PS (Sénateur, Président du Conseil Général, Municipal councilor of Marseille)
* ] (pop. 35,890); General Councilor: ] UMP
* ] (pop. 33,644); General Councilor: ] UMP
* ] (pop. 31,107); General Councilor: ] PS
* ] (pop. 33,472); General Councilor: ] PCF
* ] (pop. 27,052); General Councilor: ] PS
* ] (pop. 31,116); General Councilor: ] UMP
* ] (pop. 38,701); General Councilor: ] PS (Municipal councilor of Marseille)
* ] (pop. 33,206); General Councilor: ] PS
* ] (pop. 37,629); General Councilor: ] PS (Municipal councilor of Marseille)
* ] (pop. 36,868); General Councilor: ] UMP
* ] (pop. 34,621); General Councilor: ] UMP (Adjointe au Maire de Marseille)
* ] (pop. 32,749); General Councilor: ] PS (Municipal councilor of Marseille)
* ] (pop. 26,218); General Councilor: ] UMP (Adjoint au Maire de Marseille)
* ] (pop. 29,981); General Councilor: ] PS (Municipal councilor of Marseille)
* ] (pop. 40,392); General Councilor: ] PCF
* ] (pop. 25,324); General Councilor: ] PS (Representative)
* ] (pop. 29,668); General Councilor: ] UMP
* ] (pop. 35,752). General Councilor: ] PS


==Demographics== ==Demographics==
{|

|
{| class="wikitable"
{{Historical populations
|+ Marseille Population<ref> and </ref>
| align = left
! 250 BC
| cols = 2
! 1801
| percentages = pagr
! 1851
| title=Population of the commune of Marseille (241 km²)<br /><small>(within 2020 borders)</small>
! 1881
| source = EHESS<ref name=ehess>{{Cassini-Ehess|21387|Marseille}}</ref> and INSEE<ref name="population" />
! 1911
| graph-pos = bottom
! 1931
|1800 | 96413
! 1946
|1806 | 99169
! 1954
|1821 | 109483
! 1962
|1831 | 145115
! 1968
|1836.29 | 146239
! 1975
|1841.29 | 154035
! 1982
|1846.37 | 183186
! 1990
|1851.37 | 195258
! 1999
|1856.13 | 233817
! 2005
|1861.2 | 260910
|-----
|1866.2 | 300131
| {{formatnum:50000}}
|1872.2 | 312864
| {{formatnum:111100}}
|1876.71 | 318868
| {{formatnum:195350}}
|1881.87 | 360099
| {{formatnum:360100}}
|1886.410959 | 376143
| {{formatnum:550619}}
|1891.278452 | 403749
| {{formatnum:606000}}
|1896.241096 | 442239
| {{formatnum:636300}}
|1901.227397 | 491161
| {{formatnum:661407}}
|1906.172603 | 517498
| {{formatnum:778071}}
|1911.180822 | 550619
| {{formatnum:889029}}
|1921.180822 | 586341
| {{formatnum:908600}}
|1926.180822 | 600196
| {{formatnum:874436}}
|1931.180822 | 609881
| {{formatnum:800550}}
|1936.180822 | 620232
| {{formatnum:798430}}
|1946.180822 | 636264
| {{formatnum:820900}}
|1954.356164 | 661407
|-{{ligne grise}}
|1962.180822 | 778071
|1968.180822 | 889029
|1975.139726 | 908600
|1982.180822 | 874436
|1990.180822 | 800550
|1999.180822 | 798430
|2010 | 850726
|2015 | 861635
|2021 | 873076
| footnote = All figures come from population censuses. Figures from 1926 to 1936 (incl.) are the redressed figures calculated by ] to correct the overestimated population of Marseille published by the municipal authorities at the time (10,000s of false residents had been added by the municipal authorities to artificially inflate the population figures and remain the 2nd largest city of France ahead of Lyon).<ref name="census_fraud">{{cite book |date=1989 |editor-last=Dupâquier |editor-first=Jacques |title=Histoire de la population française. Vol. 4: De 1914 à nos jours |publisher=Quadrige / ] |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJoiAQAAMAAJ&q=marseille+1926+1931+1936+%2252+000%22 |isbn= 978-2-1304-6824-0 }}</ref>
}}
|
{{Historical populations
| align = center
| cols = 2
| percentages = pagr
|title=Population of the Marseille metropolitan area (3,972 km²)<br /><small>(92 communes, within 2020 borders)</small>
| source = EHESS<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cassini.ehess.fr/fr/html/ |title=Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui|author=] |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref> and INSEE<ref name="AAV_pop" />
| graph-pos = bottom
|1800 | 249235
|1806 | 256191
|1821 | 274426
|1831 | 315951
|1836.29 | 319252
|1841.29 | 328244
|1846.37 | 360774
|1851.37 | 373521
|1856.13 | 413542
|1861.2 | 446330
|1866.2 | 486571
|1872.2 | 496241
|1876.71 | 500458
|1881.87 | 532643
|1886.410959 | 545220
|1891.278452 | 569762
|1896.241096 | 608754
|1901.227397 | 660766
|1906.172603 | 688924
|1911.180822 | 723847
|1921.180822 | 759119
|1926.180822 | 791464
|1931.180822 | 818346
|1936.180822 | 839596
|1946.180822 | 870126
|1954.356164 | 936888
|1962.180822 | 1120791
|1968.180822 | 1324444
|1975.139726 | 1470128
|1982.180822 | 1551793
|1990.180822 | 1594849
|1999.180822 | 1675790
|2010 | 1804777
|2015 | 1843602
|2021 | 1888788
| footnote = All figures come from population censuses. Figures from 1926 to 1936 (incl.) use for the commune of Marseille the redressed figures calculated by ] to correct the overestimated population published by the municipal authorities at the time (10,000s of false residents had been added by the municipal authorities to artificially inflate the population figures and remain the 2nd largest city of France ahead of Lyon).<ref name="census_fraud">{{cite book |date=1989 |editor-last=Dupâquier |editor-first=Jacques |title=Histoire de la population française. Vol. 4: De 1914 à nos jours |publisher=Quadrige / ] |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJoiAQAAMAAJ&q=marseille+1926+1931+1936+%2252+000%22 |isbn= 978-2-1304-6824-0 }}</ref>
}}
|} |}


===Immigration=== ===Immigration===
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
Because of its pre-eminence as a Mediterranean port, Marseille has always been one of the main points of entry into France. This has attracted many immigrants and made Marseille into a unique cosmopolitan melting pot. By the end of the 18th century about half the population originated from elsewhere. The main group of immigrants came from Italy (mainly from Genoa and Piedmont) as well as from Spain, Greece and the ].
|+Largest groups of immigrants{{efn|An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.}} and natives of ] in the Marseille ]
|-
! Country/territory of birth || Population (2019)<ref name=immig_1>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6544333?sommaire=6456104 |title=Individus localisés au canton-ou-ville en 2019 - Recensement de la population - Fichiers détail |publisher=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiqes (INSEE) |language=fr |access-date=19 February 2023 }}</ref><ref name=immig_2>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6455264?sommaire=6455286&geo=AAV2020-003#ancre-IMG1B_V2_ENS |title=Étrangers - Immigrés en 2019 : Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Marseille - Aix-en-Provence (003) : IMG1B - Pays de naissance détaillé - Sexe : Ensemble |publisher=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiqes (INSEE) |language=fr |access-date=16 January 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Algeria}} || 59,927
|-
|{{flag|Tunisia}} || 17,340
|-
|{{flag|Morocco}} || 16,704
|-
|{{flag|Italy}} || 11,740
|-
|{{flag|Comoros}} || 10,457
|-
|{{flag|Portugal}} || 7,708
|-
|{{flag|Spain}} || 7,384
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}} || 6,863
|-
|{{flag|Romania}} || 4,514
|-
| &nbsp;] &nbsp;] || 3,841
|-
|{{flag|Senegal}} || 3,173
|-
|{{flag|Madagascar}} || 2,885
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam}} || 2,754
|-
|{{flag|Belgium}} || 2,594
|-
|{{flag|Germany}} || 2,444
|-
| &nbsp;] &nbsp;] || 2,304
|-
| &nbsp;] &nbsp;] || 2,168
|-
|{{flag|Russia}} || 2,078
|-
|{{flag|United Kingdom}} || 1,767
|-
|{{flag|China}}{{efn|Not including ] and ]}} || 1,732
|-
|{{flag|Lebanon}} || 1,614
|}
Because of its pre-eminence as a Mediterranean port, Marseille has always been one of the main gateways into France. This has attracted many immigrants and made Marseille a cosmopolitan ]. By the end of the 18th century about half the population originated from elsewhere in Provence mostly and also from southern France.<ref>{{harvnb|Liauzu|1996}}</ref>{{sfn|Duchêne|Contrucci|1998|loc=page needed E}}{{page needed|date=November 2015}}


Economic conditions and political unrest in Europe and the rest of the world brought several further waves of immigrants in the 20th century: Greeks and Italians started arriving at the end of the 19th century; Russians in 1917; Armenians in 1915 and 1923; the Spanish after 1936; north Africans in the inter-war period; sub-saharan Africans after 1945; and the ] from the former French colonies in Algeria in 1962 and then from the Comoros. Economic conditions and political unrest in Europe and the rest of the world brought several other waves of immigrants during the 20th century: Greeks and Italians started arriving at the end of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, up to 40% of the city's population was of Italian origin;<ref name="eu">{{Cite web |title=Local0631EN:Quality0667EN |url=http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/pubdocs/2006/31/en/1/ef0631en.pdf |access-date=8 July 2009}}</ref> Russians in 1917; Armenians in 1915 and 1923; Vietnamese in the 1920s, 1954 and after 1975;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guillemin, Alain |title=Les Vietnamiens a Marseille |url=http://newvietart.net/index4.3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323092304/http://newvietart.net/index4.3.html |archive-date=23 March 2014 |language=fr}}</ref> ]ns during the 1920s and 1930s; Spanish after 1936; ] (both ] and ]) in the ]; Sub-Saharan Africans after 1945; ] in the 1950s and 1960s; the ] from the former ] in 1962; and then from ].


At the 2019 census, 81.4% of the inhabitants of the Marseille ] were natives of ], 0.6% were born in ], and 18.0% were born in foreign countries (two-fifth of whom French citizens from birth, in particular ] from Algeria arrived in Metropolitan France after the independence of Algeria in 1962).<ref name=immig_1 /> A quarter of the immigrants living in the Marseille metropolitan area were born in Europe (half of them in Italy, Portugal, and Spain), 46% were born in the ] (almost two-third of them in Algeria), 14% in the rest of Africa (almost half of them in the ] islands of ], ], and ], not counting those born in ] and ] who are not legally immigrants), and 15.0% in the rest of the world (not counting those born in the ] of the Americas and in the French territories of the South Pacific, who are not legally immigrants).<ref name=immig_2 />
Currently over one third of the population of Marseille can trace their roots back to ], the most represented country in the city, even beyond France. Marseille also has the largest ] and second largest ] population in France. Other significant communities include ] ]s and ] (25% of the total population), ], ]s, ], and ].<ref></ref>


In 2002, about one third of the population of Marseille can trace their roots back to Italy.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=28 September 2004 |title=Citizenship and integration: Marseille, model of integration? |url=http://histgeo.ac-aix-marseille.fr/pedago/ecjs/paro_001.htm |access-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040928021015/http://histgeo.ac-aix-marseille.fr/pedago/ecjs/paro_001.htm |archive-date=28 September 2004 }}</ref> Marseille also has the second-largest ]n and ] populations of France. Other significant communities include ], ], ], Chinese, and ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2005 |title=Diverse Marseille Spared in French Riots |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5044219 |access-date=1 February 2010 |publisher=NPR}}</ref>
The main religions practised in Marseille are ] (600,000), ] (between 150,000 and 200,000), ] (80,000), ] (80,000, making Marseille the third largest urban Jewish community in Europe), ] (20,000), ] (10,000) and ] (3,000).<ref></ref>


The largest immigrant communities (including descendants) in 2002 were Italians (290,000 Italians, or 33%), then Muslims - mainly Maghrebis (200,000 Muslims, or 23%), then Corsicans (100,000 Corsicans, or 11.5%), then Armenians (80,000 Armenians, or 9%).<ref name=":3" />
]
{{France immigration1
|collectivity_name=the ] of Marseille
|census_year=1999
|metropolitan_France=78.9
|outside_metropolitan_France=21.1
|overseas_France=0.9
|foreign_French= 8.8
|EU-15=2.1
|non-EU-15=9.3
}}
{{France immigration
|collectivity_name=the ] of Marseille
|census_year=1999
|metropolitan_France=81.2
|outside_metropolitan_France=18.8
|overseas_France=0.7
|foreign_French= ]
|EU-15=]
|non-EU-15=]
}}


In 1999, in several arrondissements, about 40% of the young people under 18 were of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Michèle Tribalat |date=2007 |title=Les concentrations ethniques en France |url=http://www.societe-de-strategie.asso.fr/pdf/agir28txt4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916215150/http://www.societe-de-strategie.asso.fr/pdf/agir28txt4.pdf |archive-date=16 September 2011}}</ref>
==Climate==
Marseille has a ], with mild, humid winters and hot, dry summers. January and February are the coldest months, averaging temperatures of 11 °C (52 °F). July and August are the hottest months, averaging temperatures of 29 °C (84 °F). Marseille is known for the ], a harsh cold wind originating in the ] that occurs mostly in winter and spring. Less frequent is the ], a hot sand-bearing wind, coming from the ].


Since 2013 a significant number of Central- and Eastern European immigrants have settled in Marseille, attracted by better job opportunities and the good climate of this Mediterranean city. The main nationalities of the immigrants are Romanian and Polish.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Insee – Population – Les immigrés récemment arrivés en France – Une immigration de plus en plus européenne |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1524 |website=insee.fr}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;width:99%;border:0px;text-align:center;line-height:120%;"

! style="background: #99CCCC; color: #000080" height="17" |Month
{|class="wikitable" width="320px"
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | January
|+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em"| Place of birth of residents of the Marseille ] at the 2019 census
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | February
! align=center| {{nowrap|Born in}}<br />{{nowrap|]}} || align=center | {{nowrap|Born in}}<br />{{nowrap|]}} || align=center | {{nowrap|Born in foreign}}<br />{{nowrap|countries with French}}<br />{{nowrap|citizenship at birth}}{{ref|note1|}}|| align=center colspan=3| Immigrants{{ref|note2|}}
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | March
|-
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | April
| align=center rowspan=5| 81.4% || align=center rowspan=5| 0.6% || align=center rowspan=5| 7.1% || align=center colspan=3| 10.9%
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | May
|-
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | June
! align=center | <small>{{nowrap|from Europe}}</small> || align=center | <small>{{nowrap|from the Maghreb}}{{ref|note3|}}</small> || align=center | <small>{{nowrap|from Africa (excl. Maghreb)}}</small>
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | July
|-
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | August
| align=center | <small>2.7%</small> || align=center | <small>5.0%</small> || align=center | <small>1.5%</small>
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | September
|-
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | October
! align=center | <small>{{nowrap|from Turkey}}</small> || align=center | <small>{{nowrap|from Asia (excl. Turkey)}}</small> || align=center | <small>{{nowrap|from the Americas & Oceania}}</small>
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | November
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | December
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Year
|- |-
| align=center | <small>0.4%</small> || align=center | <small>1.0%</small> || align=center | <small>0.3%</small>
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" |Avg high °C (°F)
| style="background: #FFFFCC; color:#000000;" | 11.2 (52.2)
| style="background: #FFFFCC; color:#000000;" | 12.6 (54.7)
| style="background: #FFFFCC; color:#000000;" | 15.3 (59.5)
| style="background: #FFFF99; color:#000000;" | 17.7 (63.9)
| style="background: #FFCC66; color:#000000;" | 22.2 (72.0)
| style="background: #FF8000; color:#000000;" | 26.1 (79.0)
| style="background: #FF8000; color:#000000;" | 29.5 (85.1)
| style="background: #FF8000; color:#000000;" | 29.2 (84.6)
| style="background: #FF8000; color:#000000;" | 25.3 (77.5)
| style="background: #FFCC66; color:#000000;" | 20.3 (68.5)
| style="background: #FFFFCC; color:#000000;" | 14.7 (58.5)
| style="background: #FFFFCC; color:#000000;" | 12.0 (53.6)
| style="background: #FFFF99; color:#000000;" | 19.7 (67.5)
|- |-
| align=left colspan=9| <small>{{note|note1|a}}Persons born abroad of French parents, such as ] and children of French expatriates.</small><br /><small>{{note|note2|b}}An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who did not have French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.</small><br /><small>{{note|note3|c}}], ], ]</small>
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" height="16;" |Avg low °C (°F)
| style="background: #DDDDDD; color: black;" | 3.0 (37.4)
| style="background: #DDDDDD; color: black;" | 3.9 (39.0)
| style="background: #DDDDDD; color: black;" | 6.0 (42.8)
| style="background: #DDDDDD; color: black;" | 8.5 (47.3)
| style="background: #FFFF99; color: black;" | 12.6 (54.7)
| style="background: #FFCC66; color: black;" | 16.0 (60.8)
| style="background: #FFCC66; color: black;" | 18.7 (65.7)
| style="background: #FFCC66; color: black;" | 18.7 (65.7)
| style="background: #FFCC66; color: black;" | 15.5 (59.9)
| style="background: #FFFF99; color: black;" | 11.6 (52.9)
| style="background: #DDDDDD; color: black;" | 6.8 (44.2)
| style="background: #DDDDDD; color: black;" | 4.1 (39.4)
| style="background: #DDDDDD; color: black;" | 10.5 (51.0)
|- |-
| align=center colspan=9| Source: INSEE<ref name=immig_1 /><ref name=immig_2 />
| colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|''Source: ''
|} |}

{|class="wikitable" width="320px"
|+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em"| Place of birth of residents of the ] of Marseille at the 1999 and 2019 censuses
! align=center colspan=2| Year || align=center colspan=2| {{nowrap|Born in}}<br />{{nowrap|]}} || align=center colspan=2 | {{nowrap|Born in}}<br />{{nowrap|]}} || align=center colspan=2 | {{nowrap|Born in foreign}}<br />{{nowrap|countries with French}}<br />{{nowrap|citizenship at birth}}{{ref|note1|}}|| align=center colspan=6| Immigrants{{ref|note2|}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=5 colspan=2| 2019 || align=center rowspan=5 colspan=2| 75.9% || align=center rowspan=5 colspan=2| 0.8% || align=center rowspan=5 colspan=2| 8.2% || align=center colspan=6| 15.1%
|-
! align=center colspan=2 | <small>{{nowrap|from Europe}}</small> || align=center colspan=2 | <small>{{nowrap|from the Maghreb}}{{ref|note3|}}</small> || align=center colspan=2 | <small>{{nowrap|from Africa (excl. Maghreb)}}</small>
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | <small>2.6%</small> || align=center colspan=2 | <small>7.5%</small> || align=center colspan=2 | <small>2.7%</small>
|-
! align=center colspan=2 | <small>{{nowrap|from Turkey}}</small> || align=center colspan=2 | <small>{{nowrap|from Asia (excl. Turkey)}}</small> || align=center colspan=2 | <small>{{nowrap|from the Americas & Oceania}}</small>
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | <small>0.6%</small> || align=center colspan=2 | <small>1.4%</small> || align=center colspan=2 | <small>0.3%</small>
|-
| align=center rowspan=3 colspan=2| 1999 || align=center rowspan=3 colspan=2| 78.9% || align=center rowspan=3 colspan=2| 0.9% || align=center rowspan=3 colspan=2| 8.8% || align=center colspan=6| 11.4%
|-
! align=center colspan=3 | <small>{{nowrap|from ]}}</small> || align=center colspan=3 | <small>{{nowrap|non-EU-15}}</small>
|-
| align=center colspan=3 | <small>2.1%</small> || align=center colspan=3 | <small>9.3%</small>
|-
| align=left colspan=20| <small>{{note|note1|a}}Persons born abroad of French parents, such as ] and children of French expatriates.</small><br /><small>{{note|note2|b}}An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who did not have French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.</small><br /><small>{{note|note3|c}}], ], ]</small>
|-
| align=center colspan=20| Source: INSEE<ref name=immig_1 /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6455264?sommaire=6455286&geo=COM-13055#ancre-IMG1B_V2_ENS|title=IMG1B - Population immigrée par sexe, âge et pays de naissance en 2019 - Commune de Marseille (13055) |publisher=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiqes (INSEE) |language=fr |access-date=21 February 2023 }}</ref>
|}

===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in Marseille}}
According to data from 2010, major religious communities in Marseille include:
*] - 909,930 or 84.5% (] 68.5%,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dmarf.html|title=Archdiocese of Marseille|date=1 January 2020|publisher=Catholic hierarchy}}</ref> ] 7.5%, ] ]] 7.1%, ] 1.4%)
*] - 200,000 or 25%<ref name="Katz 2015 11">{{cite book|title=The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France| first=Ethan |last=Katz|year= 2015| isbn=9780674088689| page =11|publisher=Harvard University Press|quote=Today, 80,000 Jews and 200,000 Muslims, many sharing North African heritage, live in Marseille.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The European Culture Area: A Systematic Geography| first=Alexander |last= B. Murphy|year= 2008| isbn=9780742579064| page =11|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|quote=The French port city of Marseille alone has 200,000 Muslims in its population of 1,400,000, as well as some 50 mosque.}}</ref>
*Non-religious -156.000 or 14.5%
*Jewish - 52,000 - 80,000<ref name="Katz 2015 11" /> or 4.9%
*Hindu - 4,000 or 0.4%
*Buddhist - 3,000 or 0.3%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marseille Espérance. All different, all Marseilles, Part II |url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/archives-label-france_5343/les-numeros-label-france_5570/lf64-sante-pour-tous-un-enjeu-mondial_14982/societe_14992/vivre-ensemble_14994/marseille-esperance.-tous-differents-tous-marseillais_39997.html |access-date=10 April 2010 |publisher=France Diplomatie}}{{dead link|date=February 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>


==Culture== ==Culture==
] ]'s ''The Bay of Marseille, Seen from L'Estaque'']]
] in Marseille, 2012]]
Marseille is a city that is proud of its differences from the rest of France. Today it is a regional centre for culture and entertainment with its important opera house, its historical and maritime museums, its five art galleries and numerous cinemas, clubs, bars and restaurants. The most commonly used ] deck comes from Marseille; it is called the '']'', and was used to play the local variant of ] before it became used in ]. Another local tradition is the making of ], small hand-crafted figurines for the traditional ] Christmas ]. Since 1803, starting on the last Sunday of November, there has been a Santon Fair in Marseille; it is currently held in the Cours d'Estienne d'Orves, a large square off the Vieux-Port.
Marseille is a city that has its own unique culture and is proud of its differences from the rest of France.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chris Kimble |title=Marseille Culture |url=http://marseillecityofculture.eu/marseille-culture.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501040521/http://marseillecityofculture.eu/marseille-culture.html |archive-date=1 May 2013 |access-date=5 May 2013 |publisher=Marseillecityofculture.eu}}</ref> Today it is a regional centre for culture and entertainment with an important ], historical and maritime museums, five art galleries and numerous cinemas, clubs, bars and restaurants.


Marseille has a large number of ]s, including la Criée, le Gymnase and the theatre Tourski. There is also an extensive arts centre in la Friche, a former match factory behind Gare St-Charles. The Alcazar, until the 1960's a well known ] and ], has recently been completely remodelled behind its original facade and now houses the central municipal library. Marseille has a large number of theatres, including La Criée, Le Gymnase and the Théâtre Toursky. There is also an extensive ] in ], a former match factory behind the Saint-Charles station. The ], until the 1960s a well known ] and ], has recently been completely remodelled behind its original façade and now houses the central municipal library.<ref></ref> Other music venues in Marseille include Le Silo (also a theatre) and ].

Marseille has also been important in the arts. It has been the birthplace and home of many French writers and poets, including {{Interlanguage link|Victor Gélu|fr}}, ], ],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pierre Bertas |url=http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n87144504/}}</ref> ] and ]. The small port of ] on the far end of the Bay of Marseille became a favourite haunt for artists, including ], ] (who frequently visited from his home in ]), ] and ].

=== Multi-cultural influences ===
Rich and poor neighborhoods exist side by side. Although the city is not without crime, Marseille has a larger degree of multicultural tolerance. Urban geographers<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ingram |first=Mark |date=2009 |title=Euro-Mediterranean Marseille: Redefining State Cultural Policy in an Era of Transnational Governance |magazine=City & Society |volume=21 |pages=268–292}}</ref> say the city's geography, being surrounded by mountains, helps explain why Marseille does not have the same problems as Paris. In Paris, ethnic areas are segregated and concentrated in the periphery of the city. Residents of Marseille are of diverse origins, yet appear to share a similar particular identity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moreau |first=Alain |title=Migrations, identités, et territoires à Marseille.Migrations, identités, et territoires à Marseille |publisher=Hamattan |year=2001 |location=Paris |pages=27–52}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last=Dickey |first=Christopher |date=March 2012 |title=Marseille's Melting Pot |magazine=National Geographic Magazine |volume=2012 |number=3}}</ref> An example is how Marseille responded in 2005, when ethnic populations living in other French cities' suburbs ], but Marseille remained relatively calm.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Williams |first=D |date=27 October 2005 |title=Long Integrated, Marseille Is Spared. Southern Port Was Largely Quiet as Riots Raged in Other French Cities |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>
] designed by ]]]
Marseille served as the ] for 2013 along with ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marseille Provence 2013: European Capital of Culture |url=http://www.marseille-provence2013.fr/index.php?lang=english |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826004257/http://www.marseille-provence2013.fr/index.php?lang=english |archive-date=26 August 2010}} {{verify source |date=August 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted (]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at ] cite #43 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. ]}}</ref> It was chosen to give a 'human face' to the European Union to celebrate cultural diversity and to increase understanding between Europeans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bullen |first=Claire |date=2010 |title=European Capitals of Culture and Everyday Cultural Diversity: A Comparison of Liverpool (UK) and Marseilles (France). |journal=European Cultural Foundation.}}</ref> One of the intentions of highlighting culture is to help reposition Marseille internationally, stimulate the economy, and help to build better interconnection between groups.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zukin |first=S |title=The Culture of Cities. |publisher=Blackwell |year=1995 |location=Oxford}}</ref> ] (MP2013) featured more than 900 cultural events held throughout Marseille and the surrounding communities. These cultural events generated more than 11 million visits.<ref>{{Cite web |title=11 millions de visiteurs pour la capitale européenne de la culture |url=http://www.ccimp.com/actualite/territoire/7828-11-millions-visiteurs-pour-capitale-europeenne-culture |access-date=20 April 2015}} {{verify source |date=August 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted (]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at ] cite #44 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. ]}}</ref> The European Capital of Culture was also the occasion to unveil more than 600 million euros in new cultural infrastructure in Marseille and its environs, including the ] designed by ].

Early on, immigrants came to Marseille locally from the surrounding Provence region. By the 1890s immigrants came from other regions of France as well as Italy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Clark |first=Peter |title=European Cities and Towns |publisher=Oxford |year=2009 |location=Oxford, England |pages=283, 247}}</ref> Marseille became one of Europe's busiest ports by 1900.<ref name=":0" /> Marseille has served as a major port where immigrants from around the Mediterranean arrive.<ref name=":1" /> Marseille continued to be multicultural. Armenians from the Ottoman Empire began arriving in 1913. In the 1930s, Italians settled in Marseille. After World War II, a wave of Jewish immigrants from North Africa arrived. In 1962, a number of French colonies gained their independence, and the French citizens from Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia arrived in Marseille.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Kimmelman |first=Michael |date=4 October 2013 |title=Marseille, the Secret Capital of France |work=The New York Times}}</ref> The city had an economic downturn and lost many jobs. Those who could afford to move left and the poorest remained. For a while, the mafia appeared to run the city, and for a period of time the communist party was prominent.<ref name=":2" />

Multi-cultural Marseille can be observed by a visitor at the market at Noailles, also called Marché des Capucins, in old town near the Old Port. There, Lebanese bakeries, an African spice market, Chinese and Vietnamese groceries, fresh vegetables and fruit, shops selling couscous, shops selling Caribbean food are side by side with stalls selling shoes and clothing from around the Mediterranean. Nearby, people sell fresh fish and men from Tunisia drink tea.<ref name=":2" />

Although most Armenians arrived after the ], Armenians had a long presence even before the 20th and late 19th centuries. Armenians, having an extensive trade network worldwide, massively traded with Marseille and its port. Most notably, during the 16th century, and after the Armenians gained a monopoly over Iranian silk, which was granted to them by Shah Abbas of Iran, the trade flow of Armenians of Marseille increased tremendously.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} Merchants of Armenian origin received trade privileges in France by Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu (1585–1642) and later on Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619–1683) Marseille a free port in 1669. One notable Armenian-Iranian merchant gained a patent from Louis XIV (1638–1715) over Iranian silk.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/european-networks/economic-networks/tamara-ganjalyan-armenian-trade-networks|title=Armenian trade networks}}</ref> Armenians also became successful money-lenders and bankers in the city. Due to these policies and the multiculturalism of the city of Marseille, Armenians became very wealthy, and the legacy of the Armenians in the city still lives on.

===Tarot de Marseille===
]]]
The most commonly used ] deck takes its name from the city; it has been called the '']'' since the 1930s—a name coined for commercial use by the French cardmaker and cartomancer Paul Marteau, owner of B–P Grimaud. Previously this deck was called ''Tarot italien'' (Italian Tarot) and even earlier it was simply called Tarot. Before being ''de Marseille'', it was used to play the local variant of ] before it became used in ] at the end of the 18th century, following the trend set by ]. The name ''Tarot de Marseille'' (Marteau used the name ''ancien Tarot de Marseille'') was used by contrast to other types of Tarots such as ''Tarot de ]''; those names were simply associated with cities where there were many cardmakers in the 18th century (previously several cities in France were involved in cardmaking).<ref>see:
{{Citation |last=Musée du Vieux-Marseille |title=Cartes à jouer & tarots de Marseille: La donation Camoin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahuwtei1bZQC&q=Cartes+%C3%A0+jouer+%26+tarots+de+Marseille:+La+donation+Camoin |year=2004 |publisher=Alors Hors Du Temps |isbn=2-9517932-7-8}}, official catalogue of the permanent collection of playing cards from the museum of Vieux-Marseille, including a detailed history of ''Tarot de Marseille'' {{citation|title=Tarot, jeu et magie|first=Thierry|last=Depaulis|publisher=Bibliothèque nationale|year=1984|isbn=2-7177-1699-8}}</ref>

Another local tradition is the making of ], small hand-crafted figurines for the traditional Provençal Christmas ]. Since 1803, starting on the last Sunday of November, there has been a Santon Fair in Marseille; it is currently held in the Cours d'Estienne d'Orves, a large square off the Vieux-Port.


Marseille has also been important in literature and the arts. It has been the birth place and home of many French writers and poets, including from modern times Victor Gélu, Valère Bernard, Pierre Bertas, ] and ]. The small port of ] on the far end of the Bay of Marseille became a favourite haunt for artists, including ], ] (who frequently visited from his home in ]), ] and ].
]
===Opera=== ===Opera===
]]]
Marseille's main cultural attraction was, since its creation at the end of the 18th century and until the late 1970s, the ]. Located near the Old Port and the Canebière, at the very heart of the city, its architectural style was comparable to the classical trend found in other opera houses built at the same time in ] and ]. In 1920 a fire almost completely destroyed the building, leaving only the stone ] and ] from the original facade. The classical facade was restored and the opera house reconstructed in a predominantly ] style, as the result of a major competition: for example, Antoine Bourdelle worked on the frescos on the ]. Currently the Marseille Opera stages 6 or 7 operas each year, covering the whole range of opera from baroque to newly commissioned works. The season, by subscription, lasts from September to June.
Marseille's main cultural attraction was, since its creation at the end of the 18th century and until the late 1970s, the ]. Located near the Old Port and the Canebière, at the very heart of the city, its ] was comparable to the classical trend found in other opera houses built at the same time in ] and ]. In 1919, a fire almost completely destroyed the house, leaving only the stone ] and ] from the original façade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Opera in Genoa, Nice, Marseille, Montpellier, Barcelona |url=http://www.capsuropera.com/seasonschedules.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223222843/http://www.capsuropera.com/seasonschedules.php |archive-date=23 December 2008 |access-date=5 May 2009 |publisher=Capsuropera.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Schmap Marseille Sights & Attractions – 6th arrond |url=http://www.schmap.com/marseille/sights_6tharrond/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430013244/http://www.schmap.com/marseille/sights_6tharrond/ |archive-date=30 April 2008 |access-date=5 May 2009 |publisher=Schmap.com}}</ref> The classical façade was restored and the opera house reconstructed in a predominantly ] style, as the result of a major competition. Currently the Opéra de Marseille stages six or seven operas each year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités |url=http://opera.marseille.fr/ |website=Opéra de Marseille |language=fr}}</ref>

Since 1972, the ] has performed at the opera house; its director from its foundation to 1998 was ].

===Popular events and festivals===

There are several popular festivals in different neighborhoods, with concerts, animations, and outdoor bars, like the Fête du Panier in June. On 21 June, there are dozens of free concerts in the city as part of France's ], featuring music from all over the world. Being free events, many Marseille residents attend.

Marseille hosts a Gay Pride event in early July. In 2013, Marseille hosted ], an international ] event, 10 July{{ndash}}20.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marseille 2013 |url=http://www.europride.com/en/archives/marseille-2013/ |access-date=20 April 2015 |website=EuroPride|date=28 June 2013 }}</ref> At the beginning of July, there is the International Documentary Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=March 2013 Newsletter |url=http://www.fidmarseille.org/dynamic/index.php?lang=english |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007235027/http://www.fidmarseille.org/dynamic/index.php?lang=english |archive-date=7 October 2012 |access-date=12 March 2013 |publisher=FIDMarseille}}</ref> At the end of September, the electronic music festival ] takes place.
In October, the ''Fiesta des Suds'' offers many concerts of world music.<ref>{{Cite web |title=octobre, 2012 – Dock des Suds : festivals, concerts de musique et location de salles à Marseille |url=http://www.dock-des-suds.org/fiesta-des-suds/ |access-date=12 March 2013 |publisher=Dock des Suds |language=fr}}</ref>


===Hip hop music=== ===Hip hop music===
Marseille is also well known in France for its ]. Groups like ] orginated from Marseille initiated the ] phenomena in France. Other known groups include ], ], and ]. Marseille is also well known in France for its ].<ref>, Article in ], December 2007
{{Citation |last1=Cannon |first1=Steve |title=Popular music in France from chanson to techno: culture, identity, and society |pages=194–198 |year=2003 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=0-7546-0849-2 |last2=Dauncey |first2=Hugh}}</ref> Bands like ] originated from Marseille. Other known groups include ], ] (including rappers ] and ]), and ].
In a slightly different way, ] is represented by ].

===Food===
]]]
] in ] with ] and ] rice]]
]]]
*] is the most famous seafood dish of Marseille. It is a fish stew containing at least three varieties of very fresh local fish: typically red rascasse (]); ] (fr: ''grondin''); and ] (fr: ''congre'').<ref>"La bouillabaisse classique doit comporter les 'trois poissons': rascasse, grondin, congre." ''Michelin Guide Vert -Côte dAzur'', 1990, page 31</ref> It can include gilt-head ] (fr: ''dorade''); ]; ] (fr: ''lotte'' or ''baudroie''); ]; or silver ] (fr: ''merlan''), and it usually includes shellfish and other seafood such as ]s (fr: ''oursins''), ] (fr: ''moules''); ]s (fr: ''étrilles''); ] (fr: ''araignées de mer''), plus potatoes and vegetables. In the traditional version, the fish is served on a platter separate from the broth.<ref>|History and traditional recipe of bouillabaisse on the site of the Marseille Tourism Office</ref> The broth is served with ], a mayonnaise made with egg yolk, olive oil, red bell pepper, saffron, and garlic, spread on pieces of toasted bread, or ''croûtons''.<ref name="david">{{Cite book |last=David |first=Elizabeth |title=French Provincial Cooking |publisher=Penguin Classics |year=1999 |isbn=0-14-118153-2 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wright |first=Clifford |url=https://archive.org/details/realstew300recip00wrig |title=Real Stew |publisher=Harvard Common Press |year=2002 |isbn=1-55832-199-3 }}</ref> In Marseille, bouillabaisse is rarely made for fewer than ten people.<ref>Jean-Louis André, ''Cuisines des pays de France'', Éditions du Chêne, 2001</ref>
*] is a sauce made from raw garlic, lemon juice, eggs and olive oil, served with boiled fish, hard boiled eggs and cooked vegetables.<ref name=david/>
*] is a paste made from anchovies, garlic, and olive oil, spread on bread or served with raw vegetables.<ref name=david/>
*] is a soup made with white fish (monkfish, European sea bass, whiting, etc.) and aïoli.{{sfn|Trott|2007|pp=104}}
*] is a flat Provençal bread, similar to the Italian ]. It is traditionally baked in a wood oven and sometimes filled with olives, cheese or anchovies.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
*{{Interlanguage link|Navette de Marseille|fr}} are, in the words of food writer ], "little boat-shaped cookies, tough dough tasting vaguely of orange peel, smelling better than they are."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fisher |first=M. F. K. |url=https://archive.org/details/considerabletown00fish/page/150 |title=A Considerable Town |date=1978 |publisher=Knopf |isbn=0-394-42711-4 |location=New York |page=}}</ref>
*] is chickpea flour boiled into a thick mush, allowed to firm up, then cut into blocks and fried.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Root |first=Waverley |url=https://archive.org/details/foodoffrance00root/page/333 |title=The Food of France |date=1992 |publisher=Vintage Books |isbn=0-679-73897-5 |location=New York |page= |quote=''panisso'', made either of chick-pea or maize flour, boiled into a sort of mush, then allowed to cool and become more solid, when it is fried. |author-link=Waverley Root |orig-year=Originally published 1958}}</ref>
*] is an alcoholic beverage made with ]ed and spice. It is extremely popular in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Redman |first=Chris |date=5 June 2003 |title=Pass the Pastis |work=France Today |url=http://www.francetoday.com/articles/2013/06/05/pass_the_pastis.html}}</ref>
*] is a dish prepared from sheep's feet and offal.{{sfn|Trott|2007|pp=104}}
*] is a combination of crushed fresh basil and garlic with olive oil, similar to the Italian ]. The "soupe au pistou" combines pistou in a broth with pasta and vegetables.<ref name=david/>
*] is a paste made from chopped olives, capers, and olive oil (sometimes anchovies may be added).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Olney |first=Richard |url=https://archive.org/details/lulusprovencalta00olne/page/79 |title=Lulu's Provenc̜al Table: the exuberant food and wine from Domaine Tempier Vineyard |date=1994 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |isbn=0-06-016922-2 |location=New York |page=}}</ref>


===Films set in Marseille=== ===Films set in Marseille===
{{main|List of films set in Marseille}}
Marseille has been the setting for many films, produced mostly in ] or ].
]
* '']'' (1931)
* '']'' (1961)
* '']'' (1971)
* '']'' (1974)
* '']'' (1975)
* '']'' (1983)
* '']'' (1986)
* '']'' (1988)
* '']'' (1989)
* '']'' (1990)
* '']'' (1993)
* '']'' (1995)
* '']'' (1997)
* '']'' (1998)
* '']'' (2000)
* '']'' (2000)
* '']'' (2000)
* ''] '' (2002)
* '']'' (2002)
* '']'' (2003)
* '']'' (2003)
* '']'' (2003)
* '']'' (2006)
* '']'' (2006)


Marseille has been the setting for many films.
===Gastronomy===
]]]
] in ] with ] and ] rice]]


==Main sights==
*], an alcoholic beverage made with ] and spices
Marseille is listed as a major centre of art and history. The city has many museums and galleries and there are many ancient buildings and churches of historical interest.
*], a sauce made from raw ], ], ]s and olive oil, served with boiled fish, ]s and cooked vegetables
*], a paste made from ]s, chopped olives and ] (sometimes ] may be added)
*], a fish soup containing assorted ], ] and vegetables, served with ], ]s and ]
*Anchoïade, a paste made from anchovies, garlic, black olives and olive oil, served with raw vegetables
*Panisse, a pastry made from ] flour
*Navette, a small hard biscuit in the shape of a boat, flavoured with orange blossom
*Bourride, a fish dish made with ], ] and a vegetable ]
*Pieds-paquets, a dish prepared from pig's ], sheep or pork ] and ]


===Central Marseille===
== Places of interest ==
] and the church of Notre-Dame des Accoules]]
=== Central Marseille ===
] ]]]
] ] and the ] of ]]]
Most of the attractions of Marseille (including shopping areas) are located in the 1st, 2nd, 6th and 7th arrondissements. These include:{{sfn|Trott|2007|pp=251–253}}<ref name="highlights">{{Cite web |title=The Highlights |url=http://www.marseille-tourisme.com/en/discover-marseille/the-essentials/ |website=Office de tourisme Marseille}}</ref>


* The Old Port or Vieux-Port, the main harbour and marina of the city. It is guarded by two massive forts (Fort Saint-Nicolas and ]) and is one of the main places to eat in the city. Dozens of cafés line the waterfront. The Quai des Belges at the end of the harbour is the site of the daily fish market. Much of the northern quayside area was rebuilt by the architect Fernand Pouillon after its destruction by the ]s in 1943.
Marseille is listed as a major centre of art and history. The city boasts many museums and galleries. There are many ancient buildings and churches
* The ] (City Hall), a ] building dating from the 17th century.
of historical interest. Most of the attractions of Marseille (including shopping areas) are located in the 1st, 2nd, 6th and 7th arrondissements.
* The Centre Bourse and the adjacent Rue St Ferreol district (including Rue de Rome and Rue Paradis), the main shopping area in central Marseille.
*The ], a ] commemorating French victories in the ].
* The Hôtel-Dieu, a former hospital in ''Le Panier'', transformed into an ] hotel in 2013.
* ] in ''Le Panier'', an architecturally significant building designed by the Puget brothers. The central baroque chapel is situated in a courtyard lined with arcaded galleries. Originally built as an ], it is now home to an archeological museum and a gallery of African and Asian art, as well as bookshops and a café. It also houses the Marseille International Poetry Centre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Présentation du CiPM |url=http://www.cipmarseille.com/presentation.php |website=Centre international de la Poèsie, Marseille (CiPM) |language=fr}}</ref>
* The ] or La Major, founded in the fourth century, enlarged in the 11th century and completely rebuilt in the second half of the 19th century by the architects ] and ]. The present day cathedral is a gigantic edifice in Romano-Byzantine style. A ] ], ] and ] survive from the older medieval cathedral, spared from complete destruction only as a result of public protests at the time.
* The 12th-century ] of ] and adjoining 17th-century chapel of Sainte-Catherine, on the quayside near the cathedral.
* The ], one of the oldest places of ] in Europe. Its fifth-century ] and ] occupy the site of a ] burial ground, later used for ] martyrs and venerated ever since. Continuing a ],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christmas Time |url=http://www.marseille-tourisme.com/en/discover-marseille/tradition/christmas-time/ |website=Office de tourisme Marseille}}</ref> every year at ] a ] from the crypt is carried in procession along Rue Sainte for a blessing from the archbishop, followed by a mass and the distribution of "navettes" and green ]s.


===Museums===
These include:<ref>{{citation|last=Cannon|first=Gwen|title=Provence|year=2006|publisher=
In addition to the two in the Centre de la Vieille Charité, described above, the main museums are:{{sfn|Trott|2007|pp=264–267}}
Michelin Travel Publications|id=
ISBN 206711929X}}</ref><ref></ref>


* The ] (MuCEM) and the Villa Méditerranée were inaugurated in 2013. The MuCEM is devoted to the history and culture of European and Mediterranean civilisations. The adjacent Villa Méditerranée, an international centre for cultural and artistic interchange, is partially constructed underwater. The site is linked by footbridges to the Fort Saint-Jean and to the Panier.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MuCEM and J4 |url=http://www.marseille-tourisme.com/en/discover-marseille/the-essentials/mucem-and-j4/ |access-date=2 April 2015 |website=Office de tourisme Marseille}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Between the sky and the sea |url=http://www.villa-mediterranee.org/en/between-sky-and-sea |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403121549/http://www.villa-mediterranee.org/en/between-sky-and-sea |archive-date=3 April 2015 |access-date=2 April 2015 |website=Villa Méditerranée}}</ref>
*The Old Port or Vieux-Port, the main harbour and marina of the city. It is guarded by two massive forts (Fort St Nicolas and Fort Saint Jean) and is one of the main places to eat in the city. Dozens of cafés line the waterfront. The Quai des Belges at the end of the harbour is the site of the daily fish market. Much of the northern quayside area was rebuilt by the architect Fernand Pouillon after its destruction by the ]s in 1943.
* The Musée Regards de Provence, opened in 2013, is located between the Cathedral of Notre Dame de la Majeur and the Fort Saint-Jean. It occupies a converted port building constructed in 1945 to monitor and control potential sea-borne health hazards, in particular epidemics. It now houses a permanent collection of historical artworks from Provence as well as temporary exhibitions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regards de Provence Museum |url=http://www.museeregardsdeprovence.com/en/ |website=Musée Regards de Provence}}</ref>
* The ], a lighthouse on the inlet to the Old Port.
* The Musée du Vieux Marseille, housed in the 16th-century Maison Diamantée, describing everyday life in Marseille from the 18th century onwards.
* La Vieille Charité in the ''Panier'', an architecturally significant building designed by the Puget brothers. The central baroque chapel is situated in a courtyard lined with arcaded galleries. Originally built as an ], it is now home to an archeological museum and a gallery of African and Asian art, as well as bookshops and a café.
* The Musée des Docks Romains preserves in situ the remains of Roman commercial warehouses, and has a small collection of objects, dating from the Greek period to the Middle Ages, that were uncovered on the site or retrieved from shipwrecks.
* The Centre Bourse and the adjacent rue St Ferreol district (including rue du Rome and rue Paradis), the main shopping area in central Marseille. (The other two major shopping complexes in Marseille are at la Valentine and le Grand Littoral.)
* The Musée d'Histoire, the Marseille historical museum, located in the Centre Bourse. It contains records of the Greek and Roman history of Marseille as well as the best preserved hull of a 6th century boat in the world. ] remains from the ] port are displayed in the adjacent archeological gardens, the ''Jardin des Vestiges''. * The ] (Musée d'Histoire de Marseille), devoted to the history of the town, located in the Centre Bourse. It contains remains of the Greek, and Roman history of Marseille as well as the best preserved hull of a sixth-century boat in the world. Ancient remains from the ] port are displayed in the adjacent archeological gardens, the '']''.
* The ], a museum of modern art near the Palais de Justice. It houses artworks associated with Marseille as well as several works by ].
* The Palais de la ], a 19C building housing the ], the first such institution in France. It also contains a small museum, charting the maritime and commercial history of Marseille, as well as a separate collection of models of ships.
* The ], opposite the Palais Longchamp, houses an exceptional collection of European ] and old ]s.
* The Musée de la Mode, a museum of modern fashion which displays over 2000 designs from the last 30 years.
* The 19th-century ], designed by Esperandieu, is located in the ]. Built on a grand scale, this ] ]d building rises up behind a vast monumental fountain with cascading waterfalls. The ] marks and masks the entry point of the Canal de Provence into Marseille. Its two wings house the ] (a fine arts museum), and the ] (Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Marseille).
* The Musée Cantini, a museum of modern art near the Palais de Justice. It houses artworks associated with Marseille as well as several works by ].
* The ] is located in the ], a park off the Bay of Marseille with the ], a ]. The ] opened in the renovated château in June 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2013 |title=Opening of the Château Borély, Musée des Arts Décoratifs, de la Faïence et de la Mode |url=http://www.mp2013.fr/evenements/2013/06/ouverture-du-chateau-borely-musee-des-arts-decoratifs-de-la-faience-et-de-la-mode/?lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404033023/http://www.mp2013.fr/evenements/2013/06/ouverture-du-chateau-borely-musee-des-arts-decoratifs-de-la-faience-et-de-la-mode/?lang=en |archive-date=4 April 2015 |access-date=2 April 2015 |website=Marseille-Provence 2013 European Capital of Culture}}</ref>
* The Pierre Puget park.
* The {{Interlanguage link|Musée d'Art Contemporain de Marseille|fr|3=Musée d'art contemporain de Marseille}} (MAC), a museum of contemporary art, opened in 1994. It is devoted to American and ] from the 1960s to the present day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Musée d'Art Contemporain de Marseille |url=http://www.saatchigallery.com/museums/museum-profile/Mus%C3%A9e+D%27art+Contemporain+De+Marseille/452.html |access-date=5 May 2013 |publisher=Saatchi Gallery}}</ref>
* The ], a former hospital in the ''Panier'', currently being transformed into an ] hotel.
* The {{Interlanguage link|Musée du Terroir Marseillais|fr}} in Château-Gombert, devoted to Provençal crafts and traditions.{{sfn|Trott|2007|p=225}}
* The ] of ], one of the oldest places of Christian worship in France. Its early fifth century ] and ] occupy the site of a ] burial ground, later used for ] ]s and venerated ever since. Continuing a ],<ref></ref> every year at ] a ] from the crypt is carried in procession along rue Sainte for a blessing from the archbishop, followed by a mass and the distribution of "]" and green ]s.
<gallery mode="packed">
* The Hotel de Ville (the Town Hall), a ] building from the seventeenth century.
File:Mucem-Villa-de-la-Mediterannee-Marseille.jpg|The MuCEM, Musée Regards de Provence and Villa Mediterannée, with Notre Dame de la Majeur on the right
* The Museum of Old Marseille, housed in the 16C Maison Diamantée, describing everyday life in Marseille from the eighteenth century onwards.
File:Maison Diamantée (3x2 crop).jpg|The sixteenth century Maison Diamantée which houses the Musée du Vieux Marseille
* The Cathedral of Sainte-Marie-Majeure or la Major, founded in the 4th century, enlarged in the 11th century and completely rebuilt in the second half of the 19th century by the architect Jacques Henri Esperandieu. The present day cathedral is a gigantic edifice in the Romano-Byzantine style. A ] ], ] and ] survive from the older medieval cathedral, spared from complete destruction only as a result of public protests at the time.
File:Salon-de-musique-Grobet-Labadié.jpg|The music room in the ]
* The 12C ] of Saint-Laurent and adjoining 17C chapel of Sainte-Catherine, on the quayside near the Cathedral, recently reopened after restoration.<ref></ref>
File:Palais Longchamp 2.jpg|The ] with its monumental fountain
</gallery>

===Outside central Marseille===
]
]
]
The main attractions outside the city centre include:<ref name=highlights/>


* The 19th-century Basilica of ], an enormous Romano-Byzantine basilica built by architect Espérandieu in the hills to the south of the Old Port. The terrace offers views of Marseille and its surroundings.{{sfn|Trott|2007|pp=256–257}}
===Outside of Central Marseille===
* The ], the home stadium of the city's main ] team, ].
* The ], an influential and iconic modernist building designed by the Swiss architect ] in 1952. On the third floor is the gastronomic restaurant, Le Ventre de l'Architecte. On the roof is the contemporary gallery MaMo opened in 2013.
* The ], a 19th-century warehouse transformed into offices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Docks |url=http://www.marseille-tourisme.com/en/discover-marseille/heritage/the-docks/ |access-date=27 May 2015 |website=Office de tourisme Marseille}}</ref>
* The Pharo Gardens, a park with views of the Mediterranean and the Old Port.{{sfn|Trott|2007|pp=261}}
* The Corniche, a waterfront road between the Old Port and the Bay of Marseille.{{sfn|Trott|2007|pp=261}}
* The beaches at the Prado, Pointe Rouge, Les Goudes, Callelongue and Le Prophète.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Beaches |url=http://www.marseille-tourisme.com/en/discover-marseille/sea-and-nature/the-beaches/ |access-date=27 May 2015 |website=Office de tourisme Marseille}}</ref>
* The Calanques, a mountainous coastal area, is home to ] which became France's tenth ] in 2012.{{sfn|Trott|2007|pp=195–197}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of the Calanques National Park |url=http://www.calanques-parcnational.fr/en/about-us/origins-of-the-calanques-national-park |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195826/http://www.calanques-parcnational.fr/en/about-us/origins-of-the-calanques-national-park |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=27 May 2015 |website=Parc National des Calanques}}</ref>
* The islands of the ] in the Bay of Marseille, accessible by ferry from the Old Port. The prison of ] was one of the settings for ], the novel by ].{{sfn|Trott|2007|pp=267}} The neighbouring islands of Ratonneau and Pomègues are joined by a human-made ]. The site of a former garrison and quarantine hospital, these islands are also of interest for their marine wildlife.


==Education==
] of Sugiton in the 9th arrondissement of Marseille]]
A number of the faculties of the three universities that comprise ] are located in Marseille:
* The nineteenth century Basilica of ], built by the architect Esperandieu, is an enormous Romano-Byzantine basilica in the hills to the south of the Old Port. Accessible on foot (a steep climb!), by bus or by minitrain, the terrace offers spectacular panoramic views of Marseille and its surroundings.
*]
* The ], the home stadium of the Marseille ] team "OM", ].
*]
* The ], the main railway station. Below it is the ] Porte d'Aix (1784-1837), a giant ], at the ] to ].
*]
* The ], an influential experimental building designed by the Swiss architect ] in the late forties
* The Musée des Beaux-Arts and the Natural History Museum are housed in the two wings of the nineteenth century Palais Longchamp, also designed by Esperandieu. Built on a grand scale, this ] ]d building rises up behind a vast monumental fountain with cascading waterfalls. The ] marks and masks the entry point of the Canal de Provence into Marseille.
* The Grobet-Labadié museum, opposite the Palais Longchamp, houses an exceptional collection of European ] and old ]s.
* The parc Borély, a park off the Bay of Marseille with ]s.
* The Musée de Faience, a ceramics museum in the Chateau Pastré near the parc Borely.
* The parc Chanot, an exhibition centre.
* The Pharo Gardens, a park with views of the Mediterranean and the Old Port.
* The Corniche, a picturesque waterfront road between the Old Port and the Bay of Marseille.
* The Museum of Contemporary Art, devoted to American and European art from the 1960s to the present day.
* The local beaches at the Prado, Pointe Rouge, les Goudes, Callelongue, and le Prophète.
* The Musée du Terroir Marseillais in Chateau-Gombert, devoted to provencal crafts and traditions.
* The ] and Marseilleveyre, a wild mountainous coastal area of outstanding natural beauty, accessible from Callelongue, Luminy, Sormiou, Morgiou and Cassis. Access is by bus or car and then on foot; there are also boat trips from the Old Port.
* The islands of the ] in the Bay of Marseille, accessible by ferry from the Old Port. The prison of ] was the setting for the ], the novel by ]. The neighbouring islands of Ratonneau and Pomègues are joined by a man-made ]. The site of a former garrison and quarantine hospital, these islands are also of interest for their marine wildlife. There is a small collection of shops, cafés and restaurants next to the ferry terminal.


In addition Marseille has four ''grandes écoles'':
*{{Lang|fr|]|italic=no}} part of ]
*]
*]
*]


The main French research bodies including the ], ] and ] are all well represented in Marseille. Scientific research is concentrated at several sites across the city, including Luminy, where there are institutes in developmental biology (the IBDML), immunology (]), marine sciences and neurobiology (INMED), at the CNRS Joseph Aiguier campus (a world-renowned institute of molecular and environmental microbiology) and at the Timone hospital site (known for work in medical microbiology). Marseille is also home to the headquarters of the ], which promotes research into questions affecting developing countries.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
]]]


==Transport== ==Transport==
{{see also|Transport in Marseille}}
]
The city is served by an international airport, ], located in ]. The airport has two terminals. Terminal one, the main terminal of the airport contains halls 1,2,3 and 4 and serves as a base for international arrivals and departures. The new terminal, referred to as Marseille Mp2 is used for flights arriving and departing from Europe. A shuttle coach system operates between the airport and the railway station, ].


===International and regional transport===
An extensive network of motorways connects Marseille to the north and west (]), Aix-en-Provence in the north (]) , Toulon (]) and the ] (]) to the east.
], the fifth busiest in France]]
]
The city is served by an international airport, ], located in Marignane. The airport is the fifth busiest French airport, was known as the fourth most important European traffic growth in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marseille-Provence bat tous les records avec 8,3 millions de passagers en 2012 |url=http://www.tourmag.com/Marseille-Provence-bat-tous-les-records-avec-83-millions-de-passagers-en-2012_a56271.html |access-date=12 March 2013 |publisher=Tourmag.com}}</ref> An extensive network of motorways connects Marseille to the north and west (]), Aix-en-Provence in the north (]), Toulon (]) and the ] It is the most populous city in the French Riviera(]) to the east.


] is Marseille's main ]. It operates direct regional services to cities such as ], ] and ], as well as a service to ]. (The northerly single track line to ] via ] is currently partially closed during modernisation.) Gare Saint-Charles is also one of the main terminal stations for the ] in the south of France making Marseille reachable in three hours from Paris (a distance of over 750 km). and just over one and a half hours from Lyon. There is also a direct TGV line to ]. ] is Marseille's main railway station. It operates direct regional services to Aix-en-Provence, ], Toulon, ], ], ], ], ], ], etc. Gare Saint-Charles is also one of the main terminal stations for the ] in the south of France making Marseille reachable in three hours from Paris (a distance of over 750&nbsp;km) and just over one and a half hours from Lyon. There are also direct TGV lines to ], Brussels, Nantes, ], ] and ] as well as ] services to ] (just in the summer) and Thello services to Milan (just one a day), via Nice and Genoa.
]


There is a long distance ], still under construction, adjacent to Gare Saint-Charles with destinations mostly in the ]. Temporarily buses to ] depart from the nearby Porte d'Aix. Other buses to ], ] and ] depart from Castellane. There is a new long-distance bus station adjacent to new modern extension to the Gare Saint-Charles with destinations mostly to other ] towns, including buses to ], Cassis, ] and ]. The city is also served with 11 other regional trains stations in the east and the north of the city, including ].


Marseille has a large ], the , with services to Marseille has a large ], the ''Gare Maritime'', with services to
], ], ] and ]. A ferry service on a quite different scale operates between the two opposite quays of the Old Port. ], ], ] and ].


===Public transport===
Marseille itself is connected by the ] train system operated by the '']'' (RTM). It consists of 2 lines represented by orange and blue. Line 1 (blue) between Castellane and La Rose opened in 1977 and Line 2 (orange) between Sainte-Marguerite/Dromel and Bougainville opened between 1984 and 1987. An extension to Line 1 from Castellane to La Timone was completed in 1992. The Metro system operates on a turnstile system, with tickets purchased at the nearby adjacent automated booths. Both lines of the Metro intersect at Gare Saint-Charles and Castellane.
]
Marseille is connected by the ] train system operated by the '']'' (RTM). It consists of two lines: Line 1 (blue) between Castellane and La Rose opened in 1977 and Line 2 (red) between Sainte-Marguerite-Dromel and Bougainville opened between 1984 and 1987. An extension of the Line 1 from Castellane to La Timone was completed in 1992, another extension from La Timone to La Fourragère ({{convert|2.5|km|1|abbr=on}} and 4 new stations) was opened in May 2010. The Métro system operates on a turnstile system, with tickets purchased at the nearby adjacent automated booths. Both lines of the Métro intersect at Gare Saint-Charles and Castellane. Three ] lines are under construction to better connect the Métro to farther places (Castellane -> Luminy; Capitaine Gèze – La Cabucelle -> Vallon des Tuves; La Rose -> Château Gombert – Saint Jérôme).


]
An extensive bus network serves the city and suburbs of Marseille. The first phase of a new , going eastwards from the port towards St Barnabé, was opened in July 2007.
] (567573) on the Viaduc de Corbières, near ] and towards the ], 2006]]
An extensive ] serves the city and suburbs of Marseille, with 104 lines and 633 buses. The three lines of the ],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official website of the Marseille tramway |url=http://www.le-tram.fr/ |access-date=1 February 2010 |publisher=Le-tram.fr}}</ref> opened in 2007, go from the ] towards Les Caillols.

As in many other French cities, a bike-sharing service nicknamed "Le vélo", free for trips of less than half an hour, was introduced by the city council in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Website for Le vélo |url=http://www.levelo-mpm.fr/ |access-date=1 February 2010 |publisher=Levelo-mpm.fr |language=Fr}}</ref>

A free ferry service operates between the two opposite quays of the Old Port. From 2011 ferry shuttle services operate between the Old Port and Pointe Rouge; in spring 2013 it will also run to l'Estaque.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2004 |title=Se déplacer – Navettes maritimes |url=http://www.marseille.fr/sitevdm/se-deplacer/navettes-maritimes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217183410/http://www.marseille.fr/sitevdm/se-deplacer/navettes-maritimes |archive-date=17 February 2013 |access-date=12 March 2013 |publisher=Marseille.fr |language=fr}}</ref> There are also ferry services and boat trips available from the Old Port to ], the ] and Cassis.


==Sport== ==Sport==
] ]]]

The city boasts a wide variety of sports facilities and teams. The most popular team is the city's ], ], which was the finalist of the ] in 1991, before winning the competition in 1993, the only French club to do so as of 2024. The club also became finalists of the ] in 1999, 2004 and 2018. The club had a history of success under then-owner ]. The club's home, the ], which can seat around 67,000 people, also functions for other local sports, as well as the ]. Stade Velodrome hosted a number of games during the ], ], ] and ]. The local rugby teams are ] and ].

Marseille is famous for its important ] activity, it is even renowned as the ''pétanque capitale''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2008 |title=Boules : Marseille capitale mondiale de la pétanque en 2012 |url=http://www.laprovence.com/article/sports/806737/boules-marseille-capitale-mondiale-de-la-petanque-en-2012.html |access-date=12 March 2013 |publisher=La Provence}}</ref> In 2012 Marseille hosted the Pétanque World Championship and the city hosts every year the ], the main pétanque competition.

]
Sailing is a major sport in Marseille. The wind conditions allow regattas in the warm waters of the Mediterranean.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} Throughout most seasons of the year it can be windy while the sea remains smooth enough to allow sailing. Marseille has been the host of 8 (2010) Match Race France events which are part of the ]. The event draws the world's best sailing teams to Marseille. The identical supplied boats (J Boats J-80 racing yachts) are raced two at a time in an on the water dogfight which tests the sailors and skippers to the limits of their physical abilities.
Points accrued count towards the World Match Racing Tour and a place in the final event, with the overall winner taking the title ISAF World Match Racing Tour Champion. Match racing is an ideal sport for spectators in Marseille, as racing in close proximity to the shore provides excellent views. The city was also considered as a possible venue for 2007 ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pape |first=Eric |date=3 July 2006 |title=Sailing to Success |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/46140 |access-date=5 May 2009 |website=Newsweek}}</ref>


] has traditionally been one of France's dominant ] teams as it won the ] a total of 36 times.
The city boasts a wide variety of sports facilities and teams. The most popular team is the city's ], ], which was the ] winner in 1993 and finalist of the UEFA Cup in 1999 and 2004. The club has a history of success but was tainted in the 1990s by a ] scandal by then-owner ]. The club's home, the ], also functions for other local sports, as well as ] Tests. Stade Velodrome will also host a number of games during the ]. The local rugby team is ].


] is a major sport in Marseille. The winds can blow from different directions and allow interesting regattas in the warm waters of the ]. Most of the time it can be windy while the sea remains smooth enough to allow sailing. It has been considered as a possible site for 2007 ]. {{Fact}} Marseille is also a place for other water sports such as ] and ]. Marseille has three ]s to its north and north east. The city also boasts dozens of gyms and several council owned ]s. Running is also popular in many of Marseille's parks such as Le Pharo and Le Jardin Pierre Puget. Marseille is also a place for other ] such as ] and ]. Marseille has three ]s. The city has dozens of gyms and several public swimming pools. Running is also popular in many of Marseille's parks such as Le Pharo and Le Jardin Pierre Puget. An annual footrace is held between the city and neighbouring Cassis: the ].{{Citation needed|date=September 2012}}
{{clear}}


==Notable people==
Marseille was the finish of Stage 10 and the departure of Stage 11 in the ].
{{See also|List of people from Marseille}}
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]: Sunday at the Museum]]
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==Births and deaths in Marseille==
]
]
Marseille was the birthplace of: Marseille was the birthplace of:
*] (4th century BC) Greek merchant, geographer and explorer *] (fl. fourth century BC), Greek merchant, geographer and explorer
*] (fl. first century AD), Roman novelist and satirist
*] (1897-1948), author
*] (1702{{ndash}}1795), physician
*] (1927-2007), ballet choreographer
*] (1741–1826), introduced the chrysanthemum to France
*], aka. "Dugazon" (1746-1809), actor
*], aka. "Dugazon" (1746{{ndash}}1809), actor
*] (1777-1860), wife of King ], and therefore ''Queen Desirée'' or ''Queen Desideria of Sweden''
*] (1767{{ndash}}1846), geographer, author and translator
*] (1797-1877), first president of the ]
*] (1777{{ndash}}1860), wife of King ], and therefore ''Queen Desirée'' or ''Queen Desideria of ]''
*] (1801-1841), politician
*] (1808-1879), ] and painter *] (1794{{ndash}}1880), naturalist and ethnologist
*] (1797{{ndash}}1877), first president of the ]
*] (1813-1877), poet
*] (1801{{ndash}}1841), politician
*] (1782-1861), ] and Founder of the ].
*] (1808{{ndash}}1879), ] and painter
*] (1818-1910), ballet choreographer
*] (1813{{ndash}}1877), poet
*] (1825-1913), statesman
*] (1782{{ndash}}1861), ] and founder of the ].
*Joseph Pujol, aka. "]" (1857-1945), entertainer
*] (1815{{ndash}}1898), ballet dancer
*] (1870-1904) Greek army officer
*] (1816{{ndash}}1899), mayor of Los Angeles
*] (1925), orchestra leader, composer
*] (1868-1918), poet and dramatist *] (1818{{ndash}}1910), ballet dancer and choreographer
*] (1823{{ndash}}1909), opera composer and music critic
*] (1876-1952), guitarist, songwriter
*] (1825{{ndash}}1913), statesman
*] (1903-1971), actor
*] (1826–1884) Ornithologist and Physician
*] (Eliane Plewman, 1917-1944), ], Croix de Guerre
*] (1848{{ndash}}1923), operatic baritone
*] (born 1919), actor
* Joseph Pujol, aka. "]" (1857{{ndash}}1945), entertainer
*] (1922-2000), ''flûtiste''
*] (1927-2007), opera singer *] (1867{{ndash}}1945), physicist
*] (1868{{ndash}}1918), poet and dramatist
*] (1932-2001), known as ], song writer, composer
*] (1870{{ndash}}1904), Greek ]
*], (1870{{ndash}}1915), painter
*] (1876{{ndash}}1952), guitarist, songwriter<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scotto Opérettes Marseillaises Accord 4762107; Classical CD Reviews – November 2006 MusicWeb-International |url=http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2006/Nov06/Scotto_operettas_4762107.htm |access-date=5 May 2009 |publisher=Musicweb-international.com}}</ref>
*] (1879{{ndash}}1965), fauvist painter
*] (1882{{ndash}}1984), aviator and inventor of the first ]
*] (1883{{ndash}}1971), actor
*] (1892{{ndash}}1974), composer and teacher<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jessula |first=Georges |year=2003 |title=Darius Milhaud, Compositeur de Musique |url=http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_REVUE=AJ&ID_NUMPUBLIE=AJ_361&ID_ARTICLE=AJ_361_0140# |journal=Revue Juive |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=140–144 |doi=10.3917/aj.361.0140 }} Since their marriage in 1892, Milhaud's parents lived in the ''Bras d'Or'' in Aix-en-Provence, where their son grew up; however he was delivered at the home of his maternal grandparents in Marseille.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Milhaud |first=Darius |title=Ma Vie heureuse |publisher=Zurfluh |year=1998 |isbn=2-87750-083-7 |author-link=Darius Milhaud}}</ref>
*] (1893{{ndash}}1943), ], ]
*] (1897{{ndash}}1948), author
*] (1901{{ndash}}1971), composer and conductor
*] (1902{{ndash}}1991), violinist
*] (1903{{ndash}}1971), actor
*] (1909{{ndash}}1989), ], Commander of the ]
*] (Eliane Plewman, 1917{{ndash}}1944), French Resistance, Croix de Guerre
*] (1921{{ndash}}1998), sculptor
*] (1921{{ndash}}2015), actor
*] (1922{{ndash}}2000), flautist
*], (1924{{ndash}}2010), ceramist
*] (1925{{ndash}}2006), orchestra leader, composer
*] (1927{{ndash}}2007), ballet choreographer
*] (1927{{ndash}}2007), opera singer
*] (1928–2010), actor
* André di Fusco (1932{{ndash}}2001), known as ], ], composer
*] (born 1934), archaeologist
*] (1937{{ndash}}2013), sculptor
*] (born 1938), flamenco dancer and naif artist
*] (born 1938), biochemist
*] (born 1944), cardinal, archbishop of ]
*] (born 1944), cyclist *] (born 1944), cyclist
*] (1945-2000), author *] (1945{{ndash}}2000), author
*] (born 1966), legendary ] football player *] (born 1952), businessman
*] (born 1954), actress
*] (born 1961), world champion ]
*] (born 1966), ] and ] football player
*] (born 1966), football manager and former player
*] (born 1969), singer *] (born 1969), singer
*] (born 1970), member of the popular Japanese rock band ] *] (born 1970), member of the ] band ]
*] (born 1972), world-class professional ] player and former captain of the ] *] (born 1972), football player and former captain of the ]
*] (born 1976), freestyle swimmer *] (born 1976), freestyle swimmer
*] (born 1978), tennis player *] (born 1978), tennis player
*] (born 1983), photographer
*] (born 1984), football player *] (born 1984), football player
*] (born 1984), ''danseur étoile'' (ballet dancer) *] (born 1985), cyclist
*] (born 1994), French-born Australian world and Olympic champion ]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jewish Australian kayaker Jessica Fox takes silver medal |url=http://www.jta.org/2012/08/05/news-opinion/world/jewish-australian-kayaker-jessica-fox-takes-silver-medal |access-date=20 April 2015 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|date=5 August 2012 }}</ref>
* ] (born 1985), cyclist
*] (born 1996), football player
*] (born 1997), football player


==International relations==
The following personalities died in Marseille:
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in France}}


===Twin towns – sister cities===
*French poet ] on ], ].
Marseille is ] with 14 cities, all of them being port cities, with the exception of Marrakech.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marseille open on the world |url=http://www.marseille.fr/international/marseille-ouverte-sur-le-monde/marseille-open-world |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=international.marseille.fr |publisher=Marseille |language=fr}}</ref>
*King ] was assassinated on ] ] in Marseille along with French Foreign Minister ].
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*{{flagicon|CIV}} ], Ivory Coast (1958)
*{{flagicon|BEL}} ], Belgium (1958)
*{{flagicon|DEN}} ], Denmark (1958)
*{{flagicon|SEN}} ], Senegal (1968)
*{{flagicon|ITA}} ], Italy (1958)
*{{flagicon|UK}} ], United Kingdom (2006)
*{{flagicon|ISR}} ], Israel (1958)
*{{flagicon|GER}} ], Germany (1958)
*{{flagicon|JPN}} ], Japan (1961)
*{{flagicon|MAR}} ], Morocco (2004)
*{{flagicon|ITA}} ], Italy (2024)
*{{flagicon|UKR}} ], Ukraine (1972)
*{{flagicon|GRE}} ], Greece (1984)
*{{flagicon|CHN}} ], China (1987)
*{{flagicon|TUN}} ], Tunisia (1989)
{{div col end}}


==Twinned cities== ===Partner cities===
In addition, Marseille has signed various types of formal agreements of cooperation with 21* Cities all over the world:<ref name="accords">{{Cite web |title=Accords de coopération |url=http://www.marseille.fr/sitevdm/document?id=14621&id_attribute=48 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101023/http://www.marseille.fr/sitevdm/document?id=14621&id_attribute=48 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=6 October 2015 |website=Site Officiel de la Ville de Marseille |language=fr}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*{{flagicon|MAR}} ], Morocco (2003)<ref name=accords/>
*{{flagicon|EGY}} ], Egypt (1991)<ref name=accords/>
*{{flagicon|ALG}} ], Algeria (1980)<ref name=accords/>
*{{flagicon|MLI}} ], Mali (1991)<ref name=accords/>
*{{flagicon|ESP}} ], Spain (1998)<ref name=accords/>
*{{flagicon|LIB}} ], Lebanon (2003)<ref name=accords/>
*{{flagicon|MAR}} ], Morocco (1998)<ref name=accords/>
*{{flagicon|TUR}} ], Turkey (2003)<ref name=accords/>
*{{flagicon|TOG}} ], Togo(1995)<ref name=accords/>
*{{flagicon|FRA}} ], France<ref name=accords/>
*{{flagicon|URU}} ], Uruguay (1999)<ref name=accords/>
*{{flagicon|GRE}} ], Greece<ref name="Greek twinnings">{{Cite web |title=Twinnings |url=http://www.kedke.gr/uploads/twinnedcities.pdf |access-date=25 August 2013 |website=Central Union of Municipalities & Communities of Greece |archive-date=15 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115172503/http://www.kedke.gr/uploads/twinnedcities.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|RUS}} ], Russia (2013)<ref name=accords/>
*{{flagicon|MAR}} ], Morocco (1998)<ref name=accords/>
*{{flagicon|MAR}} ], Morocco (1989)<ref name=accords/>
*{{flagicon|ALB}} ], Albania (1991)<ref name=accords/><ref name="International relations">{{Cite web |title=Twinning Cities: International Relations |url=http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010042121/http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2011 |access-date=23 June 2009 |website=Municipality of Tirana}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|LBY}} ] (1991)<ref name=accords/>
*{{flagicon|TUN}} ], Tunisia (1998)<ref name=accords/>
*{{flagicon|BUL}} ] (2007)<ref name=accords/>
*{{flagicon|ISR}} ], Israel (2006)<ref name=accords/>
*{{flagicon|ARM}} ], Armenia (1992)<ref name=accords/><ref name="Yerevan twinnings 2">{{Cite web |title=Yerevan – Twin Towns & Sister Cities |url=http://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/ |access-date=4 November 2013 |website=Yerevan Municipality Official Website}}</ref><ref name="Yerevan twinnings">{{Cite web |script-title=hy:ԵՐԵՎԱՆԻ ՔԱՂԱՔԱՊԵՏԱՐԱՆՊԱՇՏՈՆԱԿԱՆ ԿԱՅՔ |trans-title=Yerevan expanding its international relations |url=http://www.yerevan.am/pages.php?lang=1&id=184&page_name=news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512174924/http://www.yerevan.am/pages.php?lang=1&id=184&page_name=news |archive-date=12 May 2013 |access-date=5 August 2013 |website=Yerevan Municipality Official Website |language=Armenian}}</ref>
{{div col end}}


==See also==
Marseille is currently officially ] with the following thirteen cities (in alphabetical order):<ref></ref>


*]
*{{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} ] (])
*]
*{{flagicon|Belgium}} ] (])
*]
*{{flagicon|Denmark}} ] (])
*]
*{{flagicon|Senegal}} ] (])
*] (Bishop of Marseille 1928 to 1936)
*{{flagicon|Italy}} ] (])
*{{flagicon|Scotland}} ] (])
*{{flagicon|Israel}} ] (])
*{{flagicon|Germany}} ] (])
*{{flagicon|Japan}} ] (])
*{{flagicon|Morocco}} ] (])
*{{flagicon|Ukraine}} ] (])
*{{flagicon|Greece}} ] (])
*{{flagicon|China}} ] (])


==Notes==
In addition Marseille has signed various types of formal agreements of cooperation with 28 cities all over the world. <ref></ref>
{{notelist}}
These cities are ] (]), ] (]), ] (]), ] (]),
] (]), ] (]), ] (]), ] (]),
] (]), ] (]), ] (]), ] (]), ] (]),
] (]), ] (]), ] (]), ] (]), ] (]),
] (]), ] (]), ] (]), ] (]), ] (]),
] (]), ] (]), ] (]), ] (]) and ] (]).


== Gallery == ==References==
{{Reflist}}


===Bibliography===
<gallery>
{{refbegin}}
Image:Marseille-iles-frioul.jpg|The Frioul Archipelago
*{{Cite book |last=Palanque |first=J.R. |title=Histoire de la Provence |date=1990 |publisher=Editions Privat |isbn=2-7089-1649-1 |editor-last=Baratier |editor-first=Edouard |series=Univers de la France |location=Toulouse |language=fr |trans-title=History of Provence |chapter=Ligures, Celtes et Grecs |trans-chapter=Ligures, Celts and Greeks }}
Image:20030614-204 Marseille Château d'If From Ferry.jpg|Chateau d'If
*{{Cite book |title=The New Cambridge Medieval History |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-36289-X |editor-last=Abulafia |editor-first=David |volume=5 }}
Image:Corniche Marseille.jpg|The Corniche
*{{Cite book |last1=Duchêne |first1=Roger |url=https://archive.org/details/marseille2600ans0000duch |title=Marseille, 2600 ans d'histoire |last2=Contrucci |first2=Jean |date=1998 |publisher=Editions Fayard |isbn=2-213-60197-6 |location=Paris |language=fr |trans-title=Marseille, 2600 Years of History |url-access=registration}}
Image:Monumentterres_lointaines.jpg|War Memorial on the Corniche
*{{Cite book |last=Kitson |first=Simon |title=Police and Politics in Marseille, 1936–1945 |date=2014 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-24835-9 |location=Amsterdam }}
Image:marseille.arp.750pix.jpg|A view onto the Old Port
*{{Cite book |last=Liauzu |first=Claude |title=Histoire des migrations en Méditerranée occidentale |date=1996 |publisher=Editions Complexe |isbn=2-87027-608-7 |location=Brussels |language=fr |trans-title=History of Migration in the Western Mediterranean }}
Image:COURS HONORE D'ESTIENNE D'ORVES.JPG|Cours Estienne d'Orves next to the Old Port
*{{Cite book |last=Trott |first=Victoria |url=https://archive.org/details/provence00trot |title=Provence |date=2007 |publisher=Michelin Apa Publications |isbn=978-1-906261-29-0 |editor-last=Cannon |editor-first=Gwen |location=London |editor-last2=Watkins |editor-first2=Gaven}}
Image:Marseille Fort Saint Nicolas.jpg|The Fort Saint Nicolas, overlooking the harbour on the left bank
{{refend}}
Image:Vallon_des_Auffes.jpg|The Vallon des Auffes off the Corniche
Image:NotreDameDeLaGarde@Night_JD.jpg|Notre Dame de la Garde at night
Image:NotreDameDeLaGarde_Statue1.jpg|The statue of Mary with child on top of the Notre Dame de la Garde
Image:Église des Réformés.jpg|The ''Église des Réformés'' church
Image:Jeanne d'arc Marseille.jpg|Joan of Arc statue in Marseille.
Image:Musée des Beaux Arts Marseille.jpg|Musée des Beaux Arts, Marseille.
Image:Marseille Palais Longchamp At Night JD 22052007.jpg|The Palais Longchamp at night
Image:Marseille_-_Le_jardin_des_vestiges.JPG|Le Jardin des Vestiges next to the Centre Bourse
Image:Garesaintcharles.jpg|Gare Saint-Charles, the main railway station
Image:Panier2-franck.cuny.jpg|Street in the Panier
Image:Marseille VP Hotel de Ville JD 11082007.jpg|The Hotel de Ville
Image:Panier-problog.jpg|The Panier seen from the Vieux-Port
Image:Marseille - Le Panier.JPG|Street in the Panier
Image:Cathedralmajormarseille.jpg|The Cathedral de la Major
Image:Fort-Saint-Jean.jpg|The Fort St Jean
Image:Eglise-saint-laurent-moussechan.jpg|The Church of St Laurent
Image:Palais-du-Pharo-moussechan.jpg|The Pharo
Image:Stairway of Hôtel-Dieu in Marseille 3.jpg|Staircase in the Hotel-Dieu
Image:DSC_0871TheatreDuGymnase.jpg|Theatre du Gymnase
Image:Alcazar-Marseille.JPG|The Alcazar, before and after
Image:Cours-julien-bryce-edwards.jpg|The bohemian Cours Julien and la Plaine
</gallery>


==See also == ==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last=Cobb |first=Richard |title=Marseille |publisher=Allia |year=2001 |isbn=978-2-84485-064-5 |location=Paris |language=French |author-link=Richard Cobb}}
* ]
*{{Cite book |last1=Savitch |first1=H.V. |url=https://archive.org/details/citiesininternat00savi |title=Cities in the International Market Place: The Political Economy of Urban Development in North America and Western Europe |last2=Kantor |first2=Paul |publisher=] |year=2002 |isbn=0-691-09159-5 }}
* ]
*{{Cite book |last1=Peraldi |first1=Michel |title=Gouverner Marseille : Enquête sur les mondes politiques marseillais |last2=Samson |first2=Michel |publisher=Editions La Découverte |year=2006 |isbn=2-7071-4964-0 }}
* ]
*{{Cite book |last=Busquet |first=Raoul |title=Histoire de la Provence des origines à la révolution française |publisher=Éditions Jeanne Lafitte |year=1954 |isbn=2-86276-319-5 }}
* ]
*{{Cite book |last1=Attard-Marainchi |first1=Marie-Françoise |title=Migrance – histoires des migrations à Marseille |last2=Échinard |first2=Pierre |last3=Jordi |first3=Jean-Jacques |last4=Lopez |first4=Renée |last5=Sayad |first5=Abdelmalek |last6=Témime |first6=Émile |publisher=Éditions Jeanne Laffitte |year=2007 |isbn=978-2-86276-450-4 }}, single book comprising 4 separate volumes: ''La préhistoire de la migration'' (1482–1830); ''L'expansion marseillaise et "l'invasion italienne"'' (1830–1918); ''Le cosomopolitisme de l'entre-deux-guerres'' (1919–1945); ''Le choc de la décolonisation'' (1945–1990).

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons|Marseille}} {{Commons category|Marseille}}
{{Wikivoyage|Marseille}}
* {{fr icon}}
* * {{Official website|http://www.marseille.fr/}} {{in lang|fr}}
*https://www.lafriche.org
*
{{Marseille}}
*
{{Arrondissements of Marseille}}
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* {{fr icon}}
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{{Préfectures of départements of France}} {{Préfectures of départements of France}}
{{Préfectures of régions of France}} {{Prefectures of regions of France}}
{{Cities in France}}
{{Marseille}}
{{Bouches-du-Rhône communes}}
{{European Capital of Culture}}
{{European Capital of Sport}}
{{Authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 18:55, 22 December 2024

Second-largest city in France This article is about the Mediterranean city. For other uses, see Marseille (disambiguation).

Prefecture and commune in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France
Marseille Marselha (Occitan)
Prefecture and commune
Skyline of the Euroméditerranéenarrow streets near Fort Saint-Jean Calanque d'En-Vau in Calanques National ParkOld Port and Notre-Dame de la GardePalais LongchampMarseille Cathedral
Flag of MarseilleFlagCoat of arms of MarseilleCoat of arms
Motto(s): Actibus immensis urbs fulget massiliensis
"The city of Marseille shines from its great achievements"
Location of Marseille
Marseille is located in FranceMarseilleMarseilleShow map of FranceMarseille is located in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'AzurMarseilleMarseilleShow map of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Coordinates: 43°17′47″N 5°22′12″E / 43.2964°N 5.37°E / 43.2964; 5.37
CountryFrance
RegionProvence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
DepartmentBouches-du-Rhône
ArrondissementMarseille
Canton12 cantons
IntercommunalityAix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis
Subdivisions16 arrondissements
Government
 • Mayor (2020–2026) Benoît Payan (DVG)
Area240.62 km (92.90 sq mi)
 • Urban1,758.2 km (678.8 sq mi)
 • Metro3,971.8 km (1,533.5 sq mi)
Population873,076
 • Rank2nd in France
 • Density3,600/km (9,400/sq mi)
 • Urban1,625,845
 • Urban density920/km (2,400/sq mi)
 • Metro1,888,788
 • Metro density480/km (1,200/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Marseillais (French)
Marselhés (Occitan)
Massiliot (ancient)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code13055 /13001-13016
Dialling codes0491 or 0496
Websitemarseille.fr
French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Marseille or Marseilles (French: Marseille; Provençal Occitan: Marselha; see below) is a city in southern France, the prefecture of the department of Bouches-du-Rhône and of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Situated in the Provence region, it is located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, near the mouth of the Rhône river. Marseille is the second-most populous city in France, after Paris, with 873,076 inhabitants in 2021. Marseille with its suburbs and exurbs create the Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis, with a population of 1,911,311 at the 2021 census.

Founded c. 600 BC by Greek settlers from Phocaea, Marseille is the oldest city in France, as well as one of Europe's oldest continuously inhabited settlements. It was known to the ancient Greeks as Massalia and to Romans as Massilia. Marseille has been a trading port since ancient times. In particular, it experienced a considerable commercial boom during the colonial period and especially during the 19th century, becoming a prosperous industrial and trading city. Nowadays the Old Port still lies at the heart of the city, where the manufacture of Marseille soap began some six centuries ago. Overlooking the port is the Basilica of Notre-Dame-de-la-Garde or "Bonne-mère" for the people of Marseille, a Romano-Byzantine church and the symbol of the city. Inherited from this past, the Grand Port Maritime de Marseille (GPMM) and the maritime economy are major poles of regional and national activity and Marseille remains the first French port, the second Mediterranean port and the fifth European port. Since its origins, Marseille's openness to the Mediterranean Sea has made it a cosmopolitan city marked by cultural and economic exchanges with Southern Europe, the Middle East, North Africa and Asia. In Europe, the city has the third largest Jewish community after London and Paris.

In the 1990s, the Euroméditerranée project for economic development and urban renewal was launched. New infrastructure projects and renovations were carried out in the 2000s and 2010s: the tramway, the renovation of the Hôtel-Dieu into a luxury hotel, the expansion of the Velodrome Stadium, the CMA CGM Tower, as well as other quayside museums such as the Museum of Civilisations of Europe and the Mediterranean (MuCEM). As a result, Marseille now has the most museums in France after Paris. The city was named European Capital of Culture in 2013 and European Capital of Sport in 2017. Home of the association football club Olympique de Marseille, one of the most successful and widely supported clubs in France, Marseille has also hosted matches at the 1998 World Cup and Euro 2016. It is also home to several higher education institutions in the region, including the University of Aix-Marseille. A resident of Marseille is a Marseillais.

Name

The name of Marseille is of unknown ultimate origin, but it is thought it may come from Ancient Ligurian, which was the local language before the arrival of the Greeks. Forms of the name include:

Geography

View of the "small" on Marseille's corniche (7th arrondissement) with the Frioul archipelago and the Château d'If in the background
A Sentinel-2 satellite view of Marseille

Marseille is the third-largest metropolitan area in France after Paris and Lyon. To the east, starting in the small fishing village of Callelongue on the outskirts of Marseille and stretching as far as Cassis, are the Calanques, a rugged coastal area interspersed with small fjord-like inlets. Farther east still are the Sainte-Baume (a 1,147 m (3,763 ft) mountain ridge rising from a forest of deciduous trees), the city of Toulon and the French Riviera. To the north of Marseille, beyond the low Garlaban and Etoile mountain ranges, is the 1,011 m (3,317 ft) Mont Sainte Victoire. To the west of Marseille is the former artists' colony of l'Estaque; farther west are the Côte Bleue, the Gulf of Lion and the Camargue region in the Rhône delta. The airport lies to the north west of the city at Marignane on the Étang de Berre.

The city's main thoroughfare (the wide boulevard called the Canebière) stretches eastward from the Old Port to the Réformés quarter. Two large forts flank the entrance to the Old Port—Fort Saint-Nicolas on the south side and Fort Saint-Jean on the north. Farther out in the Bay of Marseille is the Frioul archipelago which comprises four islands, one of which, If, is the location of Château d'If, made famous by the Dumas novel The Count of Monte Cristo. The main commercial centre of the city intersects with the Canebière at Rue St Ferréol and the Centre Bourse (one of the city's main shopping malls). The centre of Marseille has several pedestrianised zones, most notably Rue St Ferréol, Cours Julien near the Music Conservatory, the Cours Honoré-d'Estienne-d'Orves off the Old Port and the area around the Hôtel de Ville. To the south east of central Marseille in the 6th arrondissement are the Prefecture and the monumental fountain of Place Castellane, an important bus and metro interchange. To the south west are the hills of the 7th and 8th arrondissements, dominated by the basilica of Notre-Dame de la Garde. Marseille's main railway station—Gare de Marseille Saint-Charles—is north of the Centre Bourse in the 1st arrondissement; it is linked by the Boulevard d'Athènes to the Canebière.

Climate

The city has a hot-summer mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa) with cool-mild winters with moderate rainfall, because of the wet westerly winds, and hot, mostly dry summers. December, January, and February are the coldest months, averaging temperatures of around 12 °C (54 °F) during the day and 4 °C (39 °F) at night. July and August are the hottest months, averaging temperatures of around 28–30 °C (82–86 °F) during the day and 19 °C (66 °F) at night in the Marignane airport but in the city near the sea the average high temperature is 27 °C (81 °F) in July.

Marseille receives the most sunlight of any French city, 2,897.6 hours per year on average, while the average sunshine in the country is around 1,950 hours. It is also the driest major city with only 532.3 mm (21 in) of precipitation annually, mainly due to the mistral, a cold, dry wind originating in the Rhône Valley that occurs mostly in winter and spring and which generally brings clear skies and sunny weather to the region. Less frequent is the sirocco, a hot, sand-bearing wind, coming from the Sahara. Snowfalls are infrequent; over 50% of years do not experience a single snowfall.

The hottest temperature was 40.6 °C (105.1 °F) on 26 July 1983 during a great heat wave, the lowest temperature was −16.8 °C (1.8 °F) on 13 February 1929 during a strong cold wave.

Climate data for Marseille-Marignane (Marseille Provence Airport), elevation: 36 m, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1921–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.9
(67.8) 		22.5
(72.5) 		25.4
(77.7) 		29.6
(85.3) 		34.9
(94.8) 		39.6
(103.3) 		39.7
(103.5) 		39.2
(102.6) 		34.3
(93.7) 		30.4
(86.7) 		25.2
(77.4) 		20.7
(69.3) 		39.7
(103.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 11.8
(53.2) 		12.8
(55.0) 		16.4
(61.5) 		19.3
(66.7) 		23.5
(74.3) 		27.9
(82.2) 		30.7
(87.3) 		30.5
(86.9) 		25.9
(78.6) 		21.3
(70.3) 		15.7
(60.3) 		12.4
(54.3) 		20.7
(69.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 7.7
(45.9) 		8.3
(46.9) 		11.4
(52.5) 		14.3
(57.7) 		18.4
(65.1) 		22.5
(72.5) 		25.2
(77.4) 		24.9
(76.8) 		20.9
(69.6) 		17.0
(62.6) 		11.7
(53.1) 		8.4
(47.1) 		15.9
(60.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3.6
(38.5) 		3.7
(38.7) 		6.5
(43.7) 		9.4
(48.9) 		13.3
(55.9) 		17.2
(63.0) 		19.7
(67.5) 		19.4
(66.9) 		15.9
(60.6) 		12.6
(54.7) 		7.7
(45.9) 		4.4
(39.9) 		11.1
(52.0)
Record low °C (°F) −12.4
(9.7) 		−16.8
(1.8) 		−10.0
(14.0) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		0.0
(32.0) 		5.4
(41.7) 		7.8
(46.0) 		8.1
(46.6) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		−12.8
(9.0) 		−16.8
(1.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 47.1
(1.85) 		29.8
(1.17) 		29.5
(1.16) 		51.6
(2.03) 		37.7
(1.48) 		27.9
(1.10) 		10.8
(0.43) 		25.8
(1.02) 		82.0
(3.23) 		73.3
(2.89) 		75.9
(2.99) 		40.9
(1.61) 		532.3
(20.96)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 5.1 4.6 4.2 5.8 4.4 2.8 1.4 2.7 4.8 5.9 7.0 4.7 53.5
Average snowy days 0.9 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 1.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 147.9 173.1 234.7 250.8 298.6 337.8 372.2 333.8 263.7 196.1 150.8 138.1 2,897.6
Average ultraviolet index 1 2 4 5 7 8 8 7 5 3 2 1 4
Source 1: Météo France
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)
Climate data for Marseille (Longchamp observatory), elevation: 75 m, 1981–2010 averages, extremes 1868–2003
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.2
(70.2) 		22.7
(72.9) 		26.1
(79.0) 		28.6
(83.5) 		33.2
(91.8) 		36.9
(98.4) 		40.6
(105.1) 		38.6
(101.5) 		33.8
(92.8) 		30.9
(87.6) 		24.3
(75.7) 		23.1
(73.6) 		40.6
(105.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 11.8
(53.2) 		12.7
(54.9) 		15.9
(60.6) 		18.3
(64.9) 		22.6
(72.7) 		26.2
(79.2) 		29.6
(85.3) 		29.1
(84.4) 		25.2
(77.4) 		20.9
(69.6) 		15.2
(59.4) 		12.5
(54.5) 		20.0
(68.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 8.4
(47.1) 		8.9
(48.0) 		11.6
(52.9) 		13.8
(56.8) 		17.9
(64.2) 		21.3
(70.3) 		24.5
(76.1) 		24.1
(75.4) 		20.7
(69.3) 		16.9
(62.4) 		11.8
(53.2) 		9.3
(48.7) 		15.8
(60.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.9
(40.8) 		5.1
(41.2) 		7.3
(45.1) 		9.3
(48.7) 		13.1
(55.6) 		16.4
(61.5) 		19.4
(66.9) 		19.1
(66.4) 		16.1
(61.0) 		13.0
(55.4) 		8.3
(46.9) 		6.0
(42.8) 		11.5
(52.7)
Record low °C (°F) −10.5
(13.1) 		−14.3
(6.3) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		0.0
(32.0) 		4.7
(40.5) 		8.5
(47.3) 		8.1
(46.6) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		−11.4
(11.5) 		−14.3
(6.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 51.1
(2.01) 		32.1
(1.26) 		30.7
(1.21) 		51.1
(2.01) 		38.7
(1.52) 		23.5
(0.93) 		7.6
(0.30) 		27.9
(1.10) 		71.6
(2.82) 		78.6
(3.09) 		58.0
(2.28) 		52.3
(2.06) 		523.2
(20.60)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 5.5 4.5 4.0 6.1 4.3 2.5 1.3 2.4 4.1 6.1 6.1 5.8 52.6
Source 1: Météo France
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr
Climate data for Marseille-Marignane (Marseille Provence Airport), elevation: 36 m, 1961–1990 normals and extremes
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.1
(66.4) 		22.1
(71.8) 		25.4
(77.7) 		26.6
(79.9) 		30.1
(86.2) 		34.4
(93.9) 		39.7
(103.5) 		38.6
(101.5) 		32.7
(90.9) 		30.1
(86.2) 		24.4
(75.9) 		20.7
(69.3) 		39.7
(103.5)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 13.3
(55.9) 		16.7
(62.1) 		18.0
(64.4) 		20.5
(68.9) 		24.9
(76.8) 		28.4
(83.1) 		32.4
(90.3) 		30.9
(87.6) 		27.4
(81.3) 		22.5
(72.5) 		17.0
(62.6) 		14.7
(58.5) 		32.4
(90.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 10.5
(50.9) 		12.3
(54.1) 		14.7
(58.5) 		17.9
(64.2) 		21.8
(71.2) 		25.6
(78.1) 		28.9
(84.0) 		28.5
(83.3) 		25.2
(77.4) 		20.7
(69.3) 		14.6
(58.3) 		11.5
(52.7) 		19.3
(66.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9) 		8.4
(47.1) 		10.2
(50.4) 		13.3
(55.9) 		17.1
(62.8) 		20.7
(69.3) 		23.6
(74.5) 		23.3
(73.9) 		20.2
(68.4) 		16.2
(61.2) 		10.6
(51.1) 		7.6
(45.7) 		14.8
(58.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.7
(36.9) 		4.0
(39.2) 		5.7
(42.3) 		8.7
(47.7) 		12.4
(54.3) 		15.7
(60.3) 		18.4
(65.1) 		18.0
(64.4) 		15.4
(59.7) 		11.5
(52.7) 		6.9
(44.4) 		4.0
(39.2) 		10.3
(50.5)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −1.6
(29.1) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		2.4
(36.3) 		6.2
(43.2) 		10.1
(50.2) 		14.2
(57.6) 		16.5
(61.7) 		16.4
(61.5) 		13.3
(55.9) 		6.8
(44.2) 		3.8
(38.8) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		−1.6
(29.1)
Record low °C (°F) −12.4
(9.7) 		−15.0
(5.0) 		−7.4
(18.7) 		0.3
(32.5) 		2.2
(36.0) 		6.8
(44.2) 		11.7
(53.1) 		9.4
(48.9) 		6.6
(43.9) 		0.4
(32.7) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−12.3
(9.9) 		−15.0
(5.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 42.4
(1.67) 		47.7
(1.88) 		42.7
(1.68) 		37.0
(1.46) 		38.2
(1.50) 		23.3
(0.92) 		6.0
(0.24) 		25.7
(1.01) 		37.8
(1.49) 		45.0
(1.77) 		48.2
(1.90) 		56.3
(2.22) 		450.3
(17.74)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.3 4.9 3.5 1.6 3.0 3.6 5.8 5.1 6.0 56.8
Average snowy days 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.7 2.2
Average relative humidity (%) 75 72 67 65 64 63 59 62 69 74 75 77 69
Mean monthly sunshine hours 150.0 155.5 215.1 244.8 292.5 326.2 366.4 327.4 254.3 204.5 155.5 143.3 2,835.5
Percent possible sunshine 53 53 59 62 65 72 79 77 68 61 54 52 63
Source 1: NOAA
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity)

History

Main article: History of Marseille For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Marseille.
A silver drachma inscribed with MASSA (ΜΑΣΣΑ), dated 375–200 BC, during the Hellenistic period of Marseille, bearing the head of the Greek goddess Artemis on the obverse and a lion on the reverse

Marseille was founded as the Greek colony of Massalia c. 600 BC, and was populated by Greek settlers from Phocaea (modern Foça, Turkey). It became the preeminent Greek polis in the Hellenized region of southern Gaul. The city-state sided with the Roman Republic against Carthage during the Second Punic War (218–201 BC), retaining its independence and commercial empire throughout the western Mediterranean even as Rome expanded its empire into Western Europe and North Africa. However, the city lost its independence following the Roman Siege of Massilia in 49 BC, during Caesar's Civil War, in which Massalia sided with the exiled faction at war with Julius Caesar. Afterward, the Gallo-Roman culture was initiated.

The city maintained its position as a premier maritime trading hub even after its capture by the Visigoths in the fifth century AD, although the city went into decline following the sack of AD 739 by the forces of Charles Martel against the Umayyad Arabs. It became part of the County of Provence during the tenth century, although its renewed prosperity was curtailed by the Black Death of the 14th century and a sack of the city by the Crown of Aragon in 1423. The city's fortunes rebounded with the ambitious building projects of René of Anjou, Count of Provence, who strengthened the city's fortifications during the mid-15th century. During the 16th century, the city hosted a naval fleet with the combined forces of the Franco-Ottoman alliance, which threatened the ports and navies of the Genoese Republic.

Marseille lost a significant portion of its population during the Great Plague of Marseille in 1720, but the population had recovered by mid-century. In 1792, the city became a focal point of the French Revolution, and though France's national anthem was born in Strasbourg, it was first sung in Paris by volunteers from Marseille, hence the name the crowd gave it: La Marseillaise. The Industrial Revolution and establishment of the Second French colonial empire during the 19th century allowed for the further expansion of the city, although it was occupied by the German Wehrmacht in November 1942 and subsequently heavily damaged during World War II. The city has since become a major center for immigrant communities from former French colonies in Africa, such as French Algeria.

Economy

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Marseille is a major French centre for trade and industry, with excellent transportation infrastructure (roads, sea port and airport). Marseille Provence Airport is the fourth largest in France. In May 2005, the French financial magazine L'Expansion named Marseille the most dynamic of France's large cities, citing figures showing that 7,200 companies had been created in the city since 2000. As of 2019, the Marseille metropolitan area had a GDP amounting to US$81.4 billion, or US$43,430 per capita (purchasing power parity).

Port

Main articles: Marseille-Fos Port, Old Port of Marseille, and Docks (Marseille)
The entrance to the Old Port, flanked by Fort Saint-Jean and Fort Saint-Nicolas

Historically, the economy of Marseille was dominated by its role as a port of the French Empire, linking the North African colonies of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia with Metropolitan France. The Old Port was replaced as the main port for trade by the Port de la Joliette (now part of Marseille-Fos Port) during the Second Empire and now contains restaurants, offices, bars and hotels and functions mostly as a private marina. The majority of the port and docks, which experienced decline in the 1970s after the oil crisis, have been recently redeveloped with funds from the European Union. Fishing remains important in Marseille and the food economy of Marseille is fed by the local catch; a daily fish market is still held on the Quai des Belges of the Old Port.

The economy of Marseille and its region is still linked to its commercial port, the first French port and the fifth European port by cargo tonnage, which lies north of the Old Port and eastern in Fos-sur-Mer. Some 45,000 jobs are linked to the port activities and it represents €4 billion of added value to the regional economy. 100 million tons of freight pass annually through the port, 60% of which is petroleum, making it number one in France and the Mediterranean and number three in Europe. However, in the early 2000s, the growth in container traffic was being stifled by the constant strikes and social upheaval. The port is among the 20th firsts in Europe for container traffic with 1,062,408 TEU and new infrastructure has already raised the capacity to 2 million TEU. Marseille is connected with the Rhône via a canal and thus has access to the extensive waterway network of France. Petroleum is shipped northward to the Paris basin by pipeline. The city also serves as France's leading centre of oil refining.

Companies, services and high technologies

From left to right: La Joliette neighbourhood (old docks), ferry ship docks, new port, Euroméditerranée business district (CMA CGM Tower) and surrounding areas

In recent years, the city has also experienced a large growth in service sector employment and a switch from light manufacturing to a cultural, high-tech economy. The Marseille region is home to thousands of companies, 90% of which are small and medium enterprises with less than 500 employees. Among the most famous are CMA CGM, container-shipping giant; Compagnie maritime d'expertises (Comex), a leader in sub-sea engineering and hydraulic systems; Airbus Helicopters, an Airbus division; Azur Promotel, an active real estate development company; La Provence, the local daily newspaper; RTM, Marseille's public transport company; and Société Nationale Maritime Corse Méditerranée (SNCM), a major provider of passenger, vehicle and freight transportation in the Western Mediterranean. The urban operation Euroméditerranée has developed a large offer of offices and thus Marseille hosts one of the main business district in France.

Marseille is the home of three main technopoles: Château-Gombert (technological innovations), Luminy (biotechnology) and La Belle de Mai (17,000 sq.m. of offices dedicated to multimedia activities).

Tourism and attractions

Pointe Rouge Beach
Palais du Pharo

The port is also an important arrival base for millions of people each year, with 2.4 million including 890,100 from cruise ships. With its beaches, history, architecture and culture (24 museums and 42 theatres), Marseille is one of the most visited cities in France, with 4.1 million visitors in 2012.

They take place in three main sites, the Palais du Pharo, Palais des Congrès et des Expositions (Parc Chanot) and World Trade Center. In 2012 Marseille hosted the World Water Forum. Several urban projects have been developed to make Marseille attractive. Thus new parks, museums, public spaces and real estate projects aim to improve the city's quality of life (Parc du 26e Centenaire, Old Port of Marseille, numerous places in Euroméditerranée) to attract firms and people. Marseille municipality acts to develop Marseille as a regional nexus for entertainment in the south of France with high concentration of museums, cinemas, theatres, clubs, bars, restaurants, fashion shops, hotels, and art galleries.

Employment

Unemployment in the economy fell from 20% in 1995 to 14% in 2004. However, Marseille unemployment rate remains higher than the national average. In some parts of Marseille, youth unemployment is reported to be as high as 40%.

Administration

Main articles: Arrondissements of Marseille and Cantons of Marseille
The sectors and arrondissements of Marseille
Political majority in each sector since 2014

The city of Marseille is divided into 16 municipal arrondissements, which are themselves informally divided into 111 neighbourhoods (French: quartiers). The arrondissements are regrouped in pairs, into 8 sectors, each with a mayor and council (like the arrondissements in Paris and Lyon). Municipal elections are held every six years and are carried out by sector. There are 303 councilmembers in total, two-thirds sitting in the sector councils and one third in the city council.

The 9th arrondissement of Marseille is the largest in terms of area because it comprises parts of Calanques National Park. With a population of 89,316 (2007), the 13th arrondissement of Marseille is the most populous one.

From 1950 to the mid-1990s, Marseille was a Socialist (PS) and Communist (PCF) stronghold. Gaston Defferre (PS) was consecutively reelected six times as Mayor of Marseille from 1953 until his death in 1986. He was succeeded by Robert Vigouroux of the European Democratic and Social Rally (RDSE). Jean-Claude Gaudin of the conservative UMP was elected Mayor of Marseille in 1995. Gaudin was reelected in 2001, 2008 and 2014.

In recent years, the Communist Party has lost most of its strength in the northern boroughs of the city, whereas the National Front has received significant support. At the last municipal election in 2014, Marseille was divided between the northern arrondissements dominated by the left (PS) and far-right (FN) and the southern part of town dominated by the conservative (UMP). Marseille is also divided in twelve cantons, each of them sending two members to the Departmental Council of the Bouches-du-Rhône department.

Mayors of Marseille since the beginning of the 20th century

Gaston Defferre served as Mayor of Marseille from 1953 to 1986.
Jean-Claude Gaudin served as Mayor of Marseille from 1995 to 2020.
Mayor Term start Term end   Party
Siméon Flaissières [fr] 1895 1902 POF
Albin Curet [fr] (acting) 1902 1902 Independent
Jean-Baptiste-Amable Chanot [fr] 1902 1908 FR
Emmanuel Allard [fr] 1908 1910 FR
Clément Lévy (acting) 1910 1910 Independent
Bernard Cadenat 1910 1912 SFIO
Jean-Baptiste-Amable Chanot [fr] 1912 1914 FR
Eugène Pierre [fr] 1914 1919 Independent
Siméon Flaissières [fr] 1919 1931 SFIO
Simon Sabiani 1931 1931 Independent
Georges Ribot [fr] 1931 1935 RAD
Henri Tasso 1935 1939 SFIO
Nominated administrators 1939 1946 Independent
Jean Cristofol 1946 1947 PCF
Michel Carlini 1947 1953 RPF
Gaston Defferre 1953 1986 SFIO, PS
Jean-Victor Cordonnier [fr] (acting) 1986 1986 PS
Robert Vigouroux 1986 1995 PS, DVG
Jean-Claude Gaudin 1995 2020 UDF-PR, DL, UMP, LR
Michèle Rubirola 2020 2020 EELV
Benoît Payan 2020 Incumbent PS

Demographics

Population of the commune of Marseille (241 km²)
(within 2020 borders)
YearPop.±% p.a.
1800 96,413—    
1806 99,169+0.47%
1821 109,483+0.66%
1831 145,115+2.86%
1836 146,239+0.15%
1841 154,035+1.04%
1846 183,186+3.47%
1851 195,258+1.28%
1856 233,817+3.86%
1861 260,910+2.19%
1866 300,131+2.84%
1872 312,864+0.69%
1876 318,868+0.42%
1881 360,099+2.38%
1886 376,143+0.96%
1891 403,749+1.47%
1896 442,239+1.85%
1901 491,161+2.13%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1906 517,498+1.06%
1911 550,619+1.25%
1921 586,341+0.63%
1926 600,196+0.47%
1931 609,881+0.32%
1936 620,232+0.34%
1946 636,264+0.26%
1954 661,407+0.48%
1962 778,071+2.10%
1968 889,029+2.25%
1975 908,600+0.31%
1982 874,436−0.54%
1990 800,550−1.10%
1999 798,430−0.03%
2010 850,726+0.59%
2015 861,635+0.26%
2021 873,076+0.22%
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
All figures come from population censuses. Figures from 1926 to 1936 (incl.) are the redressed figures calculated by INSEE to correct the overestimated population of Marseille published by the municipal authorities at the time (10,000s of false residents had been added by the municipal authorities to artificially inflate the population figures and remain the 2nd largest city of France ahead of Lyon).
Source: EHESS and INSEE
Population of the Marseille metropolitan area (3,972 km²)
(92 communes, within 2020 borders)
YearPop.±% p.a.
1800 249,235—    
1806 256,191+0.46%
1821 274,426+0.46%
1831 315,951+1.42%
1836 319,252+0.20%
1841 328,244+0.56%
1846 360,774+1.88%
1851 373,521+0.70%
1856 413,542+2.16%
1861 446,330+1.52%
1866 486,571+1.74%
1872 496,241+0.33%
1876 500,458+0.19%
1881 532,643+1.22%
1886 545,220+0.52%
1891 569,762+0.91%
1896 608,754+1.34%
1901 660,766+1.66%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1906 688,924+0.85%
1911 723,847+0.99%
1921 759,119+0.48%
1926 791,464+0.84%
1931 818,346+0.67%
1936 839,596+0.51%
1946 870,126+0.36%
1954 936,888+0.91%
1962 1,120,791+2.32%
1968 1,324,444+2.82%
1975 1,470,128+1.51%
1982 1,551,793+0.77%
1990 1,594,849+0.34%
1999 1,675,790+0.55%
2010 1,804,777+0.69%
2015 1,843,602+0.43%
2021 1,888,788+0.40%
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
All figures come from population censuses. Figures from 1926 to 1936 (incl.) use for the commune of Marseille the redressed figures calculated by INSEE to correct the overestimated population published by the municipal authorities at the time (10,000s of false residents had been added by the municipal authorities to artificially inflate the population figures and remain the 2nd largest city of France ahead of Lyon).
Source: EHESS and INSEE

Immigration

Largest groups of immigrants and natives of Overseas France in the Marseille metropolitan area
Country/territory of birth Population (2019)
 Algeria 59,927
 Tunisia 17,340
 Morocco 16,704
 Italy 11,740
 Comoros 10,457
 Portugal 7,708
 Spain 7,384
 Turkey 6,863
 Romania 4,514
   Réunion 3,841
 Senegal 3,173
 Madagascar 2,885
 Vietnam 2,754
 Belgium 2,594
 Germany 2,444
   Mayotte 2,304
   Martinique 2,168
 Russia 2,078
 United Kingdom 1,767
 China 1,732
 Lebanon 1,614

Because of its pre-eminence as a Mediterranean port, Marseille has always been one of the main gateways into France. This has attracted many immigrants and made Marseille a cosmopolitan melting pot. By the end of the 18th century about half the population originated from elsewhere in Provence mostly and also from southern France.

Economic conditions and political unrest in Europe and the rest of the world brought several other waves of immigrants during the 20th century: Greeks and Italians started arriving at the end of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, up to 40% of the city's population was of Italian origin; Russians in 1917; Armenians in 1915 and 1923; Vietnamese in the 1920s, 1954 and after 1975; Corsicans during the 1920s and 1930s; Spanish after 1936; Maghrebis (both Arab and Berber) in the inter-war period; Sub-Saharan Africans after 1945; Maghrebi Jews in the 1950s and 1960s; the Pieds-Noirs from the former French Algeria in 1962; and then from Comoros.

At the 2019 census, 81.4% of the inhabitants of the Marseille metropolitan area were natives of Metropolitan France, 0.6% were born in Overseas France, and 18.0% were born in foreign countries (two-fifth of whom French citizens from birth, in particular Pieds-Noirs from Algeria arrived in Metropolitan France after the independence of Algeria in 1962). A quarter of the immigrants living in the Marseille metropolitan area were born in Europe (half of them in Italy, Portugal, and Spain), 46% were born in the Maghreb (almost two-third of them in Algeria), 14% in the rest of Africa (almost half of them in the Indian Ocean islands of Comoros, Madagascar, and Mauritius, not counting those born in Réunion and Mayotte who are not legally immigrants), and 15.0% in the rest of the world (not counting those born in the French overseas departments of the Americas and in the French territories of the South Pacific, who are not legally immigrants).

In 2002, about one third of the population of Marseille can trace their roots back to Italy. Marseille also has the second-largest Corsican and Armenian populations of France. Other significant communities include Maghrebis, Turks, Comorians, Chinese, and Vietnamese.

The largest immigrant communities (including descendants) in 2002 were Italians (290,000 Italians, or 33%), then Muslims - mainly Maghrebis (200,000 Muslims, or 23%), then Corsicans (100,000 Corsicans, or 11.5%), then Armenians (80,000 Armenians, or 9%).

In 1999, in several arrondissements, about 40% of the young people under 18 were of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent).

Since 2013 a significant number of Central- and Eastern European immigrants have settled in Marseille, attracted by better job opportunities and the good climate of this Mediterranean city. The main nationalities of the immigrants are Romanian and Polish.

Place of birth of residents of the Marseille metropolitan area at the 2019 census
Born in
Metropolitan France		 Born in
Overseas France		 Born in foreign
countries with French
citizenship at birth		 Immigrants
81.4% 0.6% 7.1% 10.9%
from Europe from the Maghreb from Africa (excl. Maghreb)
2.7% 5.0% 1.5%
from Turkey from Asia (excl. Turkey) from the Americas & Oceania
0.4% 1.0% 0.3%
^a Persons born abroad of French parents, such as Pieds-Noirs and children of French expatriates.
^b An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who did not have French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.
^c Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria
Source: INSEE
Place of birth of residents of the city proper of Marseille at the 1999 and 2019 censuses
Year Born in
Metropolitan France		 Born in
Overseas France		 Born in foreign
countries with French
citizenship at birth		 Immigrants
2019 75.9% 0.8% 8.2% 15.1%
from Europe from the Maghreb from Africa (excl. Maghreb)
2.6% 7.5% 2.7%
from Turkey from Asia (excl. Turkey) from the Americas & Oceania
0.6% 1.4% 0.3%
1999 78.9% 0.9% 8.8% 11.4%
from EU-15 non-EU-15
2.1% 9.3%
^a Persons born abroad of French parents, such as Pieds-Noirs and children of French expatriates.
^b An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who did not have French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.
^c Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria
Source: INSEE

Religion

Main article: Religion in Marseille

According to data from 2010, major religious communities in Marseille include:

Culture

Paul Cézanne's The Bay of Marseille, Seen from L'Estaque
Bastille Day military parade in Marseille, 2012

Marseille is a city that has its own unique culture and is proud of its differences from the rest of France. Today it is a regional centre for culture and entertainment with an important opera house, historical and maritime museums, five art galleries and numerous cinemas, clubs, bars and restaurants.

Marseille has a large number of theatres, including La Criée, Le Gymnase and the Théâtre Toursky. There is also an extensive arts centre in La Friche, a former match factory behind the Saint-Charles station. The Alcazar, until the 1960s a well known music hall and variety theatre, has recently been completely remodelled behind its original façade and now houses the central municipal library. Other music venues in Marseille include Le Silo (also a theatre) and GRIM.

Marseille has also been important in the arts. It has been the birthplace and home of many French writers and poets, including Victor Gélu [fr], Valère Bernard, Pierre Bertas, Edmond Rostand and André Roussin. The small port of l'Estaque on the far end of the Bay of Marseille became a favourite haunt for artists, including Auguste Renoir, Paul Cézanne (who frequently visited from his home in Aix), Georges Braque and Raoul Dufy.

Multi-cultural influences

Rich and poor neighborhoods exist side by side. Although the city is not without crime, Marseille has a larger degree of multicultural tolerance. Urban geographers say the city's geography, being surrounded by mountains, helps explain why Marseille does not have the same problems as Paris. In Paris, ethnic areas are segregated and concentrated in the periphery of the city. Residents of Marseille are of diverse origins, yet appear to share a similar particular identity. An example is how Marseille responded in 2005, when ethnic populations living in other French cities' suburbs rioted, but Marseille remained relatively calm.

Poster of Marseille-Provence 2013 designed by Guillaume Bottazzi

Marseille served as the European Capital of Culture for 2013 along with Košice. It was chosen to give a 'human face' to the European Union to celebrate cultural diversity and to increase understanding between Europeans. One of the intentions of highlighting culture is to help reposition Marseille internationally, stimulate the economy, and help to build better interconnection between groups. Marseille-Provence 2013 (MP2013) featured more than 900 cultural events held throughout Marseille and the surrounding communities. These cultural events generated more than 11 million visits. The European Capital of Culture was also the occasion to unveil more than 600 million euros in new cultural infrastructure in Marseille and its environs, including the MuCEM designed by Rudy Ricciotti.

Early on, immigrants came to Marseille locally from the surrounding Provence region. By the 1890s immigrants came from other regions of France as well as Italy. Marseille became one of Europe's busiest ports by 1900. Marseille has served as a major port where immigrants from around the Mediterranean arrive. Marseille continued to be multicultural. Armenians from the Ottoman Empire began arriving in 1913. In the 1930s, Italians settled in Marseille. After World War II, a wave of Jewish immigrants from North Africa arrived. In 1962, a number of French colonies gained their independence, and the French citizens from Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia arrived in Marseille. The city had an economic downturn and lost many jobs. Those who could afford to move left and the poorest remained. For a while, the mafia appeared to run the city, and for a period of time the communist party was prominent.

Multi-cultural Marseille can be observed by a visitor at the market at Noailles, also called Marché des Capucins, in old town near the Old Port. There, Lebanese bakeries, an African spice market, Chinese and Vietnamese groceries, fresh vegetables and fruit, shops selling couscous, shops selling Caribbean food are side by side with stalls selling shoes and clothing from around the Mediterranean. Nearby, people sell fresh fish and men from Tunisia drink tea.

Although most Armenians arrived after the Armenian Genocide, Armenians had a long presence even before the 20th and late 19th centuries. Armenians, having an extensive trade network worldwide, massively traded with Marseille and its port. Most notably, during the 16th century, and after the Armenians gained a monopoly over Iranian silk, which was granted to them by Shah Abbas of Iran, the trade flow of Armenians of Marseille increased tremendously. Merchants of Armenian origin received trade privileges in France by Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu (1585–1642) and later on Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619–1683) Marseille a free port in 1669. One notable Armenian-Iranian merchant gained a patent from Louis XIV (1638–1715) over Iranian silk. Armenians also became successful money-lenders and bankers in the city. Due to these policies and the multiculturalism of the city of Marseille, Armenians became very wealthy, and the legacy of the Armenians in the city still lives on.

Tarot de Marseille

Marseille tarot card

The most commonly used tarot deck takes its name from the city; it has been called the Tarot de Marseille since the 1930s—a name coined for commercial use by the French cardmaker and cartomancer Paul Marteau, owner of B–P Grimaud. Previously this deck was called Tarot italien (Italian Tarot) and even earlier it was simply called Tarot. Before being de Marseille, it was used to play the local variant of tarocchi before it became used in cartomancy at the end of the 18th century, following the trend set by Antoine Court de Gébelin. The name Tarot de Marseille (Marteau used the name ancien Tarot de Marseille) was used by contrast to other types of Tarots such as Tarot de Besançon; those names were simply associated with cities where there were many cardmakers in the 18th century (previously several cities in France were involved in cardmaking).

Another local tradition is the making of santons, small hand-crafted figurines for the traditional Provençal Christmas creche. Since 1803, starting on the last Sunday of November, there has been a Santon Fair in Marseille; it is currently held in the Cours d'Estienne d'Orves, a large square off the Vieux-Port.

Opera

The Opéra de Marseille

Marseille's main cultural attraction was, since its creation at the end of the 18th century and until the late 1970s, the Opéra. Located near the Old Port and the Canebière, at the very heart of the city, its architectural style was comparable to the classical trend found in other opera houses built at the same time in Lyon and Bordeaux. In 1919, a fire almost completely destroyed the house, leaving only the stone colonnade and peristyle from the original façade. The classical façade was restored and the opera house reconstructed in a predominantly Art Deco style, as the result of a major competition. Currently the Opéra de Marseille stages six or seven operas each year.

Since 1972, the Ballet national de Marseille has performed at the opera house; its director from its foundation to 1998 was Roland Petit.

Popular events and festivals

There are several popular festivals in different neighborhoods, with concerts, animations, and outdoor bars, like the Fête du Panier in June. On 21 June, there are dozens of free concerts in the city as part of France's Fête de la Musique, featuring music from all over the world. Being free events, many Marseille residents attend.

Marseille hosts a Gay Pride event in early July. In 2013, Marseille hosted Europride, an international LGBT event, 10 July–20. At the beginning of July, there is the International Documentary Festival. At the end of September, the electronic music festival Marsatac takes place. In October, the Fiesta des Suds offers many concerts of world music.

Hip hop music

Marseille is also well known in France for its hip hop music. Bands like IAM originated from Marseille. Other known groups include Fonky Family, Psy 4 de la Rime (including rappers Soprano and Alonzo), and Keny Arkana. In a slightly different way, ragga music is represented by Massilia Sound System.

Food

Traditional Marseille bouillabaisse
Swordfish in olive oil with ratatouille and saffron rice
Pieds paquets
  • Bouillabaisse is the most famous seafood dish of Marseille. It is a fish stew containing at least three varieties of very fresh local fish: typically red rascasse (Scorpaena scrofa); sea robin (fr: grondin); and European conger (fr: congre). It can include gilt-head bream (fr: dorade); turbot; monkfish (fr: lotte or baudroie); mullet; or silver hake (fr: merlan), and it usually includes shellfish and other seafood such as sea urchins (fr: oursins), mussels (fr: moules); velvet crabs (fr: étrilles); spider crab (fr: araignées de mer), plus potatoes and vegetables. In the traditional version, the fish is served on a platter separate from the broth. The broth is served with rouille, a mayonnaise made with egg yolk, olive oil, red bell pepper, saffron, and garlic, spread on pieces of toasted bread, or croûtons. In Marseille, bouillabaisse is rarely made for fewer than ten people.
  • Aïoli is a sauce made from raw garlic, lemon juice, eggs and olive oil, served with boiled fish, hard boiled eggs and cooked vegetables.
  • Anchoïade is a paste made from anchovies, garlic, and olive oil, spread on bread or served with raw vegetables.
  • Bourride is a soup made with white fish (monkfish, European sea bass, whiting, etc.) and aïoli.
  • Fougasse is a flat Provençal bread, similar to the Italian focaccia. It is traditionally baked in a wood oven and sometimes filled with olives, cheese or anchovies.
  • Navette de Marseille [fr] are, in the words of food writer M. F. K. Fisher, "little boat-shaped cookies, tough dough tasting vaguely of orange peel, smelling better than they are."
  • Farinata#French variations is chickpea flour boiled into a thick mush, allowed to firm up, then cut into blocks and fried.
  • Pastis is an alcoholic beverage made with aniseed and spice. It is extremely popular in the region.
  • Pieds paquets is a dish prepared from sheep's feet and offal.
  • Pistou is a combination of crushed fresh basil and garlic with olive oil, similar to the Italian pesto. The "soupe au pistou" combines pistou in a broth with pasta and vegetables.
  • Tapenade is a paste made from chopped olives, capers, and olive oil (sometimes anchovies may be added).

Films set in Marseille

Main article: List of films set in Marseille

Marseille has been the setting for many films.

Main sights

Marseille is listed as a major centre of art and history. The city has many museums and galleries and there are many ancient buildings and churches of historical interest.

Central Marseille

Le Panier quarter with the Hotel de Ville and the church of Notre-Dame des Accoules
La Vieille Charité
The Abbey of St. Victor and the basilica of Notre-Dame de la Garde

Most of the attractions of Marseille (including shopping areas) are located in the 1st, 2nd, 6th and 7th arrondissements. These include:

  • The Old Port or Vieux-Port, the main harbour and marina of the city. It is guarded by two massive forts (Fort Saint-Nicolas and Fort Saint-Jean) and is one of the main places to eat in the city. Dozens of cafés line the waterfront. The Quai des Belges at the end of the harbour is the site of the daily fish market. Much of the northern quayside area was rebuilt by the architect Fernand Pouillon after its destruction by the Nazis in 1943.
  • The Hôtel de Ville (City Hall), a baroque building dating from the 17th century.
  • The Centre Bourse and the adjacent Rue St Ferreol district (including Rue de Rome and Rue Paradis), the main shopping area in central Marseille.
  • The Porte d'Aix, a triumphal arch commemorating French victories in the Spanish Expedition.
  • The Hôtel-Dieu, a former hospital in Le Panier, transformed into an InterContinental hotel in 2013.
  • La Vieille Charité in Le Panier, an architecturally significant building designed by the Puget brothers. The central baroque chapel is situated in a courtyard lined with arcaded galleries. Originally built as an alms house, it is now home to an archeological museum and a gallery of African and Asian art, as well as bookshops and a café. It also houses the Marseille International Poetry Centre.
  • The Cathedral of Sainte-Marie-Majeure or La Major, founded in the fourth century, enlarged in the 11th century and completely rebuilt in the second half of the 19th century by the architects Léon Vaudoyer and Henri-Jacques Espérandieu. The present day cathedral is a gigantic edifice in Romano-Byzantine style. A romanesque transept, choir and altar survive from the older medieval cathedral, spared from complete destruction only as a result of public protests at the time.
  • The 12th-century parish church of Saint-Laurent and adjoining 17th-century chapel of Sainte-Catherine, on the quayside near the cathedral.
  • The Abbey of Saint-Victor, one of the oldest places of Christian worship in Europe. Its fifth-century crypt and catacombs occupy the site of a Hellenic burial ground, later used for Christian martyrs and venerated ever since. Continuing a medieval tradition, every year at Candlemas a Black Madonna from the crypt is carried in procession along Rue Sainte for a blessing from the archbishop, followed by a mass and the distribution of "navettes" and green votive candles.

Museums

In addition to the two in the Centre de la Vieille Charité, described above, the main museums are:

  • The Musée des Civilisations de l'Europe et de la Méditerranée (MuCEM) and the Villa Méditerranée were inaugurated in 2013. The MuCEM is devoted to the history and culture of European and Mediterranean civilisations. The adjacent Villa Méditerranée, an international centre for cultural and artistic interchange, is partially constructed underwater. The site is linked by footbridges to the Fort Saint-Jean and to the Panier.
  • The Musée Regards de Provence, opened in 2013, is located between the Cathedral of Notre Dame de la Majeur and the Fort Saint-Jean. It occupies a converted port building constructed in 1945 to monitor and control potential sea-borne health hazards, in particular epidemics. It now houses a permanent collection of historical artworks from Provence as well as temporary exhibitions.
  • The Musée du Vieux Marseille, housed in the 16th-century Maison Diamantée, describing everyday life in Marseille from the 18th century onwards.
  • The Musée des Docks Romains preserves in situ the remains of Roman commercial warehouses, and has a small collection of objects, dating from the Greek period to the Middle Ages, that were uncovered on the site or retrieved from shipwrecks.
  • The Marseille History Museum (Musée d'Histoire de Marseille), devoted to the history of the town, located in the Centre Bourse. It contains remains of the Greek, and Roman history of Marseille as well as the best preserved hull of a sixth-century boat in the world. Ancient remains from the Hellenic port are displayed in the adjacent archeological gardens, the Jardin des Vestiges.
  • The Musée Cantini, a museum of modern art near the Palais de Justice. It houses artworks associated with Marseille as well as several works by Picasso.
  • The Musée Grobet-Labadié, opposite the Palais Longchamp, houses an exceptional collection of European objets d'art and old musical instruments.
  • The 19th-century Palais Longchamp, designed by Esperandieu, is located in the Parc Longchamp. Built on a grand scale, this italianate colonnaded building rises up behind a vast monumental fountain with cascading waterfalls. The jeux d'eau marks and masks the entry point of the Canal de Provence into Marseille. Its two wings house the Musée des beaux-arts de Marseille (a fine arts museum), and the Natural History Museum (Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Marseille).
  • The Château Borély is located in the Parc Borély, a park off the Bay of Marseille with the Jardin botanique E.M. Heckel, a botanical garden. The Museum of the Decorative Arts, Fashion and Ceramics opened in the renovated château in June 2013.
  • The Musée d'Art Contemporain de Marseille [fr] (MAC), a museum of contemporary art, opened in 1994. It is devoted to American and European art from the 1960s to the present day.
  • The Musée du Terroir Marseillais [fr] in Château-Gombert, devoted to Provençal crafts and traditions.
  • The MuCEM, Musée Regards de Provence and Villa Mediterannée, with Notre Dame de la Majeur on the right The MuCEM, Musée Regards de Provence and Villa Mediterannée, with Notre Dame de la Majeur on the right
  • The sixteenth century Maison Diamantée which houses the Musée du Vieux Marseille The sixteenth century Maison Diamantée which houses the Musée du Vieux Marseille
  • The music room in the Grobet-Labadié museum The music room in the Grobet-Labadié museum
  • The Palais Longchamp with its monumental fountain The Palais Longchamp with its monumental fountain

Outside central Marseille

The Calanque of Sugiton in the 9th arrondissement of Marseille
The Château d'If
Hollywood-style "Marseille" sign

The main attractions outside the city centre include:

  • The 19th-century Basilica of Notre-Dame de la Garde, an enormous Romano-Byzantine basilica built by architect Espérandieu in the hills to the south of the Old Port. The terrace offers views of Marseille and its surroundings.
  • The Stade Vélodrome, the home stadium of the city's main football team, Olympique de Marseille.
  • The Unité d'Habitation, an influential and iconic modernist building designed by the Swiss architect Le Corbusier in 1952. On the third floor is the gastronomic restaurant, Le Ventre de l'Architecte. On the roof is the contemporary gallery MaMo opened in 2013.
  • The Docks de Marseille, a 19th-century warehouse transformed into offices.
  • The Pharo Gardens, a park with views of the Mediterranean and the Old Port.
  • The Corniche, a waterfront road between the Old Port and the Bay of Marseille.
  • The beaches at the Prado, Pointe Rouge, Les Goudes, Callelongue and Le Prophète.
  • The Calanques, a mountainous coastal area, is home to Calanques National Park which became France's tenth national park in 2012.
  • The islands of the Frioul archipelago in the Bay of Marseille, accessible by ferry from the Old Port. The prison of Château d'If was one of the settings for The Count of Monte Cristo, the novel by Alexandre Dumas. The neighbouring islands of Ratonneau and Pomègues are joined by a human-made breakwater. The site of a former garrison and quarantine hospital, these islands are also of interest for their marine wildlife.

Education

A number of the faculties of the three universities that comprise Aix-Marseille University are located in Marseille:

In addition Marseille has four grandes écoles:

The main French research bodies including the CNRS, INSERM and INRA are all well represented in Marseille. Scientific research is concentrated at several sites across the city, including Luminy, where there are institutes in developmental biology (the IBDML), immunology (CIML), marine sciences and neurobiology (INMED), at the CNRS Joseph Aiguier campus (a world-renowned institute of molecular and environmental microbiology) and at the Timone hospital site (known for work in medical microbiology). Marseille is also home to the headquarters of the IRD, which promotes research into questions affecting developing countries.

Transport

See also: Transport in Marseille

International and regional transport

Marseille Provence Airport, the fifth busiest in France
Motorways around Marseille

The city is served by an international airport, Marseille Provence Airport, located in Marignane. The airport is the fifth busiest French airport, was known as the fourth most important European traffic growth in 2012. An extensive network of motorways connects Marseille to the north and west (A7), Aix-en-Provence in the north (A51), Toulon (A50) and the French Riviera It is the most populous city in the French Riviera(A8) to the east.

Gare de Marseille Saint-Charles is Marseille's main railway station. It operates direct regional services to Aix-en-Provence, Briançon, Toulon, Avignon, Nice, Montpellier, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Nantes, etc. Gare Saint-Charles is also one of the main terminal stations for the TGV in the south of France making Marseille reachable in three hours from Paris (a distance of over 750 km) and just over one and a half hours from Lyon. There are also direct TGV lines to Lille, Brussels, Nantes, Geneva, Strasbourg and Frankfurt as well as Eurostar services to London (just in the summer) and Thello services to Milan (just one a day), via Nice and Genoa.

There is a new long-distance bus station adjacent to new modern extension to the Gare Saint-Charles with destinations mostly to other Bouches-du-Rhône towns, including buses to Aix-en-Provence, Cassis, La Ciotat and Aubagne. The city is also served with 11 other regional trains stations in the east and the north of the city, including Marseille-Blancarde.

Marseille has a large ferry terminal, the Gare Maritime, with services to Corsica, Sardinia, Algeria and Tunisia.

Public transport

Metro and tramway network

Marseille is connected by the Marseille Métro train system operated by the Régie des transports de Marseille (RTM). It consists of two lines: Line 1 (blue) between Castellane and La Rose opened in 1977 and Line 2 (red) between Sainte-Marguerite-Dromel and Bougainville opened between 1984 and 1987. An extension of the Line 1 from Castellane to La Timone was completed in 1992, another extension from La Timone to La Fourragère (2.5 km (1.6 mi) and 4 new stations) was opened in May 2010. The Métro system operates on a turnstile system, with tickets purchased at the nearby adjacent automated booths. Both lines of the Métro intersect at Gare Saint-Charles and Castellane. Three bus rapid transit lines are under construction to better connect the Métro to farther places (Castellane -> Luminy; Capitaine Gèze – La Cabucelle -> Vallon des Tuves; La Rose -> Château Gombert – Saint Jérôme).

The new tramway
SNCF BB 67400 (567573) on the Viaduc de Corbières, near L'Estaque and towards the Côte Bleue, 2006

An extensive bus network serves the city and suburbs of Marseille, with 104 lines and 633 buses. The three lines of the tramway, opened in 2007, go from the CMA CGM Tower towards Les Caillols.

As in many other French cities, a bike-sharing service nicknamed "Le vélo", free for trips of less than half an hour, was introduced by the city council in 2007.

A free ferry service operates between the two opposite quays of the Old Port. From 2011 ferry shuttle services operate between the Old Port and Pointe Rouge; in spring 2013 it will also run to l'Estaque. There are also ferry services and boat trips available from the Old Port to Frioul, the Calanques and Cassis.

Sport

The Stade Vélodrome, home of Olympique de Marseille

The city boasts a wide variety of sports facilities and teams. The most popular team is the city's football club, Olympique de Marseille, which was the finalist of the UEFA Champions League in 1991, before winning the competition in 1993, the only French club to do so as of 2024. The club also became finalists of the UEFA Europa League in 1999, 2004 and 2018. The club had a history of success under then-owner Bernard Tapie. The club's home, the Stade Vélodrome, which can seat around 67,000 people, also functions for other local sports, as well as the national rugby team. Stade Velodrome hosted a number of games during the 1998 FIFA World Cup, 2007 Rugby World Cup, UEFA Euro 2016 and 2023 Rugby World Cup. The local rugby teams are Marseille XIII and Marseille Vitrolles Rugby.

Marseille is famous for its important pétanque activity, it is even renowned as the pétanque capitale. In 2012 Marseille hosted the Pétanque World Championship and the city hosts every year the Mondial la Marseillaise de pétanque, the main pétanque competition.

Match Race France 2008

Sailing is a major sport in Marseille. The wind conditions allow regattas in the warm waters of the Mediterranean. Throughout most seasons of the year it can be windy while the sea remains smooth enough to allow sailing. Marseille has been the host of 8 (2010) Match Race France events which are part of the World Match Racing Tour. The event draws the world's best sailing teams to Marseille. The identical supplied boats (J Boats J-80 racing yachts) are raced two at a time in an on the water dogfight which tests the sailors and skippers to the limits of their physical abilities. Points accrued count towards the World Match Racing Tour and a place in the final event, with the overall winner taking the title ISAF World Match Racing Tour Champion. Match racing is an ideal sport for spectators in Marseille, as racing in close proximity to the shore provides excellent views. The city was also considered as a possible venue for 2007 America's Cup.

CN Marseille has traditionally been one of France's dominant Water polo teams as it won the Championnat de France a total of 36 times.

Marseille is also a place for other water sports such as windsurfing and powerboating. Marseille has three golf courses. The city has dozens of gyms and several public swimming pools. Running is also popular in many of Marseille's parks such as Le Pharo and Le Jardin Pierre Puget. An annual footrace is held between the city and neighbouring Cassis: the Marseille-Cassis Classique Internationale.

Notable people

See also: List of people from Marseille
Pytheas
Désirée Clary
Adolphe Thiers
Honoré Daumier: Sunday at the Museum
Edmond Rostand
Darius Milhaud
Antonin Artaud
Maurice Béjart
Eric Cantona
Zinedine Zidane
Jessica Fox
Théo Hernandez

Marseille was the birthplace of:

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Twin towns – sister cities

Marseille is twinned with 14 cities, all of them being port cities, with the exception of Marrakech.

Partner cities

In addition, Marseille has signed various types of formal agreements of cooperation with 21* Cities all over the world:

See also

Notes

  1. Port Saint-Nicholas is a 17th-century fortress built around the small medieval chapel of Entrecasteaux near the Abbey of St Victor, Marseille.
  2. The altitude provided from the site varies about 31 m, a much larger value than the margin of error, which may mean that the station was relocated ms in one of the data had maintained the elevation from when measured, which should be used.
  3. Although the values have a record of more than two decades, it can not be used as an overview of the local climate, as it does not reach the minimum period of 30 years required by WMO.
  4. Constant PPP US dollars, base year 2015.
  5. An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.
  6. Not including Hong Kong and Macau

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1992
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1993
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1995
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1998
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1999
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2000
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2001
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2002
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2003
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2004
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2005
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2006
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2007
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2008
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2009
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2010
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2011
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2012
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2013
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2014
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2015
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2016
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2017
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2018
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2019
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2020-April 2021
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2022
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Esch-sur-Alzette
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2023
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2024
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2025
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2026
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2027
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